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Set Up Module
Section 1
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Interactive Introduction to
SPSS Statistical Software
Elizabeth Bigham, Ph.D.
California State University San Marcos May 2007 -Funded by SSRIC
If you have not done so, save this file as a slideshow( .pps)and view as a slide show.
Use the double-down arrows in the bottom righthand corner of this window to Advance to next slide.
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Set-Up Instructions - 1
Follow the set-up instructions (first 6
slides) before you begin the module.
This module requires the use of SPSS and
DeskPins software. DeskPins keeps the
instructional window on top so you can
see it while you complete the SPSS
exercises.
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If you have DeskPins on your computer
(you would see a red push-pin in the
bottom left blue area of your screen),
advance to Set-Up Instructions 6.
If you do not have DeskPins already, print
out the instructions on the next 4 slides
(slides 3, 4, 5, 6) and follow the directionsto download this free program.
Set-Up Instructions - 2
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Set-Up Instructions - 3
Open an internet window.
Go to
http://users.forthnet.gr/pat/efotinis/program
s/deskpins.html
Scroll down and Select: DeskPins v1.30
Select: Save > Save > Open
http://users.forthnet.gr/pat/efotinis/programs/deskpins.htmlhttp://users.forthnet.gr/pat/efotinis/programs/deskpins.htmlhttp://users.forthnet.gr/pat/efotinis/programs/files/DeskPins130.ziphttp://users.forthnet.gr/pat/efotinis/programs/files/DeskPins130.ziphttp://users.forthnet.gr/pat/efotinis/programs/deskpins.htmlhttp://users.forthnet.gr/pat/efotinis/programs/deskpins.html -
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Set-Up Instructions - 4
Your screen should look like this.
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Double left click on: DeskPins 1.30 setup
Select: Extract all > Next > Next > Next >Finish
Select: DeskPins 1.30 setup installer > Run >Next > Install
When Completed appears in the upper leftcorner of the window, select: Close
Close the DeskPins window
Restart you computer to activate the DeskPinsprogram and then return here and continue withSet-Up Instructions 6.
Set-Up Instructions - 5
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Set-Up Instructions - 6
DeskPins should now be installed (you should see a redpush-pin at the bottom right corner of your screen).
Left click on the red push-pin (pick up a pin)
Left click on this screen (you should see a red push-pin
appear in the blue area above) Shrink this window to approximately 20% of the size of
your screen and move it to the bottom right hand cornerof your screen.
This will allow you to carry out the exercises in SPSS whileviewing the instructions.
Now you are set-up and ready to begin the module!
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Introduction to SPSS
Section 2
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Interactive Introduction to SPSS
Statistical Software
Welcome,
This module was designed to introduce
you to SPSS statistical software. It is an
interactive presentation for students who
have successfully completed a lower
division statistics course and are ready to
begin conducting computerized statisticalanalysis.
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Learning Objectives
You will learn to:
set-up a data entry page
work with variables, such as add, move, and
recode them
perform descriptive analysis
conduct simple correlations
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Directions
Remember to use the double-down arrows
to Advance to next slide (or go back and
review slides) at your own pace.
Words in italics refer to a location.
Words in quotes are words you type.
Bold indicates a selection (to click on). The symbol > indicates that you move to
the next step.
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Getting Started
Data collection methods vary and the
capabilities of SPSS are tremendous.
For this introductory module, we will use a
simple survey (on the next slide) as part of
a hypothetical study.
Take a look at the Sample Survey and
note the information that is collected with
each item.
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Sample Survey
Participant #: __
Gender: M F Age: __ Year:__
Current GPA: ___ High School GPA: ___
On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you that
you will learn statistics?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you
had? __
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Open SPSS
Open SPSS: Start > All Programs >
SPSS for Windows > SPSS 14.0 for
Windows
Your Version number may be different.
A medium size window will open.
Select: Type in Data > OK
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Your screen should look like this.
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For the rest of the module, the small
instructional window will not be in the
pictures that show what your screen
should currently look like.
See the next slide for an example.
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Your screen should look like this.
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Set-up a Data Entry Page
Section 3
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Set Up Columns
Switch to Variable View. At the bottom left
of your screen there are two tabs (Data
Viewand Variable View). Select: Variable
View. (This screen is where you enterinformation about your variables - one
variable per row.)
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Your screen should look like this.
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The first column is Name. This is where you
enter the name of your first variable (do not use
spaces). Type: Case and move down one line.
You will notice that across the first row the cells fillwith information when you move down a line. These
are the default settings. We will start by changing only
a couple in this exercise.
On the second line underName. Type: Gender Move down one line and type: Age
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Continue -
Move down one line and type: GPA
Move down one line and type: HSGPA
Move down one line and type: Confidence
(This will be the name for the question about
confidence.)
Move down one line and type: CompExp (Thiswill be the name for the question about how
much computer experience they have.)
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Coding
In response to the survey item Gender, your
participant will circle M or F. SPSS will need a
number that indicates Male and a number that
indicates Female.
Go to Line 2 (Gender) and move over to the
Values column, click on the cell and then on the
3 dots shaded in grey. A Value Labels window
will appear. Enter 1 in the Value box andMale in the Labelbox. Select: Add. Then type
2 and Female. Select: Add > OK.
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You can write in information that explains the variable
in the Labelcolumn.
Go to line 6 (Confidence) and move over to the
Labelcolumn and type: On a scale of 1 to 10with 10 being the most, how confident are you
that you will learn statistics?
Move down to the Labelcolumn of line 7
(CompExp) and type: How many years ofcomputer experience have you had?
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Adjust the column width by putting your cursor
over the gray area on the dividing line between
Labeland Values. Hold the left click button (tograb the line) and move your mouse to the left.
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The Measure column is where you indicate the Level
of Measurement of the variable. Choices are Nominal,Ordinal, or Scale (Interval or Ratio).
Go to line 1 (Case) and click on the Measure
column. Click on the down arrow and select:
Nominal. Go to line 2 (Gender) and click on the Measure
column. Click on the down arrow and select:
Nominal.
Leave the remaining lines at the default value
(Scale).
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Enter Data
Section 4
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Enter Data
Switch to Data View. At the bottom left of
your screen select: Data View.
In the upper left portion of your screen,
select View and, ifValue Labels is not
checked, select Value Labels
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Type 1 in the first line of the Case column.
Move over to the Gendercolumn and click on
the down arrow in the cell. Select Male
Move over to Age and type 23 Move over to GPA and type 3.2
Move over to HSGPA and type 3.11
Move over to Confidence and type 6 Move over to CompExp and type 5
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You have just finished entering the data
from this survey (Participant #1).
Participant #: _1_
Gender: M F Age: _23_ Year: F
Current GPA: _3.2_ High School GPA: _3.11_
On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you
had? _5_
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Now enter the data from the next 9
surveys.
Participant #: _2_
Gender: M F Age: _25_ Year: So
Current GPA: _3.0_ High School GPA: _2.9_
On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you
had? _2_
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Participant #: _3_
Gender: M F Age: _31_ Year: Sn
Current GPA: _2.7_ High School GPA: _2.5_
On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you
had? _15_
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Participant #: _4_
Gender: M F Age: _27_ Year: J
Current GPA: _3.9_ High School GPA: _3.6_
On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you
had? _4_
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Participant #: _5_
Gender: M F Age: _27_ Year: So
Current GPA: _3.11_ High School GPA: _3.2_
On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you
had? _8_
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Participant #: _6_
Gender: M F Age: _22_ Year: F
Current GPA: _3.0_ High School GPA: _3.4_
On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you
had? _2_
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Participant #: _7_
Gender: M F Age: _21_ Year: Sn
Current GPA: _3.5_ High School GPA: _3.8_
On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you
had? _9_
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Participant #: _8_
Gender: M F Age: _28_ Year: J
Current GPA: _2.22_ High School GPA: _2.7_
On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you
had? _5_
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Participant #: _9_
Gender: M F Age: _21_ Year: Sn
Current GPA: _2.9_ High School GPA: _3.1_
On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you
had? _1_
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Participant #: 10_
Gender: M F Age: _27_ Year: Sn
Current GPA: _3.3_ High School GPA: _3.1_
On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you
had? _7_
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Save your file
Whenever you work with data, you should
be sure to save your file often.
Go to File > Save As > (choose a
location)
Type your last name in the File Name box.
Select: Save
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Work with Variables
Section 5
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Add a variable
Click on the top grey portion of the GPA
column to highlight the column. At the top
left of your screen, select Edit > Insert
variable.
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At the bottom left of your screen, select: Variable
View. Double click on VAR00001 (it will turn
blue) and type Year to give the new variable
(Year Level) a name. Move over to the Values column, click on the cell and
then on the 3 dots shaded in grey. Type 1 in the
Valuebox and Freshman in the Labelbox. Select:
Add.Type 2 and Sophomore. Select: Add. Type
3 and Junior. Select: Add. Type 4 and Senior.
Select: Add > OK.
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At the bottom left of your screen, select:
Data View.
Click in the Yearcolumn of line 1, select
the down arrow then select Freshman.
f
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You have just finished entering the Year
Level for your first participant.
Participant #: _1_
Gender: M F Age: _23_ Year: Fr
Current GPA: _3.2_ High School GPA: _3.11_
On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you
had? _5_
N t th Y L l f th th 9
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Now enter the Year Level for the other 9
participants (these are the same surveys).
Participant #: _2_
Gender: M F Age: _25_ Year: So
Current GPA: _3.0_ High School GPA: _2.9_
On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you
had? _2_
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Participant #: _3_
Gender: M F Age: _31_ Year: Sn
Current GPA: _2.7_ High School GPA: _2.5_
On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you
had? _15_
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Participant #: _4_
Gender: M F Age: _27_ Year: Ju
Current GPA: _3.9_ High School GPA: _3.6_
On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you
had? _4_
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Participant #: _5_
Gender: M F Age: _27_ Year: So
Current GPA: _3.11_ High School GPA: _3.2_
On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you
had? _8_
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Participant #: _6_
Gender: M F Age: _22_ Year: Fr
Current GPA: _3.0_ High School GPA: _3.4_
On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you
had? _2_
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Participant #: _7_
Gender: M F Age: _21_ Year: Sn
Current GPA: _3.5_ High School GPA: _3.8_
On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you
had? _9_
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Participant #: _8_
Gender: M F Age: _28_ Year: Ju
Current GPA: _2.22_ High School GPA: _2.7_
On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you
had? _5_
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Participant #: _9_
Gender: M F Age: _21_ Year: Sn
Current GPA: _2.9_ High School GPA: _3.1_
On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you
had? _1_
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Participant #: 10_
Gender: M F Age: _27_ Year: Sn
Current GPA: _3.3_ High School GPA: _3.1_
On a scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you thatyou will learn statistics?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Not at All VeryHow many years of computer experience have you
had? _7_
Your Data View file should look like this -
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Your Data View file should look like this -
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Move a variable
Click on the top grey portion of the Year
column to highlight the column.
Press and hold a Left click then use your
mouse to move the cursor to in betweenthe GenderandAge columns.
Drop (stop pressing the Left click) the Year
column.
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Recode Variables
The Confidence variable indicates
students' responses to the question: On a
scale of 1 to 10, how confident are you
that you will learn statistics? Theirresponses are currently Scale data (1
10). To make a comparison of the
participants who answered with a low,medium, or high response, you can create
groups (Nominal data).
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Select: Transform > Recode > Into
Different Variables.
Highlight the Confidence question on the list
and click on the arrow to move Confidenceinto the Input Variable box.
Type: ConfLoHi in Output Variable:Name.
Click on the Change button.
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Select: Old and New Values. UnderOld Value, select:Range.
Type: 1 in the top box and 3 in the box underthrough.
Type: 1 in the Value box underNew Value. Click: Add.
Type: 3 in the top Rangebox under Old Value and 6 inthe lower box.
Type: 2 in the Value box underNew Value. Click: Add.
Type: 7 in the top Rangebox under Old Value and 10 in
the lower box.Type: 3 in the Value box underNew Value. Click: Add.
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Click on Continue > OK
The new variable will appear at the right
hand side of your current variables.
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At the bottom left of your screen, select:Variable View
Go to line 9 (ConfLoHi) and move over to
the Values column. Click on the cell andthen on the 3 dots shaded in grey. Type1 in the Valuebox and Low in the Labelbox. Select: Add.Type 2 and Medium.
Select: Add. Type 3 and High. Select:Add
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Select: OK
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Perform Descriptive Statistics
Section 6
D i ti St ti ti
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Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics describe the status ofvariables. How you describe the status ofvariables depends on the level of measurementof the variable. Recall that SPSS uses Nominal,
Ordinal, and Scale (Interval or Ratio). Nominal and Ordinal variables, such as Gender,
could be reported as Frequency (% or number ofMales and Females).
Scale variables, such as Age, could be reported bystating the Minimum, Maximum, Mean, and StandardDeviation (Ages ranged from 18 to 64 years old withan average age of 27 (SD=9.81)).
C l l t F
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Calculate Frequency
Select: Analyze > Descriptive Statistics >Frequencies
Highlight Genderon the list and click on thearrow to move Genderto the Variable(s) box.
Highlight ConfLoHion the list and click on thearrow to move ConfLoHito the Variable(s) box
Be sure that Display Frequency Tables ischecked
Select Charts On theFrequencies: Charts box, select: Bar
charts and Percentages > Continue > OK.
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Notice that a 2nd file is now open.
Each time you perform an analysis, the output
will be added to the output file.
When you save, you will need to save both yourdata file (.sav) and your output file (.spo).
Go to File > Save As > (choose a location)
Type your last name in the File Name box.
Select: Save
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Calculate Minimum, Maximum,
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Calculate Minimum, Maximum,
Mean, & Standard Deviation
Select: Analyze > Descriptive Statistics >Frequencies to open Frequencies.
Select: Reset
HighlightAge, GPA, HPGPA, and the 2 questions
(Confidence and CompExp) on the list and click onthe arrow to move them to the Variable(s) box.
Be sure that Display Frequency Tables is checked
Select: Statistics. Check Mean, Standard
Deviation, Minimum and Maximum Select: Continue> OK
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R i th O t t
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Review the Output
Frequencies: the number of valid and missingdata entries for these variables now includes
Mean, Standard Deviation, Minimum, Maximum.
Frequency Tables: the number of data entriesfor each level of these variables (one table for
each variable). If there are many levels of a
variable, the Frequency Table provides
information that is very detailed. Instead, thevariables Mean, Standard Deviation, Minimum,
and Maximum are typically reported.
C l l t f M lti l V i bl
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Calculate for Multiple Variables
Determine the frequency of a combination of variables,such as how many of each Genderare at each level ofConfLoHi:
Select: Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Crosstabs
Highlight Genderand click on the upper arrow to moveGenderto the Row(s) box.
Highlight ConfLoHiand click on the lower arrow to moveConfLoHito the Column(s) box.
Check Display clustered bar charts
Select: Cells. Check Percentages forRow, Column,and Total
Select: Continue > OK.
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R i th O t t
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Review the Output
Case Processing Summary: the number of valid,missing, and total data entries forGenderandConfLoHi(participants that answered both
questions) Crosstabulation: the number (and percentages)of data entries for each level of both variables(rows are levels of one variable and intersectwith columns which are levels of the other
variable). Works best with nominal or ordinal variables
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Conduct Simple Correlations
Section 7
Correlation
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Correlation
A Pearson correlation analyzes relationshipsbetween parametric, linear (interval or ratio
which are Scale in SPSS) variables. If ordinal,
use Spearman Rho even if not from a normal
distribution.
You can enter several variables and get a
matrix of the direction and strength (-1 to 1) of
relationships.
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To examine the relationship between GPA andConfidence, start by restating the hypothesis.
Hypothesis:
It is hypothesized that there will be a significantpositive relationship between GPA and Level of
Confidence .
This is directional so it is one-tailed.
Variables and Level of Measurement: Variable1: GPA (Scale)
Variable 2: Level of Confidence (Scale)
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Select: Analyze > Correlate > Bivariate Highlight GPA and the Confidence
questionon the list and click on the arrow
to move them to the Variables box. Check Pearson, One-tailed, and Flag
significant correlations.
Select: Options. Check Means andstandard deviations. Select: Continue >OK
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Review Output
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Review Output
Descriptive Statistics: Here are the Means,Standard Deviations, and N forGPA andLevel of Confidence.
Correlations: The variables are listedacross the top and down the side so thatthey intersect within the grid. Eachintersection box has the value of the
correlation, then the significance level,then the N.
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Find the numbers in the statement belowon the output at the intersection of GPA
and Level of Confidence (the question
about confidence): There was a positive correlation [r(10)= .883,
p< .01] between GPA and Level of
Confidence.
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Scatter plot
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Scatter plot
A scatter plot is a common method ofdisplaying the results of a bivariate
correlation. You can add a third variable
by entering it at set markers by. One variable is represented on each axis
and the dots represent the intersection of
participants scores on the two variables.
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Select: Graphs > Scatter/Dot > SimpleScatter > Define
Highlight GPA. Click the arrow to move it
to the Y Axis box.
Highlight Level of Confidence question.
Click the arrow to move it to theX Axis
box.
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Select: Titles.
In the Footnote Line 1box, type Figure 1.
There was a significant positive
relationship between GPA and Level ofConfidence.
Select: Continue > OK
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SPSS Graphs are easily edited and copy/pastedinto your document. You can change the Axislabels, colors, sizes, etc. in the Chart Editor.
Place your curser over the chart and double-left
click. Now double click on the X Axis label (On ascale of 1 to 10 with 10 being the most, howconfident are you that you will learn statistics?).
A the blue box appears around the text. (Close
the Properties box that pops up.) You can now change the label by deleting the
old label and typing: Level of Confidence
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Click outside the box onto the SPSSViewer to close the Chart Editor and the
change will be made to your graph.
If you wanted to use your graph in adocument, you would just right click then
Copy / Paste it into your document.
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Good Job!
You have almost completed the module.
Just 2 more steps.
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Post Test
Section 8
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Step 1 -
Print the output file (SPSS Viewer)
Select: File > Print > OK
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Step 2 - Get out a blank sheet of paper and answer
the questions on the next page.
If you find that they are difficult for you toanswer, you should go back through the
module, review your statistics text, or consult
with your professor.
Post - Test
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Post - Test
1. What percentage of the participants were females?2. What was the average number of years of computer
experience?
3. How many males were in the High Confidence group
and how many females in that group?4. Was the relationship between GPA and Confidence
significant (
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Congratulations
You have now set-up a data entry page
added, moved, and recoded variables
performed descriptive analysis on nominaland scale variables
conducted a Pearson correlation and created
a scatter plot for the results
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