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    Set Up Module

    Section 1

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    Interactive Introduction to

    SPSS Statistical Software

    Elizabeth Bigham, Ph.D.

    California State University San Marcos May 2007 -Funded by SSRIC

    If you have not done so, save this file as a slideshow( .pps)and view as a slide show.

    Use the double-down arrows in the bottom righthand corner of this window to Advance to next slide.

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    Set-Up Instructions - 1

    Follow the set-up instructions (first 6

    slides) before you begin the module.

    This module requires the use of SPSS and

    DeskPins software. DeskPins keeps the

    instructional window on top so you can

    see it while you complete the SPSS

    exercises.

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    If you have DeskPins on your computer

    (you would see a red push-pin in the

    bottom left blue area of your screen),

    advance to Set-Up Instructions 6.

    If you do not have DeskPins already, print

    out the instructions on the next 4 slides

    (slides 3, 4, 5, 6) and follow the directionsto download this free program.

    Set-Up Instructions - 2

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    Set-Up Instructions - 3

    Open an internet window.

    Go to

    http://users.forthnet.gr/pat/efotinis/program

    s/deskpins.html

    Scroll down and Select: DeskPins v1.30

    Select: Save > Save > Open

    http://users.forthnet.gr/pat/efotinis/programs/deskpins.htmlhttp://users.forthnet.gr/pat/efotinis/programs/deskpins.htmlhttp://users.forthnet.gr/pat/efotinis/programs/files/DeskPins130.ziphttp://users.forthnet.gr/pat/efotinis/programs/files/DeskPins130.ziphttp://users.forthnet.gr/pat/efotinis/programs/deskpins.htmlhttp://users.forthnet.gr/pat/efotinis/programs/deskpins.html
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    Set-Up Instructions - 4

    Your screen should look like this.

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    Double left click on: DeskPins 1.30 setup

    Select: Extract all > Next > Next > Next >Finish

    Select: DeskPins 1.30 setup installer > Run >Next > Install

    When Completed appears in the upper leftcorner of the window, select: Close

    Close the DeskPins window

    Restart you computer to activate the DeskPinsprogram and then return here and continue withSet-Up Instructions 6.

    Set-Up Instructions - 5

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    Set-Up Instructions - 6

    DeskPins should now be installed (you should see a redpush-pin at the bottom right corner of your screen).

    Left click on the red push-pin (pick up a pin)

    Left click on this screen (you should see a red push-pin

    appear in the blue area above) Shrink this window to approximately 20% of the size of

    your screen and move it to the bottom right hand cornerof your screen.

    This will allow you to carry out the exercises in SPSS whileviewing the instructions.

    Now you are set-up and ready to begin the module!

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    Introduction to SPSS

    Section 2

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    Interactive Introduction to SPSS

    Statistical Software

    Welcome,

    This module was designed to introduce

    you to SPSS statistical software. It is an

    interactive presentation for students who

    have successfully completed a lower

    division statistics course and are ready to

    begin conducting computerized statisticalanalysis.

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    Learning Objectives

    You will learn to:

    set-up a data entry page

    work with variables, such as add, move, and

    recode them

    perform descriptive analysis

    conduct simple correlations

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    Directions

    Remember to use the double-down arrows

    to Advance to next slide (or go back and

    review slides) at your own pace.

    Words in italics refer to a location.

    Words in quotes are words you type.

    Bold indicates a selection (to click on). The symbol > indicates that you move to

    the next step.

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    Getting Started

    Data collection methods vary and the

    capabilities of SPSS are tremendous.

    For this introductory module, we will use a

    simple survey (on the next slide) as part of

    a hypothetical study.

    Take a look at the Sample Survey and

    note the information that is collected with

    each item.

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    Sample Survey

    Participant #: __

    Gender: M F Age: __ Year:__

    Current GPA: ___ High School GPA: ___

    On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you that

    you will learn statistics?

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

    Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you

    had? __

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    Open SPSS

    Open SPSS: Start > All Programs >

    SPSS for Windows > SPSS 14.0 for

    Windows

    Your Version number may be different.

    A medium size window will open.

    Select: Type in Data > OK

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    Your screen should look like this.

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    For the rest of the module, the small

    instructional window will not be in the

    pictures that show what your screen

    should currently look like.

    See the next slide for an example.

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    Your screen should look like this.

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    Set-up a Data Entry Page

    Section 3

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    Set Up Columns

    Switch to Variable View. At the bottom left

    of your screen there are two tabs (Data

    Viewand Variable View). Select: Variable

    View. (This screen is where you enterinformation about your variables - one

    variable per row.)

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    Your screen should look like this.

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    The first column is Name. This is where you

    enter the name of your first variable (do not use

    spaces). Type: Case and move down one line.

    You will notice that across the first row the cells fillwith information when you move down a line. These

    are the default settings. We will start by changing only

    a couple in this exercise.

    On the second line underName. Type: Gender Move down one line and type: Age

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    Continue -

    Move down one line and type: GPA

    Move down one line and type: HSGPA

    Move down one line and type: Confidence

    (This will be the name for the question about

    confidence.)

    Move down one line and type: CompExp (Thiswill be the name for the question about how

    much computer experience they have.)

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    Coding

    In response to the survey item Gender, your

    participant will circle M or F. SPSS will need a

    number that indicates Male and a number that

    indicates Female.

    Go to Line 2 (Gender) and move over to the

    Values column, click on the cell and then on the

    3 dots shaded in grey. A Value Labels window

    will appear. Enter 1 in the Value box andMale in the Labelbox. Select: Add. Then type

    2 and Female. Select: Add > OK.

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    You can write in information that explains the variable

    in the Labelcolumn.

    Go to line 6 (Confidence) and move over to the

    Labelcolumn and type: On a scale of 1 to 10with 10 being the most, how confident are you

    that you will learn statistics?

    Move down to the Labelcolumn of line 7

    (CompExp) and type: How many years ofcomputer experience have you had?

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    Adjust the column width by putting your cursor

    over the gray area on the dividing line between

    Labeland Values. Hold the left click button (tograb the line) and move your mouse to the left.

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    The Measure column is where you indicate the Level

    of Measurement of the variable. Choices are Nominal,Ordinal, or Scale (Interval or Ratio).

    Go to line 1 (Case) and click on the Measure

    column. Click on the down arrow and select:

    Nominal. Go to line 2 (Gender) and click on the Measure

    column. Click on the down arrow and select:

    Nominal.

    Leave the remaining lines at the default value

    (Scale).

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    Enter Data

    Section 4

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    Enter Data

    Switch to Data View. At the bottom left of

    your screen select: Data View.

    In the upper left portion of your screen,

    select View and, ifValue Labels is not

    checked, select Value Labels

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    Type 1 in the first line of the Case column.

    Move over to the Gendercolumn and click on

    the down arrow in the cell. Select Male

    Move over to Age and type 23 Move over to GPA and type 3.2

    Move over to HSGPA and type 3.11

    Move over to Confidence and type 6 Move over to CompExp and type 5

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    You have just finished entering the data

    from this survey (Participant #1).

    Participant #: _1_

    Gender: M F Age: _23_ Year: F

    Current GPA: _3.2_ High School GPA: _3.11_

    On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

    Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you

    had? _5_

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    Now enter the data from the next 9

    surveys.

    Participant #: _2_

    Gender: M F Age: _25_ Year: So

    Current GPA: _3.0_ High School GPA: _2.9_

    On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

    Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you

    had? _2_

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    Participant #: _3_

    Gender: M F Age: _31_ Year: Sn

    Current GPA: _2.7_ High School GPA: _2.5_

    On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

    Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you

    had? _15_

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    Participant #: _4_

    Gender: M F Age: _27_ Year: J

    Current GPA: _3.9_ High School GPA: _3.6_

    On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

    Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you

    had? _4_

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    Participant #: _5_

    Gender: M F Age: _27_ Year: So

    Current GPA: _3.11_ High School GPA: _3.2_

    On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

    Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you

    had? _8_

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    Participant #: _6_

    Gender: M F Age: _22_ Year: F

    Current GPA: _3.0_ High School GPA: _3.4_

    On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

    Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you

    had? _2_

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    Participant #: _7_

    Gender: M F Age: _21_ Year: Sn

    Current GPA: _3.5_ High School GPA: _3.8_

    On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

    Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you

    had? _9_

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    Participant #: _8_

    Gender: M F Age: _28_ Year: J

    Current GPA: _2.22_ High School GPA: _2.7_

    On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

    Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you

    had? _5_

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    Participant #: _9_

    Gender: M F Age: _21_ Year: Sn

    Current GPA: _2.9_ High School GPA: _3.1_

    On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

    Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you

    had? _1_

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    Participant #: 10_

    Gender: M F Age: _27_ Year: Sn

    Current GPA: _3.3_ High School GPA: _3.1_

    On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

    Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you

    had? _7_

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    Save your file

    Whenever you work with data, you should

    be sure to save your file often.

    Go to File > Save As > (choose a

    location)

    Type your last name in the File Name box.

    Select: Save

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    Work with Variables

    Section 5

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    Add a variable

    Click on the top grey portion of the GPA

    column to highlight the column. At the top

    left of your screen, select Edit > Insert

    variable.

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    At the bottom left of your screen, select: Variable

    View. Double click on VAR00001 (it will turn

    blue) and type Year to give the new variable

    (Year Level) a name. Move over to the Values column, click on the cell and

    then on the 3 dots shaded in grey. Type 1 in the

    Valuebox and Freshman in the Labelbox. Select:

    Add.Type 2 and Sophomore. Select: Add. Type

    3 and Junior. Select: Add. Type 4 and Senior.

    Select: Add > OK.

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    At the bottom left of your screen, select:

    Data View.

    Click in the Yearcolumn of line 1, select

    the down arrow then select Freshman.

    f

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    You have just finished entering the Year

    Level for your first participant.

    Participant #: _1_

    Gender: M F Age: _23_ Year: Fr

    Current GPA: _3.2_ High School GPA: _3.11_

    On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

    Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you

    had? _5_

    N t th Y L l f th th 9

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    Now enter the Year Level for the other 9

    participants (these are the same surveys).

    Participant #: _2_

    Gender: M F Age: _25_ Year: So

    Current GPA: _3.0_ High School GPA: _2.9_

    On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

    Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you

    had? _2_

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    Participant #: _3_

    Gender: M F Age: _31_ Year: Sn

    Current GPA: _2.7_ High School GPA: _2.5_

    On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

    Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you

    had? _15_

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    Participant #: _4_

    Gender: M F Age: _27_ Year: Ju

    Current GPA: _3.9_ High School GPA: _3.6_

    On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

    Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you

    had? _4_

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    Participant #: _5_

    Gender: M F Age: _27_ Year: So

    Current GPA: _3.11_ High School GPA: _3.2_

    On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

    Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you

    had? _8_

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    Participant #: _6_

    Gender: M F Age: _22_ Year: Fr

    Current GPA: _3.0_ High School GPA: _3.4_

    On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

    Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you

    had? _2_

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    Participant #: _7_

    Gender: M F Age: _21_ Year: Sn

    Current GPA: _3.5_ High School GPA: _3.8_

    On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

    Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you

    had? _9_

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    Participant #: _8_

    Gender: M F Age: _28_ Year: Ju

    Current GPA: _2.22_ High School GPA: _2.7_

    On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

    Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you

    had? _5_

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    Participant #: _9_

    Gender: M F Age: _21_ Year: Sn

    Current GPA: _2.9_ High School GPA: _3.1_

    On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

    Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you

    had? _1_

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    Participant #: 10_

    Gender: M F Age: _27_ Year: Sn

    Current GPA: _3.3_ High School GPA: _3.1_

    On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

    Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you

    had? _7_

    Your Data View file should look like this -

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    Your Data View file should look like this -

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    Move a variable

    Click on the top grey portion of the Year

    column to highlight the column.

    Press and hold a Left click then use your

    mouse to move the cursor to in betweenthe GenderandAge columns.

    Drop (stop pressing the Left click) the Year

    column.

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    Recode Variables

    The Confidence variable indicates

    students' responses to the question: On a

    scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you

    that you will learn statistics? Theirresponses are currently Scale data (1

    10). To make a comparison of the

    participants who answered with a low,medium, or high response, you can create

    groups (Nominal data).

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    Select: Transform > Recode > Into

    Different Variables.

    Highlight the Confidence question on the list

    and click on the arrow to move Confidenceinto the Input Variable box.

    Type: ConfLoHi in Output Variable:Name.

    Click on the Change button.

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    Select: Old and New Values. UnderOld Value, select:Range.

    Type: 1 in the top box and 3 in the box underthrough.

    Type: 1 in the Value box underNew Value. Click: Add.

    Type: 3 in the top Rangebox under Old Value and 6 inthe lower box.

    Type: 2 in the Value box underNew Value. Click: Add.

    Type: 7 in the top Rangebox under Old Value and 10 in

    the lower box.Type: 3 in the Value box underNew Value. Click: Add.

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    Click on Continue > OK

    The new variable will appear at the right

    hand side of your current variables.

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    At the bottom left of your screen, select:Variable View

    Go to line 9 (ConfLoHi) and move over to

    the Values column. Click on the cell andthen on the 3 dots shaded in grey. Type1 in the Valuebox and Low in the Labelbox. Select: Add.Type 2 and Medium.

    Select: Add. Type 3 and High. Select:Add

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    Select: OK

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    Perform Descriptive Statistics

    Section 6

    D i ti St ti ti

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    Descriptive Statistics

    Descriptive statistics describe the status ofvariables. How you describe the status ofvariables depends on the level of measurementof the variable. Recall that SPSS uses Nominal,

    Ordinal, and Scale (Interval or Ratio). Nominal and Ordinal variables, such as Gender,

    could be reported as Frequency (% or number ofMales and Females).

    Scale variables, such as Age, could be reported bystating the Minimum, Maximum, Mean, and StandardDeviation (Ages ranged from 18 to 64 years old withan average age of 27 (SD=9.81)).

    C l l t F

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    Calculate Frequency

    Select: Analyze > Descriptive Statistics >Frequencies

    Highlight Genderon the list and click on thearrow to move Genderto the Variable(s) box.

    Highlight ConfLoHion the list and click on thearrow to move ConfLoHito the Variable(s) box

    Be sure that Display Frequency Tables ischecked

    Select Charts On theFrequencies: Charts box, select: Bar

    charts and Percentages > Continue > OK.

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    Notice that a 2nd file is now open.

    Each time you perform an analysis, the output

    will be added to the output file.

    When you save, you will need to save both yourdata file (.sav) and your output file (.spo).

    Go to File > Save As > (choose a location)

    Type your last name in the File Name box.

    Select: Save

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    Calculate Minimum, Maximum,

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    Calculate Minimum, Maximum,

    Mean, & Standard Deviation

    Select: Analyze > Descriptive Statistics >Frequencies to open Frequencies.

    Select: Reset

    HighlightAge, GPA, HPGPA, and the 2 questions

    (Confidence and CompExp) on the list and click onthe arrow to move them to the Variable(s) box.

    Be sure that Display Frequency Tables is checked

    Select: Statistics. Check Mean, Standard

    Deviation, Minimum and Maximum Select: Continue> OK

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    R i th O t t

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    Review the Output

    Frequencies: the number of valid and missingdata entries for these variables now includes

    Mean, Standard Deviation, Minimum, Maximum.

    Frequency Tables: the number of data entriesfor each level of these variables (one table for

    each variable). If there are many levels of a

    variable, the Frequency Table provides

    information that is very detailed. Instead, thevariables Mean, Standard Deviation, Minimum,

    and Maximum are typically reported.

    C l l t f M lti l V i bl

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    Calculate for Multiple Variables

    Determine the frequency of a combination of variables,such as how many of each Genderare at each level ofConfLoHi:

    Select: Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Crosstabs

    Highlight Genderand click on the upper arrow to moveGenderto the Row(s) box.

    Highlight ConfLoHiand click on the lower arrow to moveConfLoHito the Column(s) box.

    Check Display clustered bar charts

    Select: Cells. Check Percentages forRow, Column,and Total

    Select: Continue > OK.

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    R i th O t t

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    Review the Output

    Case Processing Summary: the number of valid,missing, and total data entries forGenderandConfLoHi(participants that answered both

    questions) Crosstabulation: the number (and percentages)of data entries for each level of both variables(rows are levels of one variable and intersectwith columns which are levels of the other

    variable). Works best with nominal or ordinal variables

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    Conduct Simple Correlations

    Section 7

    Correlation

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    Correlation

    A Pearson correlation analyzes relationshipsbetween parametric, linear (interval or ratio

    which are Scale in SPSS) variables. If ordinal,

    use Spearman Rho even if not from a normal

    distribution.

    You can enter several variables and get a

    matrix of the direction and strength (-1 to 1) of

    relationships.

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    To examine the relationship between GPA andConfidence, start by restating the hypothesis.

    Hypothesis:

    It is hypothesized that there will be a significantpositive relationship between GPA and Level of

    Confidence .

    This is directional so it is one-tailed.

    Variables and Level of Measurement: Variable1: GPA (Scale)

    Variable 2: Level of Confidence (Scale)

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    Select: Analyze > Correlate > Bivariate Highlight GPA and the Confidence

    questionon the list and click on the arrow

    to move them to the Variables box. Check Pearson, One-tailed, and Flag

    significant correlations.

    Select: Options. Check Means andstandard deviations. Select: Continue >OK

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    Review Output

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    Review Output

    Descriptive Statistics: Here are the Means,Standard Deviations, and N forGPA andLevel of Confidence.

    Correlations: The variables are listedacross the top and down the side so thatthey intersect within the grid. Eachintersection box has the value of the

    correlation, then the significance level,then the N.

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    Find the numbers in the statement belowon the output at the intersection of GPA

    and Level of Confidence (the question

    about confidence): There was a positive correlation [r(10)= .883,

    p< .01] between GPA and Level of

    Confidence.

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    Scatter plot

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    Scatter plot

    A scatter plot is a common method ofdisplaying the results of a bivariate

    correlation. You can add a third variable

    by entering it at set markers by. One variable is represented on each axis

    and the dots represent the intersection of

    participants scores on the two variables.

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    Select: Graphs > Scatter/Dot > SimpleScatter > Define

    Highlight GPA. Click the arrow to move it

    to the Y Axis box.

    Highlight Level of Confidence question.

    Click the arrow to move it to theX Axis

    box.

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    Select: Titles.

    In the Footnote Line 1box, type Figure 1.

    There was a significant positive

    relationship between GPA and Level ofConfidence.

    Select: Continue > OK

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    SPSS Graphs are easily edited and copy/pastedinto your document. You can change the Axislabels, colors, sizes, etc. in the Chart Editor.

    Place your curser over the chart and double-left

    click. Now double click on the X Axis label (On ascale of 1 to 10 with 10 being the most, howconfident are you that you will learn statistics?).

    A the blue box appears around the text. (Close

    the Properties box that pops up.) You can now change the label by deleting the

    old label and typing: Level of Confidence

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    Click outside the box onto the SPSSViewer to close the Chart Editor and the

    change will be made to your graph.

    If you wanted to use your graph in adocument, you would just right click then

    Copy / Paste it into your document.

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    Good Job!

    You have almost completed the module.

    Just 2 more steps.

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    Post Test

    Section 8

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    Step 1 -

    Print the output file (SPSS Viewer)

    Select: File > Print > OK

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    Step 2 - Get out a blank sheet of paper and answer

    the questions on the next page.

    If you find that they are difficult for you toanswer, you should go back through the

    module, review your statistics text, or consult

    with your professor.

    Post - Test

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    Post - Test

    1. What percentage of the participants were females?2. What was the average number of years of computer

    experience?

    3. How many males were in the High Confidence group

    and how many females in that group?4. Was the relationship between GPA and Confidence

    significant (

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    Congratulations

    You have now set-up a data entry page

    added, moved, and recoded variables

    performed descriptive analysis on nominaland scale variables

    conducted a Pearson correlation and created

    a scatter plot for the results

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