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VISUAL 3 Module 3 Resuscitation Module 3 Resuscitation When dealing with emergency medical situations, first aiders should adopt a s ystematic approach as this helps to provide an overview of the situation and to prioritise the required actions.

Transcript of Module 3 ‐ Resuscitation12slrmdcc.weebly.com/uploads/1/8/...03...first_aid.pdf · VISUAL 3 Module...

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VISUAL 3

Module 3 ‐ ResuscitationModule 3  Resuscitation

When dealing with emergency medical situations, first aiders should adopt a 

systematic approach as this helps to provide y pp p pan overview of the situation and to prioritise 

the required actions.

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First Aid Instructor PowerPointby John Lippmann & David Natoli© J Lippmann & D Natoli 2007© J. Lippmann & D. Natoli, 2007All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in anyform or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or anyinformation storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission from theauthors.Lippmann, John.

Published by J.L. Publications,a Division of Submariner Publications P/L,ABN 39 059 509 474PO Box 387 Ashburton, Vic. 3147, Australia.Tel/Fax: +61‐3‐9886 0200;E il jl b @bi dEmail: jlpubs@bigpond.net.auwww.submarinerpublications.comAcknowledgementsThe authors wish to sincerely thank the following people for their contributions andeditorial comments: Dr. David Pescod, Assoc. Prof. John Williamson, Prof. Vic Callanan,Assoc. Prof. Julian White, Dr. Peter Sullivan, Tony Walker and Mick Jackson.

Published for the Royal Life Saving Society AustraliaSuite 6 Level 4 173‐179 Broadway (cnr Mountain St), Broadway NSW 2007Tel 02 8217 3111Fax 02 8217 3199www.royallifesaving.com.au

Royal Life Saving Society Australia wishes to acknowledge the contribution to this publication of RLSS‐New SouthWales through Operations Manager Michael Ilinsky.

Royal Life Saving wishes to acknowledge the dedicated and professional team of staff andvolunteers who will use this valuable first aid publication to train and assess communityp ylifesavers in schools, communities, corporates and across various industries almost every day.

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Systematic approachVISUAL 3.1

Systematic approach

• In all emergency cases the followingIn all emergency cases the following systematic approach should be utilised:

Primary Survey

Vital signs survey

Secondary Survey.

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VISUAL 3.2

– By adopting this approach the first aider will:By adopting this approach the first aider will:

o Reduce the possible risk to themselves and others

o Provide a more thorough examination of the victim, minimising the risk of missing  potentially g g p yserious injuries and;

o Prioritise the victim’s injuries and so enable management in order of severity

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Primary SurveyVISUAL 3.3

Primary Survey

• The Primary Survey involves:The Primary Survey involves:– Checking for and dealing with DANGERS

Checking the AIRWAY & SIGNS OF LIFE– Checking the AIRWAY & SIGNS OF LIFE

– Providing Rescue BREATHING and Chest COMPRESSIONSCOMPRESSIONS

– Providing DEFIBRILLATION (if available)

It also involves controlling any severe bleeding

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Activating emergency servicesVISUAL 3.4

Activating emergency services

• The person activating the ambulance should e pe so act at g t e a bu a ce s ou dknow the following information:– Emergency phone numbers (000 or 112 from mobiles)– Location of the emergency (crossroads/landmarks)– Telephone number from where call is madeN f h bl– Nature of the problem

– How many people need helpCondition of the victim(s)– Condition of the victim(s)

– Aid being provided– Other information requested.q

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Leaving the sceneVISUAL 3.5

Leaving the scene

• A lone rescuer may need to consider leavingA lone rescuer may need to consider leaving the victim for a short time to call an ambulance!ambulance!– Variations to this include respiratory condition and infants / childreninfants / children

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Causes of collapseVISUAL 3.6

Causes of collapse

• Drowning• Heart attack• Stroke• Electric shock• Car accident• Head injury• Drug overdose• Fits and seizures• Choking• Diabetes• Envenomation• …….others

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Respiratory failureVISUAL 3.7

Respiratory failure

• May be caused by such factors as:– Reduced amount of oxygen in the inhaled air– Foreign body in the throat– Injury to the throat ribs chest muscles or lungsInjury to the throat, ribs, chest muscles or lungs– Interference with the uptake of oxygen in the lungs and its circulation through the bodyDrug overdose– Drug overdose

– Electric shock– EnvenomationAs the level of oxygen in the blood decreases, the heart beat becomes progressively impaired and eventually stops.  This is known as cardiorespiratory arrest.

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Cardiac arrestVISUAL 3.8

Cardiac arrest

• Heart disease in our community is commonHeart disease in our community is common and one of the complications of heart disease is sudden cardiac arrest.  

• This is the result of disease in the heart muscle itself, or most commonly, in the coronary arteries supplying the heart muscle with oxygen.

• In such cases the circulation and breathing stops immediately‐cardiorespiratory arrest.

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Chain of survivalVISUAL 3.9

Chain of survival

• The chain of survival describes the sequenceThe chain of survival describes the sequence of critical intervention in the initial care of a cardiac arrest victim The links in the chaincardiac arrest victim.  The links in the chain are:

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DRABCDVISUAL 3.10

DRABCD• D DANGER – check for dangers and hazards

• R RESPONSE – assess level of consciousness

• A AIRWAY – open, clear and maintain airway and look for “signs of life”

• B BREATHING – rescue breathsB BREATHING  rescue breaths

• C COMPRESSION – chest compressions

D DEFIBRILLATION tt h AED• D DEFIBRILLATION – attach an AED

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DangerVISUAL 3.11

Danger

• To selfTo self

• To bystanders

h i i• To the victim

• Control or eliminate 

any Danger!

©Submariner Publications 2006

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ResponseVISUAL 3.12

Response

• Squeeze and shout:Squeeze and shout:– Can you hear me?

Open your eyes– Open your eyes

– What is your name?

S h d( )– Squeeze my hand(s)

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AirwayVISUAL 3.13

Airway

• Clearing the airwayClearing the airway– Open the unconscious victim’s airway and look for foreign material.

– If there is anything visible, the victim should be placed onto their side and the object should be removed by finger sweepsfinger sweeps.

– If dentures are present and loose, they should be removed.  Otherwise dentures should be left in place.

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Backward VISUAL 3.14

head tilt with hi lifchin lift

If there is no visible obstruction, the victim’s head should be tilted back and the chin lifted

Th t i th‐ The tongue is the most common cause of airway obstruction ©Submariner Publications 2006airway obstruction

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Assessing signs of lifeVISUAL 3.15

Assessing signs of life

• Signs of life include:Signs of life include:– Consciousness

Responsiveness– Responsiveness

– Any movement

N l b thi (i l b thi )– Normal breathing (i.e. regular breathing)

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Why no pulse check?VISUAL 3.16

Why no pulse check?

It is recommended that most first aidersIt is recommended that most first aiders should not try to check for a pulse in this situation as this is a skill poorly performed bysituation as this is a skill poorly performed by laypersons and doing so may delay necessary CPRCPR.

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Breathing assessment‐ part of assessing for 

VISUAL 3.17

signs of life

• LOOK – for the rise and fall of the lower chest and upper abdomenpp

• LISTEN – for breath sounds from the mouth and nose

• FEEL – for breathing coming from the mouth and g gnose

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Victim is breathing!VISUAL 3.18

Victim is breathing!

• Place in the recovery positionPlace in the recovery position

©S b i P bli ti 2006©Submariner Publications 2006

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Victim is not breathing!VISUAL 3.19

Victim is not breathing!

• Give 2 initial rescue breathsGive 2 initial rescue breaths

• To perform rescue breathing:To perform rescue breathing:– Place the victim on their back

– Tilt the head back

– Lift the chin

– Seal the victim’s nose

– Ventilate with 2 initial rescue breaths (allow the chest to rise and fall between breaths)

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Mouth to maskVISUAL 3.20

Mouth to mask

• Place the victim on their b kback

• Position yourself by the side of the victim’s head

• Place the mask over the victim’s nose and mouth and ensure the best seal possiblepossible

• Lift the chin and open the airway using head tiltP id b h

©Submariner Publications 2006

• Provide rescue breaths at the appropriate rate and volume

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RegurgitationVISUAL 3.21

Regurgitation

• To minimise the likelihood of stomach inflation and regurgitation:– Ensure the airway is clearOpen the airway using both head tilt and chin lift– Open the airway using both head tilt and chin lift

– Ventilate gently– Ventilate just enough to cause the chest to slowly risej g y– Allow the chest to fall completely between ventilations

– Avoid putting pressure on the stomach– Avoid putting pressure on the stomach• Vomiting – can be a sign of recovery (involves muscle contraction!)

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Signs of life are absentVISUAL 3.22

Signs of life are absent

• If the victim is unconscious unresponsiveIf the victim is unconscious, unresponsive, there are no signs of breathing or other signs of life; it is likely that the heart has stoppedof life; it is likely that the heart has stopped beating effectively.  (Cardiac arrest)

• The victim will be unresponsive not breathing• The victim will be unresponsive, not breathing regularly and not moving in any way.  CPR needs to be commencedneeds to be commenced.

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CPR – for how long?VISUAL 3.23

CPR  for how long?

• Continue CPR until:Continue CPR until:– Signs of life return (movement, responsiveness, breathing)

Qualified help arrives– Qualified help arrives

– First aider is unable to continue due to exhaustion or dangeror danger

– An authorised person pronounces life extinct

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Compression pointVISUAL 3.24

Compression point

• Lower half of the sternum by positioning the handsLower half of the sternum by positioning the hands at the “centre of the chest”

• Dominant hand usually placed at the bottomy p

• Remember:– Do not delay compressions by relocating the compression y p y g ppoint between sets of compressions

– Ensure hands are not too low (xiphoid process)

– Compressions should be vertical and smooth

– Keep hands in contact with the chest throughout the set

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Depth and rate of compressionVISUAL 3.25

Depth and rate of compression

• Depth:ept :– One third of the depth of the chest

• Rate:– Rate of approximately 100 compressions per minute

• Therefore:– 30 compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths (all ages)C i t b d t ll f– Compressions must be paused to allow for ventilations

– Approximately 5 cycles every 2 minutespp y y y

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Resuscitation (infants & children)VISUAL 3.26

Resuscitation (infants & children)

• An infant is defined as less than one year oldAn infant is defined as less than one year old and a child is aged from 1 – 8 years of age.

• Respiratory failure is a common cause of• Respiratory failure is a common cause of cardiac arrest in infants and children and it is essential that in the absence of breathingessential that, in the absence of breathing, resuscitation be commenced immediately and an ambulance called ASAPan ambulance called ASAP.

– However, a sole rescuer may provide one minute of CPR before activating the ambulance.

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Managing airway of an infantVISUAL 3.27

Managing airway of an infant

• Infants are predominately nose breathers (soInfants are predominately nose breathers (so special attention should be paid to clearing both the mouth and nose)both the mouth and nose)

• Infant:H d t d d i t i d i t l– Head supported and maintained in a neutral position (no head tilt as it may in fact narrow the airway)airway)

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Mouth placement for an infantVISUAL 3.28

Mouth placement for an infant

• Rescuer’s mouth is placed pover both the mouth and nose, if possible

R b th b• Rescue breaths can be achieved with “puffs” from the rescuers cheeks for an infant, to light breaths with a child.

Remember airway©Submariner Publications 2006

– Remember – airway management is critical

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Infant and child CPRVISUAL 3.29

Infant and child CPR

• Compression positionCompression position for infants and children is the lower sternum, as with adults

• One third depth of chest

• 2 fingers for an infant©Submariner Publications 2006• Two hands used on a 

child

• 30:2

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Defibrillation• When using an AED:

VISUAL 3.30

Defibrillation g– The AED should only be 

attached to an unconscious, unresponsive victim (8 years or older unless child pads areolder unless child pads are used) with no signs of life!

– Turn on the AED and follow the promptsEnsure the area is safe for– Ensure the area is safe for defibrillation

– Expose the victim’s chest as necessaryPl th d i th t

©Submariner Publications 2006

– Place the pads in the correct position and press them firmly onto the victim’s chest

– Do not touch the victim while th h t h th i b ithe heart rhythm is being analysed and when the shock is being delivered

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Before and after delivering the shockVISUAL 3.31

Before and after delivering the shock

• Before:Before:– Call for everyone to stand 

clear of the victim

Do a head to toe visual check– Do a head‐to‐toe visual check of the victim to ensure no one is touching them

Press the “shock” button– Press the  shock  button

• After:– Commence CPR for two Co e ce C o t o

minutes

– Follow the prompts