Module 1 - IntroductIon to water qualIty · 2017 Module 1 - IntroductIon to water qualIty classes...
Transcript of Module 1 - IntroductIon to water qualIty · 2017 Module 1 - IntroductIon to water qualIty classes...
2017
Module 1 - IntroductIon to water qualIty
classes supportIng MaterIal:
• saMplIng and preservatIon of
water and sedIMent saMples
• water qualIty MonItorIng and
assessMent
CETESB • ENVIRONMENTAL COMPANY OF SÃO PAULO STATE
MISSIONTo promote and monitor the execution of environmental and sustainable development
public policies, ensuring the continuous improvement of environmental quality in order to addressthe expectations of the State of São Paulo’s society.
VISIONTo improve the standards of excellence in environmental management and the services
provided to users and to the population as a whole, ensuring CETESB's ongoing evolution in acting as anational and international reference in the environmental field and in protecting public health.
VALUESThe values, principles and standards that guide CETESB's actions are
established in its Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct.
SAO PAULO STATE GOVERNMENTGovernor
SECRETARIAT FOR THE ENVIRONMENTSecretary
CETESB • ENVIRONMENTAL COMPANYOF SÃO PAULO STATEChief Executive Officer
Corporate Management Board,acting
Director of Control andEnvironmental Licensing
Director of EnvironmentalImpact Assessment
Director of Engineering andEnvironmental Quality
Geraldo Alckmin
Ricardo Salles
Carlos Roberto dos Santos
Carlos Roberto dos Santos
Geraldo do Amaral
Ana Cristina Pasini da Costa
Eduardo Luis Serpa
Technical CoordinationGeog. Dra. Carmen Lucia Vergueiro Midaglia
Biol. Dr. Claudio Roberto Palombo
FacultyBiol. Dr. Claudio Roberto Palombo
Biol. Dr. Fabio N. Moreno
São Paulo, Abril de 2017
CETESBENVIRONMENTAL COMPANY OF SÃO PAULO STATEAv. Profº. Frederico Hermann Júnior, 345 - Alto de Pinheiros -
CEP: 05459-900 - São Paulo - SPhttp://www.cetesb.sp.gov.br / e-mail: [email protected]
https://www.facebook.com/escolasuperiordacetesb/
MODULE 1 - INTRODUCTION
TO WATER QUALITY
CLASSES SUPPORTING MATERIAL:
• SAMPLING AND PRESERVATION OF
WATER AND SEDIMENT SAMPLES
• WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND
ASSESSMENT
© CETESB, 2017This material is for the exclusive use of participants in the Specialized Practical Courses and TrainingSessions, and its total or partial reproduction, by any means, is expressly forbidden withoutauthorization from CETESB - Environmental Company of São Paulo State.
Carlos Ibsen Vianna LacavaManager of the Operational Support Department - ETTânia Mara Tavares GasiManager of the Knowledge Management Division - ETGIrene Rosa SabiáCourses and Knowledge Transfer Sector - ETGC
Executive CoordinationClaudia Maria Zaratin Bairão e Carolina Regina MoralesETGC Technical Team:Rita de Cassia Guimarães e Yhoshie Watanabe Takahashi.
This booklet was diagrammed by ETGC - Courses and Knowledge Transfer SectorGraphic Publishing: Rita de Cassia Guimarães - ETGC / Cover: Vera Severo / Printing: Gráfica-CETESB
ORGANIZING INSTITUTIONS:
ANA – National Water Agency
CETESB – Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo
UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
ABC/MRE – Brazilian Cooperation Agency/Foreign Affairs Ministry
PARTNERS:
ACTO – Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization
UN Environment – GEMS/Water Program
FOREWORD
Water is one of the most important assets for biological activity and throughout the universe it hasbeen sought out as something essential for life, yet it is unfortunately treated in an inconsequential way bymost members of humanity. The human perception is that water is infinite and inexhaustible. Because ofthis, it is inadequately approached in ecological terms.
A full understanding of the correlation water-quality and quantity versus multiple uses - must be fullyunderstood in order to change this behavior so as to leave future generations with possibilities for survivalthat unite their basic needs with environmental preservation.
The conception of a course of this magnitude indicates that there is a need for a continuous knowledgeacquisition that requires topics that might gradually lead us to a comprehensive understanding of thenatural aquatic environment (increasingly rare) and its progressive alterations, regarding external as wellas internal metabolism in the aquatic ecosystem, in order to fully understand nature and the influence ofhuman beings.
Based on these initial conceptualizations, the course will therefore be aimed at learning about thevarious types of aquatic environments and their main compartments, emphasizing intrinsic inorganic andorganic characteristics, correlations between changes that are native and non-native in origin and thosethat are primarily considered to be natural environments without any anthropogenic interference.
Thus, over time, the knowledge acquired in each of these modules will lead to an increasingly richerunderstanding of the influence that human actions have on the balance of aquatic ecosystems.
Geog. Dra. Carmen Lucia Vergueiro MidagliaBiol. Dr. Claudio Roberto PalomboTechnical Coordination
Dr. Biól. Fabio Netto Moreno([email protected])
Fabio Netto Moreno holds a bachelor’s degree in Biological Sciencesfrom the Federal University of Santa Catarina (1993), a master’s degreein Environmental Engineering from the Federal University of SantaCatarina (1998) and a doctorate in Soil Science from Massey University(2004), New Zealand. His post-doctorate is from the Institute ofGeosciences of the University of São Paulo (2009). He works at theEnvironmental Company of São Paulo State-CETESB in the area ofSurface Water. He is also a professor for the postgraduate course inEnvironmental Chemistry and Pollution Control Engineering at the Osval-do Cruz Colleges.
Claudio Roberto Palombo([email protected])
A Biologist at CETESB since 1980, Claudio Roberto Palombograduated from the Institute of Biosciences at the University of SãoPaulo and has a bachelor’s degree in Ecology (1978). He alsoreceived a master's degree (1989) and doctorate (1997) from theDepartment of General Ecology in the Institute of Biosciences at theUniversity of São Paulo. He has experience in limnology with anemphasis on altered environments. He is a University Professor andTechnical Analyst of FEHIDRO Projects related to aquatic ecosystemsand has developed methodologies for integrated weed management.
Carmen Lucia V. Midaglia([email protected])
Carmen Lucia V. Midaglia holds a degree in Geography from theFaculty of Philosophy, Literature and Human Sciences at USP -Geography Dept. (1984). She did her postgraduate studies in "Ruraland Land Ecology Survey" at the ITC-Faculty of Geo-InformationScience and Earth Observation (ITC) at the University of Twente inEnschede, The Netherlands. She received a master's degree in HumanGeography from the Faculty of Philosophy, Literature and HumanSciences at USP - Geography Dept. (1994). She has experience in theenvironmental area with an emphasis on the monitoring of waterquality. She completed her PhD in 2009 at FFLCH-Geography,presenting the proposal for the Index of a Spatial Scope for theMonitoring of Surface Water (IAEM), focusing on the spatialmanagement of water resources and its relationship to populationgrowth, demonstrating the vulnerabilities caused by anthropogenic pressure. She is a lecturer and acoordinator of courses concerning water monitoring at Escola Superior da Cetesb, in São Paulo.
SUMMARY
Introductory Aspects to Water Quality- Biol. Claudio Roberto Palombo .................................................................................................................................. 13
General Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 15I. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 17II. Limnology Activities ........................................................................................................................................... 17III. Distribution of Water on the Planet .................................................................................................................... 18IV. The genesis of lacustrine ecosystems ............................................................................................................. 18V. Residence Time ............................................................................................................................................... 29VI. Continental Waters ........................................................................................................................................... 30VII. Physical and chemical properties of water and its limnological importance ....................................................... 32VIII. Radiation in the Aquatic Environment ................................................................................................................ 35IX. Radiation and its multiple effects on inland waters ............................................................................................ 39X. Physical, Chemical and Biological Elements .................................................................................................... 42XI. Sediment .......................................................................................................................................................... 44XII. The community of aquatic macrophytes (Figure 40) ......................................................................................... 46XIII. The phytoplankton community .......................................................................................................................... 47XIV. PCI –Phytoplankton Community Index .............................................................................................................. 50XV. The zooplankton community ............................................................................................................................. 51XVI. ICZres–Zooplankton Community Index for Reservoirs ....................................................................................... 52XVII. The benthic community .................................................................................................................................... 53XVIII. BCI – Benthic Community Index ....................................................................................................................... 55XIX. Natural events that alter water quality ................................................................................................................ 56XX. Eutrophication .................................................................................................................................................. 60Bibliographic References ............................................................................................................................................. 69
Spatial and Temporal Variations in Water Quality, Main Water Quality Parameters and Emerging Contaminants- Biol. Fabio Netto Moreno ............................................................................................................................................ 71
1. Water Quality Concept ...................................................................................................................................... 732. Uses of water and quality requirements ............................................................................................................ 733. Main sources of water pollution ......................................................................................................................... 734. Major aquatic pollutants .................................................................................................................................... 755. Water Quality Variables ..................................................................................................................................... 756. Water Quality Standards ................................................................................................................................... 807. Spatial and temporal variations ......................................................................................................................... 81Bibliographic References ............................................................................................................................................. 91
List of Tables
Table 1 – Distribution of water on the Earth ........................................................................................................... 18Table 2 – Water esidence time .............................................................................................................................. 30Table 3 – Water properties .................................................................................................................................... 34Table 4 – Groups of algae with representatives in limnic and marine phytoplankton ............................................... 50Table 5 – Classification of the Phytoplankton Community Index – PCI ................................................................... 50Table 6 – Benthic Community Index for sub-coastal reservoir zone (BCIRES-SL) ................................................. 55Table 7 – Benthic Community Index for deep reservoir zone (BCIRES-P) ............................................................. 55Table 8 – Benthic Community Index for rivers (BCIRIO) ........................................................................................ 56Table 9 – Classification of water bodies related to eutrophication levels ................................................................ 62Table 10 – Characteristics of oligotrophic and eutrophic environments ................................................................... 64Table 11 – Physical (mechanical), chemical and biological processes such as therapeutic measures
(corrective) of an impacted aquatic environment .................................................................................... 69
SUMMARY
List of figures
Figure 1 – Design of tectonism ............................................................................................................................... 19Figure 2 – Types of tectonic stress zones .............................................................................................................. 20Figure 3 – Example of crater lakes ......................................................................................................................... 20Figure 4 – Maar type lakes ...................................................................................................................................... 20Figure 5 – Example of a kettle lake ......................................................................................................................... 21Figure 6 – Example of a lake with a volcanic dam ................................................................................................... 21Figure 7 – Example of a lake in a cirque ................................................................................................................. 21Figure 8 – Lake formed by the damn of a moraine .................................................................................................. 22Figure 9 – Example of a lake in fjords ..................................................................................................................... 22Figure 10 – Example of a lake formed on a glacial landform ..................................................................................... 22Figure 11 – Rock of spisa salt solubilization lakes .................................................................................................... 23Figure 12 – Gypsum salt solubilization lakes ............................................................................................................ 23Figure 13 – Lakes formed by beavers (Castor candensis and Castor fiber) .............................................................. 24Figure 14 – Example of a lake formed from the impact of a meteorite and example of meteors ................................ 25Figure 15 – Example of a dam lake .......................................................................................................................... 25Figure 16 – The formation of a lake from an abandoned meander; view of an oxbow lake ......................................... 26Figure 17 – View of a flood plain lake ........................................................................................................................ 26Figure 18 – View of Lake Abaetê (BA) ....................................................................................................................... 26Figure 19 – View of a cove lake ................................................................................................................................ 27Figure 20 – View of a estuarine lagoon ..................................................................................................................... 27Figure 21 – View of a coral reef intercepting a river ................................................................................................... 27Figure 22 – View of lake formed by mixed deposits .................................................................................................. 28Figure 23 – View of a sandbank lagoon .................................................................................................................... 28Figure 24 – Example of a dam and a reservoir ......................................................................................................... 29Figure 25 – A cut showing the various departments of a lacustrine ecosystem ......................................................... 32Figure 26 – Some characteristics of a water molecule with a focus on its structure ................................................. 33Figure 27 – The water molecules forming hydrogen points and a cluster .................................................................. 33Figure 28 – Formation of surface tension and the ecological importance aspect ...................................................... 34Figure 29 – Diagram showing the behavior of solar radiation in an aquatic environment ........................................... 35Figure 30 – Aspects of solar radiation on some components of the aquatic environment .......................................... 36Figure 31 – Image showing solar radiation on the planet, where part of it is absorbed by the aquatic biome,
as shown in Figures 32 and 33 .............................................................................................................. 36Figure 32 – Display of the effect of radiation on a water molecule ............................................................................. 37Figure 33 – Image showing the dispersion and absorption of diverse components of the hydric
ecosystem ............................................................................................................................................. 37Figure 34 – Image of water dispersion according to the wave length ......................................................................... 38Figure 35 A – Secchi disk tied with a graduated cord ................................................................................................... 38Figure 35 B – Measuring water transparency with a Secchi disk .................................................................................. 39Figure 36 – Thermal stratification in a lake ................................................................................................................ 39Figure 37 – Examples of stratification and de-stratification in lakes ........................................................................... 41Figure 38 – Example of some interactions related to carbon..................................................................................... 44Figure 39 – Example of the dynamics of Phosphorus (P) relative to the water/sediment interaction ......................... 45Figure 40 – Image of the various types of aquatic macropytes related to their position in the hydric environment ...... 46Figure 41 – Examples of macrophytes in different ecological niches ........................................................................ 47Figure 42 A – Cyanobacteria (example) ....................................................................................................................... 48Figure 42 B – Chlorophyte ............................................................................................................................................ 48Figure 42 C – Euglenophytes ....................................................................................................................................... 48Figure 42 D – Chrysophyte .......................................................................................................................................... 48Figure 42 E – Pyrrophyte ............................................................................................................................................. 49Figure 42 F – Examples of groups known generically as "algae' ................................................................................... 49Figure 43 – Representatives of the zooplankton community ..................................................................................... 51Figure 44 – A few representatives of zooplankton ..................................................................................................... 52Figure 45 – Classification according to zooplankton communities for reservoirs ....................................................... 53Figure 46 – Some representatives of the benthic community .................................................................................... 54Figure 47 – The planet’s main tectonic plates ........................................................................................................... 57Figure 48 – A simplified example of the planet’s atmospheric dynamic ..................................................................... 58Figure 49 – An image of some aspects of an earthquake ......................................................................................... 58Figure 50 – Some aspects of volcanic activity .......................................................................................................... 59Figure 51 – Examples of ecological succession ....................................................................................................... 59
Figure 52 – Example of natural eutrophication .......................................................................................................... 60Figure 53 – Image of the hypothetical curve of eutrophication related to natural and artificial factors ......................... 61Figure 54 – Image showing consequences of the artificial eutrophication process through P and N input into
the lacustrine ecosystem ....................................................................................................................... 65Figure 55 – Image of simplified artificial eutrophication modifying the balance of the lacustrine ecosystem ............... 66Figure 56 – Image of the self-purification process throughout time after the input of nutrients
(domestic effluent) ................................................................................................................................. 67Figure 57 – Simplified design of the interrelationships of factors that affect the metabolism of a lake, related
to productivity ......................................................................................................................................... 68Figure 58 – Water pollution by diffuse sources (a) and at specific times b) ............................................................... 74Figure 59 – Spatial and Temporal Variation of IQA - Water Quality Index for 2005 and 2015 in the State of
São Paulo. (Midaglia, C.L., 2016) ........................................................................................................... 82Figure 60 – Evolution of the remaining load in the State of São Paulo - 2010 to 2015 (CETESB, 2016) ..................... 84Figure 61 – Remaining DBO load per Water Resources Management Unit (UGRHI) (CETESB, 2016) ..................... 84Figure 62 – Transport of pollutants of diffuse origin across the surface and sub-surface
(adapted from Novotny, 2003) ................................................................................................................ 85Figure 63 – Variations in unit loads of Suspended Sediment, Total Phosphorus, Total Nitrogen and Lead in
the Great Lakes Region, USA, in the year 1970 before Lead was banned from fuel. Uses of the soil:1- Agriculture in general, 2- Agricultural crops; 3- Pasture; 4- Forests; 5- Perennial / exotic cultures;6-Sewage sludge; 7-Sprinkler irrigation; 8- Urban in general; 9- Residential; 10- Commercial;11- Industrial; 12-Urban in development (Source: Novotny, 2003) ........................................................... 87
Figure 64 – First-flush concept. In an urban outflow event, the peak flow in the hydrograph may contain a greaterfraction of the pollutant load than the final fraction (adapted from Novotny, 2003) .................................... 88
Figure 65 – Relationship between the flow coefficient (CR = volume of outflow/ volume of precipitation)and the percentage of impermeable areas in urban areas obtained from the NURP study(Source: Novotny, 2003) ......................................................................................................................... 90
SUMMARY
INTRODUCTORY ASPECTS
TO WATER QUALITY
BIOL. DR. CLAUDIO ROBERTO PALOMBO
Cadernos daCadernos daCadernos daCadernos daCadernos daGestão do ConhecimentoGestão do ConhecimentoGestão do ConhecimentoGestão do ConhecimentoGestão do Conhecimento
13
General Introduction
Limnology, the area of science that studies fresh water bodies and inland waters, wasestablished in the early nineteenth century and has been developing and amassing knowledge inorder to be more and more able to meet the various growing human demands related to agricultureand industry.
As a consequence of these multiple activities, the water quality required to supply each ofthese demands will increasingly require knowledge that covers the water production starting pointand its multiple uses up until its disposal at some place on the planet, which might be a point ordiffuse release.
Due to the enormous amount of knowledge needed to fully comprehend the water cycle inthis context, this content was divided into several chapters where discussions will touch uponthemes such as the natural environment, free of anthropogenic interferences, and also themessuch as the consequences that each human activity has on water bodies.
In this introduction, the theoretical technical aspects of the natural lentic and lotic limneticzones, suffering no human interference, will be presented so that it during the course it will bepossible to observe the modifications taking place at various levels of the aquatic environmentwithin the ecosystem.
Therefore, a duplication of information may sometimes exist; however, each topic will bepresented in a more detailed manner so that, at the end of the course, the student will have theability to understand and evaluate the complex relationships among the various physical, chemicaland biological environmental parameters at play in the dynamics of water environments on thisplanet called Earth (called the Ecosphere, in ecology).
15
I.
Limnlenticpondas ri"swa
Thushow the dyna
One orgacompaspe
ThroclasspositaspeSinceidentthe cecolo
Therwateobse
With literadeveactivevenand a
II.
Fromscienfollow
•
INT
Introduc
nology is thec environmeds and resevers and r
amp, lake, p
s, limnologythe aquaticcorrelation
amics of the
concept thans". This mparable to eects.
ughout the sify aquatic tion, such aects of watee neither ttical conditioclassificatioogical conce
refore, in Berborne diserved throug
regard to ature offerselopment. Nvities, accordn according agriculture
Limnolo
m its concence, researwing stages
Analysis
TRODUCT
ction
e science thent=the envervoirs, andrapids. Thispond", plus t
y is the pac environme
between e various wa
at should almeans that each other,
history of eenvironme
as temperar such as ththe aquaticons, these an of water epts.
Brazil, attenseases, moghout the co
water requs a numbeNormally, mding to the to the dom
in general,
ogy Activiti
ption up torching the s:
: investigati
TORY AS
hat studies vironment od of the lotics term is a the suffix Lo
rt of enviroent behavesthe physica
ater bodies
lways be keeach aquatbut never
environmennts. One of
ate and trophe absencec dynamicsattempts didbodies occu
ntion to thostly to thoountry’s hist
irements for of values
minimum aninternal and
mestic and etc.
ies
o the presemetabolism
ion of enviro
SPECTS T
the "freshwof still waterc environmcompound
ogus=study
onmental scs in its mosal, chemicthat are fou
ept in mind tic environmthe same r
ntal sciencef them estapical, etc.;
e or presencs nor the d not achievur within a
ese enviroose that ptory.
or aquatic es, dependinnd maximud external pindustrial a
nt momentm of contin
onmental va
TO WATE
water" aquars or of littleent=environ
d of the Gry.
cience that st diverse eal and bio
und on our p
is that "evement shouldregarding th
s there havablished typ
another once of dissolv
geographicve the desirbroader co
onments haprovoked w
ecosystemsng on the m values a
physiologicaactivities tak
, limnologyental aqua
ariables;
ER QUALI
tic environme movemennment of bureek word L
focuses oncological as
ological parplanet.
ry lake is od be considheir most di
ve been seves accordin
ne referred ved oxygenc position red result, t
ontext that i
as been mwidespread
s and for hlocation a
are set for al aspects (uking place;
y has been tic ecosyst
ITY
ment, both nt such as lusy waters Límné, me
n understaspects, merameters in
ne of the Edered as universe ecolo
veral attemng to geogrto the che
n during the could esta
therefore mnvolves rel
mainly relate epidemics
umans, reland the levr various huurine and fefood produ
structured tems, withi
in the akes, such
aning
nding aning n the
arth’s nique, ogical
pts to raphic emical
year. ablish aking evant
ed to s, as
evant vel of uman eces); uction
as a n the
17
•
•
Usingfarmsthe nphasresouecos
III.
TherdistriecosTable
Table
IV.
Natubodiecase
With
Lake
Synthesimaximiz
Holistic:
g these cons, crustacenegative ecses, viabilityurces; cont
systems.
Distribu
re are severibution in
systems, the 1 shows o
e 1 - Distrib
Oceans Icebergs a
SubterranLakes
Seas
Soil humid
AtmospheRivers
TOTAL
The gen
ure constanes of water
e of rivers w
in this conc
es formed by
T
is: energy ation;
interaction
ncepts, resans farms aological effey, basic dtrol of wat
ution of Wa
ral tables inthe most eir respectone of the e
bution of wa
Reservoir
and polar ice c
nean water
dity
ere
nesis of lac
tly creates r, which is g
will be discus
cept, there a
y differentia
Through epy
and mat
s between
earch and and other oects of the esign, conster quality
ater on the
n the literatudiverse tertive volumeexamples fo
ater on the E
rs
caps
custrine eco
"holes" thagenerally cassed later).
are:
al movemen
yrogenic mo
tter excha
aquatic and
studies for organisms ocreation of struction afor various
Planet
ure, with therrestrial enes and relaound in the
Earth.
Vo(k
osystems
at are thenalled the ge
nts of the ea
ovement
nges relat
d terrestrial
world aquaof commercf artificial laand operatios purposes
e most varyvironmentsative percerelevant lite
lume km3)
1 320 305 00029 155 000
8 330 000124 950
104 125
66 640
12 9111.250
1 358 099 876
filled up benesis of la
arth's crust:
ted to ma
ecosystem
aculture wecial interest;kes related on; rationa
s and reco
ying values . The loca
entage can erature.
Perce(%
00
00
5
0
10
6
by water, thacustrine ec
anagement
ms.
ere oriented; minimizati to the inve
al use of hovery of aq
regarding wation of aq
be highlig
entage %)
97,24 2,14
0,61 0,009
0,008
0,005
0,001 0,0001
100
hus formingcosystems.
and
d; fish ion of entory hydric quatic
water quatic ghted.
g new (The
18
Charmovethe highl
PlaneOkee
TheyExamAlbe(Braz
racterized ements upwformation lighting the
Tec
etary examechobee (U
T
y result fromples of thisrt (Africa), Tzil). Figure 2
as a diaswards or doof continenrespective
ctonism-press
mples of sucUSA), Lake V
Through tec
m tectonic s type are tTahoe (USA2 shows the
tophic procownwards onts; epiroggeneses.
Figure 1
sure from theIt can be e
ch lakes areVictoria (Ce
ctonic fault
movementhe followingA), Manacae types of te
cess (tectoof great aregeny. Figur
– Design of te
e Earth’s inteepyrogeny or
e: the Caspentral Africa
ts
ts that caug lakes: Baapuru Grandectonic stre
onism) of eas of the tre 1 show
ectonism,
rior moves thorogeneny
pian Sea ana) and Lake
use irregulaikal (Russiade, Anamãss zones.
great ampterrestrial cs a design
he crust upwa
nd Lake AraKioga (Eas
arities in tha), Tangany, Badajós,
plitude, by crust that len of tecto
ards
al (Russia), st Africa).
he earth's yika, EdwardPiorini and
slow ead to nism,
Lake
crust. d and Mina
19
Lake
Thesecone damm Figurelake. (USA)
D
es of a volc
e lakes caof volca
ming of valle
e 3 shows Some exam) and Rotom
Figu
Divergence zo
canic origin
an be formanic discheys due to th
an exampmples inclumahana (Ne
ure 4 – Maar ty
Figure 2 – Ty
one/converge
n
med from tharge andhe magma.
le of a craude Big Soew Zealand
ype lakes
ypes of tectoni
ence/obductio
the/or
ateroda).
tsbs
Ga
c stress zones
on/convergen
Figure 3 – Ex
Figure 4 shtype lakesubterraneaby the sinksurface
Examples Germany inand Weifeld
s
nce/subductio
xample of crat
ows an exae that an gas expking of the
of this nclude Toteder.
on
ter lakes
ample of a "emerges
plosions, foaffected re
type founen, Gemun
"maar" from
llowed egion's
nd in ndener
20
Kettlevolcanthe ceCrater(Italy) Figuretypes
Fi
Glac
Glacand prese
Lakesfreezinshallomountamph ExamWildseare serange . Figure
lakes arenic eruptionentral cone.r lakes (USand Toyak
e 5 showsof lakes.
igure 6 – Exam
cial lakes
cial lakes ware locatedented in sev
s formed inng and tha
ow and tains. Theyitheater con
ples are: Weelodersee everal in th.
e 7 shows a
e formed bn with the Some exa
SA), Bolsenako (Japan).
s an exam
mple of a lake
ere formedd in high laveral config
n a cirque rawing, are
common y possess anfiguration.
Watendlath (Austria)
he Alaskan
a lake in a c
by an intendestruction
amples are ta and Alban
mple of the
e with a volcan
during theatitude regiogurations, su
result fromsmall and
in the circular or
(England),and there
n mountain
cirque.
nse ofthener
ese
nic dam
e last glaciaons, in temuch as:
Figu
Figure 5 – E
Volcanic dapreexistinglava. ExamBunyoni lak Figure 6 svolcanic da
ation, appromperate reg
ure 7 – Examp
Example of a
am lakes avalleys th
mples includkes (Centra
shows the am
oximately 10ions. In thi
ple of a lake in
kettle lake
are formed hrough solde the Kivual Africa).
presence
0,500 yearsis way, the
n a cirque
in the idified u and
of a
s ago y are
21
Figu
Fjord of valthrougnarrow Exam A view9.
Figur
ure 8 – Lake f
lakes resullleys on thgh glacial ew and deep
ple: lakes in
w of this typ
e 10 –Exampl
formed by the
lt from the ee cliffs of rosion. The
p.
n western N
pe is shown
le of a lake for
damn of a mo
excavationmountainsy are long,
Norway
n in Figure
rmed on a gla
oraine
Thwevaby Ex(SSw An
Fig
cial landform
he lakes in ere formedalleys throuy glaciers, u
xamples witzerland)
witzerland),
n example c
gure 9 – Exam
Lakes oterrain caexisting with ancblocks oglaciers aones. (Germanyexamplessecond a(GermanyFigure example
moraine dad by the gh sedimesually block
include: , ConstancFinger (US
can be seen
mple of a lake i
of glacial an be formedepressionient contine
of ice that and a mix oLake Groy) and Bars in the firsand third isy). 10 demoof the first t
ammed vallobstruction
ent transpoks of clay.
Lucece (Germa
SA).
n in Figure 8
in fjords
sedimentated through
n in locatioental glacie
detach frof the previoosse Plorret (USA) st one; in s Lake Plu
onstrates type.
leys of rted
erne any-
8.
tion an
ons ers; rom ous ner are the uss
an
22
Lake
Theysolubgyps
LakeregioExamJackHowe(SwitOtheSibe
Lake(FrenFigur
es formed b
y result frobilization ofsum respect
es formed frons of the mples: Lakekson (USA),ever they tzerland). In
er lakes witria. Figure 1
es formed nch Alps), Mre 12.
by the diss
om the af limestonetively.
rom the eroAlps, part
es Luner ( Vrana (Bamay merg
n Brazil, in th these ch11 shows a
by the disMagalhães
solution of
ccumulatione, sodium c
osion of limets of Florid(Austrian A
alkan Peninsge with eaUberlândiaharacteristic lake and th
Figure 11 - Ro
ssolution ofand Uberab
Figure 12 -
rocks (lake
n of watechloride or
estone or cda and on Alps), Seewsula). They
ach other, , there is thcs are founhe rock of s
ock of spisa sa
f gypsum ba (Brazil).
Gypsum salt s
es of disso
er in deprecalcium su
hasm rocksthe Balka
wli (Swiss Ay are norma
as in the he examplend on the spisa salt (h
alt solubilizatio
rocks. ExaA lake and
solubilization l
olution or e
essions foulfate calle
s are found an PeninsuAlps), Deelly small anexample of Lake Powest coastalite).
on lakes
mples: La gypsum ro
lakes
erosion)
ormed fromed salt rock
in the limeula (Yugoslep, Iamoniand circular lof Lake M
oço Verde (t of France
Girotte, Tock are sho
m the k and
stone avia).
a and akes;
Muten (MG); e and
ignes own in
23
Biolosysteregismud,
Figurbeha
The astroExamexam
ogical activiems, makinster beaver , etc., Exam
re 13 showavior.
lakes formolite on the Emple: Negrample of a lak
ity also actng a suitab
activity in mple: Lakes
ws beaver d
med by the Earth’s surfa Lagoon (Ake and a me
tively particble habitat f
Canada, UBeaver and
dam lakes,
Figure 13 –
(Castor can
impact of face has a dArgentina) eteor.
cipates in tfor their ec
USA and Ed Echo (US
highlighting
Lakes formed
ndensis and C
meteoritesdirect relatioand Lake C
the "construcological ne
Europe. TheSA).
g the two m
d by beavers
Castor fiber)
s are rare. on with the Chubb (Can
uction" of needs. In these animals
main specie
The impacsize of the nada). Figu
natural retehis way, wes use bran
es that have
ct power ocavity prod
ure 14 show
ention e can ches,
e this
of the uced. ws an
24
Lake
Rive
Dam Lamouthe beand, ExamCariocand Jnumbegroun An ex
Oxbolakesthe mespeknowas ininterc
Figure 14 – E
es formed f
rs can form
Lakes - thents of sedimed, causingas a consples are: Lca, Belgo Jacaré (mider in the d.
xample is sh
ow or means are formemargins (in ecially in thwn as "sacan the Paraception of a
Example of a la
from river a
m lakes in va
main river ment deposg its level sequence, Lake Dom Mineira, Thd Rio Doc
Amazon
hown in Figu
ndering laked by the isoGerman "Ae Pantanal
ados". In Sãaíba do Sua meander,
ake formed fro
activity
arious ways
transportssited alongto elevatedamming.Helvécio,
hirty-Threece) and a
on solid
ure 15.
es - some rolation of th
Altwasser"). of Mato G
ão Paulo, thul river. Figas an exam
om the impact
s, among wh
Fi
rivers have hese meand
These typeGrosso and hey can be gure 16 shmple.
t of a meteorit
hich are:
gure 15 – Exa
sinuous cuders from eres of lakes a
in the Amseen in the
hows the fo
e and exampl
ample of a dam
urves calledrosion and sare quite coazon Regio
e Mogi-Guaormation of
le of meteors
m lake
d meanderssedimentatommon in Bon and the
açu River asf a lake by
s. The ion of
Brazil, y are s well y the
25
Lakes(Windof sanfrequenorthein Bahon thCatari Lake Figure
Figure 16 –
Figure 17
s formed d Dam) - shnd in a rivently in east. Examphia and in te southernina.
Abaetê (BAe 18.
The formation
7 – View of a f
by wind ahaped by dever and occ
the Brple: Lake Athe small lan coast of
A) can be s
n of a lake from
flood plain lak
activityepositscurringrazilian
Abaetê,agoons
Santa
seen in
m an abandon
ke
Figure
ned meander;
Flood lakefluctuationsprimarily They are (bays) in thand as "laplain lakFloodplainexamples Castanho, Poção, etc. It is also inintercommbetween trainy seasystem. Tor commuin droughts Figure 17 s
e 18 – View of
view of an ox
es - formes in w
through referred t
he Mato Groagos de vákes) in t. There a
includMaicá,
c.
nteresting tounication he variousson, formhey remainnicate thros.
shows an e
f Lake Abaetê
xbow lake.
ed from grwater leve
precipitatito as "baíosso Pantaárzeas" (flothe Amaz
are numeroding La Redon
o point out tcan oc
s lakes in ing a sin
n isolated aough chann
example.
ê (BA)
reat els, on. as"
anal ood zon ous ake do,
that ccur the gle
and nels
26
Lake
In orforms
Obstrumarinethe deat theestuarExamMangComp This tFigure
F
es associat
rder to unds in the liter
Figur
uction of rie sedimeneposition of mouth of sry isolation ples: Lakeuaba (AL
prida and Ca
type of lakee 20.
igure 21 – Vie
ted with th
derstand therature, som
re 19 – View o
iver mouthsts - derive
f marine sedsmall rivers of various
e MundaúL), Carapabiúnas (RJ
e can be se
ew of a coral re
e coastline
e dynamicse configura
of a cove lake
s frome fromdimentor therivers.
ú andpebus,J).
een in
eef interceptin
e (coastal p
s of the forations were
Figure
ng a river
pools)
rmation of formulated,
Isolation formationon the eAreia thpontoonsis due deposits from cExamplesdos QuSaquarem A view ofFigure 19
e 20 – View of
Obstructiocoral restructure mouths nLake Rodformed by Figure example o
coastal lak, such as:
of a sea cn of these laexistence oat develop
s. Its progreto marin
and marincurrents as include:adros (RSma. (RJ).
f this type c9.
a estuarine la
on of riveeefs - th
can damnear the sedeio (AL), ay the São M
21 demoof this type.
kes, given
cove or inleakes is bas
of Cordões p from rocessive growne sedim
ne submersand wav: MangueS), Ararua
can be seen
agoon
er mouths his biologim the riea. Examplan obstruct
Miguel River
onstrates .
many
et - sed de
cky wth ent
sion ves. ira, na,
n in
by ical ver e - tion r.
an
27
ObstrufluvialoriginafluvialLake Palmi This ty
Dam
Severelevlenticecosinformenter
In vieexec
Therexpo
uction of -marine ating from and marinFeia (RJ)
nhas, Palm
ype can be
Figure 23
ms and Dyke
eral human vant exampc ones. Susystems. Tmation fromrprise.
ew of this fcuted projec
refore, this osed during
river mousedimen
sedimantse origin. Ex, Juparanã
mas (ES).
seen in Fig
- View of a sa
es (anthrop
activities iple is the inuch changehus, the i
m before its
fact, all thects that aime
analysis othis course
uths byts -
s with axample -ã, Nova,
gure 22.
andbank lagoo
pogenic or
nteract withnterception es lead to individualizes existence
e civilizationed at having
of this subje. Therefore
Figure 2View
on.
rigin)
h the naturaof lotic en
significant ed study
e up to the
ns that haveg constant a
ect requiree, it will be c
22 – View of aof lake forme
Depressiothat makeappear mand fed rainwater.Taí LagooPeriperi a A view ca
al environmnvironmentschanges inof each nfinal phas
e or had a and perman
es great decited here o
a lake formed d by mixed de
on among s up the sanmorphologicby small Example -ons. Grandend Robalo (
n be seen in
ment in mans that get tn the dynanew enviroe of implem
part in thenent water r
etail that wonly in its did
by mixed eposits.
strips of sandbanks - thcally shallstreams a
- Água Pree e Peque(RJ).
n Figure 23
ny ways. Atransformed
amics of aqonment reqmentation o
e history of resources.
will gradualldactic chara
and hey low and eta, no,
3.
A very d into quatic quires of the
man,
y get acter.
28
It is amigh
Figur
V
Definsystein the
Whe
q is t
Table
also worth ht get be rep
re 24 shows
V. Residen
ned as theem; this mee system ac
re � is used
the flow for
e 2 describe
mentioningpeated durin
s an examp
nce Time
average aeasurement ccording to
AbiFlow
d as the var
the system
es one of th
that due tong the cours
ple of a dam
Figure 24 – E
amount of varies direthe formula
ility of a sysw rate of th
riable for res
m.
he examples
o the imporrse.
m and a rese
Example of a d
time a parectly with tha.
stem to retae substanc
or
sidence tim
s from litera
rtance of th
ervoir.
dam and a res
rticle residee amount o
ain a substae in the sys
e, V is the c
ature, from
his theme, s
servoir
es (passes)of substance
nce stem
capacity of
the Water R
several con
) in a partce that is pr
the system
Residence T
cepts
ticular esent
, and
Time.
29
V
Contriverssea additinterm
Oceans
glaciers
subterran
lakes and
salt lakes
soil humi
biologica
atmosphe
wetlands
rivers and
*depends
VI. Contine
tinental wats, lakes anwater, whition to themediate sal
C
Compa
nean water
d reservoirs
s
dity
l humidity
ere
and ponds
d streams
on the depth a
ntal Waters
ters are thod glaciers ach has a s
e brackish linity.
Characterist
High comp
Verticof lig
Low orga
High orga
Table 2 -
rtments
and other env
s
ose presentand most asalinity of n
waters, ju
ics
capacity pounds;
cal and horght, nutrients
content onisms → m
density anisms have
- Water reside
ironmental fac
t on the suraquifers, witnearly 35 ust as the
for solub
rizontal gras, temperat
of dissolvemaintain the
and viscosie profound m
ence time.
Res
ctors
rface of theth a salinitygrams of d water in
bilization o
dients throuture, gases
ed salts →osmotic ba
ity (775 timorpho/phy
idence Time
3.000 a 30.00
1 a 16.00
330 a 10.000
1 a 10
10 a 10.00
2 weeks
8
weeks
10
e Earth, beiy near zerodissolved s
estuaries,
of organic
ugh the une(distribution
→ majoritylance;
mes denseysiological a
00 Years *
00 Years *
0 Years *)
00 Years *
00 Years *
s to 1 year
1 weeks
a 10 days
s to 1 year
a 30 days
ng distributo, as oppossalts per lit
which ha
and inor
even distribn of organis
y of hype
er than aiadaptations
ted in sed to er, in
as an
rganic
bution sms);
rtonic
r) → .
30
In Fig
C
gure 25, ea
Compartmen
Litto
Limn
Deep
Wate
Com(mac
ach of these
nts
ral region
Contact (transitio
Large nuherbivoroligocha
All trophcompart
Little dev
Subdivid
netic or Pel
Characte
p region
Absence
Benthic cmollusks
Populatioof food a
er/Air Interf
munities: crophytes a
e compartme
between on = ecoton
umber of ecres andaetes, mollu
hic levels tment;
veloped or a
ed in eulito
lagic Regio
eristic comm
e of photoau
community s, insects;
onal diversiand dissolve
face
neuston (band insect
ents is show
terrestrial e);
cological nic detrita
uscs, crusta
- conside
absent in vo
ral and sub
on
munities: pla
utrotrophic o
formed by
ty and dened oxygen.
bacteria, futs)
wn.
and aqua
ches and foavores (ceans, inse
ered as a
olcanic lake
litoral.
ankton and
organisms;
oligochaete
sity depend
ungi, algae
atic ecosys
ood chains,(representaects);
an autono
es;
nekton;
es, crustac
d on the am
e) and pleu
stems
, both atives:
mous
eans,
mount
uston
31
va
V
DiscuHoweaqua
Amo
If youamoufor th
Figurlimnobehacomm
Figur
ariation/Nezone, e
reg
VII. Physicaimporta
ussing the ever, some
atic ecosyst
ng these, w
The wate
u enter the unt of inforhis course, w
res 26 andology, becaavior of themunity).
re 25 – A cut s
Depth/Littouston/Pleu
euphontic zgion/Differe
al and chnce.
importance pertinent aems. (Figur
we can high
er molecule
term "watemation avawill be cons
d 27 show ause they e limnosphe
showing the v
oral Regionuston/Plankzone/compent compa
hemical p
ce of wateaspects shores 26 and 2
light:
e.
er molecule"ailable. In visidered.
some of tlead to enere (physic
various departm
n/Water-Airkton/Nektoensation zrtments of
properties
r in limnolould be con27)
" on any resiew of this
the propertnvironmentacal and che
ments of a lac
r Interface/on/ eulitorazone. Benthf a lacustrin
of wate
logy wouldnsidered fo
search site,finding, onl
ies of wateal conditionemical) and
custrine ecosy
/Water level and subli
hic region/lne ecosyst
r and its
be extremr a better u
, you will sely a few as
er, with a gns that act d the biosp
ystem.
el itoral/apholimnotic tem
s limnolo
mely redununderstandi
ee the enorspects, impo
great interedirectly on
phere (biolo
tic
ogical
ndant; ing of
mous ortant
est in n the ogical
32
Tablelimno
→
Figure
Fi
Water p
e 3 shows ological asp
26– Some ch
igure 27 – The
properties
some of thpects.
haracteristics o
e water molec
he propertie
of a water mo
cules forming h
es of water
lecule with a f
hydrogen poin
, mainly re
focus on its str
nts and a clust
lated to its
ructure.
ter.
most signi
ficant
33
Table
Surfaphasproperesul
e 3 - Water
Fus
Trip
boil
criti
solid
liqu
liqu
liqu
liqu
liqu
liqu
fusi
diel
The surfa
ace tensionses, causingerty is cault is differen
Figur
Properties
P
sion point at 1
ple point
ing point 1 atm
cal point
d density 0 ° C
id density 0 °
id density 4 °
id density 10 °
id density 25 °
id density 100
id heat capac
on heat 0 °C
ectric constan
ace tensio
n: a physicag the surfacsed by the
nt at the inte
re 28 –Format
roperty
atm
m
C
C
C
° C
° C
0 ° C
ity
nt 25 °C
on of water
al effect thace layer of ae cohesive erface (Figu
ion of surface
r
at occurs aa liquid to bforces betw
ure 28).
e tension and t
Chara
0,01 °
3
at the interfbehave like ween simila
the ecological
acteristic
0,0
°C, 4,60 torrg
100,0
347,0 °C, 218
0,917 g
0,999 g
1,000 g
0,999 g
0,997 g
0,958 g
1,00 cal. g 1 .
1,44 kcal . m
face betweean elastic
ar molecule
importance a
00 °C
.cm3
00 °C
8 atm
.cm3
.cm3
.cm3
.cm3
.cm3
.cm3
°C 1
mol'1
78,5
en two chemembrane
es whose v
aspect.
emical . This vector
34
•
Viscoquanat wperce
Figurbodynecediagrenouprese
Re
Figurenvir
Viscosity
osity: the prntity movemwhich the fentage of d
VIII. Radi
re 2 showsy. The eupessary for aram, is wheugh light foence of ligh
Figure 29
eflected radia
re 30 showronment:
y of water
roperty the ment by diffufluid movesissolved sa
iation in th
s some aspphotic zoneaquatic meere the comor the pho
ht.
9– Diagram sh
ation/incident
ws some asp
fluids have usion; theres. In the a
alts must als
e Aquatic E
ects of reses are alsoetabolism ompensationotosynthesis
howing the be
t radiation/eudispe
pects of so
correspondfore, the higaquatic enso be consid
Environme
pective ango highlight
occur); the n point occs of the a
ehavior of sola
uphotic zone/ersion of radi
olar radiation
ding to the mgher the visvironment, dered.
ent
gles of lumied (where dysphotic
curs, that isautotrophs
ar radiation in a
/aphotic zoneiation.
n on some
microscopicscosity, the
the tempe
inous incideall the p
zone, not s, the point
and aphot
an aquatic env
e/attenuation
component
c transport olower the s
erature and
ence on a whotic proceindicated it where thetics withou
vironment
absorption a
ts of the aq
of the speed d the
water esses n the ere is ut the
and
quatic
35
Due relevimpo
Figur
to the comvant aspecortance and
Absorpti
o )
re 31–Image s
mplexity of thts will be environme
on process
Radiation (
showing solar
his theme itaken into
ntal effects
es
(Figure 31)
radiation on tas shown
n the conteo account .
he planet, when in Figures 3
ext of aquatfor a bett
ere part of it is2 and 33.
tic ecosysteter underst
s absorbed by
ems, a few tanding of
y the aquatic b
more their
biome,
36
Figurabsoshou
Figur
Raen
o W
Fig
re 33 highorption withiuld be emph
o H
o P
e 33 – Image
adiation in thenvironment to
dissolved c
Water molec
ure 32– Esque
Displa
hlights the in the energ
hasized, in t
Humic subst
Photosynthe
showing the d
e aquatic envo disperse thompounds, e
cule (Figure
ema sobre o e
ay of the effect
Ra
luminous igy dynamicthe context
tances *
etic Organis
dispersion and
vironment/refhe radiation/betc./absorbed
e 32)
efeito da radia
t of radiation o
adiation/radic
ncidence ucs of the aqdispersion
sms (with ch
d absorption o
flected/disperbacteria, phytd/by water mo
ação sobre a m
on a water mo
cals
undergoingquatic ecosand absorp
hlorophyll)
of diverse com
rse/turbidity/mtoplankton, oolecules, org
molécula de ág
olecule.
reflection, system. Theption:
ponents of the
measures therganic and inanic and inor
gua.
dispersione following
e hydric ecosy
e capacity of norganic wasrganic waste
n and items
ystem.
the ste,
37
* Huorga(micrvarieecos
•
Figurtrans
umic substanic compouroorganisms
ety of structsystems).
White light/
Evaluatio
res 35A asparency me
ances: a cunds originas = fungi atures and c
Figure 34 – Im
/air/water/dire
on of transp
and B shoeasuremen
Figure
omplex, disating from tand bacteriachemical co
•
mage of water
ection of whi
parency thro
ow the equt using this
e 35 A –Secch
spersed anthe remainsa). Therefo
omposition (
Radiatio
r dispersion ac
te light/red/o
ough the Se
uipment (S equipment
hi disk tied wit
nd heteroges of necromore, humic s(named as
n dispersio
ccording to the
orange/yellow
ecchi disk *
Secchi Disct, respective
th a graduated
eneous mixmasses left b
substancesthe univers
n (Figure 34
e wave length
w/green/blue/i
c) and an ely.
d cord.
xture of vaby decomp
s exist in a sal substan
4)
h.
indigo/violet
example
arious osers wide
nce of
of a
38
* Semeasriversgrad
P
ecchi Disk sure the tras. Traditionually lowere
IX. Radi
Process of oxyg
Photospho
Figure 35B
- (created ansparency ally, the dised down int
iation and
gen production
synthesis excetosynthesis/de
B – Measuring
in 1865 byand turbid
sc comes mto the depth
its multiple
Figura 36 –
n and consump
eeds respiratioepth/temperatu
water transpa
y Pietro Âity levels of
mounted on hs of the wa
e effects on
Thermal strat
ption in a strat
on/sedimentatioure/hypolimnio
arency with a S
ngelo Seccf water boda stick, rop
aters.
n inland wa
tification in a la
tified lake.
on of organic mon/epilimnion/m
Secchi disk.
chi): a diskdies like ocepe or tape s
aters
ake.
matter/respiratmetalimnion/the
k constructeeans, lakesso that it ma
tion exceeds ermocline
ed to s, and ay be
39
Figurseas
Thermal
T
Inc
S
Tb
T
re 37 showsonal and ni
effects of r
Thermal inst
nstability = column;
Stability = la
The strata biologically.
Thermal stra
Temp
•
•
•
•
Tropi
•
•
•
ws exampleictemeral as
radiation on
tability and
lakes that
akes with th
formed
atification of
perate clima
Early spwater cir
Summer presence
o Ete
o Hd
o Md
Autumn -
Winter =(winter s
ical climate
Daily stra
Stratificade-stratif
Dynamicvariationwater blittoral re
es of stratspects.
n water bodi
stability of w
have unifo
ermal strati
are differe
f inland aqu
ate region
pring → icrculation - e
- surface e of three la
Epilimnion emperature
Hypnomniondensity (~ 4
Metalimnion discontinuity
- breaking o
= surface stratification
region
atification a
ation of sprfication;
cs associaten, wind dirbody, preseegion, etc.
tification an
ies
water bodie
orm temper
fication;
entiated ph
uatic ecosys
e-layer deseffective in s
heats up ayers:
(upper |)e;
n (lower) oC);
(intermey → Thermo
of thermal s
freezing -n).
nd de-strati
ring, summe
ed with derection, geoence of aq
nd thermal
es
ature throu
hysically,
stems
struction - shallow lake
- makes m
) = unif
= cooler
ediate) =ocline;
tratification
only the
fication;
er and aut
pth, seasoographical quatic macr
de-stratific
ughout the w
chemically
homothermes;
mixing diffi
form and
and max
= temper
and circula
lower circu
tumn and w
onal temperposition o
rophytes in
cation relate
water
and
mia -
cult -
hot
imum
rature
ation;
ulates
winter
rature of the n the
ed to
40
Lake
e Poço Verde
Classific
Lw
M
Figure 37–
e/winter/total
cation of lak
Lagos Holomwater colum
Dimic
Mono
•
•
Oligocircu
Olygotemp
Poly
Meromictic la
Geom
Examples of s
circulation/w
es regardin
míticos = Hmn
ctic = two ci
omictic = on
Warm Mo
Cold Mon
omictics anulations per
omictic = dperature
mictic = sha
akes = circu
morphologic
stratification a
wind/spring/su
ng the numb
Holomictic L
irculations p
ne circulatio
onomictic =
nomictic = c
nd Polymiyear
depths whe
allow and e
ulation does
cal meromix
nd de-stratific
ummer/autum
ber and type
Lakes = cir
per year (au
on per year
= circulation
circulation o
ctics = la
re there is
xtensive wi
s not reach
xis
ation in lakes
mn/partial circ
es of circula
culation rea
utumn and w
only in win
only in summ
akes with
little seaso
th daily circ
the entire w
culation/nigh
ation
aches the e
winter)
nter
mer
few or
onal variati
culation
water colum
ht/day
entire
many
on of
mn
41
In thplantchlor(DO)diffusThe
In Brdamsinitiasigni
X. Phys
DISSOLV
he terrestriats through roplasts; wi) and comesion on the DO concen Tempera
temperacold wat
Salinity Thus, it m
D
razil, for exs in tropically transformficantly alte
Chem
sical, Chem
VED OXYG
al environmcomplex mthin the aq
es predomisurface of t
ntration mayature - Theture. Thereters, the dis- The highemay be rep
Solub
Diffusion and
Dyna
•
Dyna
•
•
xample, somal forests, med into neering the w
mical or ecto
mical and B
GEN - DO
ent, oxygemetabolic pquatic environantly fromthe water (le
y vary due toe solubility fore, cold wsolved oxyger the amoorted that sbility also de
d Distributio
amics in tem
Hypolimn(decompthe deeinterfere
amics in trop
The higconcentr
Indirect c
o E
o Cd
me aspects directly inf
ecromass awater quality
ogenic mer
Biological E
n comes frrocesses tonment, th
m the photoess importao some circof oxygen
waters retaingen levels cunt of salt
sea water coepends on
on
mperate lake
nion with posing activep and
ences in DO
pical lakes
gh temperration contr
control facto
Extension of
Concentratiodissolved)
should be fluencing O
after filling, dy of the wa
omixis
Elements.
rom the phhat occur ais element osynthesis ant). cumstancesn in water n more oxycan reach adissolved iontains lesstemperature
es
high DO vity) in shaloligotrophic
O levels.
rature as rol;
ors of DO co
f the therma
on of organ
highlightedOD concendrastically i
ater body. D
otosyntheticat the intrais called dof the aqu
s, such as: increases gen than w
about 10 ppmn water, thes DO than oe and press
deficits dlow and eu
c waters
a direct
oncentratio
al stratificati
nic matter
d due to thetration. Bioncreases D
Depending
c metabolisacellular levissolved oxatic biotic
with decrewarmer wate
m (mg. L-1)e lower the
other waterssure.
during sumutrophic lake
there are
factor of
n.
on period;
(particulate
e constructiomass, whiDO consumon the sys
sm of vel in xygen or by
asing ers. In ); e DO. s;
mmer es; In e no
DO
e and
ion of ch is ption, tem’s
42
thermaltera
In aqan eperio
In troseveaqualow Dthe punforlitera
•
Durinits dydetai
mal stabilitations in the
quatic enviroxtremely hi
ods of great
opical lakeseral parameatic organismDO concenplanet’s gertunately sh
ature.
OTHER
ng the coursynamics anil, so here is
o C
o N
o P
o S
o S
ty conditione aquatic bi
onments unigh variatioter photic in
s, due to aeters, amonms, for exa
ntrations. Heological hishowing eve
ELEMENTS
se the implnd interrelas only a brie
Carbon (C) (
Orga
Total
Inorg
Nitrogen (N)
NO3, and
•
Phosphorus
P (Or
Total
•
Sulfur (S)
SO4-2
Silicon (Si)
Solub
ns, the stota.
ndergoing an of DO cotensity and
a complex ng them thmple, the fiowever, thestory and ents of fish
S
ications of eations of theef summary
(Figure 38)
nic = detrita
Organic (T
ganic (CO2)
)
NO2, NH3, OPN (organ
Classificanitrogen
(P)
rthophosph
- insoluble
Classifica
2, SO3-2, S-2
ble SiO2
rata may
a eutrophicaoncentration
deficiency
dynamics ohe DO, duish, developese adaptarapid chanh mortality
each elemee biotic/abiy of each of
al and partic
TOC) and O
NH4+, N2Onic particula
ation of lak) and nitrog
ate - more
ation of wat
2, H2S, SO2,
undergo a
ation procesn may happin the other
of environmuring the eped severaations have ges do noin several
ent present otic environthem:
culate (COP
Organic Diss
O, N2, DON (ate nitrogen
kes accordgen compou
important)
ter bodies
H2SO4, S+
anaerobiosi
ss (enrichmpen, reachinr periods.
mental variaevolutionaryl adaptationoften occu
ot allow for episodes
in the aquanment will
P biota)
solved (DCO
(dissolved on)
ing to TIN unds
+metals
is that pro
ment of nutrieng peaks d
ations relaty process ns to suppourred througr this poss
reported in
atic environbe present
O)
organic nitro
(total inor
ovoke
ents), during
ed to some
ort the ghout ibility, n the
ment, ted in
ogen)
rganic
43
The aquaprolothe c
The aquafunda
o C
o A
o T
o T
Aquatic mac
XI. Sedi
study and atic environmong this topcontext of th
importanceatic ecosystamental in t
Collo
Cations
Calci(Fe),
Anions
Chlor
Trace eleme
Zinc
They
Toxic eleme
Merc
Figure 3
crophytes/phy
ment
understandment wouldic, we will t
his text.
e of sedimeem, where the study o
oidal and Pa
um (Ca), m, manganes
ride, sulfate
ents (ppm-p
(Zn), coppe
y act in sma
nts
cury (Hg), le
8–Example of
ytoplankton/h
ding of the d require a sry to reduce
ent is relatebiological, pf the histori
articulate
magnesium se
e, carbonate
part per milli
er (Cu), cob
ll or very sm
ead (Pb), ca
f some interac
heterotrophs
importancspecific, lone the mater
ed to the iphysical ancal evolutio
(Mg), sodiu
e, bicarbona
ion, ppb-pa
balt (Co), mo
mall amount
admium (Cd
ctions related t
s/sedimentatio
e of sedimng and detarial to the m
nteraction d chemical
on between
m (Na), pot
ate.
rt per billion
olybdenum
ts in biotic m
d), nickel (N
to carbon
on/resuspens
ent in the ailed course
more relevan
of all proceprocesses the aquatic
tassium (K)
n)
(Mo) boron
metabolism
i)
sion/leaching
dynamics e. In order nnt aspects w
esses withioccur, still
c ecosystem
), Iron
n (B)
g
of an not to within
n the being
m and
44
the laaqua
In orsedimin thebiolo
Sedi
•
•
•
In boimpodeter39 swate
Figure
and adjacenatic ecosyst
rder to estament and me dynamics
ogical and p
ment is still
An objec
Used as
Employe
oth natural ortant role rmines the shows an
er/sediment
e 39 - Exampl
nt to it and ems are or
ablish somemineral sedis of the watermanent.
able to be:
ct of the stu
an indicato
ed to assess
and alterein nutrien
trophic statexample
correlation
e of the dynam
in the evaluhave been
e sediment ment (eachter column)
dy of paleo
or of trophic
s the polluti
ed conditiont dynamicste of an aquof the in
.
mics of Phosp
uation of thesubjected.
study criteh with isolat. The layer
limnology
c status
on level
ns in aquas. Phosphouatic environteraction o
phorus (P) rela
e intensity a
eria, we cated ecologicrs of limnic
atic environorus (P) i
onment, alonof Phosph
ative to the wa
and form of
n classify tcal aspectssediment m
ments, seds the maing with nitro
horus (P)
ater/sediment i
f impact to w
them as ors and assocmay be rece
diment playin elementogen (N). Frelative to
interaction..
which
rganic ciated ent or
ys an t that Figure o the
45
F
Eme
Figurleavelive iof we
XII. The
Figure 40– Ima
ersed macrop
re 41 showses and free n harmony eeds)
community
age of the var
phytes/macro
s some typefloating, rewith the en
y of aquati
rious types of a
ophytes with f
es of aquatispectively. vironment a
c macroph
aquatic macroenvironment.
floating leavemacrophytes
ic macrophy(Specific litas well as th
hytes (Figu
opytes related.
es/rooted subs
ytes: rootederature idenhose that a
re 40)
to their positio
bmersed mac
d submergentifies severe mistaken
on in the hydr
crophytes/flo
ed, with floaral species
nly denomin
ric
ating
ting that
nated
46
As wdynaimpothe c
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The eachetc.).
F
with sedimeamics of aqortance. Thecomplexity o
The main
The vege
The impterrestria
The relat
The anaenvironm
Biomass
The biom
Compariperiphyto
The impo
Aquatic m
The relmacroph
Using aq
Controlli
Using aq
XIII. The entire biolo
h species, j. Therefore,
Figure 41 – Ex
ent, researcuatic ecosyerefore, somof this topic
n habitats o
etal commu
portance of al and aqua
tionship bet
atomical anment;
s and prima
mass of rhiz
ison betweeon;
ortance of a
macrophyte
ationship hytes;
quatic macr
ng aquatic
quatic macr
phytoplankogical aspecjust as lim, only a few
xamples of ma
ching the inystems woume topics w. Thus, stud
of aquatic m
unities of the
aquatic maatic in the ec
tween aqua
d physiolog
ry productiv
zomes and a
en product
aquatic mac
es and the r
between t
ophytes to c
macrophyte
ophyte biom
kton commct of the aq
mnological pw aspects of
acrophytes in d
nfluence thuld require will be descrdies should
macrophytes
e littoral reg
acrophytes cotone);
atic macrop
gical adapt
vity of aqua
aquatic mac
ivity of aqu
crophytes in
role of nutrie
trophic sta
control poll
e population
mass.
munity quatic envirprocesses df these inter
different ecolo
hat aquatic an entire cribed in ordbe directed
s (emersed,
gion;
in the dyna
hytes and fl
ation of aq
tic macroph
crophyte ro
uatic macro
n forming or
ent storage
ates and
ution and a
ns;
ronment reqdo (quantitractions will
ogical niches.
macrophythapter to eer to have a
d to:
floating, et
amics of ec
loodable are
quatic macr
hytes;
ots;
ophytes, ph
rganic waste
and cycling
the bioma
rtificial eutro
quires specy, metabol be conside
tes have oexplain theira basic not
tc.);
cosystems
reas;
rophytes to
hytoplankton
e;
g;
ass of aq
ophization;
cialists to idism, intera
ered.
n the r vast ion of
(both
their
n and
quatic
entify ction,
47
Phyto
•
•
•
•
•
SomF).
oplankton c
M
M
M
N
U
e "algae" ty
Cyanob
Eugl
classification
Macro =
Meso =
Micro =
Nano =
Ultra =
ypes (phyto
bacteria (ex
Figure 42 B
lenophyte
n can be pe
>1000 µm
500 – 10
50 – 500
10 – 50 µ
0,5 – 10
plankton) th
xample)
es
erformed by
m
000 µm
0 µm
µm
µm
hat exist in a
y size, thus:
aquatic env
Ch
Fig
vironments:
Figure 42 A
hlorophyt
gure 42 C
(Figures 42
te
2A to
48
Figure 42
Figure 42
C
E
2F- Examples
Chrysophy
Figure 42 D
Figure 42 F
of groups gen
yte
nerally known
Pyrrophy
as “algae”
yte
49
Tablephyto
Table
PROK
EUCA
The iorgancategestab
Table
Cate
Exce
Go
Nor
Ba
e 4 descroplankton
e 4 - Group
KARYOTES
ARYOTICS
Importante
XIV. PCI –
index uses thnisms and thgories. With lished, valid
e 5 - Classi
egory We
ellent
ood
rmal
ad
ribes the a
ps of algae w
Phylogen
Bac
STRAME
DISCICRALVEO
VIRIDIP
Ausen
–Phytoplan
he dominanche Trophic
the changed for both rive
fication of t
eighting
1 TTT
2
DT5
3
DDT5
4 DT6
algal group
with represe
etic group
teria
ENOPILES
RISTATA OLATE
LANTAE
nte o escaso
nkton Com
ce of the largState Index
e to the TSers (ICFRIO
he Phytopla
There is no doTotal Density <TSI ≤ 52
Dominance of Total density >52 < TSI ≤ 59
Dominance of DinoflagellatesTotal Density >59 < TSI ≤ 63
Dominance of Total Density >63 < TSI
ps with re
entatives in
Divisions o
Cyanob
BacillarioChrysop
RaphidoEustigmat
PelagopSilicoflaCryptop
EuglenoDinoph
ChloropPrasinop
ConjugatoGlauco
Poco im
mmunity Ind
ge groups thx (TSI), in SI in 2005,
O) and reservo
ankton Com
Trophic
ominance betw< 1,000 org .m
Chlorophycea> 1,000 and <
Chlorophyceas > 5,000 and <
Cyanobacteri> 10,000 org .
epresentativ
limnic and
or classes
bacteria
ophyceae phyceae phyceae tophyceae phyceae gelados
phyceae phyceae hyceae phyceae phyceae ophyceae ophyte
mportante o meno
dex
hat make up order to sepa new we
oirs (ICFRE
mmunity Ind
c State Index
ween the AlgaemL-1
ae (Desmidiac5,000 org .mL
ae (Chlorococ
10,000 org .m
ia or EuglenacmL-1
ves of limn
marine phy
Limnics
or diversidad o di
phytoplanktparate the wighting of tS), as shown
ex - PCI
- Levels
e Groups
ceae) or DiatoL-1
ccal), Phytoflag
mL-1
ceae
nic and m
ytoplankton
Mari
istribución
ton, the denswater qualitythis variable
n in Table 5.
oms
gellates or
marine
ine
sity of y into e was
50
The farithmvalue
* Thetropreg
Just commorga
In thishow
The (flageCopeSomecos(radiomolludyna(Figu
In ecaqua
final value, metic meane of TSI.
e purpose ophic levels,
garding the e
XV. The
as phytoplamunity alsonisms with
is way, onlyws some org
main repreellates, sarcepods (cruse worms (t
systems, zoolaria, forauscs; Cnidaamics of thures 43 and
cological teatic inverteb
which genen of the thre
of the Tropsuch as ev
excessive g
zooplankto
ankton como needs skaquatic eco
y some aspganisms rep
Figure 43
esentativescodines an
staceans); Lturbelary anoplankton iminifera anarians (Hidhese envirod 44).
erms, it is pbrates upon
erates the dee partial we
hic State Invaluating wgrowth of alg
on commun
mmunity reqkilled profesosystems.
ects relatedpresentative
3 – Respresen
of the fred ciliates);
Larvae and nd trematods mainly re
nd tintinnidsromedusaeonments, e
possible to n the zoopla
diagnosis oreights relate
ndex (TSI) water quality
gae and cy
nity
uires a numssionals to
d to these oes from this
ntatives of the
eshwater zoMetazoanseggs of fishdes); Cnidaepresented s); Chaetog
e). These oespecially i
add the dankton com
r final qualityed to the do
is to classiy for nutrienanobacteria
mber of speunderstand
organisms ws group:
zooplankton c
ooplankton s: Rotifers; Ch and molluarians (jellyfby: Copepognatha; Larorganisms pin nutrient
dynamics ofmmunity. Wh
y classificatominance, d
fy water bont enrichmea.
cifications, d the corre
will be addre
community
communityCladoceranscs; Insect fish). In conods, Cladocrvae and eplay a deci
cycling an
f the predahen conditio
tion, will bedensity and
odies at diffent and its
the zooplaelations of
essed. Figu
y are: Prons (crustace
larvae (Dipntinental aqcerans; Proeggs of fishisive role ind energy
ation of fishons of ecolo
the
ferent effect
nkton these
ure 43
tozoa eans); ptera); quatic tozoa h and n the flow.
h and ogical
51
imbaof pla
PROTBr
CO
The calanchloroobtain
alance of zoanktophage
TOZOA / Cycrachionus sp
OPEPODA / CNoto
XVI. ICZre
Zooplanktonnoids to the tophyll a. Thened from Fig
ooplankton pe fish, with t
Figu
clidium sp / Ep / Hexarthra
CeCYCLOPOIDAodiaptomus s
es–Zooplan
n Communitytotal numberese two resugure 45.
populationsthis type of
ure 44 – A few
uplotes sp / Psp / CLADOC
eriodaphnia sA / CALANOIDsp / Argyrodia
kton Comm
y Index for r of cyclopoilts are assoc
s occur, themanageme
w representativ
Paradileptus CERA / Daphnsp / Moina spDA / INSECTAaptomus sp /
munity Inde
Reservoirsds (Ncal/Ncyciated with G
y can be coent called bi
ves of zooplan
sp / Coleps snia sp / Diaph / Chydorus s
A DIPTERA / M/ Diaptomus s
ex for Rese
relates the yc), with the
Good, Fair, P
ontrolled byomanipulat
nkton
sp / ROTIFERhanosoma spsp / Mesocylops ssp / Chaoboru
ervoirs
ratio of the Trophic Staoor and Very
y the introdution.
R / Microcodop / Bosmina s
sp / Cyclops sus sp
e total numbate Index (TSy Poor categ
uction
on sp / sp /
sp /
ber of SI) for gories,
52
The grousampcalanrotifePoor
The some
Z
Figur
use of theps: rotifersple. In the anoids and aers or clador condition.
XVII. The
same conse represent
Zooplankton
re 45 – Classif
ZCIRES dias, cladoceraabsence of absence of ocerans, as
benthic co
siderations mtatives of be
n Communit
fication accord
agnostic maans and ccalanoid copcyclopoids
ssign Poor
ommunity
mentioned enthos.
ty Index/Ho
ding to zoopla
atrix requirecopepods (pepods, NC
s, NCAL/NCYCand, in the
above also
rrible/Bad/N
ankton commu
es the prescalanoids &
Cal/NCyc< 0.5;C> 2.0; is eme absence o
o apply to th
Normal/Good
unities for rese
sence of th& cyclopoidis used; in
mployed; inof copepod
his group. F
d
ervoirs
ree zooplads) in the the presen
n the absens, attribute
Figure 46 s
nkton total
nce of nce of
Very
shows
53
Bentaquainhabone plurasubsbiolo
The vegephytocons
Bentinform
thos: a comatic environbiting the boand must b
al of the terstratum or fogy, limnolo
penetrationetation to thobenthos issists mostly
thic commumation on
Figure 46
mmunity of onments (Grottom of aqbe used wirm benthosfree, and isgy and oce
n of light inhe surface s confined of bacteria
unities are environme
6 – Some repre
organisms (eek word
quatic enviroth an articl). This terms often useanography
nto the walayers of
to the littoand zoobe
often usental condit
resentatives of
(benthic or meaning donments (thle and verbm represented in areas(Figure 17)
ater columnthe enviro
oral areas. nthos.
ed as biolotions due t
f the benthic c
benthic) thadeep, lowerhe word benbal agreemts the orga
s of science)
establishenment; TheBenthos th
ogical indicto the sens
community
at lives in thr) and refenthos has bent in singunisms that e such as
es a distriberefore, the
hat is found
cators sincsitivity of a
he substratuers to life fbeen a colleular, there live fixed tecology, m
bution of bee occurrend in deep a
ce they pra single sp
um of forms ective is no
to the marine
enthic ce of areas
rovide pecies
54
(indicenvir
Due signi
For dindic(Tab
Table
Cate
Exce
GO
NOR
BA
HORR
Table
Categ
Exce
GOO
NOR
BA
HORR
cator) or dronmental s
to the comficant impo
XVIII. BCI –
diagnosis, thces, suitablele 6), deep
6 - Benthic
egory We
ellent
OOD
RMAL
AD
RIBLE
7 - Benthic
gory Weig
ellent
OD
MAL
AD
RIBLE
due to somsign over tim
mplex structrtance in nu
– Benthic C
he descriptoe for each tyreservoir zo
c Communit
eighting
1 ≥
2
3
4 1
5
c Communit
ghting
1 ≥
2 7
3 4
4 1
5
me generame.
ure of this utrient dyna
Community
ors, detailedype of environe (Table
ty Index for
S
≥ 25 ≥
17 - 24
152
9 - 16
5.00 -
1 - 8 <
ty Index for
S IC
10 > 7
– 9 > 3.57.
– 6 > 1.03.
– 3 ≤ 1
l feature t
communityamics.
y Index
d in the meronment, su7) and rive
sub-littoral
ICS
25.00
.00 - < 25.00
>
- < 15.00 >
5.00
deep reser
CS
7.00
50 - ≤ 00
>
00 - ≤ 50
>
1.00
hat makes
y, specific a
thodology, wuch as the srs (Table 8)
reservoir z
Levels H’
> 3.50
> 2.25 - ≤ 3.5
> 1.50 - ≤ 2.2
≤ 1.50
AZOIC
rvoir zone (B
Leve
H’
> 2.00
1.50 - ≤ 2.00
0.50 - ≤ 1.50
≤ 0.50
AZOIC
s the comm
spects of s
were fused ub-littoral re).
one (BCIRES
T/D
< 0.
50 0.10 0.4
25 0.40 0.7≥ 0.7
BCIRES-P)
ls
T/DT
< 0.20
≥ 0.20 - < 0.50
≥ 0.50 - < 0.80
≥ 0.80
munity inte
sediment ca
into multimeservoir zon
S-SL)
DT Sse
10 ≥3
- < 40
2
- < 70
1
70 0
Tt/Chi
≥ 0.10
> 0.06 - <0.10
> 0.03 - ≤0.06
≤ 0.03
egrate
arry a
metric ne
ns
3
<
≤
55
Table
Cate
Exce
GO
NOR
BA
HOR
Due CET
Sincesuffe
Therover civilizcomp
Therentitytime
WatepertinleadiEpino
8 - Benthic
egory We
ellent
OOD
RMAL
AD
RIBLE
to the compESB – App
XIX. Natu
e the adveered the con
refore, watetime, divid
zation, chanplexity, sinc
refore, it shoy. It is consand curren
er was thenent literatuing to the cocycle (terr
c Communit
eighting
1 ≥
2 1
3 6 –
4
5
plexity of thendices of t
ural events
ent of Planensequences
er quality inding said cnges that ince they led t
ould be kepstantly chantly, added t
main ageure. Simulta
continental drestrial), Lim
ty Index for
S I
≥ 21 > 2
4 – 20
> 92
– 13 > 39
≤5 ≤
is communtheir Water
that alter w
et Earth, was of many ch
n both salt changes intntensified wto a higher
pt in mind thnging accorto by anthro
ent in the ianeously, tdrift modifie
mnocycle (fr
rivers (BCI
ICS
20.00
.50 - ≤ 0.00 .00 - ≤ 9.50
3.00
ity, a detaileQuality Re
water quali
ater has achanges alo
water and to before a
with the growhydric dem
hat the qualrding to natopogenic ch
initial formathe movemed the bouldreshwater) a
RIO)
Levels
H’
> 2.50
> 1.50 - ≤ 2.50
> 1.00 - ≤ 1.50
≤ 1.00
AZOIC
ed calculatiports
ity
cted as a fng the vario
fresh wateand after thwth of the pand.
ity of naturatural modifichanges as w
ation of theent of the der and plaand Talasso
T/DT
≤ 0.25
> 0.25 -0.50
≥ 0.50 -0.75
> 0.75
on is descri
formative eous geologic
er has undehe developopulation a
al water is ncations, at t
well.
e planet, atectonic planetary relieocycle (saltw
T Ssen
5 ≥3
- < 2
- ≤ 1
5 0
ibed in the
element andcal ages.
ergone chapment of huand technolo
not an immuthe beginni
according toates (Figuref, dividing water).
ns
d has
anges uman ogical
utable ing of
o the e 47) it into
56
So, tposs
The f
The longihowe
In thsuchbioticthat away envir
to isolate sesible to abst
following se
atmospheritudinal andever, such d
is way, it ish as long drc communitare able to interaction ronment. (F
F
Direction of
eparate nattract them in
equence is
ic dynamicsd latitudinaldisturbance
s possible toroughts. Onty of these handle thewhere the e
Figure 48)
igure 47 –The
the plates/Bo
tural eventsn a purely d
not hierarch
s, a direct positions,
es get assim
o highlight n the other
environmeese impactsenvironmen
e planet’s main
orders of the
s that alter didactical wa
hical but str
consequenact by alte
milated by na
events thathand, throu
ents develo and under
nt influences
n tectonic plat
e plates/Activ
water qualiay
rictly informa
ce of seasering the natural aqua
t lead to floughout the ped morphrgo a simults living bein
es
e volcanoes.
ty is not pr
ative.
onality, inteatural qualtic ecosyste
oods due to geological o-physiologtaneous evongs and the
.
ractical; it is
eracting witity of the wems.
o excessive ages, the e
gical adaptaolution, in aese also alte
s only
th the water;
rains entire ations a two-er the
57
Thusbiolo
Earthenvirquali
F
s, changes ogical activit
hquakes, wronment disity of the aff
Figure 48.- A s
in water qty modified
which drassappear asfected wate
Figure 4
Mo
simplified exam
quality interfthe environ
stically altes it can alsers. (Figure
49 – An image
ovement/prim
mple of the pl
fered in thenment for its
er a landsso create o49)
e of some asp
mary waves/se
anet’s atmosp
e evolutions best adapt
scape, canone, acting
pects of an ear
econdary wav
pheric dynamic
of the biotation. (Gaia
n both maas an acti
rthquake
ves.
c.
osphere anda Hypothes
ake an aqive agent i
d this sis).
quatic n the
58
Volcaas a volca
Amoplacevice (Figu
anic activity dynamic aanic ash, an
Ash/crate
ng the natue where aqversa (Fig
ure 52)
y, which conagent affectnd with lava
Fig
er/bombs/hot c
ural modificquatic envirogure 51). In
Fig
nfigured theting water q
a. Figure 50
gure 50 – Som
cloud/chimney
cations, woronments arn view of t
gure 51 – Exam
e planetary quality withdetails som
me aspects of
y/magmatic ch
rth noting isre transformthis, natura
mples of ecolo
landscape,h both hot gme aspects
volcanic activ
hamber/lava fl
s the ecolomed into a al eutrophic
ogical success
acted and gases and of volcanic
vity.
ow/acid rain/fu
gical succeterrestrial eation can
sion
continues tparticles, cactivity.
fumaroles.
ession that environmenbe emphas
to act called
takes t and sized.
59
Phyveget
If onlinflueexamto unaqua
Curreanthr
Eutrobodymacr
Eutrointo proce
ytoplankton / tations + micorganic mate
Waterh
ly one elemencing watemples, it hasnderstand tatic ecosyst
ently, the mropogenic o
XX. Eutro
ophication iy of water frrophytes ca
ophication ia terrestriaess is a cult
Adaptdead phytop
crocrustaceanerial / Floating
hole or swam
Fig
ment is conser quality bos been verifhe main vaem.
main conceorigin, the b
ophication
s the procerom which
an result.
is a naturall environmetural or acc
tation betweeplankton + mins and insectg aquatic pla
undmp / Temporar
gure 52 – Exa
Natural
sidered in isoth positivelfied that nonariables that
ern is to intasic focus o
n
ess of excesmassive an
l process thent. On theelerated on
en species ancroorganismt larvas / Sed
ants + hydrasdergoing shadry lagoon / Co
ample of natur
succession
solation, it wly and negane acts alont act or ope
terpret the of this cours
ssive, permnd undesira
hat graduale other hanne (Figure 5
nd the enviroms / protozoa diment stabili, frogs and inding olonization b
ral eutrophicat
in a lake
will be foundatively. Howne. It is an eerate in wa
changes ise.
manent and able develop
lly transformnd, the env53).
nment and dipterouzed by roots nsects / subm
by terrestrial s
ion
d to contain wever, accorextremely cter quality
n water qu
continuouspment of al
ms an aquaironmental
us larvae / Ro+ accumulat
merged plants
species
many elemrding to the
complex dynin that part
uality that a
s fertilizationgae and aq
atic environconcern fo
oted tion of s
ments, cited namic ticular
are of
n of a quatic
nment or this
60
Fi
Prod
The e
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Td
Ttr
pTe
gure 53 – Ima
duction of or
eutrophicat
Excessiv
Conditio
To ecolo
Physical
Flow velo
Residen
Climate
Depth of
The origin odomestic eff
The wide varansparenc
particulate nTable 9 deseutrophicatio
age of the hyp
rganic materi
tion process
ve presence
ns relating t
ogical aspec
and morph
ocity and re
ce time;
conditions;
f water bodi
of the nutrfluent) and e
ariation of Dy level, turb
nitrogen canscribes andon levels.
othetical curve
al by lake areeutroph
s may be re
e of nutrient
to water qu
cts;
hological ch
enewal;
es;
ients may either dispe
DO concentbidity values
n all be estad establish
e of eutrophic
ea unit/effectshication/the la
elated, alone
ts - mainly P
ality;
aracteristic
have a onersed or diff
tration, the s, and the c
ablished ases the clas
cation related t
s of artificial ake’s age
e or in comb
P and N;
s of water b
e-time or cfuse (ie: lea
diversity aconcentratio
s the main issification o
to natural and
or domestic
bination, wit
bodies;
concentrateching of ag
nd density on of both c
ndicators oof water bo
artificial facto
fertilizers/na
th:
ed charactegricultural ar
of planktonchlorophyll aof eutrophicodies relate
ors.
tural
er (ie: rea);
n, the a and
ation. ed to
61
T
(T
Ultrao
Oligot
Mesot
Eutrop
Super
Hyper
* TSevalualgae ChloStateshouthe p
The cTSI =TSI =. Eutro
•
Table 9 - Cla
Categories Trophic State)
oligotrophic
trophic
trophic
phic
reutrophic
reutrophic
SI = The Truating watee growth.
rophyll a ae Index (TSuld be takenprocess).
calculation = 10. (6 - ((0= 10. (6- (1.
ophication c
An exceblooms,
assification
TSI V
TSI ≤ 47
47 < TSI
52 < TSI
59 < TSI
63 < TSI
TSI > 67
ophic Stateer quality fo
nd Total PhSI). The indn as a meas
of the TSI f0,42-0,36. (.77-0.42. (L
causes a nu
essive andproliferation
of water bo
Values
Bo
ins
≤ 52 Lo
un
pre
≤ 59 Bo
im
ca
≤ 63 Bo
an
an
wa
int
≤ 67 Hig
tra
the
the
Bo
org
wit
co
reg
e Index clasor nutrients
hosphorus dex resultssure of the e
from the Pt (Ln.PT) / ln2
Ln.PT) / ln2)
umber of ne
harmful dn of aquatic
odies relate
odies of clean w
significant nutrie
ow productivity
ndesirable interf
esence of nutrie
odies of water
plications over
ases.
odies of water w
nd a reduction
nthropogenic ac
ater quality arisi
terference in the
gh productivity
ansparency and
ere are frequen
e occurrence of
odies of water s
ganic materials
th episodes o
onsequences for
gions.
ssifies wates and its d
concentrati, calculatedeutrophicati
concentrati2)) - Pt is ex)) - Pt is exp
egative envi
developmenc macrophy
d to eutroph
Chara
water, very low
ents. Water usa
bodies of cl
ferences over
ents.
with intermedi
water quality in
with high produc
n of transparen
ctivities in which
ng from an incr
eir multiple uses
bodies of water
generally affec
nt undesirable o
f algae blooms.
significantly affe
s and nutrients
f algae bloom
r their multiple u
er bodies ineleterious
ons are usd from the ion potentia
ion is perforxpressed inpressed in μ
ronmental e
nt of aquates, etc.;
hication lev
acteristics
w productivity a
ge is not hinder
ean water in
the use of wa
ate productivity
acceptable lev
ctivity in relation
ncy that is ge
h there are und
eased concentr
s.
r in relation to n
cted anthropoge
ccurrences in w
ected by elevat
and compromi
ms and fish kil
uses, including
n different teffect relate
ed to calcuphosphoru
al (the main
rmed by the μg L-1 (riveμg. L-1 (rese
effects, suc
atic plants,
vels.
and concentratio
red.
which there
ater arising fro
y that have po
vels for the majo
n to natural con
enerally affecte
desirable chan
ration of nutrien
natural condition
enic activities in
water quality, su
ted concentrati
ised uses asso
lls, with undes
on livestock in
trophic deged to exce
ulate the Trus concentr
nutrient ca
e formula: ers) ervoirs)
ch as:
including
ons of
is no
om the
ossible
ority of
ditions
ed by
ges in
nts and
ns, low
which
uch as
ons of
ociated
sirable
littoral
grees, essive
rophic ation, using
algal
62
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Eutrothe pmay
•
•
•
•
One infes
•
•
•
•
•
•
A deep organism
The orgconsequ
Degradatranspar
Gas emi
Benthal
Conside
Losses f
Miscellan
Increase
Elevation
Producti
Conditiovectors.
ophication, presence obe applied:
Number
Volume o
Weight o
Content
of the mostations of a
• Loss of w
• Impaired
• Impaired
• Interfere
• Interfere
• Occupat
alteration ms;
ganic decouent anoxia;
ation of warency, etc.;
ssions and
deposit form
rable losses
for irrigation
neous dam
ed evaporat
n of level an
on of toxic s
ns conduc
as already of algae in :
of cells of c
of algae pe
of algae per
of chloroph
st visible caquatic mac
water by ev
d navigabilit
d flow of wa
nce with the
nce with irr
tion of the u
of the biot
omposition, ;
ater quality,
production
mations and
s for the use
n and hydroe
ages for rec
ion;
nd barriers f
substances
ive to the
mentionedhypereutro
cyanobacte
r cubic met
r cubic mete
hyll a per lite
consequencrophytes, c
apotranspir
y;
ter in canal
e operation
igation syst
useful volum
ta, with re
consumpt
, with chan
of bad odo
d nutrient re
e of water f
electric use
creation, to
for the flow
s and possib
proliferatio
d, leads to ophic lakes.
ria per millil
ter of water;
er of water;
er of water.
ces of eutrocausing:
ration;
s and rivers
in hydroele
tems;
me in storag
placement
ion and d
nges in co
ors;
ecycling;
for public su
e;
urism and la
of water;
ble losses in
on of mos
the develop. Therefore
liter;
;
ophication i
s;
ectric plants
ge facilities;
of fish spe
depression
omposition,
upply;
andscaping
n livestock;
quitoes, la
pment of ble, the follow
s the appe
s;
ecies and
of DO a
color, turb
g;
arvae and
looms relatwing param
earance of
other
nd a
bidity,
other
ted to meters
large
63
•
•
•
•
•
In ordTable
Table
.
Figurwatebecobioch
In oraspe
1
• Interfere
• Devaluat
• The credeposits
• Impaired
• The harbsnails e
der to compe 10 was cr
e 10 - Char
Par
Nutrients
Dissolved Ox
Communities
Subaquatic s
River basin
res 54, 55 er quality ofome limitinghemical and
rder to betects:
. Natural elifespenvir(orgatherecondtranscalle
nce with fis
tion of near
ation of sts;
d photosynth
boring and tc.
pare two exreated.
racteristics o
rameter
xygen
s
solar radiation
and 56 def a lake ecog factors d biological
tter clarify
eutrophicatpan will grronmental canic and inefore be obditions befosformation ed ecologica
shing activity
rby areas;
agnating c
hesis;
promotion
xtreme envir
of Oligotrop
Low conrecyclinPhosphOften clboth theepylimn
low biomphytoplaand fish
High traeuphoti
Deep lamorphoby V-shslightly
escribe asposystem. Tfor aquaticchanges.
and under
ion - as alreradually unconditions, organic) anbserved thaore impact. of aquatic
al successio
y;
conditions i
of disease
ronments, t
phic and Eu
Oligotrophic
ncentrations ang of Nitrogen,horus and Siliclose to saturae hypolimnionnion.
mass of ankton, zoobe
h.
ansparency in c zone.
akes with ometry characthaped valleys modified.
ects of eutThe presencc biota, le
rstand eutr
eady notedndergo eutrthis time isnd self-puriat there is
However, environme
on.
n the wate
carrying v
he oligotrop
trophic env
c
and slow , ca.
Higrecan
tion in and
Lasahythe
enthos Higzodiv
the Lozo
terized and
Shstrmo
trophicationce of nutrieeading to
rophication,
d, every aqurophication s a correlatification proa specific throughout
ents into te
er due to o
ectors, suc
phic and eu
ironments.
Eut
gh concentratcycling of nutrd P. rge variation ituration: deprepolimnion ande epylimnion (gh biomass anobenthos and
versity and hig
w transparencne.
hallow lakes wratification, culodified.
related to ents, mainlymajor phy
we should
uatic enviroover time
ion betweenocesses (Fi
tendency t the geolorrestrial on
organic ma
ch as mosq
utrophic sys
trophic
tions and rapidrients, mainly
in relation to ession in the d oversaturatio(photic period)nd phytoplank
d fish sedimengher density).
cy in the euph
with low ltivated and h
changes iy P and N, ysical, chem
d focus on
onment duri. Under nan nutrient iigure 56). Ito return t
ogical agesnes takes p
aterial
uitos,
tems,
d N
on in ). kton, t (low
hotic
ighly
n the have
mical,
n two
ng its atural nputs t can o the s, the place,
64
2
Figu
2. Cultural relatesourcnot bbalan(permof thphos
ure 54 – Image
or acceleraed to the cces) and thbeing able nce since manently pohe aquatic esphorus; Fig
e showing con
ated eutropcontinuous e temporal to slowly the impac
olluted wateenvironmengure 56 deta
nsequences ointo the
phication - tnutritional incapacity transform
cts take pler bodies). nt when theails a simpl
of the artificial lacustrine eco
the occurredischarge of the self-the ecologace in a Figure 54
ere is a nutified eutrop
eutrophicationosystem.
nce of this ( from poinpurification ical imbalaconstant ohighlights ttrient input hication sys
n process thro
phenomennt and non-process, th
ance into aongoing mahe modificaof nitrogen
stem.
ough P and N
non is -point hat is, a new anner ations n and
input
65
Figur
Pprodu
re 55 – Image
lacement of auction/dissol
of simplified a
artificial nutrilved in the hy
artificial eutrop
ients/organicypolimnion/de
fro
phication mod
c production/ecomposition
om the sedim
difying the bala
biomass/lighn rate/nutrien
ment
ance of the lac
t penetrationnt concentrat
custrine ecosy
n/organic wastion/nutrients
ystem.
ste s freed
66
Rele
Fig
In orportrbioticof se
ease of organ
B
ure 56 – Imag
rder to reacrays a simpc) affecting everal order
ic waste / wazone /
Biochemical
Consequenc
ge of the self-p
h a broadeplified imagmetabolism
rs. Dependin
atercourse / dclean water z
demand of ox
BacterTim
ces of the rel
purification pro
r view of thge of the inm (balance) ng on the im
degradation zzone / Oxyge
xygen / Amon
ria and fungi me (or distan
lease of orga
ocess througheffluent).
he dynamicsnterrelationsin a lake, e
mpact, the w
zone / active den depression
nniacal nitrog
/ Algae nce)
anic load in a
out time after
s in an aquaships amonespecially towater trophy
decomposition curve
gen / nitrates
watercourse
the input of nu
atic environng the facto the producy level is the
on zone / reco
s /
e
utrients (dome
nment, Figutors (abioticctivity proceen establish
overy
estic
ure 57 c and esses hed.
67
PrimNatu
Heat
Figure
In viebe aaqualiteranotedcostscerta
INTER R
Human InflAgricultu
ary Nutrientsure of bottomand Stratifica
Quantity,
e 57– Simplifie
ew of the aadded to thatic ecosystature, highligd that eacs/benefits. ain objective
RELATIONS O
uence / Geogural and Minins / Drainage A
m deposits / Ination Penetra
/ Season
Composition
ed design of t
above, somehe possibletem. The pghting the pch of them(This implae is called In
OF FACTORS
Geographic Formng Dumps / SArea / Depth /nflux of Allocation / Penetral Cycle of C
TROPICAL n and Distribu
"P
he interrelatiot
e measurese recovery, processes dphysical, chm have poantation of ntegrated W
S THAT AFFE
ographic Situamation / TopogSubstrate Com/ Area / Botto
chthonous Maration and UsCirculation an
NATURE OF ution of Plan
PRODUCTIVIT
onships of factto productivity
s of a theraor in mor
described iemical and
ositive andmore than
Weed Contro
CT THE META
ation graphy / Latitmposition / B
om Shape / Praterials / Tran
se of Oxygen nd Growth Sta
THE LAKE /ts and Anima
TY"
ors that affecty.
apeutic and/re modern in Table 11biological o negative
n one mechol)
ABOLISM OF
tude LongitudBasin Shape /recipitation / nsparency / L/ Littoral Reg
agnation /
als / Circulati
the metabolis
/or correctivterms, reh
1 can be dones. Howepoints, ma
hanism dire
F A LAKE
de Altitude / / Climate / Wind / Insula
Light Penetragions Develop
on Rates /
sm of a lake, r
ve nature shabilitation odescribed iever, it shouainly relateected towa
ation / tion / pment
related
hould of an n the uld be ed to rds a
68
Tablethera
Biblio
CET
ESTE
TUN
Sitesambi
e 11 - Papeutic mea
T
Mechanic
Chemica
Biologica
ographic Re
ESB Relató
EVES, F DE
DISI, J.G; T
s da Interientais natu
hysical (masures (corr
Therapeutic m
cal processes
l processes
al processes
eferences
órios de Qu
E A Fundam
TUNDISI T.
rnet – divurais e polui
echanical), rective) of a
measures
alidade da Á
mentos de L
M. Limnolo
versas infoção das ág
chemical an impacted
DestrHypnDeepBest qSedimSedimRemoRemoShadP cheSedimHerbiLime HerbiUse oFood
Água vários
Limnologia.
ogia Ed. Ofic
ormações eguas.
and biolod aquatic en
Correct
ratification olimion aeratio water withdraquality water s
ment removalment coveringoval of aquaticoval of planktoing / Decrease
emical precipitment oxidationcide applicatioapplication vorous fish us
of fish that eatchain manipu
s anos.
Ed. Interciê
cina de Tex
em ecolog
ogical procnvironment.
ive measures
on awal supply
c macrophytesonic biomass e of water leveation
n with Nitrate on
sage cyanobacteria
ulation
ência/FINEP
xtos. 632 p.
ia, limnolo
cesses suc
s
s
el
a
P.575 p, 19
2008.
ogia, altera
ch as
988.
ações
69
SPATIAL AND TEMPORALVARIATIONS IN WATERQUALITY, MAIN WATER
QUALITY PARAMETERS ANDEMERGING CONTAMINANTS
BIOL. DR. FABIO N. MORENO
Cadernos daCadernos daCadernos daCadernos daCadernos daGestão do ConhecimentoGestão do ConhecimentoGestão do ConhecimentoGestão do ConhecimentoGestão do Conhecimento
71
SPAWAT
Watepresequaliassoquali
•
••
2
Acco
•••••••••
3
The resouthat Natio
"Pollor ind
•••••
ATIAL ANTER QUA
1. The C
er is one oent in the ity means t
ociated to itity were pro
Set of coorganic s
Compos Descript
factors in
2. Water u
ording to Bra
Human s Industria Pollution Generat Irrigatio Navigat Preserv Aquacu Recreat
3. Main so
term polluturce due toresource.
onal Environ
lution: the ddirectly:
adversel create a adverse affect ae release m
ND TEMPALITY PA
Concept of
of the mostenvironmenthe capacitts varied u
oposed by C
oncentrationsubstances
sition and stion of spanfluencing t
se and qua
aga (et al.,
supply; al supply; n dilution; ion of electrn; tion; vation of florlture; and tion.
ources of w
tion can beo the additioBrazilian Lnmental Po
degradation
ly affect thedverse con
ely affect bioesthetic or smatter or en
ORAL VARAMETE
Water Qua
t intensivelynt in the aty of waterses. Other
Chapman (1
ns, chemica; ate of the atial and te
the water bo
ality requir
2005), wate
ricity;
ra and fauna
water pollut
e used to con of substaLaw No. 6,9licy, defines
of environm
e health, safditions for sota; sanitary connergy out of
ARIATIONERS AND
ality
y used natappropriate r to continu
views ado1996), as fo
al species a
aquatic biotaemporal varody.
rements
er can be in
a;
tion
characterizeances that c938 of Augs pollution i
mental quali
fety and wesocial and e
nditions of thf line with e
NS IN WAEMERGIN
tural resourquantity a
uously mainopted to exllows:
and physica
a in a waterriations due
ntended for
e a changecome to undgust 31, 19n the follow
ity resulting
ell-being of teconomic ac
he environmestablished
ATER QUNG CONT
rce and thend quality. ntain itself plain the c
al partitions
r body; and e to intern
the followin
in the quadermine the981, which
wing terms:
g from activi
the populatictivities;
ment; environmen
UALITY, MTAMINAN
erefore muIn this co
within the concept of w
of inorgani
nal and ext
ng uses:
ality of a nae multiple ush deals wit
ities that dir
ion;
ntal standar
MAIN NTS.
st be ntext, limits water
c and
ternal
atural ses of h the
rectly
rds.
73
The depethe envir
Pointare egenedistriintermpollu
•••••••••••
Contand that agric
An eit is stratemana
effects resend on the nuse made
ronments fr
Figur
t loads are easily iden
erated. Diffuibuted on mittent inte
ution include
agricultu atmosph detrition vehicles vegatatio solid was dust; animal e accident erosion, release o
trolling diffucontrol of ppermit a red
cultural and
vitable consfundament
egy, principagement wi
a
ulting from nature of th
e of the wom point or
re 58 - Water
introduced tifiable. Theuse loads the surface
ervals, prime:
ural areas; heric deposi
of paved su; on remains;ste;
excrement; tal spills; and
of househo
se loads repollutant emduction or rurban area
sequence otally importaples and meith the envir
the introduhe pollutant water bodyr diffuse sou
pollution from
through theese sourcedo not orige of the b
marily when
ition; urfaces;
;
ld sewage i
equires non-missions anremoval of as (Porto, 20
of the develant for watethodologieronmental m
uction of pointroduced
y. Pollutanturces (Figur
diffuse sourc
e release oes are contginate frombasin and
there is h
into nature.
-structural mnd on the impollutants t012).
opment is tter quality es that provmanagemen
ollutants int, its path thts may gere 58).
es (a) and fro
of domestic trolled by t
m a specificare introdu
heavy rainfa
measures tmplementathat come fr
the generatmanageme
vide an intent of soil us
b
to the aquahrough the eet introduce
m point source
and industrreating the
c point of ruced into wall. Key so
hat focus otion of strurom the sup
ion of pollutent to estabegration of e and occu
atic environenvironmened into aq
es (b).
rial effluentse effluent threlease, buwater bodie
ources of d
on the prevectural meaperficial run
tants. Thereblish a hanwater resopation.
nment nt and quatic
s and hat is ut get es at iffuse
ention sures
noff of
efore, ndling urces
74
Amopollu
••••••
4
Accoin:
••
••••••
Bthsfocthpp
5
WatenaturqualiMoni
5
ng the imputant loads,
aesthetic sedimen depletion contamin eutrophi biota dam
4. Major aq
ording to Br
Biodegra Organic
derivativ Toxic me Nutrients Pathoge Solids in Heat; Radioac
Besides thishe attentio
substances ood and in
criteria, yet he physiolo
products, phplasticizers,
5. Water Q
er quality is re, which aity in the Stitoring Netw
5.1) P • Cond
electrindicarepres
pacts resultare:
c changes; nt depositionn of dissolvnation by pacation; mage due t
quatic poll
raga et al. (
adable orgarefractory
ves, organocetals (mercus (phosphor
enic organisn suspensio
ctive (radioa
s, a new caton of the s
have beenn human anthey are peogy of targharmaceuticflame retar
Quality Vari
representeare used toate of São
work (CETE
Physical
uctivity: theric current. Iating the amsenting an i
ing from w
n (siltation);ed oxygen cathogenic o
o the prese
utants
(2005), poll
anic matter;pollutants
chlorine subury, cadmiurus and nitrms (bacterin;
active substa
tegory of poscientific c
n detected ind animal ersistent in get receptocal substanrdants and n
ables
ed by a set o evaluate wPaulo, the f
ESB, 2016):
e numerical t depends o
mount of saltindirect mea
water quality
; concentrati
organisms;
ence of toxic
utants can
s (pesticidebstances);um, lead anrogen); ia, viruses a
ances and
ollutants - ccommunity in very lowtissues, chthe environ
ors. Within nces that incnanomateri
of variableswater charafollowing va
expressionon the ionicts in the waasure of the
y alteration
on;
c substance
be classifie
es, synthe
d arsenic);
and protozo
radiation co
called emerand enviro
w concentratharacterizednment and a
this categclude naturals (Yan et
s of a physicacteristics. ariables are
of water’s c concentratater column e concentra
due to the
es.
ed accordin
etic deterge
oa);
oming from
rging pollutaonmental ations in thed by not haare capablegory are peral and syntal., 2010).
cal, chemicFor the dia
e evaluated
ability to cotions and thand, theref
ation of pollu
e introducti
ng to their n
ents, petro
outer space
ants - has dagencies. Te air, wateraving regue of interferersonal hythetic estro
cal and bioloagnosis of wby the CET
onduct an he temperatfore, utants.
on of
nature
oleum
e);
drawn These , soil, latory ing in giene gens,
ogical water TESB
ture,
75
5
•
•
• Colorwhen part osolids
• Solids
evapotempedifferedissoldama
• Temp
dissolreactitolerathermand in
• Trans
the deof sunactivit
• Turbid
undersuch and b
• Disch
repressecon
5.2) C
• Alkalinityup to a dsalts suc
Caffeinematter acontamin
Total Orgcomponeof pollutinon-biod
: associatedcrossing th
of the electros, mainly ma
s: correspooration, dryerature durent fractionlved, fixed
age to fish a
perature: gelved oxygenon rates inc
ance limits, omal gradientsncubation.
sparency: wepth of the pnlight into thty in lakes o
dity: is the drgoes whenas inorgani
bacteria, pla
harge: is thesented by thnd).
Chemicals
y: can be dedefined pH ch as bicarb
: has been nd some phnants.
ganic Carboent of severon in a wat
degradable
d to the deghe water (anomagnetic raterial in org
ond to allying or caring a fixeds of solids and volati
and aquatic
enerally, as n decreasescrease. Aquoptimal tems and tempe
with the Seccphotic zonehe water coor reservoirs
degree of atn crossing wc particles (
ankton in ge
e volume of he symbol “
efined as thvalue. The
bonates and
used as a harmaceutic
on (TOC): oral effluentser body. A Tportions of
gree of redund this reduradiation), dganic and in
l the mattalcination od time; opepresent in ile). For thlife.
the temperas and the puatic organi
mperatures ferature limi
chi disk mee, for examplumn, indicas.
ttenuation owater, due to(sand, silt, c
eneral, etc.
water flowi“Q” and exp
he ability toe main comd carbonate
chemical trcal substan
originates frs and wasteTOC analysorganic ma
uction of inteuction occurdue to the pnorganic co
ter that reof the samerationally ithe water (
he water re
ature increahysical, chesms have ufor growth, tations for e
easurementple the deptating the lev
of intensity to the preseclay) and or
ng for a givpressed as
o react quanponents of
es, and hydr
racer for theces in the g
rom living mes. It is a ussis consideratter that do
ensity that lrs through apresence of olloidal state
emains asmple, at a
t is possib(total solidsesource, so
ases, the soemical and bupper and lopreferred teegg migratio
it is possiblth of the vervel of photo
that a light bnce of susprganic debri
ven period om3 s-1 (cubic
ntitatively walkalinity a
roxides.
e presence ogroup of em
matter and iseful indicators the biode not underg
light undergabsorption of dissolved e.
s residue, pre-establ
ble to defins, in suspenolids can c
olubility of thbiological ower thermaemperature on, spawnin
le to estimartical penetrosynthetic
beam pended solidis such as a
of time, usuac metres pe
with a strongare carbonic
of human femerging
s also a or of the deegradable ago any influe
goes of
after ished e the nsion, cause
he
al in
ng
ate ration
ds, algae
ally er
g acid c acid
ecal
egree and ence
76
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
from othcarbon a
• Chloridewhich cataste in water ha
• Biochemgiven pedays at BOD5.20.by organthe comof fish an
• Chemicathe orgapotassiuand the water bo
Hardneswaters tuntil thehardnesssulfate arocks.
• Phenols of indusmicro-ortreatmen
• Iron: it crelease creates have a c
• Phosphodetergenfoods, samountsareas. Sleads to
• Metals: ExamplecadmiumAquatic
er atoms thatoms prese
s: dischargan have conthe water.
as high chlo
mical Oxygeeriod of timan incubat The maxim
nic waste. Tplete deplend other for
al Oxygen Danic matterum dichromtest is perfo
ody is mostl
ss: is the mhat have s
e process is in waterand magne
and their dstrial effluenrganisms thnt systems.
can originatof effluentsvarious pro
color and fla
orus: coments, fertilizeslaughterhos of phospSince it is a
eutrophicat
may be soes of metalsm, lead, coorganisms
at are bounent in the sa
ges of sanincentrationsIn coastal
oride levels.
n Demand e, at a spetion tempermum rises iThe presencetion of the rms of aqua
Demand (Cr of a samate. COD vormed in a y due to ind
measure of oap, they tis finalizedr: calcium esium sulfat
derivatives: nts. Phenolhat are pa
e from detas from metaoblems for pavor.
es mainly r industry e
ouses, and horus alonlimiting nuttion process
luble or ads evaluatedopper, chroexposed to
nd to the orgample.
itary sewers that exceregions, th
(BOD): is thecific incubrature of 20in BOD withce of a highoxygen in
atic life.
OD): is themple by mvalues are shorter perdustrial was
water’s abitransform i. There arbicarbonat
te, originat
they appeals are toxic
art of sewa
achment of allurgical indpublic wate
from saneffluents, pe dairy prog with drarient for bioses in natur
dsorbed to d in monitoomium, meo metals ma
ganic struct
rs are impoeed 15 mg Lhrough wha
he amount oation tempe0°C is oftehin a waterh content ofthe water,
amount of eans of a normally g
iod. Increasste.
ility to precnto insolubre four mate, magnesing from th
ar in naturalc to humanage treatme
soils due tdustries. Ev
er supplies
nitary sewesticides, choducts can ained waterological procral waters.
suspended ring progra
ercury, manay cause ac
ture, thus qu
ortant sourL-1 and canat is called
of oxygen cerature. A tn used andr body are mf organic mcausing the
oxygen reqchemical
greater thansed COD co
cipitate soaple complexin compousium bicarbhe dissoluti
waters throns, aquatic ent and in
to erosive pven though because it
wage dischhemicals in
also gener in agricultcesses, exc
particles inms are alunganese, ncute or chro
uantifying o
rces of chlon provoke a
a salt intru
consumed otime periodd referred mostly prov
matter can ine disappea
quired to oxagent, suc
n BOD5.20 loncentratio
p, that is, ixes, not foaunds that cbonate, caion of lime
ough discha organisms
ndustrial eff
processes oit is not tocauses wa
harges. Pogeneral, caerate excetural and u
cess phosp
n surface wuminum, arsnickel and onic toxic ef
only
oride, salty usion,
over a d of 5 to as
voked nduce rance
xidize ch as levels n in a
n the aming create alcium stone
arges s and ffluent
or the oxic, it ter to
owder anned essive urban horus
water. senic,
zinc. ffects,
77
•
•
•
•
•
5 •
•
dependinbioaccumchain.
Nitrogensewage.and nitraexcessivAmmoni
• DissolveDO conorganic reductionorganismundesira
• Hydrogehappen Under cemetals ahave est
Organic biodegratoxic to tThey arecrops oagrocheand fura
Surfactacertain sThe indiaestheticblamed f
5.3) M
• Thermot45°C, reKlebsiellonly E. c
• Eschericbeing of gas prodoxidase galactoshuman a
ng on themulate and
n: associate It may be ate. The pve concentra is very tox
ed Oxygen tent indicatmatter by n of DO.
ms that reable aspects
enionic Potenaturally, p
ertain Redoand exert etablished a
Substanceadation belothe biota ore substancer from themicals, orgns), petrole
ants: are despecified coscriminate c impacts cfor the acce
Microbiolog
tolerant coliepresented la, Enterobacoli is exclus
chia coli: Mexclusively
duction at 4negative, d
sidase and and warm-b
e concentrad biomagnif
ed with thepresent asresence of
rations, it isxic for fish.
(DO): indiste the presaerobic baThe absen
elease subss to water.
ential (pH): pH also affox conditioneffects on npH betwee
s: non-biodong to this r they may es that orig disposal anochlorine
eum derivati
efined as coonditions. Srelease of aused by th
eleration of
gical
iforms: micrmostly by Eacter and Csively fecal
Main bacteriy fecal origi44.5 ± 0.2°Cdoes not hyβ-glucuron
blooded fec
ations. Sofy, boosting
e releasemolecular
f ammonia s also asso
spensable tosence of oacteria is acnce of oxystances th
In addition fects the p
ns, pH may nutrient solun 6 and 9.
degradable group. In tbioaccumu
ginate fromof differen
e substanceives, etc.
ompounds Sanitary sew
detergents he formationeutrophicat
roorganismEscherichia
Citrobacter gin origin.
um of the n. It fermen
C in 24 houydrolyze urenidase. E.cces and is r
me metalsg their harm
of domestand organicindicates
ociated with
o aerobic oorganic matccompaniedgen favorsat provoke
to influenchysiology ocontribute t
ubilities. Aq
pollutants othe aquatic late in the tindustrial pt kinds of es (polychl
that react wers have 3
into naturan of foams. tion, since t
s capable oa coli and algenera. Am
subgroup onts lactose ars. It produea and hascoli is presrarely detec
s, such asmful effect
tic, industric nitrogen, recent poll
h eutrophica
organisms. tter. The dd by the cos the growte a bad o
ing chemicaof various ato the preci
quatic life p
or those witenvironme
tissues of sprocesses, f
waste. Exorinated bi
with methy3 to 6 mg Lal waters leDetergentshey contain
of fermentinlso by someong these m
of thermotoand mannitces indole f
s activity of sent in grected in the a
s mercury,along the
ial and ferammonia, ution evenation proce
Waters witecompositioonsumption
wth of anaeodor, taste
al equilibriaaquatic spepitation of h
protection c
th a slow raent these casome organfrom agricuxamples inphenyls, di
ylene blue uL-1 of detergeads to negs have also n phosphoru
ng lactose ae bacteria omicroorgan
olerant colifotol, with acidfrom tryptothe enzym
eat quantitiabsence of
can food
rtilizer nitrite ts. In
esses.
h low on of n and erobic and
a, that ecies. heavy riteria
ate of an be nisms. ultural clude ioxins
under gents. gative been
us.
at 44-of the
nisms,
orms, d and phan, es β-es in fecal
78
•
5 •
•
•
•
5
•
pollutionin fresh w
• Enterococontaminfreshwatdirectly rthe most
5.4) H
• ChlorophChlorophindicatorthe troph
• Phytoplaeuglenofcyanobamostly ievaluatepresencecausing cyanobaorganismhealth.
• Zooplanksuspensdominanmaintainregulatornutrients
• Benthic their life exampletolerancecontinuoprovide tthey allointermitte
5.5) E
• Ecotoxicsampleschronic ogoal. Th
n. It is conswater.
occi: a valunation of ter waters hrelated to tht efficient ba
Hydrobiolog
hyll a: one hyll a is ther of the algahic state of a
anktonic comfacial alga
acteria. It can reservoir
e some of e of some srestrictions
acteria, whicms has been
ktonic comion, being
nt groups inning balancr of the ph
s, in addition
communitycycle on th
e, take placees at vary
ously subjecthe tempora
ow got the ent and diffu
Ecotoxicolo
cological tes and used ones in wate test resul
idered the
uable bacterecreationa
have indicathe quality ofacterial indi
gical
of the pigm most univeal biomass aquatic env
mmunity: coe, chrysop
an be used ars, and thethe effects
species in hof its treatm
ch have pon related to
mmunity: fog protozoan freshwatece in the ahytoplankton to serving
: correspone substrate
e in all kindsying degrect to changeal componemedium- anuse release
ogical
est with Cto evaluat
er bodies wt is express
most appro
erial indicatal surface ted that gasf the recreacators of wa
ments respoersal of chloand is con
vironments.
onstituted mphyceae, das an indica
e analysis s that resuhigh densitiment and dotentially to events of a
formed by ns, rotifers
er environmaquatic envn commun
g as food for
nds to the se in aquatic s of aquaticees of poes in the quent in the diand long-termes of variab
Ceriodaphniate the preswhere presesed as acut
opriate indic
or for detewaters. S
stroenteritisational wateater quality
onsible for torophylls (asidered the
mainly by cdinophytes ator of wateof its struc
ult from enes may comistribution. Sxic speciesanimal mort
microscops, cladoce
ments. This vironments ity (using r several fis
set of organenvironme
c ecosystemollution, hauality of the agnosis sinm evaluatiole concentra
a dubia: cence of tox
ervation of ate (when the
cator of feca
rmining theStudies in s associateders and that.
the photosya, b, c, and e main varia
hlorophyllicand xanth
er quality ancture makevironmentampromise thSpecial attes. The occutality and da
pic animalerans and
communityand is ab
it as food) sh species.
nisms that lnts. Macroi
ms, display ve low maquatic en
ce, as contion of the efations of po
conducted xic effects, aquatic life iere is a sign
al contamin
e extent of seawater
d with batht enterococc
ynthetic prod), therefor
able indicat
c, diatomachophyceae nd trophic ses it possibal changes.he water quention is givurrence of amage to hu
ls that livcopepods
y is importable to act and to re
live all or pnvertebratea wide vari
motility andnvironment. inuous monffects of regollutants.
with raw wboth acute
is an establnificant effe
nation
fecal and
ing is ci are
ocess. re, an ive of
eous, and
tatus, ble to . The uality, ven to these uman
ve in s the ant in as a
ecycle
part of es, for ety of
d are They
nitors, gular,
water e and ished
ect on
79
5
•
6. W WatecharaBrazResoResothe s 6.1)
The for frFor standqualienvirwatethe infores
the survthere is within ththere is n
• Reverseassay, itcause ganimals.sample genetic public sdifferent the STP
5.6) B
• Determincapable damage especialcontaminapplied t(a type (estradio(bisphen
Water Qua
er quality acteristics iil are prot
olution No.olution No. standards fo
CONAMA R
National Enresh, salt aeach classdards gettinity parameronmental g
er quality gontended preseen in the
ival of the oa significa
he seven dno evidence
mutation at is efficienenetic dise A positiveof one or material anupply and levels of tr
.
Bioanalytics
nation of eof interferinto the re
ly aquatic onation fromto the soil. S
of endocrol, estriol, nol A, PCBs
lity Standa
standardsin the watetected by t 357/2005274/2000 a
or the disch
Resolution N
nvironmentand brackishs, current ng set or a
eters estabguidelines foals or objecedominant e National
organisms wnt effect onay trial pere of any tox
assay (Amet at detecti
eases or the response
more compnd causing
that showreatment, as
s
estrogenic ng in the peproductiveones. These
m domestic Several clarine disrup
ethinyl es, pesticides
ards
express ers in orderthe standa, Ministry and CONAarge of efflu
No. 357/200
al Council (h water bodor future
adopted, wblished in for the clasctives to beuses over tWater Res
within the inn the reproriod). The sxic effects o
es test): Ang a wide
hat induce for the Am
pounds thaa mutation
w any mutas well as a
activity: eroduction o
e and imme compounsewage or
asses of comptor) such estradiol), s).
desirable r to meet t
ards set foof Health
AMA Resoluuents into w
05
(CONAMA)dies throughpredominan
which corresthe laws. sification of
e achieved otime. This c
sources Po
nitial 48 hooduction ansample is c
on test organ
Also called variety of mtumors in
mes test indat are capa. Samples
agenic activreduction i
endocrine dor action of mune systeds can affe
r from pestmpounds caas naturalphytoestrog
physical, their predomrth in the Ordinance
ution No. 43water bodies
) determineh CONAMAnt uses arspond to th
This resof water bodor maintainclassificatiolicy, define
ur period) ond/or survivconsidered nisms.
the Salmonmutagenic humans an
dicates the able of inte
of water syvity suggesn contamin
disruptors ahormones
ems of higect aquatic sicides or otan cause es and syntgens or o
chemical minant usesfollowing
e No. 291430/2011, ws.
d the wateA Resolutiore associathe threshololution alsodies, that ised in a stren is one of d by Law
or chronic (val of organ
non-toxic
nella microcompoundsnd experimpresence i
eracting witystems usest the nee
nation sourc
are compoand may c
gher organsystems thrther compostrogenic acthetic hormother pollu
and biolos. Such uslaws: CON4/11, CON
which establ
r quality clan No. 357/2ted with qld values oo presents
s, the mandetch accordf the instrumNo. 9433/
when nisms when
some s that
mental n the h the ed for ed for ces at
ounds cause nisms, rough ounds ctivity
mones utants
ogical ses in NAMA NAMA lishes
asses 2005.
quality of the s the datory ing to ments 1997,
80
whicplannbodiePaulonot iacco
6.2) This and also munialterndo no 6.3) This for bimprofive s6.4) Thisrecei357/2effluenetwthereenvirchara
7
SystewatemoniwateThe whicpolluthreaagen
h is fundamning. CONes, 5 for freo, freshwatnclude sali
ording to Art
Ministry of H
ordinance surveillanceestablishes
icipal healthnative suppot observe t
CONAMA R
ordinance athing (primoper, basedsamples coCONAMA R
s ordinance iving water2005. Accoents that h
work, must fe is no spronmental aacteristics t
7. Spatial a
ematic moner quality aitoring of th
er sampling,informationh thus allo
ution, such atened, therncies (Figur
mental for tAMA Reso
esh water, 4ter bodies wine and braticle 42 of C
Health Ordi
establishese of water qs the comph secretariaply solutionsthe determi
Resolution N
defines themary contacd on the resllected weeResolution N
regulates tr bodies c
ording to thhave or havfollow the pecific legisagency, andthat are in d
and tempo
nitoring is oat spatial ahe quantitat, laboratory
n obtained fows for the
as stretchrefore enabe 59).
the manageolution No4 for brackiswere frameackish wate
CONAMA Re
nance No.
s the procequality for hpetencies aats and for s for humannations con
No. 274/200
e criteria ofct recreationsults for anaekly from theNo. 430/201
the conditiocomplemenis resolutiove not beeprovisions slation or d not confedisagreemen
oral variatio
ne of the mand tempotive and quy analysis, ffrom monitoe identificathes of rivebling preven
ement of wo.. 357/200sh water an
ed by Stateers, which esolution N
2914/2011
edures andhuman consand respons
those respn consumptntained in th
00
Brazilian wn) and estaalyzing fecae same plac11
ons and stating and an, the indir
en submitteof this resorules and
er the receivnt with the g
ons
main instrumoral levels, alitative asflow measuoring makestion of prioers and esntive and co
water resour05 establishnd 4 for sal Decree Nmust meet
No.357/2005
responsibsumption asibilities for
ponsible for ion, as wellhe ordinanc
water bodieblishes clasal coliforms ce.
ndards for tamending rect released to treatmolution whe
other provving water goals of its
ments used since it is
pects of waurement ands it possibleority areasstuaries whorrective ac
rces and fohed 13 clat water. In to.. 10,755 ot the standa5.
ilities regarnd its potabr the Union
water suppl as penaltie
ce.
s (fresh, sassifications,(thermotole
the releaseCONAMA
e of effluentment througen it has bevisions by body with tclassificatio
to evaluates based oater. For thd others tese to diagnos
in order there their ctions by th
or environmasses for the State oof 1977, buards of cla
rding the cobility standa
n, for statesply systemses for those
alt and brac, either properant) in a s
e of effluentResolution
ts, that is, gh the colleeen proven
the compthe water qon.
e the evoluton a continis, field sursts are reqse water quto control wquality ma
he environm
mental water f São ut did
ass 1,
ontrol ard. It s and s and e who
ckish) per or set of
s into n No. those ecting n that petent quality
ion of nuous rveys, uired. uality, water
ay be mental
81
Fig
ChanpointperiocontrIn lakof theas al
gure 59 - Spat
nges in watt sources aods, on theribute pollutkes and rese water retelready explo
tial and Temp
ter quality aand by und other hantants from
servoirs, on ention time ored in chap
oral Variation State of São P
and quantityderground fd, water qusurface andthe other hand the mo
pter 1.
of the WQI- WPaulo. (Midag
y in river sysflow (basaluality is mod sub-surfahand, chemorphometric
Water Quality lia, C.L., 2016
stems are pl) during peore influencace runoff pical change
c characteri
Index for 20056)
predominaneriods of dced by diffuprocesses (Hes can happstics of thes
5 and 2015 in
ntly influencdrought. In use sourcesHorowitz, 2
pen as a funse water bo
the
ed by rainy
s that 2013). nction odies,
82
7.1 P Domurbanatioimpaexpre Load Whilebodiedemathe acollesystePauloorga CR =
Whe COP =CR = C = cT = cE = C0.00 FigurPaulobetwlongewas
Point Source
mestic sewan areas and
onal level (Cacted by doessed in ma
d (kg d-1) =
e the domees is calledand (BOD).amount of oction and t
em. For theo, the valuenic load (CO
= [COP – (CO
re:
= PopulationRemaining
coefficient ocoefficient oCoefficient o1 = Convers
re 60 displao between
ween 2010 aer thrown inonly 4.9%.
es
age still plad agriculturCETESB, 2omestic sewass of a par
Contributio
estic sewagd the remai. This load iorganic mattreatment,
e purpose oe that was aOP).
OP x C x T x
n x 0.054 (kg Load (t BOof sewage cof sewage trof the efficiesion factor
ays the evo2010 and 2and 2015 into the state
ys a signifiral regions, 2016). Onewage is thrticular pollu
n (g m-3) x F
ge load thatining organis obtained ter generatas well as
of calculatinadopted from
x E) ] x 0.00
kg BOD habOD d-1); collection; reatment; ency of the (t kg-1)
lution of the2015. A reds observede’s water bo
icant role inot only in
e of the moe quantificutant per un
Flow (m3 d-1
t is releasenic load, rep
from the poted per inha the overa
ng the remam the litera
01
bitants-1 day
system
e annual reduction of td, meaning odies. Com
n the degrthe state o
ost importanation of thnit of time:
1) x 0,001 (k
ed without tpresented botential orgabitant per dll efficiency
aining organture was 0.
y-1);
emaining BOhe remaininthat aroun
pared to 20
adation of of São Paulont aspects e tributary
kg g-1)
reatment inby the biocanic load, wday and they of the senic load in t054 kg/day
OD load in tng BOD load 225 t B
014, howeve
water bodio but also aof water qloads, whi
nto the recechemical oxwhich repree percentagewage treatthe State o
y for the pot
the State oad of about
BOD d-1 weer, this redu
ies in at the uality ich is
(1)
eiving xygen sents
ges of tment f São tential
(2)
f São t 18% re no uction
83
Figur
In spResopoputhe rof theis anUGRremathe re
re 60 - Evolutio
patial termsources Manulation densremaining loe total load
n expressiveRHI 6. The aining load emaining lo
on of the rema
s, Figure 61nagement sity in the Moad of the Ad released ine BOD load
UGRHI 5 into the Pir
oad generat
FigureM
aining load in t
shows theUnits (UGR
MetropolitanAlto Tietê (Unto water b concentrat– PCJ wit
racicaba, Cted in the St
61 - RemainiManagement U
the State of S
e remainingRHIs) of thn Region of UGRHI 6 -
bodies in theted in the stth 102 t Bapivari andtate of São
ng BOD load Unit (UGRHI) (
São Paulo - 20
g BOD loadhe State oSão Paulo579 t BODe State of Stretch of theOD d-1, re
d Jundiaí rivPaulo.
per Water ReCETESB, 201
10 to 2015 (C
s for each of São Pau and the sad-1) is resp
São Paulo. e Tietê Riveeleases the vers and rep
sources 16)
CETESB, 2016
of the 22 Wulo. Due toanitation indponsible forTherefore,
er inserted e second lapresents 10
6).
Water o the dices, r 55% there in the
argest 0% of
84
7.2 D Chansub-sdiffusbefor
Acco
1
2
3
Diffuse Sou
nges in watsurface zonse sources re reaching
Fig
Rain(fainf
ording to No
. Atmosph• pollut
2. Terrestri
• polluttransp
• erosioprecip
• dissol
3. Sub-surf• Chem
the gr• Chem
urces
ter quality frnes, in add
are transp the receivi
gure 62 - Trans
n/Permeablast)/evapotfiltration/gr
ovotny (200
heric sourceants loads
al sources ants accumported in theon of soil ppitation andlved pollu
face sourcemical constitroundwater
mical constit
rom diffuse ition to urb
ported throung bodies (
nsport of pollutsub-surface (a
le surface/iranspiratioroundwater
3), the diffu
es in dry and
mulated one surface ruparticles an runoff and
utants from
es tuents applby infiltratio
tuents trans
sources caban drainagugh both th(Figure 62).
tants of diffuse
adapted from N
impermeabon/paved sr/body of w
use loads ca
wet depos
n impermeaunoff; nd associattransported
m soil a
lied to the on; sported by t
an originate ge systems.he surface a
e origin acrossNovotny, 2003
ble surfaceurface/Soil
water/basal
an be derive
sition (pollu
able surfac
ted pollutand by surfacend transp
surface of
he horizont
from air, la The pollutand sub-su
s the surface a3).
e/surface rul and sub-sl runoff (slo
ed from:
tion from th
ces that ar
nts in perme flow; ported by
soils and l
al flow in gr
and surfacetants loads
urface of the
and
unoff soil ow)
he atmosph
re washed
meable area
surface
leached tow
roundwater
s and from e soil
here).
d and
as by
flow;
wards
;
85
4
It shodiffusthe iweatas di
Surfaevensurfaflow metethe son thand contrcompfrom
The valuesoil ustretcquanand o
It waHowecondof pobasinagricmagnhydro
• Infiltraunder
• Leakagroun
4. Miscella
• S• E• E• C
ould be statse load, esimplementather contribiffuse charg
ace flows ants. The floace runoff, wdirection a
ers per secsoil and thehe soil surfamay be chribution of tponent thatthe dischar
surface loaes or functiuse, or wech of a ba
ntification inon the dem
as originally ever, the N
ducted in theollutants in tn, instead ocultural use,nitude in a rological poi
ation into grground facage of contndwater;
neous sourSolids accumErosion of dErosion of baChemical su
ted that thepecially in
ation of sewutions relat
ge (Menego
and loads ow componwhich is eqnd a velociond. Howe leaching oace (e.g. feanged to athese loadst carries therge of groun
ads of diffusons represighted over
asin may ben a basin beographic, g
assumed thationwide Ue Great Lakthe runoff th
of urban soil, within the relatively honts of view
roundwaterilities; taminants fr
ces mulated in srainage chaanks and riv
ubstances re
e release of those muniwage colleted to untren Jr, 2005).
are intermient carryinuivalent to ity with a raver, sub-su
of pollutantsertilizers analmost horizs to the recem is calledndwater (No
se origin areent the polr a small be expresseeing greatlyeographica
hat unit loadUrban Runokes Region hat could be use. Even same categomogeneou(Figure 63)
r from sewe
rom underg
sewage collannels; verbeds; eleased fro
f domestic sicipalities thction and
eated sewag.
ittent and ong the surfathe residuaange that vurface loadss in the profd pesticidezontal, depeceiving watd the basaovotny, 200
e called explution gene
basin. Theired annually
dependental and hydro
ds could beoff Program-
of the USAe correlatedresults for
gory of cropus region fro).
ers and rain
ground stora
lectors;
m contamin
sewage canhat are not treatment sge disposal
occur only ace water
al precipitativaries froms that depefile, from th
es), have a ending on ter bodies l flow or gr
03).
port coefficierated by ur units for ay in kg ha-1
t on the useological fact
e correlated-NURP, 198
A obtained red only with tthe unitary
ps, presenteom the mete
nwater colle
age tanks a
nated aquat
n be seen auniversaliz
systems. Inshould als
during rainload is refon, with a ncentimeter
end on the e applicatiopredominathe water tis continuo
roundwater
ients or unitnit area ana given soil or kg per
e and occuptors.
to soil use 83 apud Noesults for thhe impermepollutant loa
ed variationseorological
ectors and
and landfills
tic sediment
as a point lozed in relatin this caseso be consid
ny or defroferred to anearly horizrs per secowater infilt
on of substantly verticatable depthous and the
flow, origin
t loads andnd time, for l use or unrson-1, with pation of th
and occupaovotny, 2003he concentreable area oad from s of orders and
other
s into
ts
oad or ion to e, dry dered
osting s the zontal ond to rating ances l flow . The
e flow nating
d their each
niform their
e soil
ation. 3) ation of the
of
86
FigurGreat Agricusludgeunder
Accoinflueduratestimdistrito thpollucorre(Figuareassepa
re 63 - Variatiot Lakes Regioulture in genee; 7-Sprinkler r development
ording to Meence both ttion of the e
mation. Maibution withhe first partutant load. Aesponding ture 64). Hos, just as th
arate from s
ons in unit loadon, USA, in tral, 2- Agricultirrigation; 8- U
t (Source: Nov
enegon Jr. the runoff aevent and tny researcin a surfacet of the floAs a genero 40% of thwever, this
he First Flusewers (USE
ds of suspendthe year 1970tural crops; 3-Urban in genevotny, 2003).
(2005), diffuand the conhe interval chers havee runoff eveow (peak flral rule, it whe surface r rule does
sh effect caEPA, 1983)
ded sediment, 0 before lead- Pasture; 4- Feral; 9- Reside
use loads ancentration, between th
e attemptedent based olow), whichwas assumerunoff, couldnot apply tnnot be ver
).
total phosphod was bannedForests; 5- Peential; 10- Com
are affectedbeing the ve events and to chara
on the First h possesseed that in ud have aboto surface rrified from c
orus, total nitrod from fuel. Uerennial/exotic mmercial; 11-
by severalvolume of pnd the variaacterize thFlush conces the grea
urban areasut 60% of thrunoff evencollector dis
ogen and leadUses of the sc cultures; 6-S
Industrial; 12-
l factors thaprecipitationables used fe concentrept, which r
atest part os the initial he pollutant
nts in agricuscharges tha
d in the soil: 1- ewage -Urban
at can n, the for its ration refers of the
flow, t load ultural at are
87
Figurgreate
Time
Even
ConsNatioconcthe r
EMC
re 64 – First Fer fraction of t
e/accumula
nt Mean Co
sidering thonwide Urbcentrations (unoff event
C = ∑QiCi/ ∑
lush concept. he pollutant lo
ated load/c
oncentratio
at there aban Runoff (EMC), whit divided by
∑Qi
In an urban ooad than the fi
constant co
ons
are no conProgram (Nch can be dthe total vo
outflow event, nal fraction (a
oncentratio
ncentrationNURP) focdefined as
olume of flow
the peak flowadapted from N
on/accumu
patterns used its attthe mass ow volume in
w in the hydrogNovotny, 2003
lated flow
within a ftention on of the pollutn a rain eve
graph may co3).
flow eventthe event mtant contain
ent:
ntain a
, the mean
ned in
(3)
88
Whe
Qi =
Ci = c
The relatediscr
The flow charathe vimpasamppercestudy
Load
Whe
CR =
R = p
EMC
re:
simple mea
correspond
EMC therefed to a runrete concen
NURP studvolume, geacteristics wvarious locaacts on EMCpled sites wentile) per y, the follow
d (kg ha-1) =
re:
= runoff coe
precipitation
C = event m
asurements
ding concen
fore represenoff event wntrations wit
dy also coneographic lowere not abations sampC and do nwas combinvariable. In
wing relation
= 0,01 CR x
efficient (dim
n (mm);
ean concen
of flow on t
trations in t
ents the cowhich that, hin the eve
ncluded thaocation, effeble to explaled in the Uot explain s
ned in ordern addition, unship can be
R x EMC
mensionless
ntration (mg
the event’s
the pollutog
oncentrationis in most
nt.
at the correects of soil
ain the similUSA. Since spatial or ter to obtain using the de used to e
s) extracted
g L-1) (= g m
hydrograph
ram
n of a flow-wt cases, mo
elation of Euse, slope
larities or dthese varia
emporal vara characteata and mestimate the
from the re
m-3)
h
weighted coore relevan
MC with va, soil type aifferences ibles do notriability, inforistic EMC ethodology unit load of
elation show
omposite sat than indiv
ariables sucand precipiin EMC bett have signiormation fro(median orfrom the Nf a basin:
wn in Figure
ample vidual
ch as tation tween ficant
om all r 90th NURP
(4)
e 65;
89
Figurthe pe2003)
For erunofthe arainfacorreequaareaCOD
re 65 - Relatioercentage of ).
example, foff coefficienannual unit all of 800 mesponds to ation 3 and . Thus, by
D will be 295
nship betweenimpermeable
or a typical rnt (CR), acc
load of dismm, the med
82 and 176represent tmeans of
5.2 and 633
n the flow coeareas in urba
residential ucording to Fssolved orgdian and 906 mg L-1, rethe charactequation 4,
3.6 kg ha-1, r
efficient (CR = an areas obta
urban area Figure 65, wganic carbo0th percentespectively.teristic EMC, the meanrespectively
volume of ouained from the
that has a 5will be 0.45.on (DOC) inile for the D. These valC for the COn unit load y.
tflow/ volume e NURP study
50% imperm For the can this area
DOC shouldues were oOD in the rand the 90
of precipitatioy (Source: No
meable areaase of estima with an ad be used, wobtained thrresidential u0th percenti
on) and ovotny,
a, the mating
nnual which rough urban le for
90
Bibli
CET2015<http2016
CHApp.
BRASPEEnge
HORpractEnvi
MENSIMOEnge
NOVEd.,
POR
YANEmetreatMana
iographic R
ESB. Relat5. São p://aguasinte6.
APMAN, D. W
AGA, B. , HENCER, M., enharia Am
ROWITZ, Atices: are wironmental
NEGON, Jr. OX-III- na Benharia) – E
VOTNY, V. WNew Jersey
RTO, R. L (O
, S., SUBRArging contament. Pracagement. 1
References
tório de quPaulo, 2eriores.cete
Water Qua
ESPANHOLPORTO, M
mbiental. 2a
A. J. A reviwe really m Science a
N. AplicaçBacia do RiEscola Polit
Water Qualy: John Will
Org.).Funda
AMANIAM,aminants of ctice Period14(1): 2-20;
s
ualidade d016. 401
esb.sp.gov.b
lity Assess
L, I., CONEJM., NUCCI, N
a. Ed., São P
ew of selemeasuring wnd Techno
ção do Modo Camandécnica, Uni
lity: Diffuseey & Sons,
amentos pa
S. B., TYAenvironmen
dical of Haz 2010.
das águas p. (Sébr/publicaco
sments.2nd
JO, J. G. L.N., JULIANPaulo: Pear
ected inorgwhat we thology, 47: 2
delo Matemucaia.2005versidade d
e Pollution 864 pp.
ara a Gestã
AGI, R. D., Sntal concernzardous, To
interiores érie Relaoes-e-relato
Ed., Londo
, MIERZWAO, N. EIGErson Prentic
anic surfacink, and if
2471-2486,
mático de Q5.160 f. Dissde São Pau
n and water
ão da Água
SURAMPALn: source, toxic, and R
do estadotórios). Dorios/>. Ac
on, E&FN Sp
A, J. C., BAR, S. .Introce Hall, 318
ce water quso, are we2013.
Qualidade dsertação (Mlo, São Pau
rshed Mana
a. São Paul
LLI, R. Y., Zransport, fa
Radioactive
o de São PDisponível cesso em:
pon, 1996.6
ARROS, M. odução à 8 pp.
uality-monite doing it r
da Água- Mestrado emulo, 2005.
agement. 2
o:SMA, 232
ZHANG, T. Cate , and e waste
Paulo em: dez.
626
T. L.,
toring right?
m
2nd
2 pp.
C.
91