Module Install

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INSTALL COMPUTER SYSTEM ANDNETWORKS

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LO. 1 OH & S POLICIES AND PROCEDURES FORINSTALLING COMPUTER SYSTEM AND NETWORKS

Safety precautions

Personal Safety

If you are about to open up your computer and have never done so before,don't do it until you have read a detailed guide on the procedure that youare about to perform, or have asked an expert for help. This simple step can

make all the difference in ensuring that you are successful in what you aresetting out to do.

Unplug the computer before you open it up. This can help you avoid asudden electrical discharge that could cause injury. Unplug all of the othercables that are connected to your computer, as well; remember that devicessuch as your monitor are also connected to power sources.

Be very careful about the things that you touch once you are working insidethe computer. Many computer cases, especially less expensive ones, havesharp metal edges everywhere. These edges can cause deep cuts. Electrical

discharge remains a concern as well, even after your computer isunplugged. Your computer has many capacitors on the inside, particularly inthe power supply. Capacitors continue to store electricity long after thepower has been disconnected, and touching one could cause a shock.

Computer Safety

Safety is just as important for your computer as it is for yourself. Before youtouch any of your computer's components, touch a grounded metal objectto discharge any static electricity that you may have built up by walking oncarpet. This step will prevent a static discharge from occurring when you

touch one of your computer's components, which could ruin the component.You can also prevent sudden discharge by wearing a wrist strap, which canbe purchased at most electronics stores.

Finally, remember that computers are housed in metal cases for a reason:their components are fragile. Pins can be bent, capacitors and resistors canbe dislodged, and so on. Grip your components by the edges when youremove them to prevent damaging them inadvertently.

LO. 2 IDENTIFYING COMPUTER PARTS AND FUNCTION

Computer Hardware Peripherals

Computer Case (casing) is the enclosure that contains the main components of acomputer. Cases are usually constructed from steel, aluminum, or plastic, although othermaterials such as wood, Plexiglas or fans have also been used in case designs.

Power Supply Unit (PSU) is the component that supplies power to a computer. Morespecifically, a power supply is typically designed to convert 100-120 V or 220-240 V ACpower from the mains to usable low-voltage DC power for the internal components of thecomputer.
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Connectorso PC Main Power Connector (P1) is the connector that goes to the

motherboard to provide it with power. The connector has 20 or 24 pins. Thisconnector is the largest of all the connectors.

o ATX12V 4-pin power connector (P4) is the second connector that goes

to the motherboard to supply dedicated power for the processor.o 4-Pin Peripheral Power Connector (Molex) a connectors that go to the

various disk drives of the computer. Has four wires: two black, one red, andone yellow. Unlike the standard mains electrical wire color-coding, each blackwire is a ground, the red wire is +5 V, and the yellow wire is +12 V.

o

o

o 4-Pin Berg Power Connector (Mini-connector) is the smallest connector

that supplies the floppy drive with power. In some cases, it can be used as anauxiliary connector for AGP video cards. Its cable configuration is similar tothe Peripheral Connector.

Optical Disk Drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses laser light or electromagnetic wavesas part of the process of reading and writing data. It is a computer's peripheral device,which stores data on optical discs. Some drives can only read from discs, but commonlydrives are both readers and recorders. Recorders are sometimes called burners or writers.

Floppy Disk Drive (FDD) magnetically reads and writes information into floppy disks.

Floppy Disks are form of removable storage.

Hard Disk Drive (HDD) commonly referred to as a hard drive, hard disk, or fixed diskdrive, is a non-volatile storage device which stores digitally encoded data on rapidlyrotating platters with magnetic surfaces.

Multi-wire Planar Cable (Ribbon Cables) connects drives to the motherboard

Video card (Graphics Card) processes and renders the graphics output from thecomputer to the computer display.

Sound card (Audio card) is a computer expansion card that facilitates the input andoutput of audio signals to/from a computer under control of computer programs.

Network Card (NIC - network interface card) is a piece of computer hardware designedto allow computers to communicate over a computer network.

Memory (RAM) is a fast storage that is directly accessible by the CPU, and is used tostore the currently executing program and immediately needed data.

Heatsink is an object that absorbs and dissipates heat from the CPU using thermalcontact.Computer Fan - can be any fan inside a computer case used for cooling purposes, andmay refer to fans that draw cooler air into the case from the outside, expel warm air frominside, or move air across a heatsink to cool a particular component.

CPU - is a device which executes software program instructions, and often plugs into themotherboard using one of many different types of sockets

Motherboard is the most significant component in a personal computer. It is a printedcircuit board (PCB) which contains most of the semiconductor components and all of theelectrical connectors necessary for other essential components and devices (graphics card,keyboard, etc.) can be attached to make a working computer.

PCI Local Bus (PCI Slots) specifies a computer bus for attaching peripheral devices to acomputer motherboard.


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Ports - serves as an interface between the computer and other computersor peripheral devices.

A BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is an electronic set of instructions thata computer uses to successfully start operating. The BIOS is located on achip inside of the computer and is designed in a way that protects it fromdisk failure.

A main function of the BIOS is to give instructions for the power-on self test(POST). This self test ensures that the computer has all of the necessaryparts and functionality needed to successfully start itself, such as use of

memory, a keyboard and other parts. If errors are detected during the test,the BIOS instructs the computer to give a code that reveals the problem.Error codes are typically a series of beeps heard shortly after startup.

The BIOS also works to give the computer basic information about how tointeract with some critical components, such as drives and memory, that itwill need to load the operating system. Once the basic instructions havebeen loaded and the self-test has been passed, the computer can proceedwith loading the operating system from one of the attached drives.

THE NORTHBRIDGE, also known as a memory controller hub (MCH) oran integrated memory controller (IMC) in Intel systems (AMD, VIA, SiSand others usually use 'northbridge'), is one of the two chips in the corelogic chipset on a PC motherboard, the other being the southbridge.Separating the chipset into the northbridge and southbridge is common,although there are rare instances where these two chips have beencombined onto one die when design complexity and fabrication processespermit it.

Southbridge

The Southbridge, also known as an I/O Controller Hub (ICH) or aPlatform Controller Hub

Southbridge is an Intel chipset that manages the basic forms of input/output( I/O ) such as Universal Serial Bus ( USB ), serial , audio, Integrated DriveElectronics ( IDE ), and Industry Standard Architecture ( ISA ) I/O in acomputer. Southbridge is one of two chipsets that are collectively called

Northbridge /Southbridge. Northbridge controls the processor , memory ,Peripheral Component Interconnect ( PCI ) bus , Level 2 cache , and allAccelerated Graphics Port ( AGP ) activities. Unlike Northbridge, Southbridgeconsists of one chip, which sits on Northbridge's PCI bus.

RANDOM-ACCESS MEMORY: the most common computer memory whichcan be used by programs to perform necessary tasks while the computer is
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on; an integrated circuit memory chip allows information to be stored or

accessed in any order and all storage locations are equally accessible

(RAM): The place in the computer where the operating system, applicationsprograms, and data in current use are kept temporarily. When the computeris turned off, the data are removed from RAM and either stored elsewhere inthe computer or deleted.

MEMORY SLOT

1. Commonly refers to the slot computer memory is placed into on thecomputer motherboard or I/O Board.

2.Term can also be used to describe PC card capable of storing dataon the card.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain ofthe computer--it is the 'compute' in computer.Modern CPU's are what are called 'integratedchips'. The idea of an integrated chip is that severalprocessing components are integrated into a singlepiece of silicon. Without the CPU, you have nocomputer. The CPU is composed of thousands (andsoon billions) of transistors.

Each transistor is a set of inputs and outputs. Whenthe inputs receive electricity, the combined chargechanges the state of the transistor internally and youget a result out the other side. This simple effect ofthe transistor is what makes it possible for thecomputer to count and perform logical operations, allof which we callprocessing.

A CPU usually contains an execution core with two or more pipelines, a dataand address bus, a dedicated arithmetic logic unit (ALU, also called themath co-processor), and in some cases special high-speed memory forcaching program instructions from RAM.

A CPU socket or CPU slot is an electrical component that attaches to aprinted circuit board (PCB) and is designed to house a CPU

CPU LOCK / EJECTOR

Heat Sinka metal conductor specially designed to conduct (and radiate)heat An object or system that absorbs and dissipates heat in order toprotect heat-sensitive components like CPU, North Bridge Controller.

A COMPUTER FAN is any fan inside a computer case used for coolingpurposes, and may refer to fans that draw cooler air into the case from the
http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/m/mothboar.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/pccard.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_(mechanical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_casehttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/m/mothboar.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/pccard.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_(mechanical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_case


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outside, expel warm air from inside, or move air across a heatsink to cool a

particular component. The use of fans to cool a computer is an example ofactive cooling.

AN EXPANSION CARD (also expansion board, adapter card or accessorycard) in computing is a printed circuit board that can be inserted into anEXPANSION SLOT of a computer motherboard to add additionalfunctionality to a computer system. One edge of the expansion card holdsthe contacts (the edge connector) that fit exactly into the slot. Theyestablish the electrical contact between the electronics (mostly integratedcircuits) on the card and on the motherboard.

AMR SLOT The audio/modem riser, also known as an AMR slot, is anexpansion slot found on the motherboards of some Pentium III, Pentium 4,and Athlonpersonal computers. It was designed by Intel to interface withchipsets and provide analog functionality, such as sound cards andmodems, on an expansion card.

Most motherboards have two IDE CONNECTORS, which allow two drives tobe attached to each connector. One drive is set to master and the otherdrive is set to slave by using a jumper that is normally located on the backof the drive. This allows a total of four IDE devices, (or drives), to beattached to a typical computer. The motherboard usually also has a floppyconnector that supports one or two floppy drives. If a person needs to addadditional drives, he or she must purchase an expansion card with an addedIDE connector. The front panel connector is simply the location on themotherboard where you attach the front panel wiring. These wires usuallyinclude the wiring for the case speaker, hard drive activity lights, computerpower on light, reset button, power button, and key lock, (if you have one).

CMOS (Clock Batteries)CMOS & Clock Backup batteries perform the same function in desktop and laptopcomputers: when the computer is turned off, the battery maintains the time and date,insuring their accuracy when the system is once again restarted. More importantly, the

battery saves the computer's CMOS set-up configuration, which allows the system toefficiently re-boot once it is restarted. The computer knows what type of hard drive it isdealing with, etc. Not surprisingly, these batteries are known alternatively as CMOSbatteries, Real Time Clock (RTC) batteries, or simply internal batteries. The most commonCMOS battery chemistries are Lithium, Nickel Cadmium (NiCad) and alkaline. They areusually somewhere in the 3 to 7.2 volt range and either solder onto the motherboard orsimply plug in via a snap-in connector (depending upon the computer

ATX POWER SUPPLY CONNECTOR

(PSU) POWER SUPPLY UNIT
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Standard power supplies turn the incoming110V or 220V AC (Alternating Current) intovarious DC (Direct Current) voltages suitablefor powering the computer's components.

Power supplies are quoted as having acertain power output specified in Watts, astandard power supply would typically beable to deliver around 350 Watts.

The more components (hard drives, CD/DVDdrives, tape drives, ventilation fans, etc) youhave in your PC the greater the powerrequired from the power supply.

By using a PSU that delivers more power than required means it won't berunning at full capacity, which can prolong life by reducing heat damage tothe PSU's internal components during long periods of use.

Always replace a power supply with an equivalent or superior power output(Wattage).

There are 3 types of power supply in common use:

AT Power Supply - still in use in older PCs. ATX Power Supply - commonly in use today. ATX-2 Power Supply - recently new standard.

The voltages produced by AT/ATX/ATX-2 power supplies are:

+3.3 Volts DC (ATX/ATX-2) +5 Volts DC (AT/ATX/ATX-2) -5 Volts DC (AT/ATX/ATX-2) +5 Volts DC Standby (ATX/ATX-2) +12 Volts DC (AT/ATX/ATX-2) -12 Volts DC (AT/ATX/ATX-2)

A power supply can be easily changed and are generally not expensive, so ifone fails (which is far from uncommon) then replacement is usually themost economic solution.

The power supply connectors4 Pin Berg ConnectorUsed to connect the PSU to small form factor devices, such as3.5" floppy drives.available in:AT, ATX & ATX-2

4 Pin Molex ConnectorThis is used to power various components, including hard drivesand optical drives.available in:AT, ATX & ATX-2


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20 Pin Molex ATX Power ConnectorThis is used to power the motherboard inATX systems.available in: ATX( ATX-2 have four extrapins)

4 Pin Molex P4 12V Power ConnectorUsed specifically for Pentium 4 ProcessorMotherboards.available in: ATX (integrated into the power

connector in ATX-2)

6 Pin AUX ConnectorProvides +5V DC, and two connectionsof +3.3V.available in:ATX/ATX-2

Operating Systems

Operating system (OS) is an interface between hardware and user whichis responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the

sharing of the resources of the computer that acts as a host for computingapplications run on the machine. As a host, one of the purposes of anoperating system is to handle the details of the operation of the hardware.This relieves application programs from having to manage these details andmakes it easier to write applications. Almost all computers (includinghandheld computers, desktop computers, supercomputers, video gameconsoles) as well as some robots, domestic appliances (dishwashers,washing machines), and portable media players use an operating system ofsome type.[1] Some of the oldest models may, however, use an embeddedoperating system that may be contained on a data storage device.

Operating systems offer a number of services to application programs andusers. Applications access these services through application programminginterfaces (APIs) or system calls. By invoking these interfaces, theapplication can request a service from the operating system, passparameters, and receive the results of the operation. Users may alsointeract with the operating system with some kind of software user interface(SUI) like typing commands by using command line interface (CLI) or using agraphical user interface (GUI, commonly pronounced gooey). For hand-held and desktop computers, the user interface is generally considered partof the operating system.

Computer System Components

The diagram shows a general view of how desktop and workstationcomputers are organized. Different systems have different details, but ingeneral all computers consist of components (processor, memory,controllers, video) connected together with a bus. Physically, a bus consistsof many parallel wires, usually printed (in copper) on the main circuit boardof the computer. Data signals, clock signals, and control signals are sent on
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the bus back and forth between components. A particular type of bus

follows a carefully written standard that describes the signals that arecarried on the wires and what the signals mean. The PCI standard (forexample) describes the PCI bus used on most current PCs.

The processor continuously exectues the machine cycle, executing machineinstructions one by one. Most instructions are for an arithmetical, a logical,

or a control operation. A machine operation often involves access to mainstorage or involves an i/o controller. If so, the machine operation puts dataand control signals on the bus, and (may) wait for data and control signalsto return. Some machine operations take place entierly inside the processor(the bus is not involved). These operations are very fast.

Safe BIOS Setup Procedure

This procedure describes how to set the most important BIOS parameters to"safe" settings. The focus here is on maximizing the likelihood of the systemfunctioning properly. You will want to use this procedure when setting up anew system or when having problems with the PC. Setting the BIOS to low-risk values can help greatly to expose problems with a system and help youeliminate them. Note that I do not describe all of the various BIOS settingshere; see this Reference Guide section for details on BIOS settings. Thisprocedure is based on the structure in that section.

Procedure Overview:

Difficulty Level: 3 (Moderate). BIOS settings can be somewhatconfusing if you are new to them.

Risk Factor: 1 (Very low). Hardware Required: None. Software Required: None. Time to Perform: 5 to 10 minutes. Preparation / Warnings:

o You should enter the BIOS setup program before starting thisprocedure, obviously.

o If this is a system that has been set up previously, you maywant to consider loading the default BIOS settings before
http://chortle.ccsu.edu/AssemblyTutorial/Audio/chap04-03.mp3http://www.pcguide.com/ref/mbsys/bios/set/index.htmhttp://www.pcguide.com/proc/expl.htmhttp://www.pcguide.com/ref/mbsys/bios/set/auto.htmhttp://chortle.ccsu.edu/AssemblyTutorial/Audio/chap04-03.mp3http://www.pcguide.com/ref/mbsys/bios/set/index.htmhttp://www.pcguide.com/proc/expl.htmhttp://www.pcguide.com/ref/mbsys/bios/set/auto.htm


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commencing. I strongly advise you to back up the current BIOS

settings before you do this.o For assistance working within the BIOS setup program,

reference this section.o BIOSes vary widely. Make sure to check your particular BIOS

setup program and make whatever modifications are necessaryto this procedure to suit your system.

o I do not cover all possible BIOS settings here, only the mostimportant ones for proper system operation.

o This procedure is geared towards modern Pentium-class or latersystems. Older PCs will vary significantly.

o Be sure to remember to save your changes before quitting, oryou will end up doing this all over again.

Procedure Steps:

1. Autodetect Hard Disk: Find the entry in the BIOS setup menu forautodetecting your hard disk and use it. This should detect your harddisk and set up its basic parameters. Note that some systems do nothave a separate entry in the menu for autodetecting hard disks, butinstead have autodetection as an option in the Standard Settingsmenu, where the hard disk parameters themselves are. See thissection for more information on autodetection.

2. Set Standard Settings: Enter the Standard Settings menu andconfigure the following options:

o Date: Make sure you enter this in the correct format, usually MM/DD/YY.o Time: This is normally entered in 24-hour clock format.o IDE Primary Master / Primary Slave / Secondary Master /

Secondary Slave: These entries contain the parameters foryour IDE/ATA devices. If you successfully autodetected yourhard disk(s) in the previous step then you should see the harddisk parameters that the BIOS found displayed here.Theseparameters are discussed in detail in this section. If your system

does not have a separate autodetection menu item, it probablyautodetects devices by pressing {Enter} while the cursor is onthe "Type" setting; look at your motherboard or system manual.You'll have to autodetect each drive individually. I wouldrecommend that you verify that the autodetection set the harddisk settings correctly by going through this list, becausesometimes the settings are either not correct, or the BIOS triesto pick the most optimal values (and we are looking for safevalues here):

Type: This should normally be set to "User" for hard disks.If your system has it, set this to "CD-ROM" for your CD-

ROM drive. Size: This is calculated and not something you can enter.

Don't worry about it. Cylinders / Heads / Sectors / Write Precompensation

/ Landing Zone: These should be left at the values thatwere autodetected.

Translation Mode: For most modern hard disks, thisshould be set to "LBA". Older hard disks below 504 binary
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megabytes (528 decimal megabytes) should be set to

"Normal" or "CHS", depending on the BIOS. Do not changethe translation mode on a drive that already contains dataor you may trash the drive's contents.

Block Mode: This is supported by most hard disks butshould be disabled for maximum compatibility.

PIO Mode: This can normally be left at whatever the BIOSdetected. However, if the BIOS set it to a value that youknow exceeds the maximum for the drive, reset it towhatever the maximum is. You may want to try loweringthis value if you experience problems with your system.CD-ROMs generally have a maximum PIO mode of 3.

32-Bit Transfer Mode: Disable this for maximumcompatibility; you can re-enable it later.

o Floppy Drive A / Floppy Drive B: Set these to the correcttype for the floppy drive(s) in your system.

o Video Display Type: Set to "VGA" or "VGA/EGA".o Halt On: Set to "All Errors" to make sure that all errors are

trapped by the BIOS.3. Set Advanced Features: Enter the Advanced Features menu and

configure the following options:o Virus Protection / Virus Warning: I would strongly

recommend disabling this while configuring or setting up asystem, or it will drive you nuts interrupting you with warningmessages when you partition and format your hard disk.

o Internal Cache: This should be enabled. If you have to disablethis to get the system to work then you have a motherboard orCPU problem that will undoubtedly manifest itself in other ways(as well as seriously degrading performance).

o External Cache: This too, should be enabled at all times. Ifdisabling this is required for stable operation, you probably havea motherboard hardware problem. It may also be a CPUproblem, especially with processors that have integrated level 2

cache.o Quick Power On Self Test / Quick Boot: Disable this to

ensure that all POST tests are performed at boot time.o Boot Sequence: The options for this parameter depend

entirely on the system. You want to choose a sequence that hasthe floppy disk (A:) first, so that your boot disk will workproperly.

o Swap Floppy Drives: Make sure this is set correctly (normallyyou want it disabled) or you are going to be mighty confusedabout the behavior of your floppy disk drives.

o Fast A20 / A20 Gate Option: Disable this for maximum

compatibility.o Video BIOS Shadow: Disable for maximum compatibility.o System BIOS Shadow: Disable for maximum compatibility.o xx00-xxFF Shadow: There will be a number of options for

shadowing various ranges of upper memory. Ensure that all ofthese are disabled.

4. Set Advanced Chipset Features: Enter the Advanced ChipsetFeatures menu and configure the following options. Bear in mind that
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for the mostpart you will not want to move these values from their

defaults:o Chipset Special Features / Global Features: Disable this for

now.o Cache Timing: Leave this on "Auto" or whatever the

appropriate setting is for your type of cache.o Level 2 Cache Size: If your system has this option, set it

appropriately.o DRAM Parity Checking: Enable this if using parity or ECC

memory.o DRAM Parity / ECC Mode: Leave this on "Parity" if using true

parity memory. Set to "ECC" if using ECC memory. Parity modeis preferred for a new system or while debugging as it will tellyou immediately if a problem situation is arising.

o DRAM Speed / DRAM Timing / DRAM Auto Configuration:Set this to either "Auto" or to the correct speed of the memoryyou have installed. This should lock out most of the otheroptions in this section.

o DRAM Speculative Leadoff: If this option is not locked out,disable it.

o Turn-Around Insertion: If this option is not locked out, disableit.

5.

Set PCI / PnP Configuration Settings: Enter the PCI / PnPConfiguration menu and configure the following options. Bear in mindthat for the mostpart you will not want to move these values fromtheir defaults; use "Auto" settings wherever possible:

o Plug and Play Aware OS: If setting up a Windows 95 system,enable this, otherwise leave it disabled.

o Automatic Resource Allocation: Leave this set to "Auto". Thisshould lock most of the other settings in this section.

o PCI VGA Palette Snoop: Disable unless you know for sure thatyour system requires it.

6. Disable Power Management: Enter the Power Management menu.

You should find that the first setting is some sort of global or mastersetting that controls all the other power management settings. Irecommend that you disable this at first when setting up a newsystem, or if you are experiencing hardware or system problems. Notehowever that if you totally disable power management, this will alsoeliminate some advanced power features such as the ability to haveWindows turn off the PC on an ATX form factor system. As analternative, leave power management enabled but disable thestandby/suspend timing parameters so that the BIOS does notautomatically turn off parts of the system after a period of time.

7. Set Integrated Peripherals Settings: Enter the Integrated

Peripherals menu and configure the following options:o Integrated Floppy Disk Controller: Make sure this is enabled

or your floppy disk will not function.o Integrated IDE / Hard Disk Controllers: You will either find

two of these parameters--one for the primary IDE channel andthe other for the secondary--or a single setting that controlsboth using options like "Disabled", "Primary", "Secondary" and"Both". Enable whichever channels you are using. Most systems
http://www.pcguide.com/ref/mbsys/bios/set/pci.htmhttp://www.pcguide.com/ref/mbsys/bios/set/pci.htmhttp://www.pcguide.com/ref/mbsys/bios/set/pm.htmhttp://www.pcguide.com/ref/mbsys/bios/set/periph.htmhttp://www.pcguide.com/ref/mbsys/bios/set/periph.htmhttp://www.pcguide.com/ref/mbsys/bios/set/pci.htmhttp://www.pcguide.com/ref/mbsys/bios/set/pci.htmhttp://www.pcguide.com/ref/mbsys/bios/set/pm.htmhttp://www.pcguide.com/ref/mbsys/bios/set/periph.htmhttp://www.pcguide.com/ref/mbsys/bios/set/periph.htm


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will have at least one device on the primary channel. Some will

also have a device on the secondary channel.o Integrated Serial Port 1 (COM1): You will normally want this

enabled, and the standard resource setting is IRQ #4, with I/Oaddress 3F8h.

o

o Integrated Serial Port 2 (COM2): You will usually want thisenabled, and the standard resource setting is IRQ #3, with I/Oaddress 2F8h. Disable COM2 if you don't need it, or if you haveor plan to install a modem configured using COM2's defaultresources. (Many modems come configured to use COM2 bydefault).

o Integrated Parallel Port: You will normally want to enablethis. The standard resource assignment is IRQ #7, with I/Oaddress 378h (3BCh on some systems).

o Integrated Parallel Port Mode: Set this to either "SPP" or"EPP". Do not set it to "ECP", as this mode involves the use ofadditional DMA resources and is less compatible.

o PS/2 Mouse Enable: Set to "Auto" if your system has thatoption, otherwise enable it if using a PS/2 style mouse, disableotherwise.

o USB Enable: Disable on most systems, unless using USB.8. Set Hardware Device Settings (jumperless systems only): If you

have a jumperless motherboard, enter the "CPU Soft Menu" (orwhatever it is called on your system) and configure your motherboardoptions:

o CPU Operating Speed: If this option is present, set your CPU'sspeed here. This will set and lock the "External Clock" and"Multiplier Factor" settings.

o External Clock: Set to the correct system bus speed for your

PC.o Multiplier Factor: Set to the multiplier factor for your PC.o CPU Power Plane: Set to either "Single Voltage" or "Dual

Voltage" depending on what your CPU requires.o I/O Plane Voltage: Set the appropriate external or I/O voltage

for your processor.o Core Plane Voltage: Set the appropriate internal or core

voltage for your processor.9. Save and Exit Setup: Return to the main menu and choose the

option to save and exit the BIOS setup program. This will reboot thesystem. If you are setting up a new system, make sure your floppy

boot disk is still in the floppy drive so that the system will boot from it.

LO 3. Install Equipment / Device System

Disassembly and Assembly System Unit
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Removing the Cover

The standard way of removing tower cases used to be to undo 4-6screws on the back of the case, slide the cover back about an inchand lift it off. Manufacturers are beginning to come up with trickierand more intricate methods of assembling these cases all the time.If there is no manual, then a little time taken for careful inspectionmay be in order. Here are some things to remember:

Don't Force Anything. If it has to be forced, it will probablybreak. If there are no screws on the back of the case for the

cover, check the plastic faceplate on the front. Some pry off toreveal screws or release levers (remember, carefulinspection). If everything on the front has its own bezel aroundit (including the LEDs) then maybe the plastic front pops off(or maybe the case slides off the front).

If you notice a separation between the sides and the top, thenthey must come off separately. My favorite ATX case allowsyou to remove two screws

from the back, then slide the side panel to the rear an inchand remove it. The other side removes the same way. It's agood, solid, well built case.

Make sure any screws removed are for the cover. You don'twant to unscrew the power supply by accident and have it fallinside your computer. That's a bad thing.

After the case is removed, place it in a safe place, where itwon't get knocked of a table, kicked or stepped on and bent.

Removing Adapter Cards

Again, documentation is very important. Yes, that 16-bit ISAcard will probably work in any 16-bit ISA slot, but there maybe a reason it's in that particular one. Document the type ofcard and which slot it comes from.

Check the card for any cables or wires that might be attachedand decide if it would be easier to remove them before orafter you remove the card.

Undo the screw that holds the card in place.

Grab the card by its edges, front and back, and gently rock itlengthwise to release it. Do not wiggle it side to side as youcan break the card, the slot, or the solder. Sometimes it helpsto grasp the inside corner of the card with one hand and placea finger from the other hand under the associated port out theback of the computer to pry up the one end of the card.


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Once the card is removed, you may want to record any jumper

settings you see, just in case one is accidentally dislodged. Tryto store the card in an antistatic bag. If you don't plan onreplacing the card then a cover should be installed over theslot opening.

Removing DrivesRemoving drives is not that difficult. They usually have a powerconnector and a data cable attached from the device to a controllercard or a connector on the motherboard. CD-ROMs may have an

analog cable connected to the sound card.

The power will be attached using one of two connectors, alarge Molex connector or a smaller Berg connector for thefloppy drive. The Molex connector may need to be wiggledslightly from side to side while applying gentle pressureoutwards. The Berg connector may just pull straight out or itmay have a small tab that has to be lifted with a tiny flatscrewdriver.

The data cables need to be documented. Remember the pin

one rule. Know where each one goes before you pull it out andrecord its orientation (which side is the stripe on, where is pin1?). Pull data cables gently and carefully. In other words, don'tyank them off, and pull level and in the direction of the pins.

Now you need to do a little more inspection, can the entiredrive bay be removed? Does that particular drive come outthe back of the bay or does it slide out the front before thebay is removed. If a bay is removable, you may have toremove some screws or unclip a lever then slide the bay backand off. If the bay is not removable, there should be access

ports on the other side of the case that allow for access tothose screws (there should be, I've seen some that you justabout have to remove the motherboard to access thesescrews). Now you can remove the screws and slide the driveout the back of the bay. If the drive slides out the front of thecase, then remove the screws and gently slide it forward.

Removing the Memory ModulesMemory modules are one of the chips that can be damaged by aslittle as 30 volts. Be careful of ESD and handle them only by theedges. SIMMs and DIMMs are removed differently:

SIMM - gently push back the metal tabs holding the SIMM inthe socket. Tilt the SIMM away from the tabs to about a 45%


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angle. It should now lift out. Put each SIMM in its ownprotective bag.

DIMM- There are plastic tabs on the end of the DIMM socket.Push the tabs down and away from the socket. The DIMMshould lift slightly. Now you can grab it by the edges and placeit in a separate antistatic bag.

Removing the Power Supply

Make sure it's unplugged. All power connectors should be removed, including the

connection to the motherboard and any auxiliary fans. Watchthe little plastic tabs on ATX connectors (you'ld rather notbreak them). AT power supplies have a two piece powerconnector that may be labeled P-8 and P-9. Make note of theorientation. The black wires should be in the middle, black toblack.

Remove the connection to the remote power switch at the

front of the case. Orientation of the colored wires at thisswitch is critical. If you remove them, make sure youdocument well, and during re-assembly plug the computerinto a fused surge protector before turning it on (this couldsave your motherboard and components from melting ifyou've reconnected improperly). If you're putting the samepower supply back, it's better to remove the entire switch andleave the connectors entact. The remote switch on an ATXform factor attaches to the motherboard.

Remove the four screws at the back of the case and gently

slide the power supply out of the case. While removing thesescrews, hold onto the power supply. You don't want it fallinginto the case.

Removing the Motherboard

Document and remove all wire attachments to themotherboard. (Some of these have Pin 1 designations also.)

Most cases have a removable panel that the motherboard isattached to. By removing a couple of screws the panel can betaken off and you can gain much better access to themotherboard. Again, a little investigation can save a lot oftrouble.

There is usually 2 or 3 screws holding down newermotherboards. Make sure you've got the right ones andremove them.


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Motherboards sit on plastic or brass standoffs that keep the

traces and solder from touching the metal case and groundingout. Once the screws are removed you can lift themotherboard out. In other cases, the motherboard

has to be slid horizontally towards the bottom of the case tounclip the plastic standoffs and then lifted out.

Place the motherboard in an antistatic bag.

Ways of locating hardware and other system specifications.

Issue:

Ways of locating hardware and other system specifications.

Solution:

Note: Although almost always correct, keep in mind that whenever viewingany information about computer hardware through software that it may be

incorrect.

Windows 98, ME, 2000, XP, and Vista usersWindows 95 usersMS-DOS and Windows 3.x usersThird-party programs and other methods

Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows 2000, and Windows XP users

dxdiag

The dxdiag utility included with DirectX allows you to not only display allsystem information but save it in an easy to read text file. To run this utilityclick Start, run, and type: dxdiag and press enter.

msinfo32

Run the Windows System Information (msinfo32) that comes pre-installedwith Windows to determine installed hardware and software specifications.See our msinfo32 dictionary definition page for complete information aboutthis utility.

Device Manager

Generic hardware information of what Microsoft Windows is detecting canbe found through the Device Manager.

Third-party programs
http://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000017.htm#01http://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000017.htm#02http://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000017.htm#03http://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000017.htm#10http://www.computerhope.com/directx.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/m/msinfo32.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/win95er.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000017.htm#01http://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000017.htm#02http://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000017.htm#03http://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000017.htm#10http://www.computerhope.com/directx.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/m/msinfo32.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/win95er.htm


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If this program does not list the information you need or you need additional

details or other benchmark utilities see the third-party program section onthis page for a listing of programs that can be installed to detect and list thehardware and software on your computer.

Device Manager

Generic hardware information of what Microsoft Windows is detecting canbe found through the Device Manager..


If this program does not list the information you need or you need additionaldetails or other benchmark utilities see the third-party program section onthis page for a listing of programs that can be installed to detect and list thehardware and software on your computer.

MS-DOS and Windows 3.x users

To see the computer's system specifications run the MSD command from aMS-DOSprompt. Note: As mentioned on the MSD command page thiscommand is only meant for older computers running MS-DOS and notWindows computers running the Windows command line.


In addition to the methods listed above for determining the systemspecifications many computer manufactures such as Dell have uniqueidentification numbers that can be used by the computer manufacturer or

through their website to determine all your system specifications.

Finally, there are several third-party programs that enable users to displaytheir system specifications and in some cases also benchmark theircomputer. Below is a short listing of some of these programs and each ofthe programs capabilities listed in the order we recommend most.

WinAudithttp://pxserver.com/WinAudit.htm

Fantastic free and small program and our highest recommended program

for detecting and listing the hardware and software in a computer. Below isa listing of what this program is cable of detecting.

Operating System and system model type Computer model and serial number Processor speed and primary and secondary cache amount. Type of BIOS, display, peripherals, and other system information. Installed programs.
http://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000017.htm#10http://www.computerhope.com/win95er.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000017.htm#10http://www.computerhope.com/msdhlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/msdos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/prompt.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/dell.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/b/benchmar.htmhttp://pxserver.com/WinAudit.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000017.htm#10http://www.computerhope.com/win95er.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000017.htm#10http://www.computerhope.com/msdhlp.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/msdos.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/prompt.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/comp/dell.htmhttp://www.computerhope.com/jargon/b/benchmar.htmhttp://pxserver.com/WinAudit.htm


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Security information such as open ports, shares, Internet utility

versions, network groups and users, etc. Scheduled tasks, error logs, and complete uptime statistics. Installed memory including what size of chips and what bank their

installed into. Drives including hard disk drive manufacturer, size, SMART status,

network drives, and other disc/diskette drives.

Belarc Advisorhttp://www.belarc.com/free_download.html

The Belarc free personal PC audit is a great software program and anotherhighly recommended program that creates a fantastic report of yourcomputer hardware and software. Below is a list of what this program iscapable of detecting and displaying.

Operating System and system model type Processor speed and primary and secondary cache amount. Motherboard type/chipset, controllers, bus clock speed, and type of

BIOS. Installed memory including what size of chips and what bank their

installed into. Drives including hard disk drive manufacturer, size, SMART status,

network drives, and other disc/diskette drives. Installed local and network printers and their paths.

Installed Video card and display. Installed sound card and other multimedia card. Other connected devices, ie: keyboard, mouse, USB devices. User accounts and last login date and time. Installed virus scanner and its version.

Installed Microsoft Security hotfixes and if any missing hotfixes aredetected. Software license information Installed software version

Fresh Diagnosehttp://www.freshdevices.com/

Another great free method for determining your system specificationsthrough software as well as a program capable of benchmarking yourhardware devices. The program is capable of detecting such hardware as

the CPU, hard drive, video, sound, motherboard, and drive performance. Theprogram does require a valid e-mail address however to download.
http://www.belarc.com/free_download.htmlhttp://www.freshdevices.com/http://www.belarc.com/free_download.htmlhttp://www.freshdevices.com/


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LO 4. Operating Systems

Operating system (OS) is an interface between hardware and user whichis responsible for the management and coordination of activities and thesharing of the resources of the computer that acts as a host for computingapplications run on the machine. As a host, one of the purposes of anoperating system is to handle the details of the operation of the hardware.This relieves application programs from having to manage these details andmakes it easier to write applications. Almost all computers (includinghandheld computers, desktop computers, supercomputers, video gameconsoles) as well as some robots, domestic appliances (dishwashers,

washing machines), and portable media players use an operating system ofsome type.[1] Some of the oldest models may, however, use an embeddedoperating system that may be contained on a data storage device.

Operating systems offer a number of services to application programs andusers. Applications access these services through application programminginterfaces (APIs) or system calls. By invoking these interfaces, theapplication can request a service from the operating system, passparameters, and receive the results of the operation. Users may alsointeract with the operating system with some kind of software user interface(SUI) like typing commands by using command line interface (CLI) or using a

graphical user interface (GUI, commonly pronounced gooey). For hand-held and desktop computers, the user interface is generally considered partof the operating system.

How to Install Windows 98

Set-up your CMOS for the new drive. AMI and Award BIOS "Auto" shouldwork on most new IDE drives.

Boot-up your computer with the Startup Floppy.

You may have to "tell" the CMOS to boot to the floppy drive first instead ofthe hard disk.

Use FDISK to create a new partition on your new hard disk as follows:

If you remove partitions, you will destroy everything on them, or, at theleast, make it very difficult to recover any data. I use Western Digital's WDDIAGS write zero's capability to

take Western Digital drives down to "bare metal." This eliminatespossibility any lingering, overlapping partition/boot track problems whichsometimes crop up. You could also use FDISK to remove existing partitionson your old hard disk and then proceed with the following steps to clean-install Windows 98. Be absolutely sure you have a good back-up first. Don'ttrust just one tape if using a tape drive.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_consoleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_consoleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_media_playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_storage_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_callshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_line_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://www.duxcw.com/digest/Fromshop/diags/wddiag.htmhttp://www.duxcw.com/digest/Fromshop/diags/wddiag.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_consoleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_consoleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_media_playerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_operating_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_storage_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfaceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_callshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_line_interfacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interfacehttp://www.duxcw.com/digest/Fromshop/diags/wddiag.htmhttp://www.duxcw.com/digest/Fromshop/diags/wddiag.htm


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A:\>fdisk

Will produce the following screen:

Your computer has a disk larger than 512 MB. This version of Windowsincludes improved support for large disks, resulting in more efficient use ofdisk space on large drives, and allowing disks over 2 GB to be formatted asa single drive.

IMPORTANT: If you enable large disk support and create any new drives onthis disk, you will not be able to access the new drive(s) using otheroperating systems, including some versions of Windows 95 and WindowsNT, as well as earlier versions of Windows and MS-DOS. In addition, diskutilities that were not designed explicitly for the FAT32 file system will notbe ableto work with this disk. If you need to access this disk with other operatingsystems or older disk utilities, do not enable large drive support. [this isusually not a problem]Do you wish to enable large disk support (Y/N)...........? [Y]

Push the Enter key to accept the default [Y] for FAT32. You will get thefollowing menu:

FDISK Options

Current fixed disk drive: 1

Choose one of the following:

1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive2. Set active partition3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive4. Display partition information

Enter choice: [1]

Press Esc to exit FDISK

Press Enter to select the default [1]. The following screen will bedisplayed:

Create DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive


Choose one of the following:

1. Create Primary DOS Partition2. Create Extended DOS Partition3. Create Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition

Enter choice: [1]


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Press Esc to return to FDISK Options

Again, press Enter to select the default. The following will be displayed

Create Primary DOS partition

Current fixed disk drive : 1

Verifying drive integrity, xx% complete.


Do you wish to use the maximum available size for a primary DOS partitionand make the partition active (Y/N) ....................? [Y]

At this point you can press the Enter key and make the entire drive onepartition, your C: drive, or enter N and make a partition which occupies lessthan the entire drive. If you have a large drive, you may want to considerputting more than one partition on it; i.e., make you C: drive 1-2 GB andthe rest of the drive (a second partition) your D: drive. You will find that asmaller C: drive will run faster and take a lot less time to defrag. I leaveputting more than one partition on the drive as an exercise for the moreadventurous. Just be sure the partition for the C: drive is set active andlogical drives are assigned to each of the partitions. You may want toexperiment...

After creating an active partition on the hard drive reboot the computerto the Startup Floppy and format the drive as follows:

A:\> format c:

Do not use the /s flag with the format command. We do not want totransfer the system files from the floppy to the hard disk. Windows 98 willnot install on the hard disk if it already has the system files on it.

HOW TO INSTALL THE WINDOWS 98 UPGRADE ON A NEW HARDDISK DRIVE

Last updated: 3/19/02

There are two ways to install Windows 98 on your hard disk:

Copy all of the files from the win98 directory on the Windows 98 CD toa directory on your hard disk and install from your hard disk

Install directly from the CD

Although, I understand Microsoft frowns on the procedure, I prefer the firstmethod for installing Windows 98 on my own hard disk drive. I use thesecond method when installing Windows on a customer's hard disk. Thefirst method installs faster and every time Windows needs new software ordriver from the Windows 98 CD, it will first go to the directory on the hard


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disk from which it was installed and install the software from there instead

asking that you insert the CD. This saves me from having fish-out theWindows 98 CD every time I install new software and hardware, which isoften. The advantage of the second procedure is that it saves about 120MBytes of hard disk space, if in the first method, you leave the files on thehard disk after installation. Furthermore, with the first method, you may stillneed the CD for some drivers not found in the win98 directory.

Ok, let's install Windows 98:

Method 1

Make a c:\windows\options\cabs directory and copy the files from thewin98 directory on the CD-ROM to the cabs directory.

a:\> c:

c:>md windows

c:>cd windows (or simply type cd followed by the F3 key)

c:\windows>md options

c:\windows>cd options

c:\windows\options>md cabs

c:\windows\options>cd cabs

c:\windows\options\cabs>copy d:\win98\*.*

Where d: is your CD-ROM drive.

The c:/windows/options/cabs directory was a convention established withthe standard installation some of the OEM (Original EquipmentManufacturer) versions of Windows 95. You could copy the win98 directoryto any desired directory on your hard disk and install from there, but Icontinue to use the convention so I can remember where the cab files are

located.

Cab or cabinet files are files containing one or more compressed files. Mostof the Windows 98 files are in cab files on the CD.

Install Windows 98.

c:\windows\options\cabs>setup /ie


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The /ie flag tells Windows 98 not to make a new Startup Floppy during the

installation.

Method 2

Change to the win98 directory on the Windows 98 CD and run setup.exe.

a:\> d:

where d: is your CD-ROM drive letter.

d:\> cd win98

d:\win98 > setup /ie

Do not run setup from d:\. There is a setup.exe there, but it won't work withthis procedure.

Just follow the Windows 98 installation prompts. If setup asks you for adirectory in which to install Windows, make sure you tell it to install it inc:\windows (not d:\windows or c:\windows.001, etc.).

How To Install Windows XP

I am also assuming, that your system is able to boot from a CD-ROM, likethe Windows XPinstallation CD-ROMs (which should be no issue, because if your system isNOT able to bootfrom a CD-ROM, it is most probably already a few years old and NOTpowerful enough torun Windows XP (however : if your system is NOT able to boot from CD-ROM

and you insist on installingWindows XP, you can download from the Microsoft Website boot-floppies,allowing to start from a floppy-disk reboot ).

Check in your PC-BIOS, that "booting from CD-ROM" is enabled and that thesystem willfirst try to boot from CD-ROM, before attempting to boot from harddisk:

Insert your Windows XP installation CD-ROM and power-on/restart yoursystem:It will show the PC-BIOS startup message, like: memory test, memory
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installed :

When you get the message to"press any key to boot from CD...",

press any key.( this is new on Microsoft Windows2000 and XP CD's:if you do not press any key, it willNOT boot from CD-ROM,but boot from harddisk, so thatpeople which "forgot" to takeout such bootbable CD-ROM's arenot getting confused bythe CD-ROM installationprocedure )

Once the boot from CD-ROM has started, it will display at the top of thescreen :"Setup is inspecting your computer's hardware configuration. . ."

After a brief delay, the typical Microsoft "blue Installation screen" isdisplayed,with "Windows Setup" displayed at the top and at the bottom of the screenthe information,that "Setup is loading Files" (loading all type of device drivers) :


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It will finally state : "Setup is starting Windows" and will display after a shortdelay the"Windows XP Professional Setup" or "Windows XP Home Setup" screen :

Select "to set up Windows XP now" and press the ENTER-key :

The "Windows XP Licensing Agreement" is displayed, accept it by pressingthe F8-key.(as indicated on the botton of the screen).

Setup will now display the partitioning of your disk:


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If your system has already an operating system installed, you will see themlisted.You have now a simple Disk Manager, allowing you to create and deletepartitions.You will need to select either an existing partition or "Unpartitioned space"(if available)to define, on which partition to install Windows XP, then press ENTER.

The next screen is asking for the type of disk formatting to be used :

(if you install XP into an already existing partition, you have additionaloptions to leave thecurrent disk formatting intact).Select the type of disk formatting : FAT or NTFS

FAT : possible to access from a DOS-boot floppy, but limited to max. 4 GBytewith veryinefficient file-storage (cluster-size of 64 KByte), no Security featuresNTFS : not accessible from a DOS-boot floppy, but NOT limited in size andusing an efficientfile-storage with a small cluster-size, able to use File-System Security

features.

Windows XP requires a lot of disk-space for itself, you should use at least a 4GByte partition.I suggest to use NTFS : make your choice (highlight) and select it bypressing ENTER.

Setup will start formatting the disk :
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and will then start copying files from the CD-ROM to the disk :

The system will then need to reboot :

( this is a funny screen : the system will restart anyway after 1 seconds, andyou have only the choice to pressENTER to shorten the delay, saving max. 15 seconds in the completeinstallation process of 30-45 minutes )


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After the restart, Windows XP starts the first time with the Graphical User

Interface ( GUI ) :

Setup will continue to copy files and to install devices :

You can adjust regional settings (for example if you install an Englishversion ofWindows XP in a different country and the keyboard layout/language is notthesame language as your copy of Windows XP, you should use the button"Customize.."and configure the proper keyboard, to make sure that you can enter in the


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following steps

of the setup/installation properly the information ) :

Personalize your system by entering your name and organization :

Enter your 25 character Product key (as it was delivered with your WindowsXP CD-ROM ) :
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Define the name for your computer and the password for the Administratoraccount :

based on the organization (define above), Setup creates a name for yourcomputer,with complex name (to make sure that the name will be unique in a network

configuration.Since this name will be used later inside the "Network Neighborhood" / "MyNetwork places",change it to an easy to understand , but UNIQUE name (like : P633VM ).

If you enter a password for the Administrator Account, make sure that youremember it(to be save, write if down ! ).

Check the "Date and Time Settings", allowing to check/define/correct thedate, time and timezone :


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If you have a network card in your system, which was detected by Setup,you will be askedto select whether to install a typical configuration (which you can alwayschange later) or if youlike to make now already special settings (like: defining your IP-address ) :

Setup continues with "Finalizing installation " (nothing to do for you ) :


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The system will reboot again :

Setup will configure thenyour screen resolution.

The system will try to connect via theInternet to the Microsoft website, youcan savely

You are now ready to use the"colorful" Windows XP :


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select to "Skip" that step.

You will be prompted to enter the first Usernames (which will be defined asAdministrators)and you will get the new XP Welcome screen :

(note : if only one user was defined during setup and no password wasdefined, the system will skip the

Welcome screen and continue to display immediately the new Windows XPdesktop ).

How to Install New Device on Windows

Installing a new device, whether it's Plug and Play or non-Plug and Play,typically involves up to three steps:

1. Connecting to your computer.2. Loading the appropriate device drivers. If your device is Plug and Play,

this step may not be necessary.3. Configuring device properties and settings. If your device is Plug and

Play, this step may not be necessary.

Whether your device is Plug and Play or non-Plug and Play, you shouldfollow the device manufacturer's installation instructions to ensure that itfunctions properly. This may require you to shut down and unplug yourcomputer, and then connect the device to the appropriate port or insert itinto the appropriate slot.

If the device does not automatically work, it is non-Plug and Play, or it is anecessary startup device like the hard disk, you may have to restart yourcomputer. Windows then attempts to detect your new device.
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If Windows does not successfully find your new hardware, you must use the

Add Hardware Wizard in Control Panel to tell Windows what type of deviceyou are installing. The Add Hardware Wizard may ask you to insert media(such as a compact disc or floppy disk) if any were provided with the device.The Add Hardware Wizard is primarily used for installing non-Plug and Playdevices.

After Windows detects the device, or you identify the device using the AddHardware Wizard, Windows tries to find and install the correct driver for thedevice.

First, Windows searches for the driver on your computer's hard diskand on the device manufacturer's floppy disk or compact disc, if one isinserted into a disk drive. If the driver is found in either of theseplaces,Windows installs it.

If Windows doesn't find a driver, and your computer is connected tothe Internet, Windows searches for one on the Microsoft Web site. Forthe latest updates, including security fixes, service packs, new Helpfiles, anddevice drivers, see Windows Update in Help and SupportCenter. If the driver is found on the Windows Update site, Windowscopies and installs it onto your computer. If your computer is notconnected to the Internet, Windows displays a message promptingyou to connect to the Internet.

If Windows cannot find the driver on the Windows Update site, theFound New Hardware Wizard will be displayed and will prompt you toinsert any media (such as compact discs or floppy disks) that wereprovided with the device. If the driver is located there,Windowsinstalls it onto your computer.

LO. 5 Performing systematic Inspection and conductTesting procedures

Problems in Windows after installing new software.

Issue:

I have problems in Windows after installing new software.

Cause:

After installing any type of utility, driver or other software program on acomputer you can encounter an almost endless list of issues that can becaused by any of the below reasons.

1. Confliction with other software installed on the computer.2. Issue with program.3. Improper installation or problems with installation.


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Solution:

Reinstall or uninstall the program

If you're encountering problems with your computer or other programs afterinstalling new software on your computer attempt to uninstall the programand see if the issues persist..

Uninstalling Windows software.

Issue:

Uninstalling Windows software.

Solution:

If a software program or game is no longer being used or played oradditional space is required it may be necessary to uninstall or delete it.Below is a listing of different methods of uninstalling software from acomputer running Microsoft Windows.

Install/Uninstall option

Pro: Will remove all or the majority of all files copied to the computer duringinstallation.Con: Not all programs support or use this feature.

1. Click Start2. Click Control Panel or Settings and then Control Panel3. Double-click Add/Remove Programs or Uninstall a program.4. Within the new window select the program you wish to uninstall and

click the Remove button or Uninstall/Change button.

How do I know what to delete? Often users may be concerned aboutwhat is safe and what is not safe to delete our best suggestion is if you don'tknow what it is we suggest that it not be removed or ask about what it isfirst.

If the program or game is not listed within this list, continue reading thisdocument for alternative methods to uninstalling software..

Manually delete

Pro: Manually deleting the software from the computer will help save space

when no other options are available.Con: May cause additional errors if the operating system or other programsrequire files that are deleted.

Before manually deleting any software from the computer we recommendyou do each of the below suggestions.
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1. Make sure your Recycle Bin is empty and that files that are deleted

are sent to the Recycle Bin. This will help allow you to restore thosefiles if they are required or cause you errors after deleted.

2. Backup all important data.

Once you are ready follow the below steps to manually delete the files.

1. Open Windows Explorer.2. Highlight the program or game folder making sure you're not

highlighting its containing folder such as Programs files.3. Press delete to delete the files.4. After deleted reboot the computer to verify no errors occur. If errors

occur the files can be recovered from the Recycle Bin.

After the program has been uninstalled try installing the programagain..

Question:

How to install a software program.

Answer:

How to install a software program can depend on the operating systembeing used and the program being installed. Because of all the differentpossibilities, we have created the below steps as guidelines for installingprograms in each of the major operating systems.

Notice: This document has been created as a basic overview on how to

install software programs, games, and utilities on your computer. If errorsare encountered during the installation, this document will not cover thoseerrors.

General Tips

Make sure your computer meets the requirements of the program,game, or utility you are attempting to install.

The manuals for the program or the readme file located in the samedirectory as the install commonly contain exact instructions on how toinstall a program.

After installing or during the installation, a program may need toinstall other programs, files, or utilities before it is able to run. If this isthe case, the program will commonly prompt you to install theprogram or you may need to run a separate install before the programcan be fully used.

When installing a program, utility, or game, it is always a good ideafirst to close or disable any other programs that are running.
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After installing a new program if it prompts you to reboot the

computer, do it.

Microsoft Windows 95, 98, NT, ME, 2000, and XP users

Many software programs, games, and utilities have an AutoPlay feature thatwill automatically start the setup screen for the software program when theCD is placed in the computer. If your program, game, or utility contains thisfeature, run the installation through the screen that appears after insertingthe disc.

If you are installing a program, game, or utility that does not contain thisfeature or you are installing a program from a floppy diskette, follow thebelow steps.

1. Open My Computer.2. Within the My Computer window, open the drive that contains the

installation files. For example, if the files are on a floppy diskette,open the A: drive. If they're on a CD or DVD open the D: drive or theletter of the disc drive.

3. Within the drive that contains your files, locate either a setup orinstall file. Double-clicking on this file should start the installation forthe program, game, or utility. If you see multiple setups or install files,try to locate the Application file or double-click each of setup orinstall files until you find the file that starts the installation. Manytimes the icons associated with the installation files have the samename.

Getting into Windows Safe Mode.

About:

Getting into Windows Safe Mode.

Reason:

Users who may not be able to boot into normal mode or are not able totroubleshoot their computer properly may need to boot into Safe Modebypassing normal windows settings and startup programs and allowing theuser to fix their computer.

Solutions:

Windows 2000 / XP users

Tip: If you are running Safe Mode because you cannot get into Windows youmay want to first try loading the last known good configuration. To get intothe Windows 2000 / XP Safe mode, as the computer is booting press andhold your "F8 Key" which should bring up the "Windows Advanced Options
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Menu" as shown below. Use your arrow keys to move to "Safe Mode" and

press your Enter key.

Note: With some computers if you press and hold a key as the computer isbooting you will get a stuck key message. If this occurs, instead of pressingand holding the "F8 key", tap the "F8 key" continuously until you get thestartup menu.

Trouble Getting into Windows 2000 or Windows XP Safe mode - Ifafter several attempts you are unable to get into Windows 2000 or WindowsXP Safe Mode as the computer is booting into Windows, turn off yourcomputer. When the computer is turned on the next time Windows shouldnotice that the computer did not successfully boot and give you the SafeMode screen.

Windows Advanced Options MenuPlease select an option:

Safe ModeSafe Mode with NetworkingSafe Mode with Command Prompt

Enable Boot LoggingEnable VGA modeLast Known Good Configuration (your most recent settingsthat worked)

Directory Services Restore Mode (Windows domaincontrollers only)Debugging Mode

Start Windows NormallyRebootReturn to OS Choices Menu

Use the up and down arrow keys to move the highlight toyour choice.

Microsoft Windows Vista users

Tip: If you are running Safe Mode because you cannot get into Windows youmay want to first try loading the last known good configuration. To get intothe Windows Vista Safe mode, as the computer is booting press and holdyour "F8 Key" which should bring up the "Windows Advanced Options Menu"as shown below. Use your arrow keys to move to "Safe Mode" and pressyour Enter key.
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Note: With some computers if you press and hold a key as the computer is

booting you will get a stuck key message. If this occurs, instead of pressingand holding the "F8 key", tap the "F8 key" continuously until you get thestartup menu.

Trouble Getting into Windows 2000 or Windows XP Safe mode - Ifafter several attempts you are unable to get into Windows 2000 or WindowsXP Safe Mode as the computer is booting into Windows, turn off yourcomputer. When the computer is turned on the next time Windows shouldnotice that the computer did not successfully boot and give you the SafeMode screen.

Choose Advanced Options for: Microsoft Windows VistaPlease select an option:

Safe ModeSafe Mode with NetworkingSafe Mode with Command Prompt

Enable Boot LoggingEnable low-resolution video (640x480)Last Known Good Configuration (advanced)Directory Services Restore ModeDebugging ModeDisable automatic restart on system failureDisable Driver Signature Enforcement

Start Windows Normally

Description: Start Windows with only the core drivers

and services. Usewhen you cannot boot after installing a newdevice or driver.

Windows 95 users

To get into Windows 95 Safe Mode, as the computer is booting, when youeither hear a beep or when you see the message "Starting Windows 95",press your F8 key on the top of your keyboard. If done properly you should

get into the Windows 95 Startup menu similar to the below screen. In thismenu choose option 3 by pressing the 3 key and press enter.

Microsoft Windows 95 Startup Menu=============================

1. Normal2. Logged (\BOOTLOG.TXT)3. Safe mode


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4. Step-by-step confirmation5. Command prompt only6. Safe mode command prompt only

Enter a choice: 1

F5=Safe Mode Shift+F5=Command prompt Shift+F8= Step-by-stepconfirmation [N]

Windows 98 / ME users

To get into Windows 98 / ME Safe Mode, as the computer is booting pressand hold your "F8 key" on the top of your keyboard or press and hold theleft or right Ctrl key as the computer is booting. If done properly you shouldget into the "Windows 98 / ME Startup Menu" similar to the below screenexample. In this menu choose option 3 by pressing the 3 key and pressenter.

Note: With some computers if you press and hold a key as the computer isbooting you will get a stuck key message. If this occurs, instead of pressingand holding the "F8 key", tap the "F8 key" continuously until you get thestartup menu.

Microsoft Windows 98 Startup Menu=============================

1. Normal2. Logged (\BOOTLOG.TXT)3. Safe mode4. Step-by-step confirmation5. Command prompt only6. Safe mode command prompt only

Enter a choice: 1

F5=Safe Mode Shift+F5=Command prompt Shift+F8= Step-by-stepconfirmation [N]

How do I get out of Safe Mode?

From Windows Safe Mode click Start / Shutdown and restart the computer.This should start the computer automatically back into Normal Mode.

Note: Many users believe that they are still in Safe Mode because the colorsor video may not look correct. Unless

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