ljifo;"rL

!=) kl/ro . ...................................................................................... ! !=! :j:y gjhft lzz'df b]lvg] lrGxx? ............................................ @

@=) gjhft tyf lj/fdL lzz'sf] /f]usf] d"Nof+sg / juL{s/0f . ............................ #

@=! hlGdbf lg:;fl;Psf] lzz'sf] hfFr ug'{xf];\ .. .................................... # @=@ la/fdL lzz'nfO{ AofS6]l/ofsf] ;+efljt ;ª\qmd0fsf] nflu hfFr ug'{xf];\ .. ... $ cEof; ‘sÚ .................................................................................. * @=# ;j} la/fdL lzz'x¿nfO{ AofS6]l/ofsf] ;ª\qmd0f / sdnlkQsf] nflu juL{s/0f ug'{xf];\ .. ................................................................. ( @=$ kvfnfsf] d"NofÍg ug'{xf];\ ........................................................ !) @=% kvfnfsf] juL{s/0f ug'{xf];\ ........................................................ . !) cEof; …vÚ ................................................................................ !! @=^ vfgf ;DaGwL ;d:of / sd tf}n hfFr ug'{xf];\ ................................ !$

@=^=! vfgfjf/] ;f]wk'5 ug'{xf];\ clg pd]/ cg';f/ tf}n hfFr ug'{xf];\ ..... !$ @=^=@ :tgkfgsf] d"NofÍg ug'{xf];\ .............................................. !&

cEof; ‘uÚ ............................................................................... @) cEof; ‘3Ú .................................................................................. @@ @=& vfgf ;+jlGw juL{s/0f ug'{xf];\ ................................................... @$ @=* To;kl5 lzz'sf] vf]ksf] l:ylt hfFr ug'{xf];\ ................................... @$ @=( cGo ;d:ofx¿sf] d"NofÍg ug'{xf];\ ............................................. @$ cEof; ‘ªÚ .................................................................................. @^

#=) la/fdL lzz'sf] pkrf/ ug'{xf];\ / cfdfnfO{ k/fdz{ lbg'xf];\ ............................ @(

#=! pko'Qm vfg] PlG6afof]l6s lbg'xf];\ .............................................. @( #=@ PlG6afof]l6s ;'O{sf] klxnf] dfqf lbg'xf];\ ....................................... #) #=# kvfnfsf] pkrf/ ug{ afn–pkrf/ tflnsf x]g'{xf];\ ............................ #! #=$ k|To]s la/fdL lzz'nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ vf]k lbg'xf];\ ..................... #! #=% :yfgLo ;ª\qmd0fsf] pkrf/ 3/df ug{ cfdfnfO{ l;sfpg'xf];\ ............... #! #=^ sdnlkQsf] 3/}df pkrf/ ug{ cfdfnfO{ l;sfpg'xf];\ .......................... #@ #=& lztfË x'gaf6 arfpg cfdfnfO{ l;sfpg'xf];\ -dfofsf] c+ufnf]_ ............. #@ #=* hGdbf sd tf}n ePsf lzz'x?sf] Aoa:yfkg ................................. #% #=( :tgkfgsf] ;xL cf;g / :tg ;Dks{ af/] cfdfnO{ l;sfpg'xf];\ ............ #&

cEof; ‘rÚ .................................................................................. $)

cEof; ‘5Ú .................................................................................. $@

#=!) lzz'nfO{ 3/df x]/rfx ug{ cfdfnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ .......................... $#

kl/lzi6x? M

kl/lzi6 – ! clen]v kmf/d -@ dlxgf ;Ddsf] la/fdL lzz'sf] Joj:yfkg_ ...... $%

kl/lzi6 – @ :tgkfgsf] nflu b"w s;/L cfpF5 ..................................... $&

kl/lzi6 – # ckof{Kt b"w ............................................................... %$

kl/lzi6 – $ :tgkfgsf] lg/Gt/tf .................................................... ^)

~ 1 ~

!= kl/ro

of] k'l:tsfdf tkfO{x¿n] gjhft lzz' @ dlxgf d'gLsf la/fdL lzz'nfO{ s;/L :ofxf/ ug'{ kb{5 eGg] s'/f hfGg' x'g]5 . o; ;d"xdf ckgfOg] k|lqmofx¿ klg em08} p:t} x'g\, h'g tkfO{x¿n] @ dlxgfb]lv % jif{;Ddsf la/fdL aRrfx¿nfO{ pkrf/ ug]{ k|lqmofdf hflg;Sg' ePsf] 5 .

lzz'x¿sf] nflu 5'§} k|sf/sf] ljz]if clen]v kmf/d x'G5 h'g 7"nf aRrfx?sf] nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] clen]v kmf/d;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] 5 . lzz'x¿sf] /f]usf] d"NofÍg ug{sf] nflu pgLx?df b]lvg] lrGxx¿nfO{ o; k'l:tsfn] ;"rLa4 u/]sf] 5 . gjhft lzz' jf/] g]kfnsf] jt{dfg l:yltM g]kfnsf] NDHS -g]kfn :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof ;j]{If0f_ @)!! sf cg';f/ k|lt xhf/ lhljt hGd ePsf lzz' dWo] sl/a ## hgf gjhft lzz'sf] d[To' x'g] u/]sf] tYo kQf nfu]sf] 5 . h'g ls % aif{ d'lgsf aRrfsf] s'n d[To'sf] ^!Ü cf]u6]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f ;g\ @)!% ;x|;fAbL ljsf; nIf cg';f/ k|ltxhf/ lhljt hGddf !& df emfg]{ nIf lnPsf] 5 . To;sf/0f tkfO{n] o; pd]/ ;d'xsf] lzz'sf] hfFr tyf Joj:yfkgdf ljz]if Vofn ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . @ dlxgf ;Ddsf lzz'sf] d[To'sf d'Vo sf/0fx?M != ;+qmd0f – #^Ü @= sd hGdtf}n÷;dok"j{ hGd – @&Ü #= hGdbf lg:;fl;P/ – @#Ü $= ljs[lt cGo sf/0f – !$Ü tnsf ;a} r/0fx¿nfO{ Pp6} tflnsfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 M

~ 2 ~

l;Sg] p2]Zox?

of] k'l:tsfn] lgDg sfo{x¿sf] j0f{g ug]{ 5 / tkfO{x?nfO{ s]xL k'l:tsfd} cEof; ug{ lbOg]5 s]xLnfO{ lNslgsdf cEof; u/fOg]5 . * gjhft lzz'sf] d"Nof+sg, juL{s/0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug{ . * lzz'df b]lvg] JofS6]l/ofsf] ;Defljt ;ª\qmd0f / sdnlkQsf] d"NofÍg / juL{s/0f ug{ . * lzz'x¿sf] kvfnfsf] d"NofÍg / juL{s/0f ug{ * vfgf ;DaGwL ;d:of jf sd tf}n af/] d"NofÍg, :tgkfgsf] d"NofÍg ;DaGwL juL{s/0f

ug{ . * lzz'x¿nfO{ vfg] PlG6afof]l6s jf PlG6afof]l6ssf] ;'O{af6 pkrf/ ug{ . * kvfnfsf] pkrf/ ug{ . * :yfgLo ;ª\qmd0fsf] pkrf/ 3/}df ug]{ jf/] cfdfx¿nfO{ l;sfpg . * lztfË x'g af6 arfpg cfdfnfO{ l;sfpg . * :tgkfg u/fpFbf ;xL cf;g / :tg ;Dks{ af/] cfdfnfO{ l;sfpg . * lg:;fl;Psf] gjhft lzz'sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ . * lzz'nfO{ 3/df s;/L x]/rfx ug'{k5{ eGg] af/] cfdfnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg .

!=! :j:y gjhft lzz'df b]lvg] lrGxx? gjhft lzz' eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < hGdd]b]lv @* lbg;Ddsf ;Dk"0f{ lzz'x?nfO{ gjhft lzz' elgG5 . o:tf lzz'x?nfO{ ljz]if :ofxf/sf] cfjZostf x'G5 . != :j:y gjhft lzz'df b]lvg] lrGxx?af/] hfgsf/L M Pp6f :j:y hGd]sf] lzz'df lgDg lrGxx? e]l6g ;S5 h;nfO{ cfdfn] /f]usf] nIf0f ;+u

e'mlSsg ;lS5g\ . oL s'/fx? ;fdfGo x'g . o;df cflQg' kb}{g .

k'¶f jf lkmnfdf lgnf] /Ësf] wAaf h;nfO{ d+uf]lnog :k6 (Mangolian spot) elgG5 . d'v leq tfn'df ;]tf bfgfx? h;nfO{ OA:6]g kn{ (Ebstein Perl) elgG5 . s]6L lzz'x?sf] of}gf+uaf6 /h:jnf ePh:tf] /ut jf ;]tf] kbfy{ cfpg ;S5 . lgwf/ / gfsdf ;]tf t/ kLk gel/Psf lald/fx? b]vfkg{ ;S5g\ h;nfO{ ldlnof (Milia)

elgG5 . 5fnfaf6 kfk|fx? lg:sG5 h'g s]lx lbgdf x/fP/ hfG5 . /ftf dl;gf lald/fx? z/L/sf] ljleGg efudf b]lvG5g\ h;nfO{ Erythema Toxicum

elgG5 .

~ 3 ~

@=) gjhft tyf la/fdL lzz'sf] /f]usf] d"Nof°g / juL{s/0f (Assess and classify New born and sick young infant) lzz'nfO{ s] ;d:of ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/f cfdf;Fu ;f]wk'5 ug'{xf];\ . oL ;d:ofx¿sf] nflu of] klxnf] e]6 xf] cyjf cg'udg e]6 xf] lglZrt ug'{xf];\ . olb cg'udgsf] nflu NofOPsf] /x]5 eg] cg'udgsf] lgb]{zg cg';f/ tkfOn] lzz'sf] Joj:jyfkg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . oL ljz]if lgb]{zgx¿ lzz' tflnsfsf] tn cg'udg sf]7f leq 5g\ . olb lzz'sf] of] klxnf] e]6 xf] eg] tflnsfdf lbOPsf r/0fx?sf] qmdnfO{ cg';/0f ug'{xf];\ . o; v08n] klxnf] k6s NofOPsf] la/fdL lzz'sf] /f]usf] d"NofÍg / juL{s/0f ug]{ r/0fx¿nfO{ l;sfpF5 . * ev{/} hGd]sf] lg:;fl;Psf] lzz'sf] Joj:yfkg ug'{xf];\ . * AofS6]l/ofsf] ;Defljt ;+qmd0fsf lrGxx¿ / sdnlkQsf] hfFr ug'{xf];\ . To;kl5 e]l6Psf

tL lrGxx¿sf] cfwf/df lzz'sf] juL{s/0f ug'{xf];\ . * kvfnfaf/] ;f]wk'5 ug'{xf];\ . lzz'nfO{ kvfnf nfu]sf] /x]5 eg] kvfnfsf lrGxx¿sf]

d"NofÍg ug'{xf];\ . lzz'nfO{ hnljof]hgsf] nflu juL{s/0f ug'{xf];\ . olb 5 eg], bL3{ kvfnf / cfpF /utsf] klg juL{s/0f ug'{xf];\ .

* vfgf;DaGwL ;d:of jf sd tf}nsf] hfFr ug'{xf];\ . o;df :tgkfgsf] d"NofÍg klg ;dfj]z x'g ;S5 . To;kl5 vfgf;DaGwL juL{s/0f ug'{xf];\ .

* lzz'sf] vf]ksf] l:ylt hfFRg'xf];\ . * cGo ;d:ofx¿sf] d"NofÍg ug'{xf];\ . lzz'nfO{ h¿/L k|]if0f ug{' kg]{ ePdf klg, d"NofÍg ug{'xf];\ . t/, :tgkfgsf] d"NofÍg gug'{xf];\ lsg ls o;n] s]xL ;do lng;S5 .

@=! hlGdbf lg:;fl;Psf] lzz'sf] hf“r ug'{xf];\ hGdg] ljlQs} lzz' g/f]Pdf, ;f; km]g{ sl7gfO{ ePdf, ;fgf] :j/df /f]Pdf jf Zjf;

k|Zjf;sf] k|lqmof lgoldt ug{ g;Sg] lzz'nfO{ lg:;fl;Psf] lzz' elgG5 . o;n] lzz'sf] dl:tisdf v/fa c;/ kfl/ ckfË x'g] / d[To' klg u/fpg ;S5 . lg:;fl;Psf] lzz'sf] Joj:yfkg ug{] sfo{ ;'Ts]/L u/fpg] cj:yfdf kg{ ;Sb5 .

olb tkfO{n] ;'Ts]/L u/fpg] jf gjhft lzz' :ofxf/ ;+DalGw tflnd lng' ePsf] 5 eg]

lg:;fl;Psf] lzz'sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Ifd x'g'x'G5 / cfjZos ;fdfu|L pknAw 5 eg] ;f]lx cg';f/ ug'{xf]; . h:t}M

;kmf, ;'Vvf, g/d sk8fn] lzz'sf] z/L/ k'5\g] / xn'sf t/Lsfn] lzz'sf] lk7\o' b]lv dfly lt/ 9f8 ;'d;'DofO{ lbg] . olt ubf{ lzz'n] ;f; gk]m/]df

l8=ln= ;S;g 6\o'asf] k|of]u ul/ gfs / d'vdf ePsf] t/n kbfy{ ;kmf ug ]{ . olt ubf{ klg lzz'n] ;f; gk]m/]df

Aofu / df:såf/f s[lqd Zjf; k|Zjf; k|lt ldg]6 $) k6ssf b/n] @) ld= ;Dd lbg]

lar lardf lzz'n] ;f; k]m/]sf]/ 5ftL rn]sf] 5 5}g x]g'{ xf]; . olb lxl/Ss lxl/Ss ePdf yk !) ld= ;Dd ug{] . olt ubf{ klg gePdf cfdf tyf kl/jf/nfO{ ;Demfpg] .

~ 4 ~

@=@ la/fdL lzz'nfO{ JofS6]l/ofsf] ;Defljt ;ª\qmd0fsf] nflu hf“r ug'{xf];\ x/]s la/fdL lzz'sf] nflu d"NofÍgsf] of] r/0f k"/f ug'{k5{ . o; r/0fdf, tkfO{n] JofS6]l/ofsf] ;+s|d0fsf vf; u/]/ uDeL/ ;ª\qmd0fsf lrGxx¿sf] vf]hL ug'{ x'g]5 . AofS6]l/ofsf] uDeL/ ;ª\qmd0f h:t} — Go"df]lgof, ;]lK;; / dl:tisHj/ -d]lgg\hfOl6;_ jf6 lzz'x¿ la/fdL kb{5g\ / rfF8} g} ltgsf] d[To' ;d]t x'g;Sb5 . lzz'x¿sf] /f]usf lrGxx¿sf] d"NofÍg tflnsfdf lbOPsf] qmd cg';f/ ug{ / lzz'nfO{ zfGt kf/L /fVg clt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . k|yd rf/ j6f lrGxx¿ cyf{t\ ;f; b/ uGg', sf]vf xfg]sf] x]g'{, gfssf] kf]/f km'n]sf] tyf sGg'sf] d"NofÍg tkfO{n] ubf{, lzz' zfGt cyjf ;'t]sf] x'g'kb{5 .

To;kl5 c? s]xL lrGxx¿sf] d"NofÍg ug{ tkfO{n] lzz'nfO{ p7fP/ n'uf km'sfpg' x'g]5, z/L/ el/sf] 5fnf x]g]{ Pj+ tfkqmd gfKg] sfd ug'{ x'g]5 . o;f] u?~h]n lzz' zfob /fd|/L lapFemL;s]sf] x'g;S5 . o;kl5, p ;':t jf a]xf]; cj:yfdf 5 ls eg]/ tkfO{n] b]Vg ;Sg'x'g]5 / p;sf] rnfO x]g{ ;Sg'x'g]5 .

AofS6]l/ofsf] ;Defljt ;+qmd0f ÷ sdnlkQ hf“Rg'xf];\ ;f]Wg] lzz'df sDkg 5 <

x]g]{, ;'Gg] / 5fDg]

Ps ldg]6df ;f; b/ uGg'xf];\ . olb a9L eP km]l/ bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\

s8f sf]vf xfg]sf] 5 ls x]g'{xf];\ gfssf] kf]/f km'n]sf] 5 ls x]g'{xf];\ sg]sf] ;'Gg'xf];\ / x]g'{xf];\

lzz'sf] tfn'df 5fDg'xf];\ / pS;]sf] 5 ls x]g'{xf];\ sfgaf6 kLk au]sf] 5 ls x]g'{xf];\ gfO6f] x]g'{xf];\ . s] of] /ftf] ePsf] 5 jf o;af6 kLk au]sf] 5 < s] of] /ftf]kgf

5fnf;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 <

Hj/f] gfKg'xf];\ -jf Hj/f] 5 jf lztfË 5 5fDg'xf];\_ 5fnfdf kmf]sfx¿ 5g\ ls x]g'{xf];\ . s] o:tf kmf]sfx¿ w]/} jf s8f vfnsf 5g\ <

lzz' ;':t jf a]xf]; 5 ls x]g'{xf];\ . lzz'sf] rnfO x]g'{xf];\ . s] of] ;fdfGoeGbf sd 5 < s] lzz'df sdnlkQ xTs]nf / k}tfnf;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 <

k|To]s lrGxsf] d"NofÍg s;/L ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] j0f{g tn ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]Wg'xf];\ M lzz'df sDkg 5 < of] k|Zg cfdfnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ . x]g'{xf];\ M ! ldg]6df lzz'sf] ;f;b/ uGg'xf];\ . a9L ePdf km]l/ bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\ .

7"nf] lzz' jf aRrfdf ulGt u/] h:t} ;f;b/ uGg'xf];\ . lzz'x¿n] 7"nf aRrfx¿n]

eGbf l56f] l56f] ;f; km]5{g\ . Pp6f :j:y lzz'sf] ;f;b/ ;fwf/0ftof ! ldg]6df %)

oL hfFr lzz' zfGt ePsf] cj:yfdf ug'{k5{

~ 5 ~

k6seGbf a9L x'G5 . To;}n] ! ldg]6df ^) jf ;f]eGbf a9L k6s ;f;b/ 5 eg] To;nfO{ ;f; b/sf] l;dfGtb/ dfgL ;f; l56f] rn]sf] 5 egL 5'6\ofpg k|of]u ul/G5 .

olb klxnf] ! ldg]6sf] ulGtdf ;f;b/ ^) jf ;f] eGbf a9L ePdf km]l/ ulGt ug'{k5{ . o;f] ug'{ dxTjk"0f{ 5 lsgls lzz'x¿df ;f;b/sf] ult clgoldt x'G5 . logLx¿n] slxn]sfxL+ Ps l5g;Dd ;f; km]g{ aGb u5{g\ . To;kl5 km]l/ l56f] l56f] ;f; km]5{g\ . olb bf];|f] k6s uGbf klg ;f;b/ ^) jf ;f] eGbf a9L ePdf kSs} klg aRrfn] l56f] l56f] ;f; km]l//x]sf] 5 eGg] dfGg' kb{5 .

s8f lsl;dn] sf]vf xfg]sf] x]g'{xf];\M

7"nf] lzz' cyjf aRrfx¿sf] sf]vf xfg]sf] hfFr u/] h:t} u/L lzz'x¿sf] klg sf]vf xfg]sf] 5 ls 5}g, x]g'{xf];\ . x'g t o:tf lzz'x¿sf] 5ftL kftnf] / sdnf] x'gfn] o; ju{df kg]{ lzz'x¿df xNsf lsl;dn] sf]vf xfg]sf] e]l6g' ;fdfGo s'/f dflgG5 . s8f lsl;dn] sf]vf xfg]sf] ulx/f] / b]Vg ;lhnf] x'G5 . s8f lsl;dn] sf]vf xfGg' Go"df]lgofsf] lrGx xf] / lzz'df of] uDeL/ x'G5 .

gfssf] kf]/f km'n]sf] x]g'{xf];\M gfssf] kf]/f km'Ng' eg]sf] lzz'n] leq ;f; ln+bf gfssf] Kjfn 7"nf] x'g' xf] .

gfssf] kf]/fsf] ;fdfGo cj:yf ;f;leq ln+bf gfssf] kf]/f km'n]sf]

sg]sf] ;'Gg'xf];\ / x]g'{xf];\ M

sGg' eg]sf] lzz'n] ;f; aflx/ kmfNbf lg:sg] xNsf / 5f]6f] cfjfh xf] . lzz'nfO{ ;f; km]g{ ufx|f] eof] eg] sG5 .

~ 6 ~

tfn' pS;]sf] x]g'{xf];\ / 5fDg'xf];\M

tfn' eg]sf] lzz'sf] 6fpsfsf] dflyNnf] efudf ePsf] g/d efu xf], hxfF xf8x¿ /fd|/L alg;s]sf x'Fb}gg\ . lzz'nfO{ ;Lwf p7fP/ g/f]Psf] cj:yfdf tfn' /fd|/L x]g'{ / 5fDg' kb{5 . olb tfn' ;dtn geO{ pS;]sf] 5 eg] lzz'nfO{ d]lgGhfOl6; ePsf] x'g;S5 .

;fwf/0f tfn' pS;]sf] tfn'

sfgaf6 kLk au]sf] 5 ls x]g'{xf];\ M gfO6f]df x]g'{xf];\ – gfO6f] /ftf] ePsf] jf o;af6 kLk alu/x]sf] 5 ls < /ftf]kgf 5fnf;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 ls <

gfO6f]df /ftf]kg x'g;S5 cyjf gfO6f]af6 kLk klg alu/x]sf] x'g ;S5 . gfO6f]af6 gfn ! xKtfleqdf vl;;S5 . gfO6f] sxfF;Dd sltsf] /ftf] 5 eGg] s'/fn] ;ª\qmd0f sltsf] s8f 5 eGg] atfpF5 . olb /ftf]kgf k]6sf] 5fnf;Dd km}lnPsf] b]lvG5 -o; lrqdf b]vfOP em}+_ eg], of] Pp6f s8f ;+qmd0f xf] .

5fDg'xf];\ M tfkqmd gfKg'xf];\ - Hj/f] jf lztf+Ë 5fDg'xf];\_

Hj/f] sfvLdf gfk]sf] tfkqmd -#&=%° ;]= eGbf a9L_ b'O{ dlxgf;Ddsf lzz'x¿df sd} b]vfk5{ . olb lzz'nfO{ Hj/f] cfPdf To;n] AofS6]l/ofsf] uDeL/ ;ª\qmd0f ePsf] 5 eGg] hgfpF5 . To;sf] cnfjf, Hj/f] dfq} klg AofS6]l/ofsf] uDeL/ ;ª\qmd0fsf] lrGx x'g;S5 . lzz'x¿n] ;ª\qmd0fsf] k|lts[of z/L/sf] tfkqmdnfO{ #%=%° ;]= eGbf klg sd kf/]/ hgfpF5g\ . z/L/sf] tfkqmd sd x'g'nfO{ l;tfË -xfOkf]yld{of_ elgG5 .

~ 7 ~

olb tkfO{l;t ydf{ld6/ 5}g eg] lzz'sf] k]6 cyjf sfvLdf 5fDg'xf];\ / tftf] cyjf c;fdfGo ¿kn] lr;f] 5 ls 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .

olb xft uf]8f lr;f] t/ k]6 rfFlx Gofgf] 5 eg] lzz' s]xL lztfË elgG5 .

olb xft uf]8f / k]6 b'a} lr;f] 5 eg] lzz' s8f lztfË elgG5 .

5fnfdf kmf]sfx¿ 5g\ ls x]g'{xf];\ . oL w]/} jf s8f 5g\ ls <

lzz'sf] z/L/sf] ;a} efusf] 5fnf hfFRg'xf];\ . 5fnfsf kmf]sfx¿ /ftf bfux¿ x'g\ h;df kLk el/Psf] x'G5 . olb o:tf lkk el/Psf kmf]sfx¿ !) eGbf a9L÷7"nf] lknf] jf sd 5g\ ls x]g{'xf];\ . bz jf bz eGbf j9L s8f lsl;dsf kmf]sfx? jf lknf]n] ;ª\qmd0f uDeL/ ePsf] eGg] hgfpF5 .

x]g'{xf];\ M lzz' ;':t jf a]xf]; 5 ls x]g'{xf];\ <

lzz'x¿ ;fwf/0ftof w]/} ;'Tb5g\ / of] /f]usf] lrGx x}g . lapFlemPs} a]nfdf klg oL lzz'x¿n] 7"nf lzz' / aRrfx¿n] e}m+ cfdfnfO{ x]g]{ cyjf :jf:Yo sfo{stf{ of s;}n] s'/f ubf{ pgLx¿nfO{ x]g]{ ub}{gg\ .

Pp6f a]xf]; cj:yfdf /x]sf] lzz' hlt k|oTg u/] klg lapFlemb}g . p;nfO{ 5'Fbf / jf]nfpFbf klg s'g} k|ltlqmof b]vfpFb}g .

x]g'{xf];\ M lzz'sf] rnfO x]g'{xf];\ . s] of] ;fdfGoeGbf sd 5 <

Pp6f lzz'nfO{ lgofn]/ x]g'{eof] eg] p;n] ! ldg]6df ;fwf/0ftof bz k6s eGbf j9L cfˆgf] xftv'§f rnfpg], 6fpsf] otf ptf xNnfpg] u/]sf] kfpg'x'g]5 . tkfO{n] d"NofÍg ubf{ lzz'sf] rnfOx¿nfO{ cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ .

x]g'{xf];\ M s] lzz'df sdnlkQ 5 < s] of] xTs]nf / k}tfnf;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 .

z/L/df b]lvg] kx]nf]kgnfO{ hG8L; jf sdnlkQ elgG5 . gjhft lzz'df b]lvg] sdnlkQ jo:sdf b]lvg] eGbf km/s sf/0fn] x'G5 . o;sf] dfqf Hofbf ePdf lzz'sf] dl:tisdf c;/ kg{ ;S5 / d[To' klg x'g ;S5 . d[To' gePdf lzz' ckf· x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . kx]nf]kg x]g{ lzz'sf] lgwf/ jf 5ftLsf] 5fnfdf % ;]s]08;Dd lyRg] / 5f8\g] . of] 5f8]sf] 7f“p ;fdfGotof ;]tf] b]lvG5 / t'?Gt x/fP/ hfG5 t/ sdnlkQ ePdf ;]tf]sf] 7fp “df kx]nf] b]lvG5 . of] hf“r ubf{ lbgsf] pHofnf]df ug'{kb{5 .

sdnlkQ lzz' hGd]sf] @ jf # lbgdf b]vfk5{ / ;fwf/0ftof * jf !) lbgdf x/fP/

hfG5 . lzz' /fd|f] ;+u vfO/xG5 / la/fdL h:tf] klg nfUb}g . o;nfO{ cf}iflw pkrf/ rflx+b}g t/ lzz'nfO{ laxfg slnnf] gkf]Ng] 3fddf ! jf @ 306f gf·} /fv] cfkm}+ 7Ls x'G5 . 3fddf /fVbf, cf “vf 5f]Kg' k5{ / lr;f]af6 hf]ufpg'k5{ .

lzz' hGd]sf] @$ 306f leq jf bf];|f] lbgdf kx]+nf]kg b]lvPdf jf !$ lbg kl5 klg

kx]+nf]kg guPdf, lk;fa kx]+nf] b]lvPdf, jf kx]+nf]kg ePsf] cj:yfdf lzz' ;':t ePdf, b"w /fd|f] ;+u gr';]df o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ s8f sdnlkQ elgG5 . of] x'g'sf] d'Vosf/0fx?df lzz'nfO{ uDeL/ ;+qmd0f x'g' jf cfdf / lzz'sf] /Qm;d"x gldNg' xf] .

tkfO{sf] k|lzIf0f ;xof]uLn] lzz', 7"nf lzz' / aRrfx¿df ;f; l56f] rn]sf] 5'6\ofpg] l;dfGt ;f;b/ af/] l8«n cEof; u/fpg' x'g]5 .

~ 8 ~

cEof; ‘s’ efu ! — lel8of]

tkfO{x¿n] lzz'x¿sf] af/]df lel8of] x]g'{x'g]5 . o;n] AofS6]l/ofsf] ;Defljt ;ª\qmd0f÷ sdnlkQsf] nflu lzz'sf] d"NofÍg s;/L ug]{ eGg] af/] k|bz{g ug]{5 tyf lrGxx¿sf] pbfx/0f b]vfpg]5 . efu @ — t:jL/x¿

lrq k'l:tsfsf] ^) b]lv ^@ g+= sf t:jL/x¿sf] cWoog ug'{xf];\ . k|To]s t:jL/sf] tnkl§ lbOPsf ljj/0fnfO{ /fd|/L k9\g'xf];\ .

t:jL/ g+= ^) M gjhft lzz'sf] ;fdfGo -:j:Yo_ gfO6f] t:jL/ g+= ^! M gfO6f]sf] /ftf]kgf k]6sf] 5fnf;Dd km}lnPsf] . t:jL/ g+= ^@ M 5fnfdf kmf]sfx¿ w]/} b]lvPsf] . t:jL/ g+= ^# b]lv ^% nfO{ /fd|f];Fu cWoog ug'{xf];\ . oL k|To]s lzz'x¿sf] gfO6f]sf] d"NofÍgdf lrgf] nufpg'xf];\ .

gfO6f] ;fdfGo /ftf] cyjf kLk au]sf] /ftf]kgf 5fnf;Dd km}lnPsf]

g:jL/ g+= ^# t:jL/ g+= ^$ t:jL/ g+= ^%

;d"xn] lel8of] k|bz{g / t:jL/x¿af/] 5nkmn ug]{5 .

~ 9 ~

@=# ;a} la/fdL lzz'x¿nfO{ AofS6]l/ofsf] ;ª\qmd0f / sdnlkQsf] nflu juL{s/0f ug'{xf];\

;a} la/fdL lzz'x¿nfO{ AofS6]l/ofsf] ;ª\qmd0f, sdnlkQ / lztfËsf] nflu juL{s/0f ug'{xf];\ . lzz'df b]lvg] lrGxx¿nfO{ ;"rLdf /flvPsf lrGxx¿l;t bfFHg'xf];\ / pko'Qm juL{s/0f ug'{xf];\ .

lrGxx¿ juL{s/0f sDkg 5 jf l56f] l56f] ;f; km]5{ -! ldg]6df ^) jf

a9L k6s_ jf s8f lsl;dn] sf]vf xfg]sf] jf

gfssf] kf]/f km'Ng] u/]sf] jf sg]sf] jf lzz'sf] tfn' pS;]sf] jf sfgaf6 kLk au]sf] jf

gfO6f] kfs]/ 5fnfsf] jl/kl/ ;d]t km}lnPsf] jf

Hj/f] #&=%° ;] eGbf a9L jf 5fDbf tftf]_ jf sd tfkqmd -#%=%° ;] eGbf sd jf 5fDbf lr;f]_ jf

5fnfdf kmf]sfx¿ -!) eGbf a9L jf 7"nf] lknf]_ w]/} jf s8f jf

;':t jf a]xf]; 5 jf rnfO{ ;fdfGoeGbf sd k6Ss} b'w r':g g;Sg]

AofS6]l/ofsf] ;+Defljt

uDeL/ ;+qmd0f

gfO6f] /ftf] jf kLk au]sf] jf 5fnfdf kmf]sfx¿ -!) eGbf sd_

AofS6]l/ofsf] :yfgLo ;+qmd0f

sdnlkQsf] nflu d"Nof+sg ug'{xf];\

lrGxx¿ juL{s/0f xTs]nf jf k}tfnf;Dd kx]+nf]kg km}lnPsf] jf pd]/ ! lbg -@$ 306f_ eGbf sd jf pd]/ !$ lbg eGbf a9L

s8f sdnlkQ

kx]nf]kg xTs]nf / k}tfnf;Dd km}n]sf] 5}g / lzz'sf] pd]/ @ b]lv !$ lbg;Dd 5

sdnlkQ

lztf·sf] d"Nof+sg ug'{xf];\

lrGxx¿ juL{s/0f z/L/sf] tfkqmdnfO{ #%=%° ;]= eGbf sd jf xftuf]8f / k]6 b'j} lr;f] 5

s8f lztf·

z/L/sf] tfkqmdnfO{ #^=%° ;]= eGbf sd jf xftuf]8f lr;f] 5 / k]6 Gofgf] 5

lztf·

~ 10 ~

@=$ kvfnfsf] d"Nof°g ug'{xf];\ cfdfn] cfˆgf] lzz'nfO{ kvfnf nfu]sf]] 5 elG5g\ eg], kvfnfsf] d"NofÍg tyf juL{s/0f ug'{xf];\ . ;fwf/0ftof :tgkfg ug]{ lzz'x¿n] w]/} k6s jf kftnf] lb;f ub}{df Tof] kvfnf x'Fb}g . b"w v'jfpg] cfdfx¿n] kvfnfsf] klxrfg ug{ ;S5g\ lsg eg] lb;fsf] jgfj6 / k6s ;fdfGo eGbf km/s x'G5 . o;sf] d"NofÍg ug]{ t/Lsf 7"nf aRrfx¿df h:t} x'G5 t/ s]xL lrGxx¿sf] dfq hfFr ul/G5 . ltvf{sf] d"NofÍg ul/+b}g lsgsL lzz'nfO{ ef]s nfu]sf] xf] jf ltvf{ nfu]sf] xf] 5'6\ofpg ;+ej x'+b}g .

lzz'nfO{ kvfnf nfu]sf] 5 < 5 eg], ;f]Wg] slt lbg eof] < lb;fdf /ut b]lvPsf] 5 <

x]g]{ / 5fDg] lzz'sf] cj:yf x]g'{xf];\ .

s] lzz'– – ;':t jf a]xf]; 5 < – 56kl6g] jf lem+lhg] u5{ <

cfFvf u8]sf] 5 ls x]g'{xf];\ k]6sf] 5fnf cf}+nfn] tfg]/ 5f]8\bf

– w]/} lj:tf/} kmls{G5 < -@ ;]s]G8eGbf a9L_ – lj:tf/} kmls{G5 <

@=% kvfnfsf] juL{s/0f ug'{xf];\ lzz'x¿df x'g] kvfnfnfO{ klg 7"nf lzz' cyjf aRrfx¿df juL{s/0f u/] h:t} ul/G5 . lzz'sf lrGxx¿nfO{ ;"rLdf /flvPsf lrGxx¿l;t bfFHg'xf];\ / hnljof]hgsf] Pp6f juL{s/0fnfO{ /f]Hg'xf];\ . olb lzz'nfO{ !$ lbgeGbf a9L lbgb]lv kvfnf nfu]sf] eP jf p;sf] lb;fdf /ut b]lvPsf] 5 eg] Pp6f yk juL{s/0fsf] 5gf}6 ug'{xf];\ . @ dlxgf d'lgsf lzz'x?nfO{ lhÍ rSsL lbg h?/L 5}g .

lgDg lrGxx¿dWo] s'g} @ lrGx 5g\ eg] M ;':t jf a]xf]; 5 cfFvf u8]sf] k]6sf] 5fnf cf}+nfn] tfg]/ 5f8\bf

w]/}} lj:tf/} kmls{G5

s8f hnljof]hg

lgDg lrGxx¿dWo] s'g} @ lrGx 5g\ eg] M

56kl6g], lem+lhg] cfFvf u8]sf] k]6sf] 5fnf cf}+nfn] tfg]/ 5f8\bf lj:tf/}

kmls{G5

s]xL hnljof]hg

s8f hnljof]hg jf s]xL hnljof]hgsf] juL{s/0f ug{ k|z:t lrGx gePdf

hnljof]hg gePsf]

kvfnf !$ jf a9L lbgb]lv nfu]sf] eP . s8f bL3{ kvfnf

lb;fdf /ut b]lvPdf cfp“ /ut

lzz'df bL3{ kvfnfsf] ;Defljt juL{s/0f s]jn Pp6f dfq} 5 eGg] s'/f ljrf/ ug'{xf];\ . lsgls s'g} klg lzz', h;nfO{ bL3{ kvfnf nfu]sf] 5, p;n] hLjgsf] 7"nf] c+z kvfnfaf6 kLl8t eP/ latfPsf] x'G5 / p;nfO{ k|]if0f ug'{ kb{5 .

lzz'sf] clen]v kmf/dsf] k|of]uaf/]df k|lzIf0f ;xof]uLn] k|bz{g u/L b]vfpg' x'g]5 .

~ 11 ~

cEof; ‘v’

of] cEof;df tkfO{n] lzz'sf] clen]v kmf/ddf d"NofÍg kl/0ffdx?nfO{ clen]v ug]{ cEof; ug'{ x'g]5 . tkfO{x?n] lzz'nfO{ AofS6]l/ofsf] ;Defljt ;ª\qmd0f / kvfnfsf] nflu juL{s/0f ug'{ x'g]5 . k|lzIf0f ;xof]uLaf6 $ j6f vfnL lzz' clen]v kmf/d lng'xf];\ . tkfO{sf] pkrf/ tflnsf k'l:tsfdf ælzz'Æ tflnsfnfO{ kN6fpg'xf];\ . k|To]s lj/fdLnfO{ hfFRg M != lzz'sf] gfd n]v]/ clen]v kmf/d 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ . @= /f]u ;DaGwL hfgsf/Lx¿ k9]/ lzz'sf] pd]/, tf}n, tfkqmd / ;d:of n]Vg'xf];\ . klxnf] e]6

xf] jf xf]Og ;f]Wg'xf];\ . -of] cEof;df ;a} lzz'x¿ klxnf] e]6sf] nflu cfPsf x'g\_ #= d"NofÍg kl/0ffdx¿nfO{ clen]v kmf/ddf n]Vg'xf];\ . $= lzz'nfO{ AofS6]l/ofsf] ;Defljt ;ª\qmd0f / kvfnfsf] nflu juL{s/0f ug'{xf];\ . %= To;kl5 csf]{ la/fdL lzz'nfO{ hfFRg yfNg'xf];\ .

la/fdL ! M 7"n] 7"n] # xKtfsf] lzz' xf] . p;sf] tf}n #=^ s]=lh= 5 . p;sf] tfkqmd sfvLdf gfKbf

#^=%° ;]= 5 . ;f; km]g{ sl7gfO ePsf]n] p;nfO{ hFrfpg :jf:Yo rf}sLdf NofOPsf] 5 . :jf:Yo sfo{stf{n] klxnf p;df AofS6]l/ofsf] ;Defljt ;ª\qmd0fsf lrGxx¿ 5g\ ls egL x]g'{x'G5 . 7"n]sL cfdf p;nfO{ sDkg gePsf] atfpFl5g\ . :jf:Yo sfo{stfn] ;f;b/ uGbf Ps ldg]6df &$ k6s kfpg'x'G5 . jxfFn] km]l/ bf]xf]¥ofpg'x'G5 . bf];|f] k6sdf ;f;b/ &) k6s x'G5 . 7"n]sf] cln cln sf]vf xfGg] tyf gfssf] kf]/f k'mNg] u/]sf] kfpg' x'G5 . t/ p slg/x]sf] eg] 5}g . p;sf] tfn' pS;]sf] klg 5}g . p;sf] sfgaf6 kLk au]sf] 5}g . gfO6f] ;fdfGo cj:yfdf g} 5 / 5fnfdf kmf]sfx¿ 5}gg\ . 7"n] zfGt / lapFem]sf] 5 . p;sf] rnfO ;fdfGo g} 5 . p;sf] z/L/df kx]+nf] kg klg 5}g . p;nfO{ kvfnf nfu]sf] 5}g .

~ 12 ~

la/fdL @ M afa'xl/ afa'xl/ Pp6f ;fgf] lzz' xf] hf] 7Ls @ xKtf cl3 hGd]sf] lyof] . p;sf] tf}n @=%

s]=lh= 5 . sfvLdf gfKbf p;sf] tfkqmd #^=%° ;]= 5 . p;sL cfdfsf] egfO cg';f/ p 3/d} ;doeGbf klxn] / pgsf c¿ ;GtfgeGbf ;fgf] hlGdPsf] lyof] . lzz'sf] gfO6f]df ;ª\qmd0f ePsf] x'Fbf cfdf lrlGtt l5g\ . pgL elG5g\ lzz'nfO{ sDkg ePsf] 5}g . :jf:Yo sfo{stf{n] ;f;b/ uGbf ! ldg]6df %% k6s km]nf kfg'{ eof] . p;sf] sf]vf xfg]sf] 5}g\, gfssf] kf]/f km'n]sf] 5}g / p;n] sg]sf] klg 5}g . p;sf] tfn' pS;]sf] 5}g . sfgaf6 kLk au]sf] kfOPg . p;sf] gfO6f]sf] 6'Kkf]df dfq} clnslt /ftf]kgf / kLk b]lvPsf] 5 . :jf:Yo sfo{stf{n] lzz'sf] ;Dk"0f{ z/L/sf] hfFr ug'{ x'G5 / 5fnfdf kmf]sfx¿ ePsf] kfpg' x'Gg . p lapFem]sf] 5 / rgfvf] b]lvG5 . p ;fdfGo ¿kdf rndnfO/x]sf] 5 . p;sf] z/L/ kx]+nf] klg 5}g . p;nfO{ kvfnf nfu]sf] 5}g .

la/fdL # M k'ikf~hnL k'ikf~hnL @=% s]=hL= tf}n ePsL ! xKtf pd]/sf] lzz' xf] . p;sf] sfvLdf tfkqmd #&° ;]=

5 . z/L/ kx]+nf] ePsf]n] cfdfn] pgnfO{ :jf:Yo s]Gb| NofPsL x'g\ . :jf:Yo sfo{stf{n] lzz'nfO{ sDkg 5 ls egL ;f]Wbf pQ/df cfdfn] 5}g eGg] hfgsf/L lbOg\ . :jf:Yo sfo{stf{n] ;f;b/ k|lt ldg]6 $* uGg' x'G5 . k'ikf~hnLsf] sf]vf s8f lsl;dn] xfg]sf] 5}g / gfssf] kf]/f km'n]sf] klg 5}g . pgL sgL /x]sL 5}gg\ . pgsf] tfn' pS;]sf] 5}g . sfgaf6 kLk au]sf] 5}g . gfO6f] /ftf] eP/ kLk au]sf] 5}g . z/L/df kmf]sfx? 5}gg\ . k'ikf~hnLsf] n'uf km'sfNbf, pgnfO{ af]nfpFbf, xftv'§f rnfOlb+bf / prfNbf pgL rgfvf] l5g\ .

:jf:Yo sfo{stf{sf] k|lt pQ/df cfdf elG5g\ k'ikf~hnLsf] z/L/ @ lbgb]lv kx]nf] 5 .

:jf:Yo sfo{stf{n] kx]nf]kg x]g{ % ;]s]08;Dd lzz'sf] lgwf/ / 5ftLsf] 5fnfdf bafP/ 5f8\bf kx]nf] b]lvof] . t/ xTs]nf / k}tfnf;Dd km}lnPsf] 5}g . k'ikf~hnLnfO{ kvfnf 5}g .

~ 13 ~

la/fdL $ M af6'nL af6'nL $=@ s]=lh= tf}n ePsL ^ xKtf k'lu;s]sL lzz' x'g\ . pgsf] sfvLdf gfKbf

#^=%° ;]= tfkqmd kfOG5 . kvfnf nfu]sf] x'Fbf lzz'sL cfdfn] pgnfO{ :jf:Yo s]Gb|df NofPsL x'g\ . lzz' x]bf{ lgs} ;fx|} la/fdL b]lvlG5g\ . :jf:Yo sfo{stf{n]] lzz'nfO{ sDkg 5 ls egL ;f]4f pQ/df cfdfn] 5}g eGg] hfgsf/L lbOg\ . :jf:Yo sfo{stf{n] ;f;b/ k|ltldg]6 %) uGg' x'G5 . af6'nLsf] sf]vf s8f lsl;dn] xfg]sf] / gfssf] kf]/f km'n]sf] 5 . pgL slg/x]sL 5}gg\ . pgsf] tfn' klg pS;]sf] 5}g . pgsf] sfgaf6 kLk au]sf] 5}g . gfO6f] /ftf] eP/ kLk au]sf] 5}g . z/L/df kmf]sfx¿ 5}gg\ . af6'nLsf] n'uf k'msfNbf, pgnfO{ af]nfpFbf, xftv'6f rnfOlb+bf / prfNbf pgL lapFlemOgg\ . af6'nL a]xf]; l5g\ . p;sf] z/L/ kx]+nf] 5 . :jf:Yo sfo{tf{sf] k|lt pQ/df cfdf elG5g\ af6'nLnfO{ ! ;ftfb]lv kvfnf nfu]sf] 5 / lb;fdf /ut b]lvPsf] 5}g . :jf:Yo sfo{stf{n] aRrLsf] cfFvf u8]sf] kfpg' x'G5 . To:t} k]6sf] 5fnf cf}+nfn] tfg]/ 5f]8\bf w]/} lj:tf/} cfˆgf] 7fpFdf kmls{G5 .

of] cEof; ;s]kl5 tkfO{sf hjfkmx¿af/] k|lzIf0f ;xof]uL;Fu 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

gf]6 M oL $ hgf lzz'x¿sf] clen]v kmf/d /fd|f];Fu /fVg'xf];\ . oxL k'l:tsfdf kl5 tkfO{n]

logLx¿sf /f]usf] d"NofÍg, juL{s/0f tyf pkrf/sf] klxrfg ug'{ x'g]5 .

~ 14 ~

@=^ vfgf;DaGwL ;d:of jf sd tf}n hf“r ug'{xf];\ lzz'sf] j[l4 Pj+ ljsf;sf] nflu plrt lsl;dsf vfgfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . lzz' cj:yfdf vfgf gk'u]df To;sf] c;/ hLjg e/ kb{5 . lzz'sf] j[l4sf] d"NofÍg pd]/ cg';f/sf] tf}n hfFr]/ ul/G5 . lzz'sf] vfgfsf] tyf tf}nsf] d"NofÍg ug'{ Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 lsgsL cfjZos k/]sf] a]nf vfgfdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . d"NofÍgsf b'O{ efu 5g\ . klxnf] efudf tkfO{n] cfdfnfO{ k|Zg ug'{ x'g]5 . lzz'nfO{ :tgkfg u/fpgdf cfdfnfO{ sl7gfO 5 ls, lzz'nfO{ s] vfg lbOG5 eGg] s'/f tkfO{n] lgwf{/0f ug'{ x'g]5 . lzz'sf] pd]/ cg';f/ tf}n klg hfFr ug'{ x'g]5 . bf];|f] efudf, :tgkfg u/fpg s]xL ;d:of k/]sf] eP cyjf pd]/ cg';f/ lzz'sf] tf}n sd eP, lzz'n] s;/L :tgkfg ub{5 eGg] af/] tkfO{n] d"NofÍg ug'{ x'g]5 . @=^=! vfgfjf/] ;f]wk'5 ug'{xf];\ clg pd]/ cg';f/ tf}n hf“r ug'{xf];\

o; d"NofÍgsf] klxnf] efu w;f{x?n] jgfPsf] /]vf (Dotted line) eGbf dfly 5 .

vfgf ;DaGwL ;d:of jf sd tf}n hf“r ug'{xf];\ ;f]Wg]

lzz'nfO{ vfgf v'jfpg ufx|f] ePsf] 5 < lzz'n] :tgkfg u5{ < u5{ eg] @$ 306fdf

slt k6s u5{ < lzz'nfO{ cGo b"w jf vfg]s'/f jf emf]ns'/f

v'jfOPsf] 5 < 5 eg] slt k6s < lzz'nfO{ v'jfpg s] s] k|of]u ug'{x'G5 <

-af]tn÷rDrf÷srf}/f_

x]g]{, ;'Gg] / 5fDg]

pd]/ cg';f/ tf}n lgwf{/0f ug'{xf];\ .

d'vleqsf] 3fp -y|;_ jf ;]tf bfux¿ x]g'{xf];\

;f]Wg'xf];\ M s] lzz'nfO{ vfgf v'jfpg sl7gfO ePsf] 5 <

cfdfn] :tgkfg u/fpg sl7gfO jtfPsf] s'g} klg s'/f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . sl7gfO ePsL o:tL cfdfnfO{ k/fdz{ jf ljz]if ;xof]u cfjZos k/]sf] x'g;S5@ . olb cfdfn] d]/f] lzz' æb"w vfg ;Sb}gÆ eGg] u'gf;f] u/]df :tgkfg ;DaGwL d"NofÍg ug'{xf];\, cyjf cfdfn] o;f] eGg'sf] cy{ s] x'g;S5 egL j'e\mg pgn] skn] v'jfpg] k|of; u/]sf] cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . cfdfsf] b"w vfg g;Sg] lzz'nfO{ s'g} uDeL/ vfnsf] ;ª\qmd0f ePsf] x'g;S5 cyjf hLjgnfO{ hf]lvddf kfg]{ ;d:of kl//x]sf] x'g;S5 / p;nfO{ t'?Gt c:ktfn k|]if0f ug'{ kb{5 .

;f]Wg'xf];\ M s] lzz'n] :tgkfg u5{ < olb u5{ eg] @$ 306fdf slt k6s u5{ <

lzz'nfO{ k6s k6s / hlt nfdf] ;do;Dd rfxG5, lbgdf / /ftL :tgkfg u/fpg'kb{5 eGg] l;kmfl/; 5 . @$ 306fdf !) jf ;f]eGbf a9L k6s :tgkfg u/fpg' k5{ .

;f]Wg'xf];\ M s] lzz'nfO{ ;fdfGotof cGo vfg]s'/f jf emf]ns'/f v'jfOPsf] 5 < 5 eg] slt k6s <

~ 15 ~

lzz'nfO{ cfdfsf] b"w dfq} v'jfpg' kb{5 . lzz'nfO{ cfdfsf b"wsf] cltl/St cGo vfgf jf emf]ns'/f h:t} cGo b"w, kmnsf] /;, kftnf] ln6f], cGgsf] /; cyjf kfgL v'jfpg] u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g cfdfnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ . v'jfpg] u/]sf] 5 eg] slt k6s / slt hlt vfG5 ;f] klg ;f]Wg'xf];\ . lzz'nfO{ w]/}h;f] cfdfs} b"w v'jfpg] u/]sf] 5 jf w]/}h;f] vfgf g} v'jfpg] u/]sf] 5, tkfO{n] hfGg' cfjZos 5 .

;f]Wg'xf];\ M lzz'nfO{ v'jfpg s] s] k|of]u ug'{x'G5 < -jf]tn, rDrf, srf}/f_

lzz'nfO{ cGo vfg]s'/f jf lkpg] s'/f v'jfpg] u/]sf] 5 eg] cfdfn] b"w v'jfpg] af]tn

jf sk k|of]u ul5{g ls kQf nufpg'xf];\ .

x]g'{xf];\ M pd]/ cg';f/ tf}n hf“Rg'xf];\

lzz'sf] sd tf}n 5 ls egL lgwf{/0f ug{sf] nfluæpd]/ cg';f/ tf}n tflnsfÆ k|of]u ug'{xf];\ . ofb /fVg'kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] lzz'x¿sf] nflu æpd]/ cg';f/ w]/} sd tf}nÆ ePsf] wsf]{ sf] ;§fdf æpd]/ cg';f/ sd tf}nÆ ePsf] wsf]{ k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 . æpd]/ cg';f/ w]/} sd tf}nÆ ePsf] wsf]{ 7"nf lzz' Pj+ aRrfx¿sf] nflu k|of]u ul/G5 .

;lDem/fVg'xf];\ ls lzz'sf] pd]/ pNn]v ubf{ ;fdfGotof xKtfdf ul/Psf] x'G5Ù t/ pd]/

cg';f/sf] tf}n tflnsf eg] dlxgfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 . pd]/ cg';f/ sd tf}nsf s]xL lzz'x¿ hGdbf g} sd tf}nsf hGd]sf x'G5g\ . s]xL

lzz'x¿sf] tf}n hGd]kl5 /fd|/L a9\b}g . - lzz' hGdbfsf] ;fdfGo tf}n @=% lsnf]u|fd jf ;f] eGbf a9L xf] . - sd hGdtf}n eGgfn] hGdsf] a]nfdf @=% lsnf]u|fd eGbf sd t/ !=% lsnf]u|fd eGbf

a9L tf}n x'g' xf] . - w]/} sd hGdtf}n eGgfn] hGdsf] a]nfdf !=% lsnf]u|fd eGbf klg sd tf}n x'g' xf] . gjhft lzz'sf] tf}n @ k|sf/n] sd x'g;S5 M != ;dok"j{ hlGdPdf -#& xKtf cufj}_ @= dlxgf k"/f eP/ hlGdPsf] t/ @%)) u|fd eGbf sd tf}n ePsf] . o:tf lzz'x?

km'lt{nf x'G5g\ / b"w klg /fd|f] ;|u r':5g\ .

o:tf aRrfx? cGo aRrfx? eGbf ;fgf b]lvG5g\ . b'Anf] / rfp/L k/]sf] b]lvG5g\ . lhpdf Hofbf /f}+ (lanugo hair) x'G5 .

@ s'g} klg cfdfnfO{ cfˆgf] b"w v'jfpg ufx|f] kfg]{ s'/fx¿ x'g\ M lzz'n] w]/} k6s cfdfsf] b"w vfg vf]Hg' jf k6s

k6s gvfOlbg', cfdfsf] :tgdf k|z:t b"w gx'g', :tgsf] d'06f]df 3fp x'g', d'06f :tgs} ;txdf ba]sf] x'g' cyjf lzz'n] b"w r':g dg gug'{ cflb .

~ 16 ~

pbfx/0f M Pp6f ^ xKtfsf] lzz'sf] tf}n # s]=lh= 5 . Pp6f :jf:Yo sfo{stf{n] p pd]/ cg';f/ sd tf}nsf] xf] ls xf]Og eg]/ s;/L hfFr ug'{ x'G5 x]g'{xf];\ .

pd]/ cg';f/sf] tf}n tflnsf

tf}n

lsnf

] u|fd

df

4

3

2

1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

pd]/ xKtfdf

gjhft lzz'sf] tf}n lng] aRrfsf] tf}n lng cfdf;+u :jLs[lt lng'xf];\ Kofgdf ;kmf sk8f /fVg'xf];\ :s]nnfO{ ldnfpg] / "0" df Nofpg'xf];\

gjhft lzz'n] nufPsf] ;a} n'uf -yfª\gf klg_ km'sfNg'xf];\ / Kofgdf /fv]sf] sk8fdf a]g'{xf];\ . gjhft lzz' zfGt geP;Dd kv{g'xf];\

gjhft lzz'sf] tf}n lng'xf];\

gjhft lzz'sf] tf}nsf] clen]v /fVg'xf];\

gjhft lzz'nfO{ p;}sf] sk8fn] a]g'{xf];\

gjhft lzz'nfO{ p;sf] cfdfnfO{ lbg'xf];\ Kofg :s]nnfO{ ;kmf ug'{xf];\

tkfO{sf] k|lzIf0f ;xof]uLn] tkfO{nfO{ lzz'sf] pd]/ cg';f/ tf}n tflnsf k9\g] cEof; ug{sf] nflu Pp6f l8«n cEof; u/fpg' x'g]5 .

;fdfGo tf}n ;"rs /]vf

~ 17 ~

@=^=@ :tgkfgsf] d"Nof°g ug'{xf];\ lzz'sf] :tgkfg ;DaGwL d"NofÍg ug]{ ls gug]{ egL klxnf lg0f{o ug'{xf];\ .

* olb lzz'n] ljgf sl7gfO cfdfsf] b"w dfq} vfPsf] 5 / p pd]/ cg';f/ sd tf}nsf] klg 5}g eg] :tgkfg ;DaGwL d"NofÍg ug'{ kb}{g .

* olb lzz'nfO{ cfdfsf] b"w v'jfpg] ul/Ps} 5}g eg] klg d"NofÍgsf] cfjZostf 5}g . * s'g} uDeL/ ;d:of k/]/ lzz'nfO{ t'?Gt c:ktfndf k|]if0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 eg] o:tf]

a]nfdf :tgkfg ;DaGwL d"NofÍg gug'{xf];\ .

o:tf] cj:yfdf tkfO{nfO{ k|fKt hfgsf/Lx¿s} cfwf/df lzz'sf] vfgfsf] juL{s/0f ug'{xf];\ .

olb cfdfsf] hjfkm cyjf lzz'sf] tf}nn] s'g} sl7gfO b]vfpF5 eg], tn atfP cg';f/ :tgkfg u/]sf] x]g'{xf];\ . pd]/ cg';f/ sd tf}n x''g'sf] sf/0f w]/} h;f] hGdbf g} sd tf}nsf] lzz' hGdg' xf] . sd tf}n eP/ hGd]sf lzz'x¿df ljz]if u/L :tgkfg ;DaGwL ;d:of b]vf kg]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .

olb s'g} lzz'nfO{ M v'jfpg ufx|f] ePsf] 5 < jf jf :tgkfg @$ 306fdf * k6seGbf sd u/fOG5 < jf jf c? b"w jf emf]ns'/f v'jfOG5 < jf jf pd]/ cg';f/ tf}n sd 5 < / jf t'?Gt pkrf/ s]Gb|df k|]if0f ug'{kg]{ cGo sf/0f 5}g eg] :tgkfgsf] d"Nof°g ug'{xf];\ M s] lzz'nfO{ ! 306f cufl8

:tgkfg u/fOPsf] lyof] < lzz'sf] cf;g x]g'{xf];\M uw{g / z/L/ l;wf 5 < z/L/ cfdflt/ kms]{sf] 5 < z/L/ cfdfl;t 6fFl;Psf]] 5 < lzz'sf] k'/} z/L/n] c9]; kfPsf]

5 <

olb lzz'nfO{ ! 306f cufl8 :tgkfg gu/fOPsf] eP lzz'nfO{ :tgkfg ug{nufpg] / $ ldg]6;Dd lzz'n] :tgkfg u/]sf] x]g'{xf];\ . olb ev{/} :tgkfg u/]sf] /x]5 eg] s]xL ;do kv]{/ lzz'n] :tgkfg ug{ vf]h]kl5 cfkm"nfO{ af]nfpg cfu|x ug'{xf];\ .

lzz' :tg ;Dks{ agfpg ;kmn 5 < x]g'{xf];\

;Dks{ k6Ss} gePsf] ;Dks{ /fd|f] gePsf] ;Dks{ /fd|f] ePsf]

lzz'n] k|efjsf/L ?kn] b"w r':b} 5 < -la:tf/}, ulx/f]l;t, slxn] sfxL+ cl8O b"w r';]df_

k6Ss} r';]sf] 5}g k|efjsf/L ?kn] r';]sf] 5}g k|efjsf/L ?kn] r';]sf] 5

:tgkfg u/fpFbf gfs aGb /x]5 eg] gfs ;kmf ul/lbg'xf];\

:tgkfg ;DaGwL d"NofÍg ubf{ /fd|f] cjnf]sgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ;f]Wg'xf];\ M s] lzz'nfO{ ! 306f cufl8 :tgkfg u/fOPsf] lyof] <

To;f] xf] eg] cfdfnfO{ s]xL ;do kv{g / lzz'n] k'gM vfg vf]h]kl5 tkfO{nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg eGg'xf];\ . To;/L kv]{/ a:g'kbf{ lzz'sf] vf]ksf] l:yltsf] d"NofÍg ug'{xf];\ . To:t}, lzz'nfO{ cGo s'g} pkrf/Ù h:t}M :yfgLo ;ª\qmd0fsf] nflu PlG6afof]l6s lbg] jf k'gh{nLo emf]naf6 s]xL hnljof]hgsf] pkrf/ ug]{ lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 .

:tg ;Dks{ hfFRg'xf];\ M - lrpF8f]n] :tg 5f]Psf] 5 < - d'v k"/f v'n]sf] 5 < - tNnf] cf]7 aflx/ kms]{sf] 5 < - :tgsf] sfnf] efu lzz'sf] d'vsf] tneGbf dflylt/ w]/}

b]lvG5 < -;Dks{ /fd|f] ePdf dflysf ;a} lrGx x'g'k5{_

~ 18 ~

lzz'nfO{ ! 306f cl3 b"w v'jfOPsf] /x]g5 eg], p;n] b"w vfg vf]lh/x]sf] x'g ;S5 . To;a]nf lzz'nfO{ sfvdf lnP/ :tgkfg u/fpg cfdfnfO{ eGg'xf];\ . olb tkfO{nfO{ km';{b 5 eg] ;s];Dd lzz'n] b"w vfpGh]n /fd|/L cjnf]sg u/L /fVg'xf];\ . k"/} ;do g;s] klg slDtdf rf/ ldg]6 x]g'{xf];\ . zfGt;Fu a;]/ lzz'n] b"w r';]sf] x]g'{xf];\ .

x]g'{xf];\ M s] lzz' :tg ;Dks{ agfpg ;kmn 5 <

/fd|f], :tg ;Dks{sf $ lrGxx¿ x'g\ M

– lrpF8f]n] :tg 5f]Psf] – d'v k"/f v'n]sf] – tNnf] cf]7 aflx/ kms]{sf] – :tgsf] sfnf] efu lzz'sf] d'vsf] tneGbf dflylt/ w]/} b]lvPsf] .

dfly pNn]lvt $ lrGxx¿ b]lvPdf lzz'sf] :tg ;Dk{s /fd|f] 5 . olb :tg ;Dks{ /fd|f] ePsf] 5}g eg] lgDgfg';f/sf lrGxx¿ b]Vg'x'g]5 M

– lzz'sf] lrpF8f]n] :tg 5f]Psf] x'Fb}g . – d'v k"/f v'n]sf] x'Fb}g, cf]7x¿ cufl8kl§ rf];f] k/]sf] x'G5 . – tNnf] cf]7 leqkl§ kmls{Psf] x'G5 cyjf – :tgsf] sfnf] efu lzz'sf] d'vsf] dflyeGbf tn a9L b]lvG5 -cyjf a/fa/ x'G5_

oL dfly egLPsf dWo] s'g} klg lrGx b]lvPdf lzz'sf] :tg ;Dks{ /fd|f] ePsf] dflgb}g . s'g} la/fdL lzz'n] cfdfsf] b"wsf] d'06f] d'vleq n}hfg / r':g eg] p;sf] :tg ;Dks{

k6Ss} ePsf] x'Fb}g . lzz'n] :tgkfg ug{} ;Sb}g .

lzz'sf] :tg ;Dks{ /fd|f] ePg eg] b"wsf] d'G6f] b'Vg] / ljlu|g] 8/ x'G5 . o;f] x'Fbf lzz'n] /fd|/L :tgdf hDdf ePsf] b"w l;Wofpg ;Sb}g, h;n] ubf{ b"w ufFlgP/ ;d:of pTkGg x'g ;Sb5 . b"w v'jfPkl5 klg lzz' ;Gt'i6 x'Fb}g / p l56f] l56f] jf w]/} a]/;Dd vfg vf]Hb5 . lzz'n] w]/} sd dfq b"w vfPsf] x'g;S5 / p;sf] tf}n a9\g ;Sb}g jf cfdfsf] :tgdf b"w ;'Sb} hfG5 . cfdfl;tsf] :tg ;Dks{df ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsPdf oL ;d:ofx¿nfO{ x6fpg ;lsG5 .

~ 19 ~

lzz'sf] :tg ;Dks{ lzz'sf] :tg ;Dks{ /fd|f] ePsf] /fd|f] gePsf]

x]g'{xf];\ M s] lzz'n] k|efjsf/L ¿kn] b"w r':b} 5 < -lj:tf/}, ulx/f] l;t slxn] sfxL+ cl8O, b"w tfg]df_

lzz'n] lj:tf/} ulx/f]l;t slxn] sfxL++ cl8O b"w r':b} 5 eg] p;n] k|efjsf/L ¿kn] b"w r';]sf] x'G5 . lzz'n] 3636L b"w lgn]sf] tkfO{n] ;'Gg of b]Vg ;Sg'x'G5 . olb tkfO{ b"w v'jfpg] sfo{qmd s;/L k"/f eof] egL x]g{ ;Sg' x'G5 eg] lzz' ;Gt'i6 ePsf] lrGxx¿ x]g'{xf];\ . olb lzz' ;Gt'i6 5 eg] p;n] cfkm}+ la:tf/} :tgnfO{ r':g 5f]8\5 -cyf{t\ cfdfn] lzz'nfO{ s'g} t/Lsfn] cfˆgf] :tgaf6 cnUofpg' kb}{g_ . lzz' lzlyn, lgbfpg nfu]sf] b]lvG5 / :tgkfgdf p;sf] s'g} rf;f] gePsf] b]lvG5 . olb s'g} lzz'n] l56f] l56f] / xn'sfl;t b"w r':b} 5 eg] To;n] æk|efjsf/L ?kn] r';]sf] 5}gÆ . o:tf] cj:yfdf tkfO{+n] lzz'sf] ufnf leq k;]sf] b]Vg ;Sg' x'G5 . tkfO{+n] b"w r';]sf] cfjfh ;'Gg jf b]Vg ;Sg' x'G5 . b"w v'jfPkl5 klg lzz' c3fPsf] x'Fb}g / 56\kl6g] u5{ . p ?g ;S5 jf b"w r':g] k|of; ug{ ;S5 jf w]/} a]/;Dd b"w r'l;/xg vf]H5 .

cfdfsf] b"w k6Ss} gr';]sf] lzz'n] cfdfsf] b"wnfO{ d'vdf r';]/ lgNg ;sb}g . t;y{ p;n] b"w r':g ljNs'n} ;Sb}g .

gfs aGb eP/ lzz'nfO{ b"w r':g ufx|f] k/]sf] 5 eg], lzz'sf] gfs ;kmf ul/lbg'xf];\ . ;kmf u/]kl5 p;n] klxnfsf] eGbf /fd|/L b"w r':5 ls r':b}g hfFr ug'{xf];\ .

lzz'sf] d'vleq 3fpx¿ jf ;]tf bfux¿ -y|z_ x]g'{xf];\ .

lzz'sf] d'vleq hLe|f]df / ufnfsf] leqkl§, x]g'{xf];\ . y|z eP ufnfsf] leqkl§ ;]tf]

bfu b]lvG5 . ;]tf] bfunfO{ x6fpg] k|of; ug'{xf];\ . y|zsf tL ;]tf bfux¿ /lx/xg] 5g\ .

~ 20 ~

cEof; ‘u’ of] cEof;, Pp6f la/fdL lzz'sf] /f]usf] cWoog af/]sf] lel8of] k|bz{g xf] . lzz'sf] kvfnf / AofS6]l/ofsf] ;Defljt ;ª\qmd0fsf] nflu tkfO{x¿n] d"NofÍg tyf juL{s/0f ug]{ cEof; ug'{x'g]5 . tkfO{sf] d"NofÍg glthf csf]{ kfgfdf lbOPsf] clen]v kmf/ddf n]Vg'xf];\ . To;kl5 lzz'sf] juL{s/0fnfO{ clen]v ug'{xf];\ .

~ 21 ~

@ dlxgf;Ddsf] lj/fdL lzz'sf] Joj:yfkg

lzz'sf] gfdM=========================================== pd]/M ============ tf}nM ========= s]=hL= tfks|dM ==========;]=

;f]Wg'xf];\M lzz'nfO{ s] s] ;d:ofx? 5g\< ================================ klxnf] e]6 ======== cg'udg e]6=======

d"Nof+sg -e]l6Psf ;j} lrGxx?df uf]nf] nufpg'xf];\_ juL{{s/0f JofS6]l/ofsf] ;Defljt ;8\s|d0f, sdnlkQ / l;tf∙ hfFRg'xf];\ lzz'df sDkg 5 <

Ps ldg]6df ;f; b/ uGg'xf];\ =======k6s k|lt ldg]6 j9L eP km]l/ bf]x¥ofpg'xf];\ ======;f; l56f] l56f] k]m5{ < s8f sf]vf xfg]sf] 5 ls x]g'{xf];\ gfssf] kf]/f k'mn]sf] 5 ls x]g'{xf];\ sg]sf] ;'Gg'xf];\ / x]g'{xf];\ lzz'sf] tfn' 5fDg'xf];\ / pS;]sf] 5 ls x]g'{xf];\ sfgjf6 kLk ju]sf] 5 ls x]g'{xf];\ gfO6f] x]g'{xf];\ . s] of] /ftf] ePsf] 5 jf o;jf6 kLk ju]sf] 5 < s] of] /ftf]kg 5fnf;Dd k}mlnPsf] 5 < Hj/f] -#&=%);] cyjf 5fDbf tftf]_ jf sd tfks|d -#^=%);] eGbf sd jf 5fDbf lr;f]_ ePsf] . 5fnfdf kmf]sfx? !) eGbf alb jf lknf] 5g\ ls x]g'{xf];\ . s] o:tf

kmf]sfx? w]/} jf s8f vfnsf 5g\ < lzz' ;':t jf j]xf]; 5 ls x]g'{xf];\ . lzz'sf] rnfO x]g'{xf];\ . s] of] ;fdfGoeGbf sd 5 < sdnlkQ xTs]nf / k}tfnf;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 <

lzz'nfO{ emf8fkvfnf nfu]sf] 5< 5 ===== 5}g===== slt lbg eof]< ====== lbg lb;fdf /ut b]lvPsf] 5 <

lzz'sf] cj:yf x]g'{{xf];\ s] lzz' ;':t jf j]xf]; 5< 56\kl6g] jf lem+lhg] u5{ < cfFvf u8]sf] 5 sL x]g'{'xf];\ k]6sf] 5fnf cf}Fnfn] tfg]/ 5f]8\bf k'gM cfˆgf] 7fpFdf w]/} lj:tf/} kmls{G5 < -@ ;]s]G8 eGbf j9L ;do nufP/_ lj:tf/} kmls{G5 <

To;kl5 vfgf ;DjGwL ;d:of jf sd tf}n hfFRg'xf];\ lzz'nfO{ v'jfpg ufx«f] ePsf] 5 < 5 ====5}g===== lzz'n] :tgkfg u5{ < u5{ ====ub}{g=====

u5{ eg] @$ 306fdf slt k6s u5{ < ======k6s

lzz'nfO{ cGo vfg]s'/f jf emf]ns'/f v'jfOPsf] 5 < 5 ==5}g=== lzz'nfO{ v'jfpg s] s] k|of]u ug'{ x'G5<==== jf]tn÷rDrf÷srf}/f

pd]/ cg';f/ tf}n x]g'{xf];\ . sd tf}n 5 ===5}g==== d'vleq 3fp jf ;]tf bfux? -y|;_ 5g\ ls x]g'{xf];\ .

lzz'nfO{ v'jfpg ufx«f] 5 eg], :tgkfg @$ 306fdf !) k6s eGbf sd u/fOG5 eg], cGo vfg]s'/f jf emf]ns'/f v'jfOG5 eg], pd]/ cg';f/ sd tf}n 5 eg] / lzz'nfO{ t'?Gt k]|if0f ug{' kg]{ cGo sf/0f 5}g eg], :tgkfgsf] d"Nof+sg ug'{xf];\M lzz'nfO{ ! 306f cufl8

:tgkfg u/fOPsf] lyof] <

lzz'sf] cf;g x]g'{xf];\M

– uw{g / z/L/ ;Lwf 5 < 5====5}g==== – lzz' cfdflt/ kms]{sf] 5 < 5====5}g=== – z/L/ cfdfl;t 6fFl;Psf] 5 < 5===5}g===== – lzz'sf] k'/} z/L/n] c9]; kfPsf] 5 < 5=====5}g====

olb lzz'nfO{ ! 306f cufl8 :tgkfg gu/fPsf] eP :tgkfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . $ ldg]6;Dd lzz'n] :tgkfg u/]sf] x]g'{xf];\ . s] lzz' :tg ;Dks{ jgfpg ;kmn 5 < o;sf] nflu x]g'{xf];\ – lrpF8f]n] :tg 5f]Psf] 5 < 5===5}g=== – d'v k"/f v'n]sf] 5 < 5===5}g=== – tNnf] cf]7 jflx/ kms]{sf] 5 < 5====5}g=== – :tgsf] sfnf] efu lzz'sf] d'vsf] tneGbf dflylt/ w]/} b]lvG5 b]lvG5==== b]lv+b}g==== ;Dks{ k6Ss} gePsf] ;Dks{ /fd|f] gePsf] ;Dks{ /fd|f] ePsf] s] lzz'n] k|efjsf/L ?kn] b"w r':b} 5< -lj:tf/} ulx/f]l;t, slxn] sfxL+

cl8O{, b"w r';]sf]_ olb gfs jGb e} vfgdf jfwf x'G5 eg], gfs ;kmf ul/lbg'xf];\ . k6Ss} r';]sf] 5}g k|efjsf/L ?kn] r';]sf] 5}g k|efjsf/L ?kn] r';]sf] 5

lzz'sf]] vf]ksf] l:ylt hfFRg'xf];\ cfh kfpg' kg]{ vf]kdf uf]nf] nufpg'xf];\ lj=l;=lh ===== l8=lk=l6÷ x]k÷ lxj -! ===== cf]=lk=le ! =====

csf]{ vf]ksf] nflu

cfpg' kg]{

ldlt cGo ;d:ofx? eP d"Nof+sg ug'{{xf];\

~ 22 ~

cEof; ‘3’

o; cEof;df tkfO{n] lel8of] tyf t:jL/x¿df b]vfOP em}+ /fd|f] / g/fd|f] :tg ;Dks{sf lrGxx¿nfO{ lrGg] cEof; ug'{ x'g]5 . efu s – lel8of] of] lel8of]n] vfgf ;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] hfFr / :tgkfgsf] d"NofÍg s;/L ug]{ eGg] b]vfpg]5 . o;n] /fd|f] tyf g/fd|f] :tg ;Dks{sf lrGxx¿ tyf k|efjsf/L ¿kn] / ck|efjsf/L ¿kn] b"w r';]sf] b]vfpg]5 .

efu v – t:jL/x¿

!= ^^ b]lv &) gDa/;Ddsf t:jL/x¿af6 lzz'x¿sf] :tgkfg ug]{ t/Lsf cWoog ug'{xf];\ . /fd|f] :tg ;Dks{sf k|To]s lrGxnfO{ x]g'{xf];\ . k|To]s lrGxx¿ s:tf b]lvG5g\ egL l;Sgdf d2t k'Ugsf] nflu k|To]s t:jL/x¿nfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf pQ/x¿;Fu bfHg'xf];\ . :tg ;Dks{ssf] d"NofÍgnfO{ ;dli6df ljrf/ ug'{xf];\ .

@= ca &! b]lv &$ gDa/ ;Ddsf t:jL/x¿sf] cWoog ug'{xf];\ . k|To]s t:jL/df /fd|f] :tg ;Dks{sf k|To]s lrGxx¿nfO{ x]g'{xf];\ / tflnsfdf k|To]s lrGx 5g\ ls 5}gg\ lrGx nufpg'xf];\ . ;dli6df :tg ;Dks{sf] d"NofÍg klg n]Vg'xf];\ .

/fd|f] :tg ;Dks{sf lrGxx¿

t:jL/ lrpF8f]n] :tg 5f]Psf]

d'v k"/f v'n]sf]

tNnf] cf]7 aflx/ kms]{sf]

:tgsf] sfnf]] efu dflylt/ j9L b]lvPsf]

d"NofÍg l6Kk0fL

^^ 5 -k|foh;f]_ 5 5 5 :tg ;Dks{ /fd|f] ePsf]

^& 5}g 5}g 5 5}g -dfly / tn a/fa/_

:tg ;Dks{ /fd|f]

gePsf]

^* 5 5}g 5}g 5 ;Dks{ /fd|f]

gePsf]

tNnf] cf]7 leq kms]{sf]

^( 5}g 5}g 5}g 5}g ;Dks{ /fd|f]

gePsf]

ufnfx¿ leq k;]sf]

&) 5 5 5 b]Vg g;lsg] ;Dks{ /fd|f] ePsf]

~ 23 ~

/fd|f] :tg ;Dks{sf lrGxx¿ t:jL/ lrpF8f]n]

:tg 5f]Psf] d'v k"/f v'n]sf]

tNnf] cf]7 aflx/ kms]{sf]

:tgsf] sfnf]] efu dflylt/ j9L b]lvPsf]

d"NofÍg l6Kk0fL

&!

&@

&#

&$

#= &% / &^ g+j/sf t:jL/x¿sf] cWoog ug'{xf];\ . oL t:jL/x¿n] lzz'sf] d'vdf ;]tf bfux¿

-y|z_ b]vfPsf] 5 .

t:jL/x¿sf] d"NofÍg ug]{ sfo{ ;dfKt ePkl5 cfˆgf pQ/x? jf/] k|lzIf0f ;xof]uL;Fu 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

~ 24 ~

@=& vfgf ;DjGwL juL{s/0f ug'{xf];\ k|To]s dxndf b]vfOPsf lrGxx¿;Fu lzz'sf lrGxx¿ bfFHg'xf];\ / ldNg] juL{s/0f /f]Hg'xf];\ .

vfg g;Sg] jf

:tg ;Dks{ k6Ss} gePsf] jf

k6Ss} r';]sf] 5}g

vfg g;Sg], AofS6]l/ofsf] ;Defljt

uDeL/ ;+qmd0f

cf;g jf :tg ;Dks{ k|efjsf/L gePsf] jf

:tgkfg @$ 306fdf !) k6seGbf sd u/fPsf] jf

c¿ vfg]s'/f cyjf emf]ns'/f lbg] u/]sf] 5 jf

pd]/ cg';f/ sd tf}n 5 jf

d'vleqsf] 3fp -y|;_ jf ;]tf] bfu ePsf]

vfgf ;DaGwL ;d:of jf sd

tf}n

pd]/ cg';f/ sd tf}n gePsf] / vfgf gk'u]sf] cGo lrGxx¿ gePsf]

vfgf ;DaGwL ;d:of gePsf]

@=* To;kl5 lzz'sf] vf]ksf] l:ylt hf“r ug'{xf];\

7"nf] lzz' jf aRrfsf] nflu ;+qmfds /f]u la¿4 lbOg] vf]ksf] l:ylt hfFr ug'{xf];\ . hGdbf jf hGd]sf] s]xL lbgdf l56f] eGbf l56f] Ps jif{ leq lj=l;=hL= vf]k lbg' k5{ . p ^ ;ftfsf] x'Fbf l8lkl6 / kf]lnof]sf] klxnf] vf]k lbg' kb{5 . olb p ^ xKtf eGbf sd pd]/sf] 5 eg] cfdfnfO{ ^ xKtfdf lzz'nfO{ Nofpg] ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ . To;kl5 lzz'sf] vf]ksf] l:ylt hf“r ug'{xf];\ M

vf]ksf] tflnsf M

pd]/

hGdg] ljlQs} jf klxnf] k6s :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf NofpFbf ^ xKtfdf

vf]k la=l;=lh= l8=lk=l6=÷x]k÷lxj– ! cf]=lk=le=– !

@=( cGo ;d:ofx¿sf] d"Nof°g ug'{xf];\

cfdfn] eg]sf jf tkfO{n] e]6]sf c? s'g} ;d:of eP d"NofÍg ug'{xf];\ . ;d:ofx¿sf] pkrf/ jf/] s'g} klg To:tf lgb]{zg eP x]g'{xf];\ . olb lzz'nfO{ uDeL/ ;d:of 5 h:tf] tkfO{nfO{ nfU5 eg] cyjf lzz'nfO{ s;/L d2t k'¥ofpg] eGg] s'/f tkfOFx¿nfO{ yfxf 5}g eg] lzz'nfO{ c:ktfndf k|]if0f ug'{xf];\ .

~ 25 ~

lzz'sf] clen]v kmf/dsf] k|of]u lzz'sf] clen]v kmf/dsf] tNnf] cfwf efu tn lbOPsf] 5 . lzz'sf] vfgf ;DjGwL ;d:of jf sd tf}nsf] d"NofÍg juL{s/0f tkfO{n] To;}df clen]v ug{' x'g] 5 . o;}df :tgkfgsf] d"NofÍg klg ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 . tnkl§ vf]k / cGo s'g} klg ;d:ofx¿nfO{ clen]v ug]{ v08x¿ 5g\ . tnsf] pbfx/0fnfO{ cWoog ug'{xf];\ . sdnfsf] afFsL d"NofÍgnfO{ b]vfpg o;nfO{ k"/f ul/Psf] 5 .

To;kl5 vfgf ;DjGwL ;d:of jf sd tf}n hfFRg'xf];\ lzz'nfO{ v'jfpg ufx«f] ePsf] 5 < 5 ___5}g___ lzz'n] :tgkfg u5{ < u5{ ___ub}{g___

u5{ eg] @$ 306fdf slt k6s u5{ < ____k6s lzz'nfO{ cGo vfg]s'/f jf emf]ns'/f v'jfOPsf] 5 < 5 __5}g___ lzz'nfO{ v'jfpg s] s] k|of]u ug'{ x'G5<___ jf]tn÷rDrf÷srf}/f

pd]/ cg';f/ tf}n x]g'{xf];\ . sd tf}n 5 ___5}g___ d'vleq 3fp jf ;]tf bfux? -y|;_ 5g\ ls x]g'{xf];\ .

lzz'nfO{ v'jfpg ufx«f] 5 eg], :tgkfg @$ 306fdf !) k6s eGbf sd u/fOG5 eg], cGo vfg]s'/f jf emf]ns'/f v'jfOG5 eg], pd]/ cg';f/ sd tf}n 5 eg] / lzz'nfO{ t'?Gt k]|if0f ug{' kg]{ cGo sf/0f 5}g eg], :tgkfgsf] d"Nof°g ug'{xf];\ lzz'nfO{ ! 306f cufl8

:tgkfg u/fOPsf] lyof] <

lzz'sf] cf;g x]g'{xf];\M

– uw{g / z/L/ ;Lwf 5 < 5___5}g___ – lzz' cfdflt/ kms]{sf] 5 < 5___5}g___ – z/L/ cfdfl;t 6fFl;Psf] 5 < 5___5}g___ – lzz'sf] k'/} z/L/n] c9]; kfPsf] 5 < 5___5}g___

olb lzz'nfO{ ! 306f cufl8 :tgkfg gu/fPsf] eP :tgkfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . $ ldg]6;Dd lzz'n] :tgkfg u/]sf] x]g'{xf];\ . s] lzz' :tg ;Dks{ jgfpg ;kmn 5 < o;sf] nflu x]g'{xf];\ – lrpF8f]n] :tg 5f]Psf] 5 < 5___5}g___ – d'v k"/f v'n]sf] 5 < 5___5}g___ – tNnf] cf]7 jflx/ kms]{sf] 5 < 5___5}g___ – :tgsf] sfnf] efu lzz'sf] d'vsf] tneGbf dflylt/ w]/} b]lvG5 b]lvG5___ b]lv+b}g___ ;Dks{ k6Ss} gePsf] ;Dks{ /fd|f] gePsf] ;Dks{ /fd|f] ePsf] s] lzz'n] k|efjsf/L ?kn] b"w r':b} 5< -lj:tf/} ulx/f]l;t, slxn] sfxL+

cl8O{, b"w r';]sf]_ olb gfs jGb e} vfgdf jfwf x'G5 eg], gfs ;kmf ul/lbg'xf];\ .

k6Ss} r';]sf] 5}g k|efjsf/L ?kn] r';]sf] 5}g k|efjsf/L ?kn] r';]sf] 5

lzz'sf]] vf]ksf] l:ylt hfFRg'xf];\ cfh kfpg' kg]{ vf]kdf uf]nf] nufpg'xf];\ lj=l;=lh _____ l8=lk=l6÷ x]k÷lxj ! _____ cf]=lk=le ! _____

csf]{ vf]ksf] nflu cfpg'

kg]{

ldlt cGo ;d:ofx? eP d"Nof°g ug'{{xf];\

~ 26 ~

cEof; ‘ª’

cEof; -v_ df z'? ul/;s]sf % j6f la/fdLnfO{ o; cEof;df hf/L /flvg]5 . cEof; -v_ df k|of]u eO;s]sf] lzz'sf] clen]v kmf/dnfO{ lng'xf];\ . lzz'sf] tflnsf / cfjZos k/]df pd]/ cg';f/ tf}n tflnsfsf] ;xof]u lng'xf];\ . k|To]s la/fdLsf] nflu M != lzz'sf] afFsL d"NofÍgsf] ljj/0f k9\g'xf];\ . lzz'sf] tflnsfdf yk d"NofÍg glthf

clen]v -/]s8{_ ug'{xf];\ . @= lzz'sf] pd]/ cg';f/ sd tf}n 5 ls eGg] lgwf{/0f ug{ pd]/ cg';f/ tf}n tflnsfsf]

k|of]u ug'{xf];\ . #= vfgfsf] juL{s/0f ug'{xf];\ . $= lzz'sf] vf]ksf] l:ylt hfFRg'xf];\ . cfhsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ vf]k tyf csf]{ vf]ksf]

nflu lzz' slxn] kmls{g] eGg] s'/f clen]v ug'{xf];\ . la/fdL ! M 7"n] 7"n]sL cfdf elG5g\ 7"n]nfO{ vfgf v'jfpg ufx|f] 5}g . p @$ 306fdf !) k6s :tgkfg

u5{ . pgL 7"n]nfO{ cfˆgf] b"w afx]s c¿ s'g} vfg]s'/fx¿ jf emf]ns'/f lbGgg\ . :jf:Yo sfo{stfn] pd]/ cg';f/ tf}n tflnsfsf] k|of]u u/L 7"n]sf] pd]/ -# xKtf_ cg';f/ tf}n -#=^ lsnf]u|fd_ sd 5}g eGg] s'/f lgwf{/0f ug{' eof] .

:jf:Yo sfo{stf{n] :tgkfgsf] d"NofÍg ug'{ gkg]{ lg0f{o ug'{ eof] . vf]k af/] ;f]Wbf,

7"n]sL cfdf elG5g\ – 7"n] 3/d} hGd]sf] x'Fbf s'g} vf]k lbOPsf] lyPg . 7"n]df c¿ ;d:ofx¿ 5}gg\ .

la/fdL @ M afa'xl/ afa'xl/sL cfdf elG5g\ p;nfO{ :tgkfg u/fpFg s'g} ;d:of 5}g / p @$ 306fdf ^

jf & k6s :tgkfg u5{ . pgn] p;nfO{ c¿ s'g} b"w jf emf]ns'/f lbGgg\ . :jf:Yo sfo{stf{n] afj'xl/sf] pd]/ cg';f/ tf}n hfFRg'x'G5 .

afj'xl/sf] pd]/ cg';f/ sd tf}n ePsf]n] :jf:Yo sfo{stf{n] :tgkfgsf] d"NofÍg ug]{

lg0f{o ug'{ eof] . p;sL cfdf elG5g\ – ;DejtM clxn] p ef]sf] 5, / pgn] p;nfO{ b"w v'jfpg nflug\ . :jf:Yo sfo{stf{n] afj'xl/sf] lrpF8f]n] :tg 5f]Psf] b]Vg' eof] . p;sf] d'v k"/f v'n]sf] 5, / p;sf] tNnf] cf]+7 aflx/ kmls{Psf] 5 . :tgsf] d'G6f] jl/kl/sf] sfnf] efu, lzz'sf] d'vsf] tneGbf dflylt/ j9L b]lvG5 . p;n] lj:tf/} ulx/f]l;t slxn] sfFxL+ cl8O b"w r'l;/x]sf] 5 . p;n] vfg g5f]8];Dd p;sL cfdfn] :tgkfg u/fpFl5g\ . :jf:Yo sfo{stf{n] p;sf] d'vdf 3fp jf ;]tf] bfu b]Vg' ePg .

afa'xl/nfO{ s'g} klg vf]k lbOPsf] 5}g . la/fdL # M k'ikf~hnL

~ 27 ~

k'ikf~hnL sL cfdfnfO{ pgsf] vfgfaf/] ;f]Wbf pgL ;w}+ /fd|/L vflG5g\ eGg] pQ/ pgL

lblG5g\ . pgL lbgdf # rf]l6 :tgkfg ul5{g\ . pgL Ps lzzL b"w klg lbgsf] tLg k6s vflG5g\ . :jf:Yo sfo{stf{n] pgsf] pd]/ cg';f/ tf}n hfFRg' eof] .

pgL c¿ vfg]s'/f klg vflG5g\ / pgsf] pd]/ cg';f/ sd tf}n klg 5, To;}n] :jf:Yo

sfo{stf{n] :tgkfgsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ lg0f{o ug'{ eof] . pgn] Ps 306f cufl8b]lv s]xL vfPsL 5}gg\ . To;}n] pgsL cfdfn] clxn] cfˆgf] b"w v'jfpg] k|of; ug{ /fhL eOg\ . :jf:Yo sfo{stf{n] k'ikf~hnLn] :tgkfg ubf{ lrpF8f]n] :tg 5f]Psf] b]Vg' eof] . pgsf] d'v k"/f v'n]sf] 5, / pgsf] cf]7 rf];f] k/]sf] t/ jflx/ kmls{Psf] lyPg . lzz'n] cfdfsf] :tgdf d'v nufP/ b"w r';]sf] a]nf :tgsf] sfnf] efu d'vsf] dfly / tn a/fa/ b]lvPsf] 5 . pgsf] b"w r';fO l56f] l56f] 5 / pgL ulx/f]l;t tflGbgg\ . k'ikf~hnLn] :tgkfg ul/;s]kl5 :jf:Yo sfo{stf{n] pgsf] d'vsf] hfFr ug'{ eof] . :jf:Yo sfo{stf{n] pgsf] d'vleq 3fp jf ;]tf bfux¿ b]v]gg\ .

k'ikf~hnLsL cfdf;Fu vf]k sf8{ 5 . o;df k'ikf~hnLn] c:ktfndf nufPsf] lj=l;=lh=

sf] clen]v 5 . pgsL cfdf elG5g\ k'ikf~hnLnfO{ c¿ s'g} ;d:of 5}g . la/fdL $ M jf6'nL :jf:Yo sfo{stf{n] jf6'nLsL cfdfnfO{ …jf6'nLnfO{ v'jfpg ufx|f] 5 ls <Ú egL ;f]Wbf

jf6'nLsL cfdf elG5g\ – la/fdL x'g'eGbf cufl8 /fd|/L vflGyg\, t/ clxn] pgn] vfg 5f]8]sL l5g\ . pgn] uPsf] /ftL clnslt :tgkfg u/]sL lyOg . cfh laxfg klg jf6'nLnfO{ :tgkfg u/fpFg cfdfn] w]/} sf]l;; ul/g\, t/ pgn] :tgkfg ug{ ;lsgg\ . pgL vfln ;'lT5g\ . pgL ;fdfGotof @$ 306fdf !) k6s :tgkfg ul5{g\ / c¿ emf]ns'/f lkpFlbgg\ . :jf:Yo sfo{stf{n] pgsf] pd]/ cg';f/ tf}n hfFRg' x'G5 .

jf6'nLn] vfg g;Sg] ePsfn] pgnfO{ c:ktfndf h¿/L k|]if0f ug'{ kb{5 . :jf:Yo

sfo{stf{n] :tgkfg ;DaGwL d"NofÍg ug'{ ePg . jf6'nLsL cfdf elG5g\ – pgL 3/d} hGd]sL lyOg\ / pgnfO{ s'g} klg vf]k lbOPsf] 5}g .

o; cEof;nfO{ ;dfKt u/]kl5 cfˆgf pQ/x¿sf] 5nkmn k|lzIf0f ;xof]uL;Fu ug'{xf];\ .

~ 28 ~

~ 29 ~

~ 30 ~

#=) la/fdL lzz'sf] pkrf/ ug'{xf];\ / cfdfnfO{ k/fdz{ lbg'xf];\ (Treat the Sick Young Infant and Counsel the Mother) lzz'nfO{ rflxg] pkrf/ lgb]{zgx¿ lzz' tflnsfdf 5g\ . lzz'x¿sf] nflu oL ;j} pko'St 5g\ / æafn–pkrf/Æ sf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf pkrf/x¿sf] ;§f logLx¿nfO{ k|of]u ug'{k5{ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, lzz' tflnsfdf lbOPsf PlG6afof]l6s / dfqfx¿ lzz'x¿sf] nflu pko'St 5g\ . æafn pkrf/Æ tflnsf cg';f/ kvfnf nfUbf ul/g] k'gh{nLo emf]n pkrf/ k|0ffnL / /utdf rLgLsf] dfqf sd x'g glbg ul/g] pkfox¿ rflx+ ckjfb x'g\ . æafn–pkrf/Æ cGtu{tsf] k|0ffnL …sÚ …vÚ / …uÚ tyf æ/utdf rLgLsf] dfqf sd x'g glbg pkrf/ ug'{xf];\Æ eGg] lgb]{zgnfO{ lzz'sf] ;fy;fy} 7"nf lzz' / aRrfx¿sf] nflu klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

#=! pko'Qm vfg] PlG6afof]l6s lbg'xf];\ AofS6]l/ofsf] :yfgLo ;ª\qmd0f cyjf cfpF /utsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ul/Psf PlG6afof]l6ssf] ;DjGwdf ælzz' tflnsfÆ cGtu{tsf] sf]7fdf x]g'{xf];\ . To;kl5 lzz'sf] tf}n cg';f/ PlG6afof]l6ssf] dfqf lgwf{/0f ug'{xf];\ . pko'Qm vfg] PlG6afof]l6s lbg'xf];\

AofS6]l/ofsf] :yfgLo ;+qmd0fsf] nflu

klxnf] kª\lQmsf] PlG6afof]l6s M sf]l6«df]S;fhf]n

bf];|f] kªlQmsf] PlG6afof]l6s M Pdf]lS;l;lng sf]l6«df]S;fhf]n

-6«fO{ldyf]lk|d ±;Nkmfd]yf]S;fhf]n_ lbgsf] @ k6s # lbg;Dd lbg'xf];\

Pdf]lS;l;lng lbgsf] @ k6s # lbg;Dd lbg'xf];\

pd]/ / tf}n

jo:s rSsL Psn zlQmsf] -*) ld=u|f= 6«fO{ldyf]lk|d

±$)) ld=u|f= ;Nkmfd]yf]S;fhf]n

jRrfsf] rSsL -@) ld=u|f= 6«fO{ldyf]lk|d ±!))

ld=u|f= ;Nkmfd]yf]S;fhf]n_

rSsL

@%) ld=u|f=

emf]n !@% ld=u|f= k|To]s

% ld=ln= df

hGd]b]lv ! dlxgf -# s]=lh= eGbf sd_

– !÷@* – !=@% ld=ln=

! dlxgf b]lv @ dlxgf -#–$ s]=lh_

!÷$ ! !÷$ @=% ld=ln=

* Ps dlxgfeGbf sd pd]/sf] ;do k"j{ hGd]sf] jf hlG8; ePsf] lzz'nfO{ sf]l6«df]S;fhf]n lbg'x'Fb}g .

vfg] PlG6afof]l6s 3/}df s;/L lbg] eg]/ cfdfnfO{ l;sfpgsf] nflu æafn–pkrf/Æ tflnsf

cGtu{tsf r/0fx¿ cg';/0f ug'{xf];\ cyf{t cfdfnfO{ cf}iflwsf] dfqf s;/L gfKg], l;sfpg'xf];\ . cf}iflwsf] rSsLnfO{ s;/L w"nf] kfg]{ clg cfdfsf] b"wdf s;/L ld;fpg] eg]/ cfdfnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ . klxnf] dfqf lbg cfjZostf k/]df cfdfnfO{ d2t ug'{xf];\ / cf}iflw v'jfpg] tflnsf af/] l;sfpg'xf];\ . cfdfn] cf}iflw lb+bf /fd|/L x]g'{xf];\ / cf}iflw lbg cfpF5 ls cfpFb}g hfFr ug{sf] nflu aLraLrdf k|Zg ;f]Wg'xf];\ . gf]6 M Ps dlxgfeGbf sd pd]/sf] lzz' h;nfO{ hlG8; ePsf] 5 / hGdg] ;doeGbf klxNo}

hGd]sf] 5 eg] sf]l6«d]S;fhf]n glbg'xf];\ . of] lzz'nfO{ Pdf]lS;l;lng jf h]G6fdfO{l;g lbg'xf];\ .

~ 31 ~

#=@ PlG6afof]l6s ;'O{ lbg'xf];\

lzz'nfO{ b'O{ lsl;dsf PlG6afof]l6ssf] ;'O{ lbg ;lsG5M df;'df lbOg] h]G6fdfOl;gsf] ;'O{ . AofS6]l/ofsf] ;Defljt uDeL/ ;ª\qmd0f ePsf lzz'x¿ 7"nf lzz'x? eGbf a9L / w]/} lsl;dsf AofS6]l/ofåf/f ;ª\qmldt x'G5g\ . O{G;'lng l;l/Gh k|of]u ul/ lgDg tflnsf cg';f/ h]G6fdfO{l;g ;'O{lbg ;Sg'x'F\G5 .

h]G6fdfOl;g ;'O{ lbgdf ! k6s h]G6fdfOl;g ;'O{ & lbg ;Dd lzz'sf] lt3|fsf] df+;k]zLdf kfn}kfnf] lbg'xf];\ .

h]G6fdfOl;g

tf}n dfqf M *) ld=u|f= k|lt @ Pd=Pn efon

OG;'lng l;l/Ghdf slt lng]

@=% s]=lh ;Dd=

!) ld=u|f k|To]s lbg & lbg ;Dd !) nfO{g

@=% s]=lh=eGbf dfly

!% ld=u|f k|To]s lbg & lbg ;Dd !% nfO{g

~ 32 ~

#=# kvfnfsf] pkrf/ ug{ afn–pkrf/sf] tflnsf x]g'{xf];\ kvfnfsf] pkrf/sf lgb]{zgx¿sf] nflu …lzz' tflnsfÚ n] tkfO{nfO{ …afn–pkrf/Ú tflnsf x]g]{ lgb]{zg lbG5 . tkfO{n] k|0ffnL …sÚ df kvfnf nfUbf 3/}df ul/g] pkrf/ ljlw af/] tyf k|0ffnL …vÚ / …uÚ df lzz' tyf aRrfnfO{ kvfnfdf ul/g] k'gh{nLo pkrf/ ljlw af/] hfgL ;Sg' ePsf] 5 . t}klg lzz'nfO{ pkrf/ ubf{ hfgL /fVg'kg]{ s]xL ljz]if s'/fx¿ 5g\ . pkrf/ k|0ffnL …sÚ M kvfnfsf] pkrf/ 3/}df ug{'xf];\ M kvfnf nfu]sf ;j} lzz' Pj+ aRrfx¿df hnljof]hg x'g glbg tyf s'kf]if0f x'g glbgsf]

nflu pgLx¿nfO{ yk emf]ns'/fx¿ / c6'6 vfgf cfjZos k5{ . af/Daf/ :tgkfg u/fpg' / k|To]s k6s a9L ;do;Dd u/fpg' g} lzz'nfO{ yk emf]ns'/f lbg] ;a}eGbf pQd pkfo xf] .

lzz'nfO{ lbg ;lsg] emf]ns'/fx¿df k'gh{nLo emf]n / ;kmf kfgL x'g . olb lzz'n] :tgkfg

afx]s c¿ s]xL vfg] u/]sf] 5}g eg] vfgfaf6 aGg] emf]ns'/fx¿ z'? gug'{ g} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . olb lzz'nfO{ 3/df k'gh{nLo emf]n lbg' k/]df, x/]s k6s kftnf] lb;f u/]kl5 slt k'gh{nLo

emf]n lbg] eg]/ cfdfnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ . pgn] klxnf :tgkfg u/fpg'k5{ clg dfq k'gh{nLo emf]n lbg'k5{ . kvfnf /f]lsPkl5 k'gh{nLo emf]n lbg aGb ug{ cfdfnfO{ ;Demfpg'xf];\ .

pkrf/ k|0ffnL …vÚ – s]xL hnljof]hgsf] pkrf/ ug'{xf];\ M s]xL hnljof]hg ePsf] lzz'nfO{ k|0ffnL …vÚ cg';f/ k'gh{nLo emf]n rflxG5 . k'gh{nLo

pkrf/ ljlwsf] klxnf] $ 306fdf, cfdfnfO{ lzz'n] hlt j]nf rfxG5 :tgkfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\, ;fy} k'gh{nLoemf]n cfjZos dfqfdf lbg''xf];\ . :tgkfg gug]{ lzz'nfO{ o; ljrdf !))–@)) ldlnln6/ yk ;kmf kfgL vfg lbg'xf];\ .

#=$ k|To]s la/fdL lzz'nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ vf]k lbg'xf];\ cfh} vf]k lbg' kg]{ lzz'nfO{ vf]k lbg'xf];\ . lzz'nfO{ csf]{ k6s NofpFbf s'g vf]k nufpg' kb{5 cfdfnfO{ /fd|/L a'emfP/ k7fpg'xf];\ .

#=% :yfgLo ;ª\qmd0fsf] pkrf/ 3/df ug{ cfdfnfO{ l;sfpg'xf]; \ lzz'df # k|sf/sf :yfgLo ;ª\qmd0fx¿ x'G5g\ h;nfO{ cfdfn] 3/}df pkrf/ ug{ ;lS5g\ M gfO6f] /ftf] ePdf jf kLk au]df, 5fnfdf kmf]sfx¿ cfPdf jf y|; b]lvPdf . oL :yfgLo ;ª\qmd0fx¿sf] pkrf/ To;/L g} ul/G5 h;/L 7"nf lzz' jf aRrfsf] d'vsf 3fpx¿sf] pkrf/ ul/G5 . ;ª\qmd0f ePsf] efunfO{ lbgsf] @ k6s ;kmf u/]/ h]G;g efof]n]6 nufOlbg' kb{5 . d'vdf nufpFbf h]G;g efof]n]6sf] cfwf zlQmsf] -)=@%%_ emf]nsf] k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 .

~ 33 ~

3/}df :yfgLo ;+qmd0fsf] pkrf/ ug{ cfdfnfO{ l;sfpg'xf];\

cf}iflw s;/L nufpg] eGg] atfpg'xf];\ pkrf/ s]Gb|df cfdfnfO{ g} klxnf] dfqf cf}iflw nufpg nufO x]g'{xf];\ oL cf}iflw lbgsf] @ k6s nufpg] egL atfpg'xf];\, t/ ;+qmd0f emg a9L ePdf pkrf/ s]Gb|df Nofpg

cfdfnfO{ eGg'xf];\ . 5fnfsf kmf]sfx¿ jf gfO6f]sf] 3fpsf] pkrf/ ug{sf] nflu cfdfn] M xft w'g'k5{ xn'sf t/Lsfn] kmf]sfsf] kLk / kfk|fx¿ ;kmf ug'{k5{

/ ;fa'g kfgnL] kvfNg'k5{ 3fp ;'Vvf kfg'{k5{ h]G;g efof]n]6 nufpg'k5{ km]l/ xft w'g'k5{

d'vleqsf] ;]tf] bfu -y|;_sf] pkrf/ ug{sf] nflu cfdfn] M xft w'g'k5{ cf}+nfsf] 6'Kkfdf ;kmf n'uf a]g]{ / g"g kfgnL]

lehfP/ d'v leqsf] 3fp k'5\g'k5{ cfwf zlQmsf] h]G;g efof]n]6 3fpdf nufpg'k5{ km]l/ xft w'g'k5{

pkrf/ ljlwsf] af/]df cfdfnfO{ atfpg'xf];\ / k|bz{g u/]/ b]vfpg'xf];\ . clg pgn] pkrf/ ubf{ cfjZos k/]df lgb]{zg lbg'xf];\ . cg'udgsf] nflu @ lbgdf jf ;ª\qmd0f cem a9]df Tof] eGbf l56f] pgL kms{g' k5{ . % lbgkl5 h]G;g efof]n]6 gnufpg eGg'xf];\ . pgn] lbgsf] @ k6s pkrf/ ug{ / slxn] kms{g]af/] a'em]sL l5g ls 5}gg\ elg kSsf ug{ hfFRg] k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg'xf];\ . gfO6f] kfs]sf] -3fp_ jf 5fnfsf] kmf]sfx¿sf] pkrf/ cfdfn] ul5{g eg] -)=%%_ h]G;g efof]n]6 Ps lzzL lbP/ k7fpg'xf];\ . cfdfn] lzz'sf] d'vleqsf] ;]tf] bfu -y|z_ sf] pkrf/ ul5{g eg] cfwf zlQmsf] -)=@%%_ sf] h]G;g efof]n]6 Ps lzzL lbP/ k7fpg'xf];\ .

#=^ sdnlkQsf] 3/}df pkrf/ ug{ cfdfnfO{ l;sfpg'xf];\ o:tf] a]nfdf M

cfdfn] s'g} vfgf jfg'{ kb}{g / cfdfsf] vfgfn] lzz'nfO{ s'g} km/s klg kb}{g . t]n 3:gfn] a]kmfObf ub}{g . Un'sf]h kfgL nufotsf cGo 3/]n' jf cfo'j]{lbs jf cGo s'g} cf}iflw lbg' x'Fb}g . lzz'nfO{ laxfg gkf]Ng] 3fddf gfË} ! – @ 306f;Dd /fVg'xf];\ .

#=& lztf· x'gaf6 arfpg cfdfnfO{ l;sfpg'xf];\ -dfofsf] c+ufnf]_ lzz'nfO{ ;kmf xn'sf, g/d, Gofgf] ;'Vvf sk8fn] txt x kf/]/ a]g'{xf];\ . lzz'sf] 6fpsf]af6 w]/} tfkqmd aflx/ hfG5 To;}n] lzz'sf] 6fpsf]df 6f]kL nufOlbg' kg]{ x'G5 . lzz'sf] z/L/df hGdbf lrKnf] kbfy{ cflb k'l5 ;'Vvf /fVg' k5{ . z/L/df nfu]sf] ;]tf] kbfy{ s]xL afFsL /x]/ s]xL km/s kb}{g o;n] s'g} v/faL ub}{g . s]xL lbg kl5 of] cfkm} x/fP/ hfG5 . lzz' hGd]sf] @$ 306f;Dd lzz'nfO{ gg'xfOlbgsf] nflu cfdfnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ . cfdf / ;'Ts]/L u/fpg] JolQmnfO{, lzz'nfO{ @$ 306fkl5 Gofgf] sf]7fdf dgtftf] kfgLn] g'xfO lbg ;Sg] /

~ 34 ~

g'xfO ;s]kl5 xn'sf g/d ;kmf sk8fn] z/L/ k'l5 lbg ;Nnfx lbg] . olb lzz'sf] z/L/ 5fDbf lr;f] 5 eg] lzz'nfO{ g'xfOlbg' x'Fb}g .

dfofsf] cFufnf]df s'g s'g s'/fx? kb{5g\ <

dfofsf] cFufnf] sd tf}n ePsf gjhft lzz'sf] :ofxf/ ug{ ;j{;'ne, ;:tf] / k|fs[lts tl/sf xf] . o; cGtu{t,

- gjhft lzz'nfO{ cfdfsf] gfËf] 5ftLdf b'O{ :tgsf] aLrdf 6fF;]/ /fVg]Ù - k"0f{tof :tgkfgM hGd]sf] klxnf] 306f leq} gjhft lzz'nfO{ :tgkfg u/fpg] / To;kl5 ^

dlxgf;Dd k"0f{tof :tgkfg dfq u/fpg]Ù - cfdfnfO{ ;xof]u -cfdfnfO{ ;xof]u eGgfn] kl/jf/sf] cGo ;b:ox?n] ;xof]u ug'{ xf] ._

- :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf ;d'bfoaf6 k|]if0f eO{ cfPsf -!%)) b]lv @))) u|fd_ sd tf}nsf lzz'nfO{ d"NofÍg u/L dfofsf] c+ufnf] / k6s k6s :tgkfgsf] ;Nnfx lbg] . olb !%)) u|fdeGbf sdsf] lzz' ePdf t'?Gt} lhNnf c:ktfndf k|]if0f ug'{xf];\ .

dfofsf] cFufnf]df /fVbf gjhft lzz' / cfdfnfO{ x'g] kmfO{bfx? s] s] x'g\ <

gjhft lzz'nfO{ x'g] kmfO{bfx? - of] ljlwn] gjhft lzz'nfO{ rf}la;} 306f Gofgf] /fV5 lsgls cfdf g} ;jf]{Qd\ Incubator

x'g\ . - Gfjhft lzz'sf] Zjf;k|Zjf; lgoldt tyf l:y/ agfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 . - gjhft lzz'sf] k|lt/Iff zlSt ;'wf/ x'G5 h;n] ;+qmd0f 36fpF5 . - :jf:Yo ;+:yfaf6 l56f] 5'§L kfpF5 / :jf:Yo ;+:yfhGo ;Defljt ;+qmd0f (Nosocomial

Infection) af6 hf]luG5 . - rgfvf]kg a9\5 / zfGt;+u ;'T5 . - Cognitive ljsf;;lxt pRr af}l4s tLI0ftf (IQ) - zlSt ;+ro x'g] ePsf]n] tf}n a9\g] sfo{ l56f] x'G5 . - cfdfsf] ;+;u{df /lx/xg] ePsf]n] :tgkfg k|a4{g x'G5 .

cfdfnfO{ x'g] kmfO{bfx? - gjhft lzz' :ofxf/df cfdf ;s[otfk"j{s nflU5g\ . - cfdfsf] cfTdljZjf; a9\5Ù pgn] cfglGbt / z;Qm dxz'; ul5{g\ . - gjhft lzz' / cfdfaLr efjgfTds ;fldKotf a9\5 . - cfˆgf] sf]dn gjhft lzz'sf] :ofxf/ ug]{ ;Lk / Ifdtf a9]sf] dxz'; ub{l5g\ . - dft[-;Gt'li6 a9\5, cfdf t[Kt / tgfj/lxt /xlG5g\ . - b'w pTkfbg / :tgkfgdf lg/Gt/tf /xG5 . - c:ktfn a;fO{ cjlw 36\5 . - sd vlr{nf] x'G5 .

~ 35 ~

dfofsf] cFufnf] slxn] z'? ug'{kb{5 < gjhft lzz'sf] cj:yf l:y/ ePkl5 lgDg cj:yfdf dfofsf] cFufnf]df /fVg] . - l:y/ eGgfn] gjhft lzz' cfkm}n] ;f; km]g{ ;Sg] / HofgnfO{ vt/f x'g] s'g} klg cj:yfaf6

d'Qm eGg] a'lemG5_ - hGdb}+ sd tf}n ePdf - gjhft lzz' lztfË ePdf - k|]if0f eO{ af6f]df n}hfb} ubf{ - cfdfn] -cyjf csf]{ ;xof]uL_ dfofsf] cFufnf] k|bfg ug{ tof/ x'g'k5{ / pgsf] klg :jf:Yo

/fd|f] x'g'k5{ .

dfofsf] cFufnf]df /fVg] cjlw gjhft lzz'nfO{ dfofsf] cFufnf] ljlwaf6 slxn] x6fpg] <

- gjhft lzz' @=% lsnf] tf}nsf] geP;Dd - cfˆgf] ;fdfGo tfkqmd sfod /fVg ;Ifd geP;Dd - gjhft lzz' cfkm}n] of] lalwaf6 d'Qm x'g rfx]df -lzz'sf] ;s[otf a9\g' o;sf] ;+s]t xf]_ - gjhft lzz'nfO{ ;Dej eP;Dd rf}lj;} 306f dfofsf] cFufnf]df /fVg'k5{ .

cfdf / kl/jf/nfO{ k/fdz{

cfdf / kl/jf/nfO{ k/fdz{ ubf{sf dxTjk"0f{ a'Fbfx? s] s] x'g\ < - dfofsf] cFufnf]df /fVg]af/] - of] a]nfdf :tgkfg u/fpg]af/]

k/fdz{ - :jf:YosdL{n] dfofsf] cFufnf] ljlw ckgfpg cfdfnfO{ ;xdt u/fpg'k5{ . ;xdltsf qmddf

lgDg s'/fx? 5nkmn ug]{ - cfdfsf] gfËf] 5ftLdf gjhft lzz'sf] gfËf] 5ftL 6F;fP/ lg/Gt/ /fVg] -;s]df rf}la;} 306f_ - of] ljlw ckgfO/xFbf ;lx tl/sfn] gjhft lzz'nfO{ :tgkfg u/fpg] af/] - cfdfsf] :tgaf6 b'w lgrf]/]/ v'jfpg] af/] - of] cj:yfdf gjhft lzz'nfO{ ljz]if :ofxf/ ug]{ af/] - cfdfn] s] ug{ x'G5 / s] ug{ x'b}g eGg] af/] - :jf:YosdL{n] dfofsf] cFufnf] ljlw ckgfO/x]sL cfdfnfO{ :tgkfg af/] k/fdz{ lbg'k5{ .

dfofsf] cFufnf]] z'? ug]{ r/0fx? gjhft lzz'sf] n'uf k'msflnlbg] / 6fpsf]df 6f]kL / v'§fdf df]hf nufO{ lbg'xf];\ . gjhft lzz'sf] b'O{ v'§fsf] aLrdf lb;f–lk;fa hDdf ug{ sk8f /fVg'xf];\ . 5fnfb]lv 5fnfsf] ;+;u{ ug{ gjhft lzz'nfO{ cfdfsf] b'O{ :tgsf] aLrdf /fVg'xf];\ . gjhft lzz'sf] v'§fnfO{ cfdfsf] :tgsf] d'lg /fVg'xf];\ . gjhft lzz'sf] xftnfO{ cfdfsf] :tgsf] dfly /fVg'xf];\ . gjhft lzz'nfO{ cfdfsf] 5ftL lt/ kmsf{O /fVg'xf];\ . cfdf / gjhft lzz'nfO{ ;Fu} sk8fn] a]g'{xf];\ . nfdf] sk8fsf] aLrsf] efunfO{ cfdfsf] 5ftLdf ePsf] gjhft lzz'sf] dfly /fVg'xf];\ . sk8fsf] b'j} lt/sf] cGTosf] efunfO{ cfdfsf] sfvLd'lgaf6 9f8df nuL a]g'{xf];\ . To;/L nluPsf]

~ 36 ~

sk8fsf] efunfO{ ;'/lIft ufF7f] agfO{ afFWg'xf];\ . olb sk8f lgs} nfdf] ePdf sk8fsf] b'j} lt/sf] cGTosf] efunfO{ cfdfsf] 9f8af6 km]/L cufl8 NofP/ gjhft lzz'sf] tnlt/ ufF7f] agfpg'xf];\ . cfdf p7\bf lzz'nfO{ v:g glbg s;]/ afWg' k5{ t/ gjhft lzz'nfO{ ;f; km]bf{ k]6 rnfpg] 7fpF /fVg'xf];\ . afFWg] s'/fnfO{ gjhft lzz'sf] sfg d'lg;Dd tfg]/ gjhft lzz'sf] 6fpsf]nfO{ l:y/ /fVg ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ . cfdfnfO{ lgDg s'/fx?sf] ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ dfofsf] cFufnf]df /fVbf gjhft lzz'sf] dflylt/af6 v's'nf] rf]nf] jf n'uf nufpg' kb{5 . ;'Tg] a]nfdf cfdfn] cfˆgf] z/L/nfO{ clnslt -#) l8u|L ;]= hlt_ dfly p7fpg'k5{ h;n] ubf{

gjhft lzz'sf] 6fpsf] dfly x'G5 .

gjhft lzz'nfO{ dfu cg';f/, sd;]sd x/]s @ 306fdf :tgkfg u/fpg sk8fnfO{ v's'nf]

kfg'{k5{ .

dfofsf] cFufnf]sf] k|of]u lg/Gt/ ul//xg'k5{ .

cfdf afx]s kl/jf/sf] cGo ;b:on] dfofsf] cFufnf]df /fVg ;lsG5 . gjhft lzz' sd;]sd @=% lsnf]u|fd geP;Dd dfofsf] cFufnf]nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'k5{ .

#=* hGdbf sd tf}n ePsf lzz'x?sf] Joj:yfkg

h'g lzz' hGdbf @=% s]=hL= eGbf sd tf}n 5 To:tf] lzz'nfO{ sd tf}n ePsf] lzz' elgG5 . sd tf}n ePsf &)–*)Ü lzz'x?sf] d[To' x'g] u/]sf]n] of] Ps k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] o:tf] lzz'x?nfO{ tkfO{sf] /]vb]vdf 3/d} x]/rfx ug'{ cfjZos 5 . sd tf}n ePsf] aRrfnfO{ lsg yk :ofxf/ cfjZos kb{5 < pgLx?nfO{ l5§} lr;f] nfUg ;S5 -lztfË_ ;+qmd0fsf] ;Defjgf a9L x'Gf ;S5 v'jfpg ufx|f] x'g ;S5 ;f; k]mg{ sl7gfO{ x'Gf ;S5 -hGdbf lgM;fl;Psf]_

sd tf}n ePsf] gjhft lzz'nfO{ cfjZos lgDg :ofxf/x? ug{'xf];\ < yk Gofgf]kg sf]7f ko{fKt Gofgf]] -@%–@*) ;]=_ ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ gjhft lzz'nfO{ cfdfsf] 5ftLdf 6fF;]/ /fVg] / 6fpsf]df 6f]kL nufOlbg] -dfofsf]

cFufnf]_ gjhft lzz' / cfdfnfO{ yk Gofgf] cf]9\g] n'uf -l;/s jf sDan_ pknAw u/fpg] .

:tgkfgsf nflu yk ;xof]u k6s–k6s :tgkfg ul//x]sf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ -x/]s @ 306fdf_ . sd hGdtf}n gjhft lzz'sf] :tgkfgsf] ;kmn cf;g, ;Dks{ / k|efjsf/L r';fO{

ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ . :tgkfg u/fpg jf ug{ sl7g ePdf lgrf]/]sf] b'w v'jfpg] cGo yk :ofxf/

b}lgs d"NofÍgM tfkqmd, Zjf;k|Zjf; / sdnlkQ :tgkfg ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf sk / rDrfn] b"w v'jfpg] M

~ 37 ~

sd tf}n ePsf lzz'sf] k]6 klg ;fg} x'G5 To;}n] ltgLx?nfO{ w]/} k6s b"w v'jfO/xg cfjZos 5 . b"w vfFbf o:tf lzz'x? l5§} yfS5g\ . tkfO{+n] cfdfx?nfO{ ;Nnfx lb+bf o:tf lzz'x?nfO{ b"w v'jfpFbf c;fWo} w}o{ eP/ v'jfpg eGg' k5{ . cfdfnfO{ b"w v'jfpg s]xL ;d:of ePsf] 5 ls ;f]Wg'k5{ . s'g} ;d:of 5 eg] kQf nufpg'xf];\ . olb cfdfnfO{ g} s]xL ;d:of 5 / tkfO{+ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 eg] ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ . sltko sd tf}n ePsf lzz'x?nfO{ b"w vfg ;d:of 5 eg] To:tf lzz'x?nfO{ tkfO{+ k|]if0f ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . olb lzz' /fd|/L b"w r':g g;Sg] 5 eg] k|To]s !–! 306fdf @ lrof rDrf cfdfsf] b"w lgrf]/]/ v'jfpg z'? ug]{ . k|To]s lbg k|To]s k6sdf !–! rDrfsf] b/n] dfqf a9fpFb} hfg] . lzz' b"w r':g ;Ifd ePkl5 t'?Gt} :tgkfg ul/xfNg' k5{ . cfdfsf] b"w lgrf]g]{ tl/sf M

cfdfnfO{ cfˆgf] b"w Pp6f ;kmf / ;'Vvf skdf lgsfNg nufpg'xf];\ . cfdfnfO{ lj:tf/} :tgsf] d'G6f]nfO{ a'9L cf}+nf / rf]/ cf}+nfn] :tgsf] sfnf] efudf lyr]/ b"w lgrf]g{ eGg'xf];\ . o;/L lgsfn]sf] b"w sf]7fsf] tfkqmddf ^ 306f;Dd lalu|b}+g . ca of] b"w lzz'nfO{ lgDg cg';f/ rDrfn] v'jfpg ;lsG5 . cfdfn] gjhft lzz'nfO{ 6fpsf] dfly kg]{ u/L b]a|] sfvdf cf/fdk"j{s /fVg' k5{ / b]a]| xftn]

lzz'nfO{ ;dfTg' k5{ . ;kmf rDrfn] cf]7df 5'Fbf lzz'n] d'v vf]N5, d'v vf]nkl5 lj:tf/} b"w /fvL lbg' k5{ /

lzz'n] lgNg yfN5 . lzz'nfO{ lgNg s]xL ;do nfU5 To;}n] csf]{ rDrf b"w v'jfpg cl3 Psl5g /f]lsg' k5{ .

v'jfO{ ;s]kl5 lzz'nfO{ 7f8f] kfg'{ k5{ . c3fPkl5 lzz'n] 8sf5{ .

olb cfdfsf] :tgaf6 ;fFRr} k6Ss} b'w cfpFb}g eg] cfdfsf] b"wsf] ;§fdf cGo b"w ;kmf srf}/fdf / rDrfn] v'jfpg'k5{ . ;fdfGo jf sd hGd tf}n ePsf] lzz'nfO{ lgDg cg';f/ b'w v'jfpg' k5{ .

- klxnf] lbg ^) ld=nL= k|lt s]hL k|lt lbg - bf];|f] lbg *) ld=nL k|lt s]hL k|lt lbg - t];|f] lbg !)) ld nL k|lt s]hL k|lt lbg - rf}yf] lbg !@) ld nL k|lt s]hL k|lt lbg - kfFrf}+ lbg !$) ld nL k|lt s]hL k|lt lbg - 5}7f}+ lbg !^) ld nL k|lt s]hL k|lt lbg

b"w b'O{ b'O{ 306fsf] km/sdf v'jfpg] / @$ 306fdf !) k6s v'jfpg] . o; kl5 k|lt lbg !) ld= ln sf b/n] a8fpg] . Gf]f6M Ps lrof rDrf % ld=ln x'G5 . ! lunf; a/fa/ !^) ld= ln x'G5 . pbfx/0fM !=% s]=hL= sf] lzz'nfO{ b"w v'jfpg' k/]df klxnf] lbg ^) ld=nL= k|lt s]=hL= k|lt lbg^) × !=% = () ld=nL= hDdf, b"w @

306fsf] km/sdf v'jfpg] / @$ 306fdf !) k6s dfq v'jfpFbf Ps k6sdf ( ld=nL= v'jfpg] .

~ 38 ~

#=( :tgkfgsf] nflu ;xL cf;g / :tg ;Dks{ af/] cfdfnfO{ l;sfpg'xf];\*

:tg ;Dks{ /fd|f] gePsf] Pj+ b"w r';fO k|efjsf/L gx'gsf sf/0fx¿ :tg ;Dks{ /fd|f] gx'g' tyf /fd|f];Fu b"w r':g g;Sg'sf w]/} sf/0fx¿ 5g\ . lzz'n] hGdgf;fy z'?sf s]xL lbgleq g} lzzLaf6 b"w vfPsf] x'g;S5 . To:t} klxnf] k6s cfdf ag]sf dlxnfx¿ cg'ejL gx'g ;S5g\ . 3/df l;sfpg] ;Demfpg] dlxnf sf]xL gx'Fbf klg o:tf] cj:yf kg{ ;S5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, zfob lzz' ;fgf] / sdhf]/ lyof], cfdfsf] b"wsf d'G6fx¿ p7]sf lyPgg\ cyjf :tgkfgsf] z'¿jft 9Lnf] ul/Psf] lyof] . :tgkfg u/fpFbf lzz'sf] cf;g g/fd|f] x'g ;S5 . cf;g dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 lsgls g/fd|f] cf;gn] ubf{ ljz]if u/L lzz'x¿sf] :tg ;Dks{ g/fd|f] x'g hfG5 . olb cf;g /fd|f] 5 eg] :tg ;Dks{ /fd|f] ePsf] x'G5 . lgDg lrGxx¿af6 /fd|f] cf;gsf] klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 M – lzz'sf] uw{g ;Lwf jf clnslt k5fl8kl§ em's]sf] – lzz'sf] k"/} z/L/ cfdfkl§ 9lNsPsf] – lzz'sf] z/L/ cfdf;Fu Psbd 6fFl;Psf] / – lzz'sf] k"/} z/L/nfO{ cfdfn] c8]; lbPsf] . lgDgnLlvt s'g} klg lrGxaf6 g/fd|f] cf;gsf] klxrfg ul/G5 M – lzz'sf] uw{g a6fl/Psf] jf cufl8kl§ 9Ns]sf] – lzz'sf] z/L/ cfdfaf6 cln 6fl9Psf] – lzz'sf] z/L/ cfdf;Fu RofKk g6fFl;Psf] – lzz'sf] 6fpsf] / uw{gnfO{ dfq cfdfn] c8]; lbPsf] . lzz'sf] z/L/ cfdfsf] :tglt/ lzz'sf] z/L/ cfdfaf6 cnlUuPsf] kms]{/ 6f“l;Psf] 5, ub{g 3'd]sf] 5 * cGo yk hfgsf/Lsf] nflu kl/lzi6 @,# / $ x]g'{xf];\

~ 39 ~

cf;g / :tg ;Dks{sf] ;'wf/ olb tkfO{n] :tgkfgsf] d"NofÍgdf, :tg ;Dks{ of b"w r':g] k|lqmofdf s'g} sl7gfO kfpg' eof] eg] lzz'sf] cf;g tyf :tg ;Dks{ /fd|f] agfpg cfdfnfO{ d2t ug'{xf];\ . cfdf ;lhnf];Fu cf/fdbfoL t/Lsfn] a;]sL l5g\ eGg] s'/fdf ljZj:t x'g'xf];\Ù h:t}M xf]rf] d]rdf lk7\o"F ;f]emf] kf/]/ a:g' . To;kl5 lgDg r/0fx¿sf] cg';/0f ug'{xf];\ .

lzz'sf] pkrf/ ug'{xf];\ / cfdfnfO{ k/fdz{ lbg'xf];\ :tgkfgsf] ;xL cf;g / :tg ;Dks{af/] cfdfnfO{ l;sfpg'xf];\

:tgkfg u/fp“bf cfdfn] lzz'nfO{ s;/L lng' k5{ eg]/ b]vfpg'xf];\ – lzz'sf] 6fpsf] / hLp ;Lwf kf/]/ ;dfTg'xf];\ – lzz'sf] d'v :tglt/ kmsf{pg] / lzz'sf] gfs :tgsf] d'G6f]sf] 7Ls cufl8 kfg'{xf];\ – lzz'sf] z/L/ cfˆgf] hLp;Fu 6fF;]/ /fVg'xf];\ . – lzz'sf] uw{g / sfFw dfq geO ;Dk"0f{ z/L/ g} xftn] cf8 lbO /fVg'xf];\

:tg ;Dks{ s;/L u/fpg] eg]/ cfdfnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\, cfdfn] M – :tgsf] d'G6f]nfO{ lzz'sf] dflyNnf] cf]7df 5'jfpg'k5{ – lzz'n] d'v k"/f gvf]n];Dd klv{g'k5{ – lzz'sf] tNnf] cf]7 :tgsf] d'G6f] d'lg kg]{ u/L lzz'nfO{ cfˆgf] :tglt/ l56f] tfGg'k5{ .

lzz'n] /fd|/L :tg ;Dks{ u/]sf] / k|efjsf/L ¿kn] b"w r';]sf lrGxx¿ x]g'{xf];\ . olb :tg ;Dks{ /fd|f] 5}g / k|efjsf/L ¿kn] b"w r';]sf] 5}g eg] km]l/ k|of; ug'{xf];\ . slxn] sfxL+ o;/L w]/} k6s k|of; ug'{kg]{ x'g;S5 .

tkfO{n] d2t ug'{ eGbf klxn], cfdfn] lzz'nfO{ :tgkfg u/fO/x]sf] x]g'{xf];\ . o;f] ubf{ tkfO{n] pgsf] cj:yf /fd|/L a'‰g' x'g]5 . t'?Gt pgnfO{ gf}nf] s'/f gl;sfpg'xf];\ . cfdfnfO{ d2t rflxPsf] /x]5 eg], ;j{k|yd pgnfO{ k|f]T;flxt kfg{ s]xL eGg'xf];\Ù h:t}M ælzz'n] ;fFRr} tkfO{sf] :tgkfg ug{ dg u/] h:tf] 5 lg, xf]Og / < d tkfO{nfO{ s]xL d2t ug{ ;S5' < tkfO{ cK7of/f] dfGg' x'Gg eg] tkfO{n] b"w r';fpg' ePsf] x]/f} t < olb pgn] :jLs[lt lbPdf tkfO{ pgnfO{ d2t ug{ z'? ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 .

:tg ;Dks{sf] nflu lzz' tof/ 5 . b"wsf] d'G6f]sf] 7Ls cufl8 gfs 5,

~ 40 ~

d'v k"/f v'n]sf] 5 . tkfO{+n] cfdfnfO{ s;/L plrt t/Lsfn] lzz'nfO{ sfvdf lng] / :tg ;Dks{ u/fO b"w r';fpg] eGg] s'/f b]vfpFbf eg] slxNo} klg cfkm"n] lzz'nfO{ lnP/ gb]vfpg'xf];\ . tkfO{ cfdfaf6 s] u/fpg rfxg' x'G5 eGg] s'/f pgnfO{ atfpg'xf];\ / b]vfpg'xf];\ . To;kl5 cfdfnfO{ :jo+ lzz'sf] cf;g ldnfpg / :tg ;Dks{ u/fpg nufpg'xf];\ . lzz' :tg ;Dks{df /xL /fd|f];Fu b"w r';]sf lrGxx¿ x]g'{xf];\ . olb :tg ;Dks{ 7Ls 5}g jf b"w r';sf] /fd|f] 5}g eg] cfdfnfO{ lzz'nfO{ :tgaf6 5'6fpg nufpg'xf];\ tyf km]l/ k|of; ug{ eGg'xf];\ . lzz'n] /fd|/L r'l;/x]sf] 5 eg] x/]s k6s w]/}a]/ ;Dd :tgkfg u/fpg' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 eGg] s'/f atfpg'xf];\ . lzz'n] grfx];Dd pgn] :tgkfg u/fpg aGb ug{ x'Fb}g .

vfgf ;DaGwL cGo ;d:ofx?af/] k/fdz{ * rf}aL; 306fdf * k6seGbf sd :tgkfg u/fpg] cfdfx¿nfO{ :tgkfg u/fpg] k6s a9fpg

;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ . lzz'n] rfx] u/] cg';f/ lbgdf xf]cf];\ jf /ftL hlt k6s klg / vfp~h]n :tgkfg u/fpg' k5{ .

* lzz'nfO{ cGo vfgf jf emf]ns'/f v'jfpg] u/]sf] 5 eg], :tgkfgsf] k6s / ;do j9fpFb} cGo vfgf jf emf]ns'/f 36fpFb} n}hfg] k/fdz{ lbg'xf];\ . cfˆgf] b"wn] k'u];Dd cGo rLh /f]Sg g} nufpg' kb{5 . olb v'jfpg} k/]sf] v08df klg sk, rDrfsf] k|of]u ug{ nufpg'xf];\, af]tnsf] k|of]u ug]{ ;Nnfx glbg'xf];\ .

* olb lzz'nfO{ cfdfn] :tgkfg u/fpg] u/]sf] 5}g eg] :tgkfg af/] k/fdz{ / k'gM :tgkfg z'?

ug{sf] nflu Wofg lbg eGg'xf];\ . cfdfnfO{ cfˆgf] jRrfnfO{ :tgkfg u/fpg] /x/ 5 eg] dfq :tgkfg k/fdz{bftfn] pgsf ;d:ofx¿sf] lg/fs/0f u/]/ pgnfO{ k'gM :tgkfg u/fpgdf d2t ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .

:tgkfg gu/fpg] cfdfnfO{ cfˆgf] b"wsf] ;§fdf cGo vfgf 5fGg / plrt t/Lsfn] agfpg]

af/] ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ . -æcfdfnfO{ k/fdz{Æ eGg] csf]{ k'l:tsfsf] v08 #=! x]g'{xf];\ ._ ;fy} lzz'nfO{ af]tnaf6 xf]Og, skaf6 v'jfpg] ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ .

vfgf ;DaGwL ;d:of k/]sf] lzz'nfO{ @ lbgdf cg'udgsf] nflu af]nfpg'xf];\ . lzz'nfO{ v'jfOPsf] t/Lsfdf ljz]if kl/jt{gsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ubf{ cg'udg ug{ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

~ 41 ~

cEof; ‘r’

tkfO{n] cEof; ‘v’ ubf{sf] $ j6f lzz'x?sf] jlu{s/0f cg';f/ pkrf/ tflnsfsf] ;xof]u lnO{ pkrf/ ug{'xf];\ .

efu ! M lel8of] :tgkfg u/fpFbf / lzz'sf] cf;g tyf :tg ;Dks{nfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ cfdfnfO{ d2t k'¥ofpg] r/0fx¿sf] lel8of] k|bz{g tkfO{x¿n] x]g'{x'g]5 . efu @ M t:jL/x¿ o; cEof;df tkfO{x¿n] :tgkfgsf] nflu /fd|f] jf g/fd|f] cf;g / :tg ;Dks{sf lrGxx¿ klxrfg ug{]{ cEof;sf] nflu t:jL/x¿sf] cWoog ug'{x'g]5 . ;a}n] t:jL/x¿ x]l/;s]kl5 ;a} t:jL/x¿sf af/]df ;fd"lxs 5nkmn ul/g] 5 . :jf:Yo sfo{stf{n] :tgkfgsf] nflu cfdfnfO{ cf;g / :tg ;Dks{ ;'wfg{df s:tf] ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg' x'g] lyof] ;f] af/] tkfO{x¿n] 5nkmn ug'{x'g]5 . != t:jL/ g+ && b]lv &( df cfdfsf] :tgkfg ub}{ lzz'nfO{ cWoog ug'{xf];\ . /fd|f] cf;gsf x/]s

lrGxx¿nfO{ cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . /fd|f] / g/fd|f] cf;g s:tf] b]lvG5 hfGgsf] nflu tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf pQ/x¿l;t k|To]s t:jL/af/] cfˆgf ljrf/x¿nfO{ bfFRg'xf];\ .

@= ca *) b]lv *@ g+ sf t:jL/x¿ x]g'{xf];\ . oL t:jL/x¿df /fd|f] cf;gsf x/]s lrGxx¿nfO{

vf]Hg'xf];\ / tL 5g\ jf 5}gg\ tflnsfdf lrgf] nufpg'xf];\ . ;fy} :tg ;Dks{ /fd|f] 5 ls 5}g lg0f{o ug'{xf];\ .

/fd|f] cf;gsf lrGxx¿

t:jL/ lzz'sf] 6fpsf] / hLp ;Lwf

6fpsf] / z/L/ :tgtkm{ kms]{sf]

lzz'sf] z/L/ cfdf;Fu 6fFl;Psf]

lzz'sf] k"/f z/L/n] c8];

kfPsf]

:tg ;Dks{af/] s}lkmot

&&

5 5 5 5

&*

5 5 5 5

~ 42 ~

&( 5}g – uw{g j6fl/Psf] 5 ctM z/L/l;t ;f]emf] 5}g

5}g 5}g . cfdfsf] z/L/af6 6f9f

kms]{sf]

5}g :tg ;Dks{ /fd|f] 5}g M d'v k"/f v'n]sf] 5}g, tNnf] cf]7

aflx/kl§ kms]{sf] 5}g, :tgsf] sfnf] efu

lzz'sf] d'vdfly / tn a/fa/

/fd|f] cf;gsf lrGxx¿ t:jL/ lzz'sf] 6fpsf]

/ hLp ;Lwf 6fpsf] / z/L/

:tgtkm{ kms]{sf]

lzz'sf] z/L/ cfdf;Fu 6fFl;Psf]

lzz'sf] k"/f z/L/n] c8];

kfPsf]

:tg ;Dks{af/] s}lkmot

*)

*!

*@

~ 43 ~

cEof; ‘5’

tkfO{n] cEof; ‘v’ / ‘ª’ df jlu{s/0f ul/Psf] $ hgf lzz'x?sf] pkrf/ ug'{xf];\ .

of] cEof; k"/f ePkl5 k|lzIf0f ;xof]uLnfO{ va/ ug'{xf];\ . ;a} hgf tof/ eO;s]kl5 ;fd"lxs 5nkmn x'g]5 .

~ 44 ~

#=!) lzz'nfO{ 3/df x]/rfx ug{ cfdfnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ ;a} la/fdL lzz'x¿nfO{ 3/df ul/g] x]/rfxsf oL k|fylds r/0fx¿ x'g\ . cfdfnfO{ oL r/0fx¿ l;sfpg'xf];\ .

lzz'nfO{ 3/df x]/rfx ug{ cfdfnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\

vfgf

emf]ns'/ff

pkrf/ s]Gb|df slxn] Nofpg]

cg'udg e]6 pkrf/ s]Gb|df slxn] t'?Gt Nofpg] olb lzz'nfO{ lgDg /f]u ePdf cg'udgsf] nflu

cfpg] cjlw olb lzz'nfO{ lgDgdWo] s'g} Pp6f lrGx b]lvPdf

pkrf/ s]Gb|df t'?Gt Nofpg] ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ AofS6]l/ofsf] :yfgLo ;+qmd0f vfgf ;DaGwL s'g} ;d:of d'vleqsf] 3fp jf ;]tf bfux? -y|;_

# lbgdf lkpg jf :tgkfg ug{ g;s] emg la/fdL eP Hj/f] cfof] eg] ;f; l56f] l56f] km]/]df ;f; km]g{ sl7gfO ePdf lb;fdf /ut b]lvPdf la:tf/} lkpg yfn]df

pd]/ cg';f/ sd tf}n !$ lbgdf cGo s'g} /f]u, olb ;'wf/ gePdf % lbgdf hnljof]hg gePsf] t/ emf8f kvfnf eO/x]df % lbgdf sdnlkQ # lbgdf

lzz'nfO{ @$ ;} 306f Gofgf] kf/L /flvPsf] 5 eGg] af/] 9'Ss x'g'xf];\ – hf8f] df};ddf Gofgf] n'ufn] lzz'sf] 6fpsf] / v'§f 9fSg'xf];\ / lzz'nfO{ yk n'uf nufO lbg'xf];\

vfgf / emf]ns'/fx¿ M

af/Daf/ :tgkfgn] lzz'nfO{ kf]ifs tTj k|fKt x'g]5 / hnljof]hg x'gaf6 hf]ufpgdf d2t k'¥ofpF5 .

pkrf/ s]Gb|df slxn] Nofpg] M

cfdfnfO{ pkrf/ s]Gb|df slxn] t'?Gt Nofpg] ;f] af/] klg l;sfpg'xf];\ . dfly pNn]lvt lrGxx¿ ljz]if ¿kn] x]g'{kg]{ dxTjk"0f{ lrGxx¿ x'g\ . o:tf lrGxx¿nfO{ atfpg / ltgLx¿nfO{ ;lDemgdf d2t ug{sf] nflu cfdfsf] sf8{sf] k|of]u ug'{xf];\ . cfdfx¿n] pkrf/ s]Gb|df slxn] t'?Gt Nofpg] eGg] a'em]sL l5g egL lglZrt x'g hfFRg] k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg'xf];\ .

cg'udgsf] nflu slxn] Nofpg] af/] cfdfnfO{ eGg'xf];\ . cg'udgdf cfpFbf h'g /f]usf] nflu cfPsf] xf] ;f] sf] tflnsf k|of]u u/L d"Nof+sg ug'{xf];\ / pko'Qm juL{s/0f / pkrf/ ug'{xf];\ . t/ olb s'g} gofF ;d:of klg 5 eg] lzz'sf] k'gd"{Nof+sg ug'{xf];\ . cg'udgdf cfPsf lzz'x?sf] cj:yf olb

/fd|f] 5 eg] M ;f] pkrf/ k"/f ug{ cfdfnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ / cfdfsf] k|z+;f ug'{xf];\ p:t} 5 eg] M /fd|f] ;+u tkfO{n] atfP cg';f/ pkrf/ u/]sf] 5 5}g kQf nufpg'xf];\ / olb

tkfO{n] atfP cg';f/ pkrf/ ubf{ ub}{ klg cj:yf p:t} 5 eg] k|]if0f ug'{xf];\ . lau|]sf] 5 eg] M pkrf/ s]Gb|df k|]if0f ug'{xf];\ .

lzz'nfO{ ;a} ;do Gofgf] kf/L /flvPsf] 5 eGg] af/] lglZrt ug'{xf];\

Pp6f la/fdL lzz'nfO{ Gofgf] kf/]/ -t/ w]/} Gofgf] xf]Og_ /fVg' w]/} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . w]/} lr;f] tfkqmdn] dfq klg o:tf lzz'x¿sf] Hofg lng ;S5 .

la/fdL k/]sf a]nfdf / :j:y cj:yfdf klg lbg /ft lzz'n] vfg vf]h];Dd / a9L ;do;Dd af/Daf/ :tgkfg u/fpg'xf];\ .

~ 45 ~

~ 46 ~

kl/lzi6x?

~ 47 ~

@ dlxgf;Ddsf] lj/fdL lzz'sf] Joj:yfkg

lzz'sf] gfdM================================= pd]/M =============== tf}nM ========== s]=hL= tfks|dM ==============;]=

;f]Wg'xf];\M lzz'nfO{ s] s] ;d:ofx? 5g\< =============================== klxnf] e]6 ====== cg'udg e]6==========

d"Nof+sg -e]l6Psf ;j} lrGxx?df uf]nf] nufpg'xf];\_ juL{{s/0f JofS6]l/ofsf] ;Defljt ;8\s|d0f, sdnlkQ / l;tf∙ hfFRg'xf];\ lzz'df sDkg 5 <

Ps ldg]6df ;f; b/ uGg'xf];\ ======k6s k|lt ldg]6 j9L eP km]l/ bf]x¥ofpg'xf];\ =====;f; l56f] l56f] k]m5{ < s8f sf]vf xfg]sf] 5 ls x]g'{xf];\ gfssf] kf]/f k'mn]sf] 5 ls x]g'{xf];\ sg]sf] ;'Gg'xf];\ / x]g'{xf];\ lzz'sf] tfn' 5fDg'xf];\ / pS;]sf] 5 ls x]g'{xf];\ sfgjf6 kLk ju]sf] 5 ls x]g'{xf];\ gfO6f] x]g'{xf];\ . s] of] /ftf] ePsf] 5 jf o;jf6 kLk ju]sf] 5 < s] of] /ftf]kg 5fnf;Dd k}mlnPsf] 5 < Hj/f] -#&=%);] cyjf 5fDbf tftf]_ jf sd tfks|d -#^=%);] eGbf sd jf 5fDbf lr;f]_ ePsf] . 5fnfdf kmf]sfx? !) eGbf alb jf lknf] 5g\ ls x]g'{xf];\ . s] o:tf

kmf]sfx? w]/} jf s8f vfnsf 5g\ < lzz' ;':t jf j]xf]; 5 ls x]g'{xf];\ . lzz'sf] rnfO x]g'{xf];\ . s] of] ;fdfGoeGbf sd 5 < sdnlkQ xTs]nf / k}tfnf;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 <

lzz'nfO{ emf8fkvfnf nfu]sf] 5< 5 === 5}g==== slt lbg eof]< ========= lbg lb;fdf /ut b]lvPsf] 5 <

lzz'sf] cj:yf x]g'{{xf];\ s] lzz' ;':t jf j]xf]; 5< 56\kl6g] jf lem+lhg] u5{ < cfFvf u8]sf] 5 sL x]g'{'xf];\ k]6sf] 5fnf cf}Fnfn] tfg]/ 5f]8\bf k'gM cfˆgf] 7fpFdf w]/} lj:tf/} kmls{G5 < -@ ;]s]G8 eGbf j9L ;do nufP/_ lj:tf/} kmls{G5 <

To;kl5 vfgf ;DjGwL ;d:of jf sd tf}n hfFRg'xf];\ lzz'nfO{ v'jfpg ufx«f] ePsf] 5 < 5 =====5}g===== lzz'n] :tgkfg u5{ < u5{ ===ub}{g====

u5{ eg] @$ 306fdf slt k6s u5{ < ====k6s lzz'nfO{ cGo vfg]s'/f jf emf]ns'/f v'jfOPsf] 5 < 5 ==5}g=== lzz'nfO{ v'jfpg s] s] k|of]u ug'{ x'G5<====jf]tn÷rDrf÷srf}/f

pd]/ cg';f/ tf}n x]g'{xf];\ . sd tf}n 5 ====5}g==== d'vleq 3fp jf ;]tf bfux? -y|;_ 5g\ ls x]g'{xf];\ .

lzz'nfO{ v'jfpg ufx«f] 5 eg], :tgkfg @$ 306fdf !) k6s eGbf sd u/fOG5 eg], cGo vfg]s'/f jf emf]ns'/f v'jfOG5 eg], pd]/ cg';f/ sd tf}n 5 eg] / lzz'nfO{ t'?Gt k]|if0f ug{' kg]{ cGo sf/0f 5}g eg], :tgkfgsf] d"Nof+sg ug'{xf];\M lzz'nfO{ ! 306f cufl8

:tgkfg u/fOPsf] lyof] <

lzz'sf] cf;g x]g'{xf];\M

– uw{g / z/L/ ;Lwf 5 < 5===5}g=== – lzz' cfdflt/ kms]{sf] 5 < 5===5}g=== – z/L/ cfdfl;t 6fFl;Psf] 5 < 5===5}g=== – lzz'sf] k'/} z/L/n] c9]; kfPsf] 5 < 5====5}g====

olb lzz'nfO{ ! 306f cufl8 :tgkfg gu/fPsf] eP :tgkfg ug{ nufpg'xf];\ . $ ldg]6;Dd lzz'n] :tgkfg u/]sf] x]g'{xf];\ . s] lzz' :tg ;Dks{ jgfpg ;kmn 5 < o;sf] nflu x]g'{xf];\ – lrpF8f]n] :tg 5f]Psf] 5 < 5=====5}g=== – d'v k"/f v'n]sf] 5 < 5=====5}g=== – tNnf] cf]7 jflx/ kms]{sf] 5 < 5=====5}g=== – :tgsf] sfnf] efu lzz'sf] d'vsf] tneGbf dflylt/ w]/} b]lvG5 b]lvG5==== b]lv+b}g=== ;Dks{ k6Ss} gePsf] ;Dks{ /fd|f] gePsf] ;Dks{ /fd|f] ePsf] s] lzz'n] k|efjsf/L ?kn] b"w r':b} 5< -lj:tf/} ulx/f]l;t, slxn] sfxL+

cl8O{, b"w r';]sf]_ olb gfs jGb e} vfgdf jfwf x'G5 eg], gfs ;kmf ul/lbg'xf];\ . k6Ss} r';]sf] 5}g k|efjsf/L ?kn] r';]sf] 5}g k|efjsf/L ?kn] r';]sf] 5

lzz'sf]] vf]ksf] l:ylt hfFRg'xf];\ cfh kfpg' kg]{ vf]kdf uf]nf] nufpg'xf];\ lj=l;=lh ======== l8=lk=l6÷ x]k÷ lxj ! ====== cf]=lk=le ! =====

csf]{ vf]ksf] nflu

cfpg' kg]{

ldlt cGo ;d:ofx? eP d"Nof+sg ug'{{xf];\

~ 48 ~

pkrf/ cg'udg e]6sf] nflu cfpg] ldltM =================================================

cfh kfpg] kg]{ vf]k af/] ;Nnfxlbg'xf];\M ========================================

~ 49 ~

kl/lzi6 – @

:tgkfgsf] nflu b"w s;/L cfp“5 (How Breast Feeding Works)

kl/roM

jRrfnfO{ :tgkfg u/fpgsf] nflu b"w s;/L cfpF5 eGg] s'/f /fd|/L hfGg h?/L 5 . To;sf/0f b"w /fd|f] ;+u cfcf]; eGgsf] nflu cfdfnfO{ ;f] s'/f atfP/ ;xof]u ug{ h?/L x'G5 .

:tgkfg u/fpFbf b]lvg] x/]s ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ljz]if k/fdz{ ;]jfåf/f dfq ;Dej x'b}g, To;sf/0f b"w s;/L cfpF5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L ePdf x/]s ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 / s'g pkfo 7Ls x'G5 ;f] jf/]df cfdfnfO{ ;xL ;Nnfx lbg ;lsG5 .

lrq g+= !

lrqdf b]lvPsf] ltgj6f Alveoli h:t} x/]s :tgdf nfvf}df o:tf Alveoli x'G5g\ / o:df Milk Secreting Cells x'G5g\ . k|f]NoflS6g eGg] xdf{]g (Hormone) n] Milk Secreting Cells åf/f b"w jgfpg] sfd ub{5 . Alveoli sf] jl/kl/ Muscle cells n] 3]/]s]f x'G5 h:n] b"wnfO{ jflx/ lgsfNg d2t ub{5 . Oxytocin eGg] xdf]{g (Hormone) n] Muscle cells df sfd u/]kl5 dfq muscle cell v'lDrP/ b"w aflx/ lgsfNg] sfd ub{5 .

lrqdf b]vfP h:t} ;fgf] ;fgf] gnLåf/f b"w Alveoli jf6 jflx/ Nofpg d2t ub{5 . :tgsf] sfnf] 6f6f] leq ;f]xL gnL 7'nf] eP/ Lactiferous sinuses agfpFb5, hxfF aRrfn] vfgsf] nflu t}of/L b"w hDdf eP/ jl;/x]sf] x'G5 . ;f] gnLx? b"wsf] d'G6f]df k'Ubf :ofgf] eP/ k'Ub5g\ .

~ 50 ~

Alveoli / c? gnLx? :tgsf] d'Vo efux? x'g / o;sf] jl/kl/ af];f] (Fat), ;xof]uL tTjx? (Supporting Tissues) dfq x'G5g . To;sf/0f :tg :ofgf] jf 7"nf] h:tf] ;'s} ePklg cfjZos Alveoli / gnLx? ;j}sf] :tgdf x'G5g\ . 7"nf] :tgdf w]/}dfqfdf jf];f] / ;xof]uL tTjx? x'G5g t/ :ofgf] :tg j/fj/g} b"w jgfpg] Ifdtf x'G5 / b'j}n] plQs} dfqfdf b"w agfO/x]sf x'G5g\ . lrq g+= @

lrq g+ @ df b]vfP h:t}, hj aRrfn] b"w r':g yfNb5, b"wsf] d'G6f]jf6 Sensory impulses cfdfsf] lbdfusf] Pituitary gland df k'Ub5 / Prolactin sf] pTkfbg x'G5 . Prolactin /utdf hfG5 / Alveoli sf] Milk secreting cells åf/f b"w pTkfbg ub{5 . b"w v'jfPsf] cfwf 306fkl5 dfq w]/} h;f] prolactin /utdf k'Ub5 To;sf/0f o;n] csf]{ k6s b"w v'jfpgsf] nflu dfq b"w pTkfbg u/fpg] sfd ub{5 . o;k6ssf] :tgkfgsf] nflu klxnf hDdf eO/x]sf] b"w dfq aRrfnfO{ sfd nfUb5 . To;sf/0f o;jf6 of] yfxf x'G5 ls, olb aRrfn] w]/} r'l;/fVof] eg] b"w klg w]/} aGg] /x]5 .

w]/} h;f] cfdfx?n], jRrfnfO{ rflxg] eGbf Hofbf b"w pTkfbg ul//x]sf x'G5g . olb h'DNofxf jRrf 5g\ / b'j}n] r':g] u/]sf 5g\ eg] b'j}nfO{ rflxg] kof{Kt dfqfdf b"w pTkfbg x'G5 . olb aRrfn] b"w sd r':5 eg] pTkfbg klg sd x'G5 / olb b"w lkpg aGb u¥of] eg] b"w pTkfbg x'g] k|lqmof klg aGb x'g hfG5 .

~ 51 ~

k|f]NoflS6gsf] jf/]df hfGg'kg]{ s'/fx?M k|f]NoflS6g /ftL Hofbfdfqfdf pTkfbg x'G5 . To;sf/0f b"w pTkfbgnfO{ ultlzn agfpg /ftL

:tgkfg u/fpg' /fd|f] x'G5 . k|f]NoflS6gn] cfdfnfO{ – cf/fd ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 To;}n] /ftL :tgkfg u/fPklg Tolt

yfs]sf] x'Fb}g . k|f]NoflS6gn] ue{df aRrf cfpg 9Lnf] u/fpFb5 .

To;}n] /ftL klg :tgkfg u/fpg /fd|f] x'G5 .

lrq g+= #

of] lrqn] clS;6f]l;g xdf]{gsf] (Oxytocin Hormone) jf/]df atfpFb5 . ha jRrfn] b"w r':g yfNb5, b"wsf] d'G6f]jf6 Sensory impulse cfdfsf] lbdfusf] Pituitary gland df k'Ub5 / To:n] Oxytocin eGg] xd{gsf] pTkfbg ub{5 . Oxytocin :tgsf] /utdf k'Ub5 / Alveoli sf] jl/kl/ /x]sf] Muscle cells nfO{ v'Drofpg] sfd ub{5 . o:n] ubf{ Alveoli df hDdf ePsf] b"w gnLåf/f Lactiferous Sinus df k'Ub5 / aRrfnfO{ r':g tof/ x'G5 . slxn]sflx+ b"wsf] d'06f] jflx/ b"w gr'l;sg} cfkm} cfPsf] b]lvG5, o:nfO{ Oxytocin Reflex jf Milk ejection reflex -b"w jflx¥ofpg]_ elgG5 . Oxytocin rflx+ Prolactin eGbf w]/} rf8}g} pTkfbg x'G5 . o:n] t'?Gt b"w v'jfpgnfO{ sfd ub{5, To;}n] jRrfnfO{ r';fpg' c3fl8g} cfdfn] aRrfnfO{ b"w r';fpg ;f]Rg] ljlQs} Oxytocin n] sfd ug{ yfln;s]sf] x'G5 . olb Oxytocin Reflex n] 7Ls ;+u sfd u/]g eg] aRrfn] :tgkfg ug{ sl7g x'g;Sg]5 . o:tf] nfU5ls :tgdf b"w jGg 5f]l8;s]sf] 5, hjls b"w pTkfbg eO/x]sf] x'G5 t/ Alveoli jf6 gnLåf/f Lactiferous sinus df b"w cfO/x]sf] x'Fb}g .

~ 52 ~

Oxytocin sf] csf]{ /fd|f] s'/f, o:n] kf7]3/nfO{ v'Drofpg] sfd ub{5 . of] v'Drofpg] k|lqmof x'Fbf /ut aUg] sd ug{ d2t ub{5 t/ o:n] :ofgf] k]6 b'vfpF5 jf s]xL lbg;Dd z'?df :tgkfg u/fpFbf s]xL Hofbf /ut hfg klg ;S5 . To;}n] Oxytocin reflex is sometimes called the "Let-down reflex" eg]/ elgG5 . dtna clS;6f]l;g reflex nfO{ b"w jflx¥ofpg] reflex klg elgG5 . lrq g+= $

cfdfsf] ;f]rfOn], cg'ejn] tyf z/L/sf] cj:yfn] Oxytocin Reflex nfO{ ;lhn} c;/ kfg{ ;Sb5 eGg] s'/f of] lrqjf6 yfxf kfOG5 . aRrfnfO{ sfvdf lnP/ Psbd} v'zLsf] cg'ej u/]df cfTdLotf b]vfPdf / d]/f] aRrfsf] nflu d]/f] b"w g} cd[t ;dfg 5 eGg] ;f]Rg] u/]df Oxytocin Reflex n] sfd ub{5 / b"w /fd|f];+u gnLåf/f Lacticferous sinus df cfOk'Ub5 . cfdfn] aRrfnfO{ 5'bf, x]bf{ jf p:n] /f]Psf] dfq ;'Gbf klg Oxytocin Reflex n] sfd ub{5 . t/ olb cfdfnfO{ sxL+ b'lv/x]sf] eP, g/fd|f] cg'ej eO/x]sf] eP jf lrGtf jf cfˆgf] b"w sd cfpF5 eGg] z+sf eP Oxytocin Reflex n] sfd gug{ ;S5 / b"w gnLåf/f Lactiferous sinus df gcfpg ;S5 . efUojz o:tf] ;d:of c:yfoL dfq x'G5 . To:sf/0fM

aRrf ;w}e/L cfdfsf] glhs x'g'kb{5 h:n] ubf{ cfdfn] 5'g, x]g{ tyf aRrfnfO{ dfof ug{ ;lS5g . olb aRrfnfO{ cnUu} /flvof] eg] Oxytocin Reflex n] sfd gug{ ;S5 .

:jf:Yo sfo{stfsf] x}l;otn] cfdfsf] ;f]rfO{ / cg'ejnfO{ a'em]/ /fd|f] ;+u s'/f ug{' kb{5 . To;}n] pgL v'zL x'g] tyf cfTdljZjf; a9\g] s'/f u/]df b"w j9L cfpgdf

~ 53 ~

;xof]u k'Ug]5 t/ pgnfO{ lrGtf u/fpg] tyf b"w sd x'g] z+sf a9fpg] s'/fx? ug{' x'Fb}g .

w]/} h;f] cfdfx?nfO{ Oxytocin Reflex sf] gtLhf jf/] cg'ej x'G5 . h:tf] ;lqmo (Active) Oxytocin Reflex x'Fbf lgDg nIf0fx?sf] cg'ej cfdfn] ub{l5gM

b"w v'jfpg' cufl8 jf b"w v'jfO/x]sf] a]nf :tgleq v'lDrPsf] jf s'Ns'tfPsf] cg'ej x'g' . jRrfsf] jf/]df ;f]Rg] ljlQs} jf /f]o]sf] ;'Gg] ljlQs} :tgaf6 b"w cfpg yfNg' . Psfkl§sf] :tgaf6 b"w vfO/x]sf] j]nf csf]{ :tgaf6 b"w v:g yfNg' . b"w vfO/x]sf] j]nf olb aRrfn] PSsfl; d'v lgsfn]df b"wsf] dl;gf] wf/f cfO/xg' . jRrf hGd]sf] klxnf] xKtf leq b"w r':bf kf7]3/ v'lDrP/ k]6 b'Vg' tyf slxn] sfxL kf7]3/af6

w]/} /ut jUg' . s]lxj]/ cl8O, ulx/f] t/Lsfn] b"w r';]/ lgnL/x]sf] eP, aRrfsf] d'v leq b"w /fd|f] ;+u uO/x]sf]

5 eGg] hgfpF5 .

cfdfn] dflysf Ps b'Oj6f nIf0fx?sf] cg'ej u/]df Oxytocin Reflex ;lqmo eP/ b"w cfpg yfn]sf] hgfpFb5 . t/ slxn]sfxL+ Oxytocin Reflex ;lqmo ePklg cfdfn] dflysf nIf0fx?sf] cg'ej gug{ klg ;lS5g\ .

b"w pTkfbg lg/f]ws :tg leq g} b"wsf] pTkfbg /f]Sg] k|lqmof klg x'G5 .

slxn] sfxL Pp6f :tgaf6 b"w cfpg aGb x'G5 / csf]{ :tgaf6 b"w cfO/x]sf] x'G5 hjls Oxytocin/Prolaction b'j} :tgdf j/fj/ g} uO/x]sf] x'G5 . b"wdf Pp6f o:tf] tTj x'G5 h:n] b"wsf] pTkfbgnfO{ sd cyjf aGb ub{5 . To;nfO{ pTkfbg lg/f]ws (inhibitor) elgG5 . olb Lactiferous sinus df w]/} b"w hDdf ePsf] 5 / aRrfnfO{ v'jfOPsf] 5}g eg], ToxL+jf6 b"w pTkfbgdf /f]s nufpFb5 . o; k|lqmofn] :tgdf b"w hd]/ x'g], g/fd|f] c;/af6 arfpFb5 / olb aRrf d¥of] eg] jf s'g} sf/0fjz b"w v'jfpg 5f]8\g' k¥of] eg], of] cfjZos klg x'G5 . olb xftn] lgrf]8]/ jf jRrfn] r';]/ b"w lgsflnof] eg] pTkfbg lg/f]ws (inhibitor) cfkm} x6\g]5 / :tgdf cfkm} b"w pTkfbg z'? x'G5 . o;af6 lgDg s'/fx? a'lemG5M – olb jRrfn] Psfkl§sf] b"w r':g 5f]8\of] eg] Totfkl§ b"w cfpg jGb x'G5 . – olb aRrfn] Pp6f :tgdf w]/} r':5 eg] To;df w]/} b"wsf] pTkfbg x'G5 / Tof] :tg csf]{

eGbf 7"nf] klg x'G5 .

o;jf6 of] s'/f klg :ki6 x'G5M – :tgdf b"w pTkfbg hf/L /fVgsf] nflu, eO/x]sf] b"w x6fpg} k5{ . – olb jRrfn] Pp6fjf6 jf b'j} :tgaf6 b"w r':g g;s]df, b"w pTkfbg hf/L /fVgsf] nflu

hDdf ePsf] b"w rflx lgrf]8]/ srf}/fdf lgsfNg' k5{ h;nfO{ ^ 306f leq lr;f]df /fv]/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n]ubf{ b"w pTkfbg hf/L eO/xG5 .

~ 54 ~

lrq g+= % lzz'sf] l/ˆn]S;x? (Reflexes) sf] dxTj lzz'n] b"w r':g] k|lqmofdf d'Vo ltg lsl;dsf Reflex x?sf] k|of]u x'G5 b"wsf] d'06f] vf]Hg] (Rooting Reflex) r':g] (Suckling Reflex) lgNg] (Swallowing Reflex)

s'g} lrhn] aRrfsf] cf]7 jf ufnfdf 5f]Pdf, aRrfn] d'v vf]N5 / Totflt/ d'v kmsf{pF5 . hLe|f]]nfO{ b"wsf] d'06fsf] tNnf]kl§ tn /fv]/ cufl8 7]N5 . o;nfO{ Rooting reflex elgG5 . o;sf] dtnj xf] b"wsf] d'06f]n] cf]7nfO{ 5f]Pkl5 :tgnfO{ vf]lh/x]sf] b"wsf] d'06f] ha lhe|f]] dflysf] tfn'df 5'G5, ta p;n] r':g (sucking reflex) yfNb5 / hj p;sf] d'v b"wn] el/G5 clg lgN5 (swallowing reflex) . lrq g+ ^

If breast remains full of milk, secretion remains

INHABITOR IN BREAST MILK

~ 55 ~

b"wsf] d'06f]n] tfn'df 5'g] ljlQs} aRrfn] b"w r':g yfNb5 / b"wn] d'v el/g] ljlQs} aRrfn] lgNb5–of] s'/f aRrfn] gl;lssg g} ug{yfN5 eGg] s'/f t yfxf eof] . t/ s]xL c? s'/f 5g h'g rfxL lzz'n] / cfdfn] l;Sg h?/L 5 . cfdfn] aRrfnfO{ s;/L sfvdf /fv]/ cf;g ldnfP/ b"w v'jfpg] / aRrfn] s;/L d'vleq :tgsf] d'06f] / sfnf]efu kf/]/ k|efjsf/L ?kn] b"w r':g] xf] Tof] hfGg' kb{5 . w]/} h;f] cfdf / aRrfn] pNn]lvt s'/fx? ;lhn};+u ug{ ;Sb5g\ t/ s]lxn] sfxL+ ;Sb}gg\ . ;f/f+z cfdfsf] ;f]rfO, efjgf tyf kf/Ljf/Ls jftfj/0fn] b"w /fd|f];+u cfpg] gcfpg], s]xLdfqfdf c;/

kfb{5 . To;sf/0f aRrf / cfdf lbg–/ft ;+u} x'g'k5{ / cfdfn] aRrfnfO{ v'lz;u} b"w v'jfpg ;Sg] jftfj/0f agfpg' kb{5 .

w]/} h;f] sl7gfOx? :tg ;Dks{ /fd|f] geP/ g} x'G5 . o:tf] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg -lzz'sf] ;xL cf;g tyf ;xL :tg ;Dks{ u/fPdf_ j]n}df ug{ ;lsG5 . cfdfnfO{ z'?sf] s]xL lbg ;Dd ;xof]u u/]df k|efjsf/L r';fO u/fpg ;lsG5 .

lzz'n] cfdfsf] b"w slQsf] r':5 tyf :tgaf6 slt w]/} b"w lgsfNg ;S5 To;}sf] cfwf/df cfdfsf] b"w pTkfbg x'g] s'/fdf e/ kb{5 . w]/} r';]df w]/} b"w aGb5 . w]/} h;f] cfdfx?n] cfˆgf] lzz'nfO{ rflxg] eGbf Hofbf b"w pTkfbg ul//x]sf x'G5g / h'DNofxf aRrfnfO{ klg k|z:t k'Ug] x'G5 .

lgDg s'/fx? ePdf :tgkfg ;kmn dflgG5 cfdf v'zL l5g\ / s]xL lrGtf 5}g eg], aRrfsf] :tg ;Dks{ /fd|f] eP/ k|efjsf/L ?kdf r'l;/x]sf] eP, aRrfn] h'g;'s} j]nf / cfkm"n] rfx]hlt ;do b"w r':g] u/]sf] eP :tgkfg dfq u/fpg] kf/Ljf/Ls jftfj/0f eP

~ 56 ~

Pp6f aRrfn] ckof{Kt b"w kfO/x]sf] lrGxx?

lglZrt lrGxx? (Reliable)

tf}n 7Ls;Fu ga9\g' -dlxgfdf %)) u|f= eGbf sd_ -@ xKtfdf hGd tf}n eGbf sd x'g'_

yf]/} dfqfdf uf9f /+usf] -lbgdf ^ k6s eGbf sd, w]/} b'u{lGwt / kx]+nf]_ lk;fa ug{'

;+efljt lrGxx? (Possible)

:tgkfg u/]kl5 aRrf ;+t'i6 gx'g' jf/Djf/ /f]O/xg'

w]/} k6s b"w r':g' nfdf] ;do ;Dd b"w r'l;/xg' :tgkfg ug{ dg gk/fpg'

;f¥xf] ;'Vvf cyjf xl/of] lbzf ug{' cfdfn] b"w lgrf]/]/ lgsfNg vf]Hbf b"w gcfpg' uef{cj:yfdf :tgsf] cfsf/ ga9\g' .

aRrf hlGd;s]kl5 cfdfsf] b"w gcfpg' .

kl/lzi6 – #

ckof{Kt b"w (Not Enough Milk)

kl/roM ;a} h;f] cfdfx?n] Pp6f cyjf b'O6f aRrfsf] nflu k'Ug] k|z:t b"w pTkfbg ug{ ;S5g\ . w]/} cfdfx?n] ha jRrfnfO{ b"w sd ePsf] eGg] ;f]Rb5g\ To;j]nf klg aRrfn] cfjZos dfqfdf b"w kfO{/x]sf] x'G5 . slxn] sfxL+ ;flRrg} aRrfnfO{ b"w ckof{Kt x'g;Sb5 . t/ o;sf] sf/0f w]/} h;f] ls t b"w rflxg] dfqfdf gr';]sf] jf k|efjsf/L ?kn] gr';]sf] klg x'g;S5 . cfdfn] b"w sd pTkfbg ug{'sf] sf/0f rfxL+ la/n} x'G5 . o;sf/0f cfdfn] slt b"w pTkfbg ul//x]sL l5g\ eGbf klg aRRffn] slt b"w kfO/x]sf] 5 egL ;f]Rg' dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

~ 57 ~

b"w cfO/xgsf] nflu lgDg s'/fx?n] c;/ ub}{g\ cfdfsf] pd]/ of}g ;+ef]u dlxgfjf/L (Menstruation) l5d]sL tyf gft]bf/x?n] dg gk/fP/ -cfFvf nfu]/_ cfˆgf] clkm;df kmls+bf -olb aRrfn] nuftf/ b"w vfg] u/]sf] eP_ aRrfsf] pd]/ k]6 lr/]/ aRrf lgsfn]sf] eP w]/} aRrfx? eP ;fwf/0f vfgf

aRrfn] kof{Kt b"w kfO/x]sf] 5 ls 5}g s;/L kQf nufpg] M aRrfsf] tf}n a9] ga9]sf] tf}n]/ x]g{'xf]; – of] Hofb} g} e/kbf]{ lrGx xf] .

Klxn] ^ dlxgfdf aRrfsf] tf}n x/]s dlxgf %)) u|fd cyjf k|To]s xKtf !@% u|fdsf] b/n] a9\b} hfg'k5{ . x/]s dlxgfdf Ps lsnf]u|fd a9\g h?/L 5}g / ;j}df x'b}g klg_ . olb aRrfsf] tf}n Ps dlxgfdf %)) u|fd eGbf sd a9\5 eg] p;sf] tf}n kof{Kt dfqfdf al9/x]sf] 5}g eGg] a'em\g'kb{5 . aRrfsf] tf}n–tflnsf cyjf klxnfsf] tf}n yfxf eP x]g{'xf];\ . olb klxnfsf] tf}n yfxf ePg eg] aRrfsf] tf}n lng'xf];\ / Ps xKtfkl5 tf}n lngsf] lgldQ km]l/ cfpg eGg'xf];\ . olb aRrfsf] tf}n kof{Kt jl9/x]sf] 5 eg] p;n] b"w kof{Kt dfqfdf kfO/x]sf] 5 . tf}n lng g;lsg] 7fpF 5 eg] b"w kof{Kt 5 ls 5}g t'?Gt yfxf kfpg uf¥xf] x'G5 .

aRrfn] u/]]sf] lk;fjsf] dfqf x]g{'xf];\ . of] l56f] / pkof]uL hf Fr xf] .

cfdfsf] b"w dfq} v'jfPsf] aRrf h;n] kof{Kt b"w kfPsf] x'G5 p;n] @$ 306fdf ^ b]lv * k6s u/]/ kftnf] lk;fj u/]sf] x'G5 . t/ csf]{ aRrf h;n] kof{Kt b"w kfpFb}g p;n] ^ k6s eGbf sd lk;fa u5{ -w]/} h;f] $ k6s eGbf sd_ . p;sf] lk;fa w]/} s8f, uf9f b]lvg] ;'Gtn] /+u / w]/} uGxfpg] x'G5 . laz]if u/L $ xKtf eGbf Hofbf pd]/sf] jRrfdf o:tf] x'G5 . aRrfn] slt k6s lk;fa ul//xsf] 5 eg]/ cfdfnfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ / p;sf] lk;fa w]/}

uGxfpg] / uf9f /+usf] klg 5 ls . olb aRrfn] lk;fa k|z:t ul//x]s]f 5 eg], b"w kof{Kt dfqfdf kfO/x]sf] x'G5 . olb p;n] uf9f /+usf] lk;fa lbgsf] ^ k6s eGbfsd u/]sf] 5 eg] p;n] kof{Kt

dfqfdf b"w kfO/x]sf] x'Fb}g .

o;jf6 cfdfsf] b"w dfq vfg] aRrfn] kof{Kt b"w kfO/x]sf] 5 ls eg]/ yfxf kfpg w]/} ;lhnf] x'G5 . t/ olb p;n] b"w jfx]s c? emf]ns'/f kfO/x]sf] 5 eg] s]xL eGg ;lsGg .

~ 58 ~

aRrfn] kof{Kt b"w vfg gkfpg] sf/0fx?

:tgkfg u/fpFbf

cfdfM dgf]a}1flgs sf/0fx?

cfdfM zf/L/Ls cj:yf

aRrfsf] cj:yf

:tgkfg u/fpg 9Lnf] z'? u/]df

slxn]sfxL+ dfq} v'jfpg] u/]df

/ftL gv'jfPdf yf]/}j]/ dfq :tgkfg

u/fPdf k|efjsf/L ?kn]

gr';]df jf]tn jf d'vdf r':g]

kbfy{ k|of]u u/fPdf k"/s vfgf lbPdf

:tgkfg u/fpg] cfTd ljZjf; gePdf

lrGtf, s'g} lrhsf] b'v

:tgkfg u/fpg dg gk/]df

aRrfnfO{ grfx]df ylst ePdf

kl/jf/ lgof]hg rSsL, lk;fj u/fpg] cf}iflwsf] k|of]u

ue{ ePdf s8f s'kf]if0f ePdf /S;L, hfF8 vfg] u/]df lj8L, r'/f]6 lkpg]

u/]df aRrf hlGdbf ;fnsf]

6'qmf c8\lsg uPdf -sd dfqfdf_

:tgsf] /fd|f] ljsf; gePdf -w]/} sd dfqfdf_

lj/fdL ePdf hGd] b]lvg} s'g} c+udf

bf]if ePdf

k|rlnt sf/0f ck|rlnt sf/0f klxnf] b'Oj6f dxndf lbOPsf sf/0fx? w]/} h;f]df kfOG5 . dgf]j}1flgs sf/0f g} ;kmn :tgkfgsf] d'Vo jfws ePsf] kfOG5 . h:tf], cfdfdf :tgkfg k|lt cfTdljZjf; ePg eg] af]tnsf] b"w v'jfpg z'? ub{l5g . To;sf/0f klxnf o:tf sf/0fx? x]g{'kg]{ x'G5 . bf]>f] b'Oj6f dxndf lbPsf sf/0fx? sd} dfqfdf b]lvG5 . To;}n] cfdfn] w]/} b"w pTkfbg ug{sf] lglDt zf/L/Ls cj:yf jfws jGg ;Sb}g . To;sf/0f klxn]sf b'Oj6f dxndf k|rlnt sf/0fx? geP dfq bf]>f] dxnsf b'Oj6f ck|rlnt sf/0fk|lt ;f]Rg ;lsG5 .

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kof{Kt b"w gkfO/x]sf] aRrfsf] cfdfnfO{ s;/L ;xof]u ug]{

sf/0fx? x]g{'xf];\

lng'kg]{ r/0fx? To;af6 tkfO{n] s] l;Sg ;Sg'x'G5 (Steps to take) (What you may learn about)

;'Gg] / l;Sg] dgf]j}1flgs sf/0fx?, cfdfn] s:tf] cg'ej ul//x]sL l5g\

klxn] b]lvsf] s'/f a'em\g] :tgkfg ;DjGwL sf/0fx?, kl/jf/ lgof]hg rSsL, lk;fa u/fpg] cf}iflw

:tgkfgsf] d"Nofs+g ug]{ lzz'sf] b"w vfFbfsf] cf;g, cTdLotf ufFl;Psf] jf grfx]sf]

lzz'nfO{ hf“Rg] lj/fdL ePsf] jf hGd]b]lv s'g} bf]if /x]sf], ljsf; cfdfsf] :tg / cfdfsf] :jf:Yo tyf kf}li6s :t/ cfdfnfO{ k"/f hfRg] :tgsf] s'g} ;d:of

cfTdljZjf; a9fpg] / :tgkfgdf cfdfnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{

aRrfO{ w]/} b"w v'jfpgsf] nflu cfdfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{'xf];\ h;n] ubf{ w]/} b"w pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg] ljZjf; cfdfdf a9\g]5 .

aRrfnfO{ w]/} b"w v'jfpg tyf cfdfn] kof{Kt b"w pTkfbg ug{ ;Sbl5g eGg] ljZjf; lbnfpgsf lglDt o;/L cfdfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{'xf];\ .

l:jsfg{'xf];\ b"w s;/L cfpF5 eGg] 1fg ;+aGwL pgsf] ljrf/ :tgkfg tyf pgsf] aRrf ;+aGwLsf cg'ejx?

k|z+;f ug{'xf];\ pgL clxn] klg :tgkfg u/fO/x]sLl5g\ -h'g 7Ls 5_ pgsf] :tgn] b"w pTkfbg /fd|f] ;Fu ul//x]sf 5g\

Jojxfl/s ;xof]u aRrfsf] :tg ;+ks{ /fd|f] u/fpg'xf];\ lbg'xf];\

cfjZos hfgsf/L aRrfn] b"w r':g yfn]kl5 b"w cfpg] lgoGq0f lbg'xf];\ s;/L x'G5 eGg] s'/f atfpg'xf];\

;lhnf] efiffsf] olb aRrfn] w]/} b"w vfP dfq :tgdf w]/} b"wsf] k|of]u ug{'xf];\ pTkfbg x'G5

;'emfj lbg'xf];\ w]/} k6s, nfdf] ;do;Dd / /ftL klg b"w -hg' 7Ls 5_ v'jfpg'xf];\

af]tn jf d'vdf r';fpg] s'/f k|of]u gug{'xf]; -h?/t k/]df sksf] k|of]u ug]{_ c? vfg] vfgf jf emf]ns'/f, sd jf aGb ug{'xf];\ tgfj, lrGtf 36fpg] ljrf/x? kl/jf/l;t s'/f ug]{

~ 60 ~

;fwf/0ftof sd x'g] sf/0fx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug{'xf];\

aRrfsf] cj:yfM olb lj/fdL jf hGd}b]lv bf]ifL eP pkrf/ ug{'xf];\ jf k|]if0f ug'{xf];\

olb kl/jf/ lgof]hg rSsL jf lk;fa u/fpg] rSsL lnO/x]sf] eP To;nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;xof]u ug{'xf];\ c? ljleGg cj:yfdf klg ;'xfpFbf] ;xof]u ug{'xf];\

cg'udgM aRrfsf] tf}n ga9'Gh]n / cfdf cfTdljZjf;L gjg'Gh]n;Dd klxnf k|To]s lbg, To;kl5 xKtfdf Ps k6s x]g{'xf];\ . aRrfsf] tf}n a9\gsf] nflu # b]lv & lbg nfUg;Sb5 .

kof{Kt b"w gePsf] egL ;f]Rg] cfdfnfO{ s;/L ;xof]u ug]{

pgsf] cj:Yff a'em\g'xf];\

;'Gg'xf];\ / l;Sg'xf];\ pgnfO{ lsg cfTdljZjf; 5}g Tof] a'em]/ a'emfpg'xf]; .

klxn] b]lvsf] s'/f a'em\g'xf];\ c? dflg;x?af6 lbOPsf] bjfjsf] jf/]df hGg'xf];\ . :tgkfgsf] d"Nof+sg ug'{xf];\ aRrfsf] :tg ;+ks{sf] hfgsf/L lng'xf];\ . cfdfnfO{ hf“Rg'xf];\ :tgsf] cfsf/n] cfTdljZjf; sd u/fpg ;Sb5 .

cfTdljZjf; a9fpg'xf];\ / :tgkfgdf cfdfnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{xf];\

l:jsfg{'xf];\ pgsf] cfˆgf] b"w af/]sf] cg'ej tyf ljrf/

k|z+;f ug{'xf];\ aRrf al9/x]s]f 5 / pgsf] b"wn] cfjZostf -h'g 7Ls 5_ k"/f ul//x]sf] 5 . pgsf] b"w v'jfpg] t/Lsf jf/] c;n s'/fx?

aRrfsf] zf/L/Ls / dl:tis ljsfz jf/] c;n s'/fx?

Jojxfl/s ;xof]u lbg'xf];\ h?/L k/]df :tg ;+ks{df ;'wf/ ug{'xf];\ . cfjZos hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ unt ljrf/ tyf k'/fgf] Jojxf/nfO{ g/fd|f] eP

;Rofpg'xf];\ aRrfsf] ;fwf/0f Joxf/ jf/] atfpg'xf];\ :tgkfg s;/L sfd u5{ eGg] s'/f atfpg'xf];\

;lhnf] efiffsf] k|of]u ug{'xf];\ . æs'g} aRrfx? w]/}j]/ ;Dd b"w r':g vf]H5g\Æ ;'emfj lbg'xf];\ ysfgsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] ljrf/x?jf/]

~ 61 ~

olb lzz'n] k|z:t lk;fj u5{ eg] To;sf] cy{ lzz'n] k|z:t dfqfdf cfdfsf] b"w vfPsf] 5 eGg] a'em\g'k5{ .

~ 62 ~

kl/lzi6 – $

:tkfgsf] lg/Gt/tf (Sustaining Breastfeeding)

kl/roM hLjgsf k|yd b'O{ aif{el/ :tgkfgdf :jf:Yosf] x]/rfx ug]{ cEof;x?sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ k|efj x'G5 . :tgkfgnfO{ 6]jf lbg ;a} :jf:Yo ;+:yfx?sf] nflu dxTk"0f{ x'G5 . of] pQ/bfloTj k|;"lt jf8{x?sf] dfq} x}g . cfˆgf lzz'x?nfO{ :tgkfg u/fpg rfxg] cfdfx?nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg tyf k|f]T;flxt ug{ :jf:Yo sfo{stf{x?n] w]/} s'/fx? ug{ ;S5g\ . e}/x]sf /fd|f cEof;x?sf] ;'/Iff ug{df d2t\ k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ . olb pgLx?n] :tgkfgnfO{ ;lqmotfk"j{s 6]jf lbg' ePg eg], o;nfO{ pgLx?n] e"nn] jfwf k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ . :tgkfgnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ tyf lg/Gt/tf lbgsf] nflu cfdfl;t ePsf] k|To]s e]6 :jf:Yo sfo{stf{sf] lglDt Pp6f ;'cj;/ x'g ;S5 . k|To]s k6s tkfO{n] cfdfnfO{ e]6\bf, pgsf] cfTd ljZjf; a9fpg] k|of; ug{'xf];\ . pgn] / pgsf] aRrfn] h] /fd|f] ul//x]sf 5g\, To;sf] k|z+;f ug{'xf];\ . ;/f]sf/ ePsf ;"rgfx? lbg'xf];\, / pko'Qm x'g] s'/fsf] ;'emfj lbg'xf];\ .

k|z+;f ug{'xf];\

hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ ;'emfjx? lbg'xf];\

tkfO{n] lzz'sf] tf}n ln+bf, :tgkfg jf/] cfdfl;t 5nkmn ug{' ljz]iful/ dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . lzz'n] kof{Kt b"w kfPsf] 5 ls 5}g egL hfGgsf] nflu zf/L/Ls a[l4 cg'udg ug{' Pp6f pkof]uL pkfo xf] . cfdf / lzz'nfO{ d2t rflxPsf] 5 eGg] hgfpg] Pp6f lrGx dfq ckof{Kt zf/L/Ls ljsf; xf] . olb cfdfl;t tf}n tflnsf 5}g, cyjf tkfO{n] lzz'sf] tf}n lng ;Sg'x'Fb}g eg], klg tkfO{n] :tgkfg jf/] s'/fsfgL ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . lzz'sf] cfs[lt / Jojxf/af6 :tgkfg /fd|/L e}/x]sf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] jf/] tkfO{l;t Pp6f /fd|f] cjwf/0ff x'g'k5{ . lzz'n] u/]sf] lk;fj jf/] tkfO{n] ;f]Wg ;Sg' x'G5 .

~ 63 ~

:jf:Yo ;]jfx?n] s;/L :tgkfgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;S5 .

:tgkfg u/fO/x]sf ;a} cfdfx?sf] k|z+;f ug{'xf];\ . pgLx?nfO{ :tgkfg hf/L /fVg / c? cfdfx?nfO{ d2t ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug{'xf];\ . bf]>f] aif{;Dd :tgkfg u/fpg] cfdfx?sf] k|z+;f ug{ ofb /fVg'xf];\ .

Psbd} :j:y t/Lsfaf6 :tgkfg u/fpg cfdfx?sf] d2t ug{'xf];\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, % dlxgf;Dd cfdfsf] dfq} b"w v'jfpg] . ;d:ofx? pTkGg u/fpg] cEof;x?df ;'wf/ Nofpg pgLx?nfO{ d2t\ ug{'xf];\ .

pgLx?n] ck|fs[lts vfgfx? v'jfpg] lg0f{o ug{'eGbf klxn] d2t\sf] nflu cfpgsf] lglDt cfdfx?nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{'xf];\ .

pbfx/0fsf] lglDt, olb pgLx? b"w cfk"lt{ jf/] lrlGtt 5g\ eg] cyjf, pgLx?nfO{ :tgkfg u/fpgdf sl7gfO jf lh1f;f 5 eg] .

olb cfjZos 5 eg], cfdfx?nfO{ :tgkfg ;xof]u ;d"x (Breast feeding Support Group) ;dIf k7fpg'xf];\ .

:tgkfg u/fO/x]sf dlxnfx?nfO{ pko'Qm kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] ;Nnfx lbg'xf];\ . aRrf @ jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L pd]/sf] gx'Gh]n ;DdnfO{ km]l/ ue{jtL gx'gsf] nflu cfdfx?nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{'xf];\ .

lgDg sfdsf] nflu cfPsf] a]nf tkfO{n] cfdfnfO{ e]6\bf :tgkfg u/fpgdf k|f]T;flxt ug{ ofb /fVg'xf];\ M

k|;"lt ePkl5sf] hfFr -klxnf] xKtf / ^ xKtfdf_ kl/jf/ lgof]hg zf/L/Ls a[l4 cg'udg -laz]if ul/ lzz'sf] tf}ndf sdL eP_ kf]if0f ;DaGwL lzIff vf]k -( dlxgfdf k"/f ePkl5 lbg] bfb'/fsf] vf]k ;d]t_

( dlxgf k'u]kl5 e]6\g cfpFbf, k"/s vfgfx?sf] ;fy} :tgkfg klg cem} !@–!% dlxgf jf a9L ;do;Dd hf/L /fVgsf] nflu cfdfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{'xf];\ .

lgDg sl7g kl/l:yltx?df :tgkfg hf/L /fVg cfdfx?nfO{ d2t\ ug{'xf];\M pgLx? cfˆgf] sfddf kmls{g'k5{ eg], h'DNofxf jf sd tf}nsf lzz'x? eP, lzz' ckfË eP, cfdf lj/fdL eP jf ckfË eP .

lj/fdL lzz' tyf aRrfx?nfO{ :tgkfg u/fpgsf] nflu cfdfx?nfO{ d2t ug{'xf];\ . cfdfn] :tgkfgnfO{ lbgsf] !@ k6s jf ;f]eGbf w]/} k6s;Dd a9fpg ;lS5g\ . olb pgsf] lzz'n] b"w r':g ;Sb}g eg], lzz'nfO{ v'jfpg cfˆgf] b"w lgrf]/]/ lgsfNgdf pgsf] d2t\ ug{'xf];\ .

tkfO{n] h] ug]{ k|of; ub}{ x'g'x'G5 ;f] jf/] cfˆgf ;fyLx?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ . cGo If]qdf sfo{/t :jf:Yo sfo{stf{x?n] :tgkfg jf/] a'´\g' ePsf]5 eGg] jf/] tkfO{n] kSsf ug{'xf];\ .

~ 64 ~

This publication of revised CB-IMCI manual has been made possible by the support from USAID, Suaahara under contract with Integrated Rural Health Development Training Center/Nepal. www.irhdtc.org.np