MODUL F T 5 Gelombang 1 Waves - yuhuaphysics.com · 25 MODUL F T 5 I 1 • Menghuraikan pantulan...
Transcript of MODUL F T 5 Gelombang 1 Waves - yuhuaphysics.com · 25 MODUL F T 5 I 1 • Menghuraikan pantulan...
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MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 5
UN
IT 1
• Menghuraikanpantulangelombangdalamsebutansuduttuju,sudutpantulan,panjanggelombang,frekuensi,lajudanarahperambatan.Describe reflection of waves in terms of the angle of incidence, angle of reflection, wavelength, frequency, speed and direction of propagation.
• Melukisrajahyangmenunjukkanpantulangelombang.Draw a diagram to show reflection of waves.
1.2 Menganalisis pantulan gelombang / Analysing reflection of waves
GelombangWaves1
• Menghuraikanapayangdimaksudkandenganpergerakangelombang.Describe what is meant by wave motion.
• Menyatakanbahawagelombangmemindahkantenagatanpamemindahkanjirim.State that waves transfer energy without transferring matter.
• Membezakanantaragelombangmelintangdangelombangmembujurdanmembericontoh-contohbagisetiapgelombang.Compare transverse and longitudinal waves and give examples for each type of wave.
• Menyatakanmaksudmukagelombang.State what is meant by a wavefront.
• Menyatakanarahperambatangelombangterhadapmukagelombang.State the direction of propagation of waves in relation to wavefronts.
• Mentakrifkan/Definei. Amplitud/Amplitude, ii. Tempoh/Period, iii. Frekuensi/Frequency,iv. PanjangGelombang/ Wavelength, v. HalajuGelombang/Wave speed.
• Melakardanmentakrifkangrafsesaran-masabagigelombang.Sketch and interpret a displacement-time graph for a wave.
• Melakardanmentakrifkangrafsesaran-jarakbagigelombang.Sketch and interpret a displacement-distance graph for a wave.
• Menjelaskanhubunganantaralaju,panjanggelombangdanfrekuensi.Clarify the relationship between speed, wavelength and frequency.
• Menyelesaikanmasalahberkaitanlaju,panjanggelombangdanfrekuensi.Solve problems involving speed, wavelength and frequency.
• Menghuraikanpelembapandalamsistemayunan.Describe damping in an oscillating system.
• Menghuraikanresonansdalamsistemayunan.Describe resonance in an oscillating system.
1.1 Memahami gelombang / Understanding waves
• Menghuraikanpembiasangelombangdalamsebutansuduttuju,sudutbiasan,panjanggelombang,frekuensi,lajudanarahperambatan.Describe refraction of waves in terms of the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, wavelength, frequency, speed and direction of propagation.
• Melukisrajahyangmenunjukkanpembiasangelombang.Draw a diagram to show refraction of waves.
1.3 Menganalisis pembiasan gelombang / Analysing refraction of waves
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MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 5
UN
IT 1• Menghuraikanspektrumelektromagnet.
Describe the electromagnetic spectrum.• Menyatakancahayanampakmerupakansebahagiandaripadaspektrumelektromagnet.
State that visible light is a part of the electromagnetic spectrum.• Menyenaraikansumbergelombangelektromagnet.
List sources of electromagnetic waves.• Menghuraikanciri-cirigelombangelektromagnet.
Describe the properties of electromagnetic waves.• Menghuraikanaplikasigelombangelektromagnet.
Describe applications of electromagnetic waves.• Menghuraikankesanbahayaakibatpendedahanberlebihankepadasebahagiankomponenspektrumelektromagnet.
Describe the detrimental effects of excessive exposure to certain components of the electromagnetic spectrum.
1.7 Menganalisis gelombang elektromagnet / Analysing electromagnetic waves
• Menghuraikanpembelauangelombangterdiridaripadapanjanggelombang,frekuensi,laju,arahperambatandanbentukgelombang.Describe diffraction of waves in terms of wavelength, frequency, speed, direction of propagation and shape of waves.
• Melukisrajahyangmenunjukkanpembelauangelombang.Draw a diagram to show diffraction of waves.
1.4 Menganalisis pembelauan gelombang / Analysing diffraction of waves
• Menyatakanprinsipsuperposisi./State the principle of superposition.• Menerangkaninterferensgelombang./Explain interference of waves.• Melukiscorakinterferens./Draw interference patterns.• Menterjemahkancorakinterferens./Interpret interference patterns.
• Menyelesaikanmasalahberkaitaninterferensgelombang,λ= axD
.
Solve problems involving interference of waves, λ = axD
1.5 Menganalisis inteferens gelombang / Analysing interference of waves
• Menghuraikangelombangbunyi.Describe sound waves.
• Menjelaskanhubunganantarakenyaringandanamplitud.Explain how loudness relates to amplitude.
• Menerangkanhubanganantarakelangsingandanfrekuensi.Explain how pitch relates to frequency.
• Menghuraikanaplikasipantulangelombangbunyi.Describe applications of reflection of sound waves.
• Mengirajarakdenganmenggunakanpantulangelombangbunyi.Calculate distance using reflection of sound waves
1.6 Menganalisis gelombang bunyi / Analysing sound waves
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1 Gelombang ialah gangguan atau ayunan yang merambat melalui ruang-masa. Perambatan gelombang
menyebabkanpemindahan tenaga dan momentum darisatutitikketitikyanglain.
Wave is a disturbance or oscillation that travels through space-time. Wave motion causes transfers of energy and
momentum from one point to another.
2 Apabilatenagadipindahkanolehgelombangdaripadasumberyangbergetarkepadapenerima,makatidak
terdapatpemindahan zarah-zarah antaraduatitik.When energy is transferred by wave from a vibrating source to a distant receiver, there is no transfer of particles between the two points.
PerbandinganantaragelombangmelintangdangelombangmembujurComparison between transverse wave and longitudinal wave
GelombangmelintangTransverse waves
GelombangmembujurLongitudinal waves
TakrifDefinition
Gelombangmelintangialahgelombangdimanazarah-zarahmediumnyabergetarpadaarahyang
berserenjang denganarahperambatangelombang.Transverse waves are waves in which the direction of vibration of the particles of the medium is
perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.
Gelombangmembujurialahgelombangyangmanazarah-zarahmediumnyabergetarpadaarah
yang selari denganarahperambatangelombang.Longitudinal waves are waves in which the direction of vibration of the particles of the medium is
parallel to the direction of wave propagation.
RajahDiagram
Tandakanarahgetaranzarahdanarahperambatangelombang.Indicate the direction of vibration of the particles and the direction of wave propagation.
Tandakanarahgetaranzarahdanarahperambatangelombang.Indicate the direction of vibration of the particles and the direction of wave propagation.
ContohExample
Gelombang air, gelombang cahaya
Water wave, light wave
Gelombang bunyi
Sound wave
ArahgetaranzarahThe direction of vibration of the particles
ArahperambatangelombangThe direction of wave propagation
C=Puncak/CrestT =Lembangan/Trough
C C
T T
C=Mampatan/CompressionR=Renggangan/Rarefaction
ArahgetaranspringDirection of the vibration of the spring
λ
JarakdarisumberDistance from source
TitikdalamfasayangsamaPoints in phase
Sesaranayunan
Dsi
plac
emen
t of o
scill
atio
n
Panjanggelombang,λWavelength, λ
AmplitudAmplitude, a
C C CR R
ArahperambatangelombangDirection of wave propagation
ArahgetaranzarahDirection of vibration of the particles
Memahami Gelombang Understanding Waves
1.1
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TerminologiTerminology
PeneranganExplanation
Panjanggelombang,λWavelength, λ
Panjanggelombangialah jarak antaradua titik yang berturutan yangbergetardalamfasayangsama.
Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive points which are vibrating in phase.atau/or
Jarakantaradua puncak berturutanatau lembangan yangberturutan.(rujukrajahdibawah.
The distance between two successive crests or two successive troughs . (refer diagram below)
Panjanggelombangialah jarak antaradua mampatan yangberturutanataujarak
antaradua renggangan yangberturutanpadagelombangbunyi.(rujukrajahdibawah)
Wavelength is the distance between two successive compressions or two successive
rarefactions in a sound wave. (refer to the diagram below)
Mukagelombang/Wavefront
TakrifDefinition
Garisanataupermukaanyangmenyambungkantitik-titikpada fasa yangsama.
The locus of points which vibrates in phase .
JenismukagelombangType of wavefront
MukagelombangmembulatMukagelombangsatahPlane wavefront Circular wavefront
PenjelasanExplanation
Arah perambatangelombangadalah berserenjang denganmukagelombang.
The direction of the propagation of a wave is perpendicular to its wavefront.
ArahperambatangelombangThe direction of wave propagation
MukagelombangWavefront
ArahperambatangelombangThe direction of wave propagation
MukagelombangWavefront
C=puncak/CrestT=Lembangan/Trough
MukagelombangWave front
TitikdalamfasayangsamaPoints in phase
λ
λ
C
T
λ
λ
Puncak/Crest
λ Lembangan/Trough
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Halajugelombang,vWavespeed, v
Jarak perambatan gelombang dalam satu saat.
The distance propagated by a wave in one second.
Halajugelombangbergantungpada medium dimanagelombangmerambatmenerusinya.
The wavespeed depends on the medium the waves are travelling through.
PuncakCrest
Puncakialahtitikpadagelombangdengan sesaran positif yang maksimum .
A crest is the point on a wave with the maximum positive displacement .
LembanganTrough
Lembanganialahtitikpadagelombangdengan sesaran negatif yang maksimum .
A trough is the point on a wave with the maximum negative displacement .
MampatanCompression
Ialahkawasansepanjanggelombangmembujurdimana tekanan dan ketumpatan
zarah lebih tinggi daripadatekananatmosfera.
Region along a longitudinal wave where the pressure and density of particles are
higher than atmospheric pressure.
RengganganRarefaction
Ialahkawasansepanjanggelombangmembujurdimana tekanan dan ketumpatan
zarah lebih rendah daripadatekananatmosfera.
Region along a longitudinal wave where the pressure and density of particles are
lower than atmospheric pressure.
Sistemayunan/Oscillation System
DefinisiayunanDefinition of oscillation
Ayunanialahgerakan berkala yangberulang-alikpadakedudukankeseimbangan.
Oscillation is a periodic motion performs a repeated to-and-fro motion about an equilibrium position.
JenisayunanType of oscillation
AyunanbandulringkasdangetaranspringOscillation of pendulum and vibration of spring
SatuayunanlengkapOne complete oscillation
Suatugerakanyangberulang-alikpadasatukedudukankeseimbangan.One complete oscillation is to-and-fro motion from the equilibrium position.
atau/or
Pergerakandari satu kedudukan tertentu kekedudukanlaindanbalikkekedudukanyangasal.The movement from one extreme position to the other and back to the same position.
Amplitud,aAmplitude, a
Sesaran maksimum sesuatuobjekdarikedudukankeseimbangannya.
The maximum displacement of the object from its equilibrium position.UnitS.I.:meter(m)/S.I. unit: metre (m)
Kedudukankeseimbangan
Equilibrium position
Satu ayunan lengkap
One oscillation
Satu ayunan lengkap
One oscillation
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Tempoh,TPeriod, T
Masa yang diambil bagisatuayunan lengkap .T=1f
The time taken for one complete oscillation.UnitS.I.:saat(s)/S.I. unit: second (s)
t=masa/timen=bilanganayunan/number of oscillations
T=tn
Frekuensi,fFrequency, f
Bilangan ayunanlengkap per saat .
The number of complete oscillations per second .UnitS.I.:Hertz(Hz)/The S.I. unit: Hertz (Hz)
f=nt f=
1T atau
or
GrafGraph
Grafsesaran-jarakGrafsesaran-masaDisplacement-distance graph Displacement-time graph
KedudukankeseimbanganEquilibrium position
Kedudukanobjekdimanatiada daya paduan yangbertindakkeatasnya.
The position of the object where there is no resultant force acting on it.
HalajuVelocity
Halaju, v = f λVelocity, v = f λ
PenjelasanExplanation
Halajugelombang =frekuensi×panjanggelombang Wavespeed = frequency × wavelength v =f λ
GrafGraph
Jarak,d(cm)Distance, d (cm)
Sesaran,x(cm)Displacement, x(cm)
A
a
a
v
f
v
λ
f
λ
SesaranDisplacement
MasaTime
a
T
O
λ
a= Amplitud/Amplitude
λ= Panjang gelombang
Wavelength
a= Amplitud/Amplitude
T= Tempoh/Period
O=kedudukan keseimbangan
the equillibrium position
0 0 0
O
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InferensInference
EksperimenExperiment
1.TempohBandulRingkas Period of A Simple Pendulum
2.PanjangGelombangAir Wavelength of Water Wave
Eksperimen: 1.TempohbandulringkasExperiment: 1. Period of a simple pendulum 2.Panjanggelombangair 2. Wavelength of water wave
LampuLampMotor
Motor
BargetaranVibrating bar
StroboskopmekanikalMechanical stroboscope
AirWater
SatahgelombangairPlane water wavesKertasputih
(skrin)White paper
(screen)
KakiretortRetort stand
BenangThread
LadungPendulum bob
SenarairadasdanbahanList of apparatusand materials
SusunanradasArrangement of the apparatus
Tempoh / Masa ayunan bergantung padapanjang bandul.The period / time of oscillation depends on
the length of the pendulum.
Tempoh meningkat dengan panjang / Semakin panjang bandul ringkas, semakin panjangtempoh ayunan.The period increases with length / The longer the
pendulum, the longer the period of oscillation.
Mengkaji hubungan antara panjang dan tempoh ayunan bandul ringkas.To investigate the relationship between the length and
the period of oscillation for a simple pendulum.
Pembolehubahdimanipulasikan: Panjang, ℓ Manipulated variable: Length, ℓ Pembolehubahbergerakbalas: Tempoh ayunan, TResponding variable: Period of oscillation, T
Pembolehubahyangdimalarkan: Sudut ayunan (<10°), jisim ladungFixed variable: Small angular displacement (< 10°),
mass of pendulum bob
Jam randik, pembaris meter, kaki retort, pengapit-G dan 2 keping gabus / papan lapis.Stopwatch, metre ruler, thread, retort stand, G-clamp
and 2 small pieces of cork / plywood.
Panjang gelombang dipengaruhi oleh frekuensi.Wavelength is influenced by frequency.
Semakin tinggi frekuensi, semakin pendek panjang gelombang.The higher the frequency is, the shorter the wavelength
will be.
Mengkaji hubungan antara frekuensi dan panjang gelombang bagi gelombang.To investigate the relationship between frequency and
wavelength of a wave.
Pembolehubahdimanipulasikan: Frekuensi penggetarManipulated variable: The frequency of the vibrator
Pembolehubahbergerakbalas: Panjang gelombangResponding variable: The wavelength
Pembolehubahyangdimalarkan: Kedalaman airFixed variable: The depth of water
Tangki riak, stroboskop mekanikal, pembaris meter, motor penggetar, kertas putih, bekalan kuasa, lampu dan bar kayu.Ripple tank, mechanical stroboscope, metre ruler,
vibrator motor, white paper, power supply, lamp and
wooden bar.
PembolehubahdalameksperimenVariables inthe experiment
TujuanAim
HipotesisHypothesis
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_
t = t + t2
1 2
_
T = t 10
t = t + t2
1_
2
_
T = t 10
I/cm
λ /cm
oo f/Hz
T / 2 2s
t/s
T/sℓ/cm
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
2T /s2
t /s1 t /s2 t/s_
Frekuensi,f/HzFrequency, f / Hz
10
20
30
40
50
Panjanggelombang,λ/cmWavelength, λ / cm
ProsedurProcedure
PenjadualanDataTabulation of the data
MenganalisisdataAnalysis of the data
1.Radasdanbahandisediakansepertidalam rajahdenganpanjangbandulditetapkanpada 90.0cm. Apparatus and materials are set up as shown in
the diagram with the length of pendulum fixed
at 90.0 cm.
2.Hujungbandulditarikkesisidengansudut sesaranyangkecildandilepaskan. The pendulum is pulled sideways with a small
angular displacement and released.
3.Masa10ayunanlengkap,t1diukurdan
direkodkan. The time for 10 complete oscillations, t
1, is
measured and recorded.
4.Langkah(3)diulangiuntukmendapatkant2.
Step (3) is repeated to get t2.
5.Eksperimendiulangidenganℓ=80.0cm, 70.0.cm,60.0cm,50.0cmdan40.0cm. The experiment is repeated using ℓ = 80.0 cm,
70.0 cm, 60.0 cm, 50.0 cm and 40.0 cm.
6.Bacaandirekodkandan,
danT2dikira.
The readings are tabulated and ,
and T2 are calculated.
1. Tangki riak disediakan seperti dalam rajah dan sehelai kertas putih diletakkan di bawah tangki riak. A ripple tank is set up as shown and a sheet of
white paper is placed under the ripple tank.
2. Hidupkan suis motor penggetar pada frekuensi 10 Hz. Switch on the vibrator motor at a frequency of
10 Hz.
3. Perhatikan gelombang air dengan menggunakan stroboskop dan ukur panjang gelombang. Observe the water waves by using the
stroboscope and measure the wavelength.
4. Ulangi eksperimen sekurang-kurangnya empat kali dengan frekuensi motor penggetar: 20 Hz, 30 Hz,40 Hz dan 50 Hz. Repeat the experiment at least four times at the
frequencies of vibrator motor: 20 Hz, 30 Hz,
40 Hz and 50 Hz.
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1 Seorangpelajarmenggetarkansuatusistemgetaranspringsebanyak4kalipersaat.Panjanggelombangbagispringtersebutialah0.6m.Berapakahhalajugelombangmenerusispringtersebut?A student makes a spring vibrating system vibrate at 4 times per second. The wavelength of the wave on the spring is 0.6 m. What is the speed of the wave moving along the spring?Penyelesaian / Solution
2 Gelombang radio merambat dengan halaju3×108ms–1.BerapakahpanjanggelombangbagigelombangradioFMyangditerimapada200MHzbagimendapatkansiaranradiotersebut?Radio waves travel at a speed of 3 × 108 m s–1. What is the wavelength of FM radio waves received at 200 MHz on your radio dial?Penyelesaian / Solution
3 Seutas tali direntangkan di atas lantai. Satupenghujung tali tersebut digoyangkan denganfrekuensi 8 Hz. Graf di bawah menunjukkansebahagianpergerakantalidalamsuatumasa.A long rope is stretched out on the floor. One end of the rope is then shaken at frequency of 8 Hz. The graph below shows the rope at a particular moment in time.
Tentukan/Determine(a) amplitud/the amplitude(b) panjanggelombang/the wavelength(c) halajugelombang/the speedPenyelesaian / Solution
4 Rajah menunjukkan gelombang bunyi yangdihasilkandaripadasatutalabunyi.The diagram below shows the sound waves produced by a tuning fork.
(a) Berdasarkanrajah,tentukanBased on the diagram, determine
(i) amplitud/the amplitude (ii) panjanggelombang/the wavelength(b) Berapakah frekuensi gelombang bunyi
sekiranyahalajubunyiadalah330ms–1?What is the frequency of the sound waves if the speed of sound is 330 m s–1?
Penyelesaian / Solution
5 Rajahdibawahmenunjukkangrafsesaran-jarak.The diagram below shows the displacement-time graph.
Berdasarkangrafdiatas,tentukanBased on the graph above, determine the(a) amplitud/amplitude (b) tempoh/period(c) frekuensi/frequencyPenyelesaian / Solution
Diberi / Given f = 4 Hz, λ = 0.6 mv = f λ = 4 Hz × 0.6 m = 2.4 m s–1
Diberi / Given v = 3 × 108 m s–1, f = 200 MHzv = f λ (3 × 108 m s–1) = (200 × 106 Hz) x λ λ = 1.5 m
(a) a = 0.5 m(b) λ = 0.8 m(c) v = f λ = 8 Hz × 0.8 m = 6.4 m s–1
(a) (i) a = 4 cm
2
= 2 cm
(ii) 3λ = 150 cm λ = 50 cm
(b) v = f λ 330 m s–1 = f × 0.5 m f = 660 Hz
(a) a = 10 m(b) T = 0.4 s
(c) f = 1T
= 1
0.4 s
= 2.5 Hz
Sesaran/mDisplacement/m
Jarak/mDistance/m0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6
0
0.5
–0.5
4cm
150cm
Sesaran/mDisplacement/m
Masa/sTime/s0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0
10
–10
...
Latihan / Exercise
KBAT
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Two types of dampingDuajenispelembapan
Grafpelembapan/A graph to show dampingAmplitud/Amplitude Sesaran/Displacement
masa/timemasa/time
PelembapanluarExternal damping
adalahdisebabkanoleh
kehilangan tenaga
untukmengatasi
daya geseran atau
rintangan udara .
the loss of energy
to overcome frictional
force or
air resistance .
PelembapandalamInternal damping
adalahdisebabkanoleh
kehilangan tenaga
kerana mampatan dan
regangan molekul dalam
sistem.
the loss of energy due to the
extension and compression
of molecules in the system.
Pelembapandalamsistemayunan/Damping in an oscillation system
Pelembapan/Damping
• Pelembapanialah pengurangan amplitud
bagisatusistemayunandimana tenaga
dilesapkandalambentuk tenaga haba .
Damping is the decrease in amplitude of an oscillating
system when energy is drained out as heat energy.
• Amplitud akansemakinberkurangdanmenjadisifar
apabila ayunan berhenti .
The amplitude will gradually decrease and become zero when the
oscillation stops .
Resonans/Resonance• Resonansberlakuapabilasuatusistem
dipaksabergetarpada frekuensi yang
samadengan frekuensi aslinya yang
disebabkanoleh daya luar Resonance occurs when a system is made to oscillate
at a frequency equivalent to its
natural frequency by an external force
• Sistemyangberesonansiniberayunpada
amplitudyang maksimum
The resonating system oscillate at its maximum amplitude.
Sistemayunan/Oscillating system
• Sistemayunanitutidakberayunberterusandengan amplitud yangsamakecualiapabilasistemituberayun
dalam vakum .The oscillating system does not continue with the same amplitude indefinitely except when the system is oscillating in a vacuum .
Mengalami/Experiences
Some effects of resonance
Beberapakesandaripadaresonans
menyebabkan/causes
• Penaladidalamradiodantelevisyendiputarkanuntukmemilihstesenprogram.Penaladalamlitardiubahsehingga
resonans tercapai,pada frekuensi daripadastesentertentuyangdipilih.Maka,
isyarat elektrik yang kuat dicapai.The tuner in a radio or television enables us to select the programmes. The circuit in the tuner is
adjusted until resonance is achieved at the frequency transmitted by a particular station
selected. Hence a strong electrical signal is produced.
• Kesanresonansjugamembawa
kemusnahan .Contohnya,jambatan
runtuhapabila amplitud getaran
bertambah yangdisebabkanoleh
resonans ,sepertiapayangtelahberlakudiTacomaNarrowsBridgediUSApada1949.Fenomenaberlakuolehtindakananginyangmenyebabkanjambatanbergetar
dengan amplitud yang besar .The effects of resonance can also cause
damage . For example, a bridge can
collapse when the amplitude of its vibration increases as a result of resonance ,
such as the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in USA in 1949. The action of the wind caused the bridge to vibrate at a
large amplitude .
• Amplitud dan tenaga berkurang
Amplitude and energy decreases
• Frekuensi malar/ Frequency is constant
t (s)
d (cm)
t (s)
a (cm)
00
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TerminologiTerminology
PenjelasanExplanation
DayaluarExternal force
Daya luar mestidikenakankepadasistemayunanuntukmembolehkansistemberayun
secaraberterusan.
An external force must be applied to an oscillation system to enable the system to go on continuously.
AyunanpaksaForced oscillation
Dayaluarmembekalkan tenaga kepadasistemmemaksasistemberayun.Ayunaninidinamakanayunanpaksa.
The external force supplying energy to the system forces the oscillation. This oscillation is called a forced oscillation.
FrekuensiasliNatural frequency
Frekuensiasliialah frekuensi sesuatu sistem yang bergetar sendiri tanpasebarangdayaluaryangbertindakkeatasnya.
Natural frequency is the frequency of a system which oscillates freely without the action of an external force.
EksperimenyangmenunjukkanfenomenaresonansExperiment to show a phenomenon of resonance
PenjelasanExplanation
• Frekuensi bandulringkasbergantungkepada panjang bandul.
The frequency of a simple pendulum depends on the length of the pendulum.• DuabandulyangmempunyaipanjangyangsamaadalahBdanD.
Two of the pendulums which have the same length are B and D.
PemerhatianObservation
• ApabilabandulBberayun,semuabandullaindipaksauntukberayun,When pendulum B oscillates, all the other pendulums are forced to oscillate,
• tetapibandulDberayundengan amplitud yang maksimum .
but pendulum D oscillates with maximum amplitude .
• Bandulyanglainakanberayundengan amplitud yang sangat kecil .
The other pendulums oscillate with very small amplitudes .
PerbincanganDiscussion
• BandulBdanbandulDmempunyaipanjangyangsama.Pendulum B and pendulum D are of the same length.
• FrekuensiB sama denganfrekuensiD.
The frequency of B is equal to the frequency of D.
• Olehitu,bandulBmenyebabkanbandulDberayundengan frekuensi aslinya .
Therefore, pendulum B causes pendulum D to oscillate at its natural frequency .
• BandulDmenerima tenaga yang lebih besar daripadabandulB,berbandingsetiapbandul
yanglain.Maka, resonans berlaku.
Pendulum D receives a bigger amount of energy from pendulum B compared to each of the other
pendulums. Hence, resonance occurs.
AB
C
D
E
F
BebanLoad
EksperimenbandulBarton/Experiment in Barton’s pendulum
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Pantulangelombang/Reflection of waves
• berlakuapabilagelombangtujuterkenapemantuldanmengubah arah perambatannya.
occurs when a incident wave strikes a reflector and undergoes a change in direction of propagation. • berlakukepadagelombangair,gelombangbunyidangelombangelektromagnet.
occurs to water waves, sound waves, light waves, and electromagnetic waves.
Ciri-ciri/Characteristics• Suduti=sudutr /Angle of i = Angle of r
• Panjang gelombang , frekuensi dan halaju
tidakberubahselepaspantulan.
Wavelength , frequency and speed do not change after reflection.
• Arah perambatangelombangberubahapabilaia
dipantulkan.
Direction of propagation of wave changes when it is reflected.
Hukumpantulan/Laws of reflection
• i = r
• Gelombang tuju, gelombang terpantul dan garis normal terletak pada satah yang sama pada sudut tegak dengan
permukaan pantulan pada titik tuju.
The incident wave, reflected wave and normal lie in the same plane which is perpendicular to the reflecting surface
at the point of incidence.
i=suduttuju (sudutdiantaragelombangtujudannormal) angle of incidence (the angle between the direction of propagation of the
incident wave and the normal)r=sudutpantulan (sudutdiantaragelombangpantulandannormal) angle of reflection (the angle between the direction of propagation of the
reflected wave and the normal)
GelombangtujuIncident wave
GelombangtujuIncident wave
GelombangtujuIncident wave
GelombangterpantulReflected wave
GelombangterpantulReflected wave
GelombangterpantulReflected wavePemantulsatah
Plane reflectorNormalNormal
Pem
antulsatah
Pla
ne r
eflec
tor
Pem
antulcekung
Con
cave
refl
ecto
rλ
λ
λ
λ λ
i r
λ
GelombangtujuIncident wave
GelombangterpantulReflected wave
Menganalisis Pantulan Gelombang Analysing Reflection of Waves
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InferensInference
Sudutpantulanbergantungpadasuduttuju.The angle of reflection depends on the angle of incidence.
HipotesisHypothesis
Sudut pantulan bertambah apabila sudut tuju bertambah.
The angle of reflection increases as the angle of incidence increases.
TujuaneksperimenAim of the experiment
Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara sudut tuju dan sudut pantulan.
To investigate the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection.
PembolehubaheksperimenVariables in the experiment
Pembolehubahdimanipulasikan/Manipulated variable:
Sudut tuju / Angle of incidence
Pembolehubahbergerakbalas/Responding variable:
Sudut pantulan / Angle of reflection
Pembolehubahdimalarkan/Fixed variable:
Kedudukan cermin satah, frekuensi / Position of the plane mirror, frequency
SenaraibahandanradasList of materials and apparatus
Kotaksinar,cerminsatah,plastisin,proraktordankertasputihRay box, plane mirror, plasticine, protractor and white paper
SusunanradasArrangement of the apparatus
ProsedurProcedure
1. Garisnormal,ONdilukispadakertasputih./A normal line, ON is drawn on the white paper.
2. Denganmenggunakanprotaktor,satusinarcahayadarikotaksinarditujukankecerminsatahpadasuduttuju,i=10°.By using the protractor, a ray of light from the ray box is directed to the plane mirror at angle of incidence, i = 10°.
3. Dengan menggunakan protraktor, sudut pantulan, r diukur.
By using the protractor, the angle of reflection ray, r is measured.
4. Langkah 2 dan 3 diulangi untuk sudut tuju yang lain, i = 20o, 30o, 40o, 50o. Steps 2 and 3 are repeated for other angles of incidence, i = 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°.
MenjadualkandataTabulate the data
i / ° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50°r / °
MenganalisisdataAnalysis the data
r / º
i / º
KotaksinarRay box
Cerminsatah/Plane mirror
Protraktor/Protractor
Kertasputih/White paper
Plastisin/Plasticine
N
Oir
0
Pantulangelombang/Reflection of waveEksperimen / Experiment
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PembiasanGelombang/Refraction of waves
Definisi/Definition
Pembiasanialah perubahan arah gelombang atau
pembengkokan gelombangdisebabkanolehperubahanhalajuapabilaiabergerakdarisatumediumkemediumlain,
yangmempunyaiperbezaan ketumpatan optik atau
kedalaman .
Refraction is the change in direction of the wave when its speed changes as it moves from one medium to another, which has different
optical densities or different depths .
Ciri-cirigelombangyangterbiasCharacteristics of wave after refraction
Gelombangmempunyai frekuensi yang
samatetapiberbezapada halaju ,
panjang gelombang dan
arah perambatan
The wave has the same frequency but
different speed , wavelength and direction of propagation.
Gelombangair,gelombangbunyi,gelombangcahayadangelombangelektromagnetWater waves, sound waves, light waves and electromagnetic waves
Apabilagelombangmerambatdarisatumediummerentasisempadankemediumlainyang berbeza halaju,
gelombangyangterbiasakanmerambatdalam arah yang berbeza daripadagelombangtuju.
When a wave travelling in one medium crosses the boundary into another medium where its velocity is different , the refracted
wave will move in a different direction from that of the incident wave.
Ciri-cirigelombangCharacteristics of waves
KeadaanSituation
KawasandalamIn deep water
KawasancetekIn shallow water
HalajuSpeed lebih laju / faster lebih perlahan / slower
PanjanggelombangWavelength lebih panjang / longer lebih pendek / shorter
FrekuensiFrequency tidak berubah / unchanged tidak berubah / unchanged
Berlakupada/Occur to
DalamDeep
DalamDeep
DalamDeep
DalamDeep
DalamDeep
DalamDeep
CetekShallow
CetekShallow
CetekShallow
PembiasangelombangairRefraction of water waves
Lukiskangelombangairterbias.Draw the refracted water waves.
F F
Menganalisis Pembiasan Gelombang Analysing Refraction of Waves
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Apabilasinartujumerambatdarimedium kurang
tumpat kemediumyang lebih tumpat ,
iaakan dibiaskan mendekati garisnormal.
When the light ray travels from an optically less dense
medium to an optically denser medium, it bends towards the normal.
Apabilasinartujumerambatdarimediumyang
lebih tumpat kemediumyang kurang
tumpat ,iaakan dibiaskan menjauhi garisnormal.
When the light travels from an optically denser
medium to an optically less dense medium, it bends away from the normal.
PembiasangelombangcahayaRefraction of light wave
SinartujuIncident ray Sinartuju
Incident rayUdara
Air
UdaraAir
KacaGlass
KacaGlass
i
r
SinarterbiasRefracted ray
SinarterbiasRefracted ray
i
r
KesanpembiasanEffects of refraction
PembiasangelombangairdilautRefraction of water wave at sea
PembiasangelombangbunyipadawaktumalamdanwaktusiangyangpanasEffects of refraction of a sound wave
at night and on a hot day
• Apabilagelombangairmerambatdaritengahlautkepantai,gelombang
air mengikut bentuk pantai .When water waves propagate from the sea to the beach, the water waves follow the
shape of the beach.• Inidisebabkangelombangairmerambatdarikawasanair
dalam kekawasanair cetek .
This is so because the water waves propagate from deep water to shallow water.
• Halaju dan panjang gelombang berkurangapabilagelombangairmenghampiripantaidangelombangairdibiaskan
mendekati garisnormal.
The speed and wavelength decrease as the waves approach the
beach and hence the water wave is refracted towards the normal.• Airditeluklebihtenangberbandingairditanjung.
The water in the bay is more calm compared to the water at the cape.
• Padawaktumalam,lapisanudaradibawahlebihsejukdaripadalapisanudaradiatas.At night, the air layer near the ground is cooler than the layer above.
• Gelombangbunyimerambat
lebih laju dalamudarapanasdaripadaudarasejukdisebabkanlapisan
udarapanas kurang tumpat daripadaudarasejuk.
Sound waves travel faster in warm air than in cold air because warm air is
less dense than cold air.
• Gelombangbunyi dibiaskan
mendekati bumipadawaktumalam.
Hence, sound waves are refracted
towards the earth at night.
Tanjung/Cape
PantaiBeach
TelukBay
LautSea
UdarapanasWarm air
UdarasejukCold air
Lukiskangelombangcahayaterbias.Draw the refracted light wave.
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InferensInference
Sudut biasan bergantung kepada sudut tuju
The angle of refraction depends on the angle of incidence
HipotesisHypothesis
Sudut biasan bertambah apabila sudut tuju bertambah
The angle of refraction increases as the angle of incidence increases
TujuaneksperimenAim of the experiment
Untuk mengkaji hubungan antara sudut tuju dan sudut biasan
To investigate the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction
PembolehubaheksperimenVariables in the experiment
Pembolehubahdimanipulasikan/Manipulated variable:
sudut tuju / angle of incidence
Pembolehubahbergerakbalas/Responding variable:
sudut biasan / angle of refraction
Pembolehubahdimalarkan/Fixed variable:
Indeks biasan / refractive index
SenaraibahandanradasList of materials and apparatus
Blokkaca,kotaksinar,kertasputih,protraktor,bekalankuasaGlass block, ray box, white paper, protractor, power supply
SusunanradasArrangement of the apparatus
A
DP
Q
Oi
r
N
B
C
KotaksinarRay box
• Inidisebabkankedalamanairberkurangsecaraperlahanmerentasi
kawasantelukdan tenaga gelombangair disebarkan kekawasanyangluasberbandingkawasanberdekatandengantanjung.This is because the depth of water decreases gradually across the area of the bay
and the energy of the water wave spreads to a wider area compared to the region near the cape.
• Amplitud gelombangairditelukadalah kecil danolehituairdikawasanteluklebihtenang.
The amplitude of the water wave at the bay is low and hence the water at the bay is calm.
• Padaharipanas,permukaanbumiyangpanasmenyebabkanlapisanudarayangberdekatanpermukaannyamenjadipanas.On a hot day, the hot surface of the earth heats the layer of air near the surface.
• Inimenyebabkangelombangbunyi
dibiaskan menjauhi permukaanbumipadaharipanas.This causes sound waves to be
refracted away from the earth during hot day.
Pembiasangelombangcahaya/Refraction of light waveEksperimen / Experiment
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ProsedurProcedure
1. Blokkacadiletakkandiatassehelaikertasputih.BentukbongkahkacadilakarkandiataskertasputihdandilabelkanABCD.Bongkahkacadialihkan.The glass block is placed on a piece of white paper. The outline of the sides of the glass block are traced on the white paper and labelled as ABCD. The glass block is removed.
2. Garis normal ON dilukis. Dengan menggunakan protraktor, sudut tuju diukur, i = 10°. Bongkahkacadiletakkansemuladiataslakaranitu.Alurcahayadarikotaksinarditujukanpadasudutiitu.AluryangterbiasdariCDdilukissebagaiPQ.Blokkacadialihkansemula.SatugarisanOPdilukis.The normal ON is drawn. By using a protractor, the angle of incidence is measured, i = 10°.
The glass block is placed again on its outline on the paper. A ray of light from the ray box is directed along the incidence line. The ray emerging from the side CD is drawn as line PQ. The glass block is removed again. The points O and P are joined by a line and is drawn as line OP.
3. Sudut biasan, r diukur. / The angle of refraction, r, ray is measured.
4. Eksperimen diulangi dengan sudut tuju, i = 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°.
The experiment is repeated for angles of incidence i = 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°.
MenjadualkandataTabulation of data
Suduttuju/angle of incidence, i / ° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50°Sudutbiasan/angle of refraction, r / °
MenganalisisdataAnalysis of the data
InferensInference
Panjang gelombang air bergantung pada kedalaman air
The wavelength of water waves depends on the depth of water
HipotesisHypothesis
Apabila kedalaman air meningkat, maka panjang gelombang air meningkat
The wavelength of the water waves increases as the depth of water increases
TujuaneksperimenAim of the experiment
Mengkaji hubungan antara kedalaman air dan panjang gelombang
To investigate the relationship between the depth of water and the wavelength of water waves
PembolehubaheksperimenVariables in the experiment
Pembolehubahdimanipulasikan/Manipulated variable:
kedalaman air / depth of water
Pembolehubahbergerakbalas/Responding variable:
panjang gelombang / wavelength
Pembolehubahdimalarkan/Fixed variable:
frekuensi / frequency
SuduttujuAngle of incidencei / °
SudutbiasanAngle of refractionr / °
0
Pembiasangelombangair/Refraction of water waveEksperimen / Experiment
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SenaraibahandanradasList of materials and apparatus
Tangkiriak,lampu,motor,barkayu,bekalankuasa,kertasputih,protraktor,pantulansatah,platperspek,pembaris-15cm,stroboskopmekanikal,pembarismeterRipple tank, lamp, motor, wooden bar, power supply, white paper, protractor, plane reflector, perspex plate, 15cm- ruler, mechanical stroboscope, metre rule
SusunanradasArrangement of the apparatus
ProsedurProcedure
1. Kedalaman air, d, di atas permukaan perspek, diukur dengan menggunakan pembaris-15cm.
The depth of water, d, over a perspex plate, is measured by using a 15cm-ruler.
2.Bekalankuasadihidupkanuntukmenggetarkanmotorsupayagelombangsatahmerambatmerentasiplatperspek.Gelombangitudibekukandenganmenggunakanstroboskopmekanikal.The power supply is switched on to produce plane waves which propagate across the perspex plate. The waves are frozen by a mechanical stroboscope. The waves are sketched on the screen.
3. Jarak antara 11 jalur terang berturutan, x, diukur dengan menggunakan pembaris meter.
The distance between 11 successive bright bands, x, is measured by the metre ruler.
4.Panjanggelombang,λ,dikira/The wavelength λ, is calculated,λ= x10
cm
5. Eksperimen diulang 4 kali dengan menambahkan bilangan plat perspek untuk mengubah
kedalaman air di atas plat perspek.
The experiment is repeated 4 times by increasing the number of perspex plates to change the depth of the
water across the plate.
MenjadualkandataTabulation of data
Kedalamanair/Depth of water, d / cm
Panjanggelombang/wavelength , λ / cm
MenganalisisdataAnalysis of the data
KedalamanairDepth of waterd / cm
LampuLamp
MotorMotor
BargetaranVibrating bar
StroboskopmekanikalMechanical stroboscope
AirWater Platperspeks
Perspex plate
Kertasputih(skrin)White paper (screen)
Panjanggelombangwavelength λ / cm
0
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1 RajahmenunjukkangelombangsatahairbergerakdarikawasanPkekawasanQyangmempunyaikedalamanberbeza.The diagram shows a plane water wave moving from one area P to another area Q of different depths.
HalajugelombangairdikawasanPialah18cms–1.BerapakahhalajugelombangairdikawasanQ?The speed of the water wave in area P is 18 cm s–1. What is the speed of the water wave in area Q?Penyelesaian Solution
Frekuensi gelombang di kawasan Q adalah bersamaan dengan frekuensi gelombang di kawasan P.Frequency of wave in region Q is the same as the frequency of wave in region P.
Oleh itu, / Hence, vQ = f λ
Q
vQ = (6 Hz) × 1.5 cm
= 9.0 cm s–1
vp = f λ
p
18 cm s–1 = f (3 cm)
\f = 6 Hz
4λp= 12 cm
λp = 12
4 cm
λp = 3 cm
8λQ = 12 cm
λQ = 12
8 cm
= 1.5 cm
Kedalaman P:Deep region P:
4λ=12cm 8λ=12cm
P Q
12cm
P
12cm
Q
Latihan / Exercise
KBAT
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Definisi/Definition
Penyebaran gelombangapabilagelombangmerambatmelalui
celahan atau halangan .
The spreading of waves as they pass
through an aperture or obstacle .
Selepasbelauanberlaku/After diffraction has occured
Dimalarkan/Constant Berubah/Change
•Panjang gelombang, λ, malar
Wavelength, λ, is constant
•Frekuensi, f, malar
Frequency, f, is constant
•Halaju,v, malar
Speed, v, is constant
•Amplitud berkurang
Amplitude decreases
•Corak gelombang
Pattern of the wave
•Tenaga berkurang
Energy decreases
Rajah:Pembelauangelombangair.GelombangairlebihterbelaujikaDiagram: Diffraction of water wave. Waves are diffracted more if the (i)celahansempit/slit is narrow (ii) panjanggelombanglebihpanjang/wavelength is longer
Lukisgelombangyangterbelau./Draw the diffracted waves.Saizcelahan>λ/Size of gap > λ Sizecelahan≤λ/Size of gap ≤ λ
Halanganpanjang/Long obstacle Halanganpendek/Short obstacle
Rajah:Belauangelombangcahaya.Cahayamempunyaipanjanggelombangyang pendek .
Belauan gelombangcahayaterjadihanyapadacelahanyangmempunyailebar10–4mataukurang.
Diagram: Diffraction of light wave: Light has a very short wavelength. Diffraction of light waves occurs only for a slit with a width of 10–4 m or less.
Duarajahdibawahmenunjukkangambarfotobelauangelombangcahaya.Perhatikanbahawalebarpinggir-pinggircerahdangelapitutidakmalar./The two diagrams below show the photographs of diffraction of light waves. Notice that the bright and dark fringes are not constant in width.
Gambarfoto(i)dan(ii)menunjukkanbelauangelombangcahaya.Photographs (i) and (ii) show diffraction of light waves.
Apabilasaizcelahsemakinkecil,jalurcerahditengah-tengahsemakinlebar.When the size of the slit is getting smaller, the middle bright fringe will be wider.
Gambarfoto(i) Gambarfoto(ii)
Pembelauangelombang/Diffraction of waves
Menganalisis Belauan Gelombang Analysing Diffraction of Waves
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Rajah/Diagram:
• Gelombangbunyimempunyaigelombangyang panjang .
Sound wave has a long wavelength.
• Belauan gelombangbunyimenyebabkanbunyimasihbolehdidengar
dipenjurudindingbangunan.Diffraction of sound waves enables sound to ‘go around a corner’.
PendengarListener Radio
Radio
DindingWall
InferensInference
Sudut bengkokan gelombang air bergantung kepada saiz celah
The angle of bending of the waves depends on the size of the gap
HipotesisHypothesis
Sudut bengkokan gelombang air meningkat apabila saiz celah berkurang
The angle of bending of the waves increases as the size of gap decreases
TujuaneksperimenAim of the experiment
Mengkaji hubungan antara sudut bengkokan gelombang air dan saiz celah
To investigate the relationship between the angle of bending of the waves and the size of gap
PembolehubaheksperimenVariables in the experiment
Pembolehubahdimanipulasikan/Manipulated variable:
saiz celah, a, / size of gap, a
Pembolehubahbergerakbalas/Responding variable:
sudut bengkokan gelombang air, θ° / angle of bending of the water waves, θ°
Pembolehubahdimalarkan/Fixed variable:
frekuensi penggetar / frequency of vibrator
SenaraibahandanradasList of materials and apparatus
Tangkiriak,lampu,motor,barkayu,bekalankuasa,kertasputih,duabatangbarbesi,pembarismeter,protraktordanstroboskopmekanikalRipple tank, lamp, motor, wooden bar, power supply, white paper, two pieces metal bar, metre rule, protractor and mechanical stroboscope
SusunanradasArrangement of the apparatus
CelahanAperture slit
BarlogamMetal bar
LampuLamp
MotorMotor
BargetaranVibrating bar
StroboskopmekanikalMechanical stroboscope
AirWater
Kertasputih(skrin)White paper (screen)
Pembelauangelombangair/Diffraction of water wavesEksperimen / Experiment
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InferensInference
Lebar pinggir cerah di tengah bergantung kepada saiz celah
The width of the middle bright fringe depends on the size of the slit
HipotesisHypothesis
Lebar pinggir cerah di tengah bertambah apabila saiz celah berkurang
The width of the middle bright fringe increases as the size of the slit decreases
TujuaneksperimenAim of the experiment
Mengkaji hubungan lebar pinggir cerah di tengah dengan saiz celah
To investigate the relationship between the width of the middle bright fringe and the size of the slit
PembolehubaheksperimenVariables in the experiment
Pembolehubahdimanipulasikan/Manipulated variable:
saiz celah / size of slit
Pembolehubahbergerakbalas/Responding variable:
Lebar pinggir cerah di tengah / the width of the middle bright fringe
Pembolehubahdimalarkan/Fixed variable:
cahaya monokromatik (cahaya dengan satu panjang gelombang sahaja)
monochromatic light (light of one wavelength only)
SenaraibahandanradasList of materials and apparatus
Sumbercahayamonokromatik,slaidcelahtunggal,pembarismeterMonochromatic light source, single slit slide, metre rule
ProsedurProcedure
1. Dengan menggunakan pembaris meter, lebar celah diukur, a = 0.5 cm.
Bekalankuasadihidupkan.gelombangdibekukandenganmenggunakanstroboskopmekanikal.Gelombangdilakarkanpadaskrin.
By using a metre rule , the width of the slit is measured, a = 0.5 cm.
The power supply is switched on. The waves are freeze by a mechanical stroboscope. The waves are sketched on the screen.
2. Dengan menggunakan protraktor, sudut bengkokan, θ diukur. By using a protractor, the angle of bent, θ is measured.
3. Eksperimen diulang dengan menggunakan lebar celah,a = 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm dan 2.5 cm. The experiment is repeated for width of slit, a = 1.0 cm, 1.5 cm, 2.0 cm and 2.5 cm.
MenjadualkandataTabulation of data
Saizcelah/Size of gap, a / cm 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Sudutbengkokangelombangair/Angle of bending of water waves, θ / °
MenganalisisdataAnalysis of the data
SaizcelahSize of gapa / cm
SudutbengkokangelombangairAngle of bending of water wavesθ / °
0
Pembelauangelombangcahaya/Diffraction of light waveEksperimen / Experiment
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SusunanradasArrangement of the apparatus
ProsedurProcedure
1. Lebar celah direkodkan, a = 0.2 mm. Cahaya dari sumber ditujukan ke arah celahan.
The width of the slit is recorded, a = 0.2 mm. The light beam from the source is directed towards the slit.
2. Dengan menggunakan pembaris meter, lebar pinggir cahaya di tengah, x, diukur.
By using a metre rule, measure the width of the middle bright fringe, x.
3. Eksperimen diulangi dengan menggunakan lebar celah, a = 0.4 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.8 mm dan 1.0 mm.
The experiment is repeated for widths of slit, a = 0.4 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.8 mm and 1.0 mm.
MenjadualkandataTabulate the data
Lebarcelah/Width of slit, a / mm 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
LebarpinggircerahtengahWidth of middle bright fringe, x / cm
MenganalisisdataAnalysis the data
CahayamonokromatikatauLASERMonochromatic lightor LASER
SlaidsatucelahSingle slit Slide
SkrinScreen
PinggirtengahcerahMiddle bright fringe
x
LebarcelahWidth of slita / mm0
LebarpinggircerahtengahWidth of middle bright fringex / cm
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1 Rajahmenunjukkangelombangsatahairmendekatisatucelahsempit.The diagram shows plane water waves approaching a narrow slit.
PembengkokangelombangmeningkatapabilaThe bending of the waves increases when A saizcelahbertambah/the size of slit increasesB frekuensigelombangbertambah/the frequency of the wave increasesC panjanggelombangbertambah/the wavelength increases
2 Rajahmenunjukkancorakyangdihasilkandiatasskrinapabilacahayamonokromatikmelaluicelahan.The diagram shows the pattern formed on a screen when a monochromatic light is passed through a slit.
Antararajahberikut,yangmanakahterhasilapabilasaizcelahdikurangkan?Which of the following diagrams occurs when the size of the slit is decreased?A
B
C
D
3 Antara rajahberikut, yangmanakahmenunjukkancorakbelauancahayabagigelombangcahayaapabilacahayamonokromatikmelaluilubangpinyanghalus?Which of the following diagrams shows the patterns of diffraction of light waves when a monochoromatic light passes through a small pin hole?A
B
C
D
G GC C C
Latihan / Exercise
KBAT
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INTERFERENS/INTERFERENCE
• Interferensialahkesandaripada superposisi dua gelombang dari dua sumber koheren
Interference is produced by the superposition of two waves from two coherent sources.
• Duagelombangadalahkoherenjikagelombangitumempunyai frekuensi yangsama, panjang gelombang
yangsamadandalam sefasa (fasa yang sama) .
Two waves are coherent if they have the same frequency , the same wavelength and are in phase (same phase) .
• Interferensterhasilapabiladuagelombangbertemusemasamerambatdalammediumyangsama.Interference occurs when two waves meet at a point during propagation along the same medium.
• Apabila dua gelombang bertindih, interferens akan terhasil sama ada interferens membina atau
interferens memusnah
When the two waves are superposed, interference will occur. It will either be constructive interference or destructive interference.
Prinsipsuperposisi/Principle of superposition
Prinsipsuperposisimenyatakanbahawaapabila dua gelombang merambat serentak dan bertindih pada satu titik,
hasil tambah sesaran pada titik itu adalah sama dengan hasil tambah sesaran gelombang itu secara individu
The Principle of superposition states that when two waves move simultaneously and coincide at a point, the displacement at that point is
equal to the sum of the displacements of the individual waves.
InterferensmembinaConstructive interference
• Terhasilapabila puncak atau
lembangan kedua-duagelombang(dalamfasa)bertindihmenghasilkangelombangyang
mempunyai amplitud maksimum
Occurs when the crests or troughs of both waves (same phase) coincide to produce a wave with
maximum amplitude .
InterferensmembinasaDestructive interference
• Terhasilapabila puncak satugelombang
bertindihdengan lembangan satugelombangyanglain(luarfasa)menghasilkangelombangyang
mempunyai amplitud sifar .
Occurs when the crests of one wave coincide
with the troughs of the other waves to produce a
wave with zero amplitude .
AmplitudmaksimumMaximum amplitude Amplitudsifar
Zero amplitude
Duajenisinterferens/Two types of interference
Menganalisis Interferens Gelombang Analysing Interference of Waves
1.5
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TerminologiTerminology
PeneranganExplanation
AntinodAntinode
TitikdimanainterferensmembinaterbentukA point where constructive interference occurs
NodNode
TitikdimanainterferensmemusnahterbentukA point where destructive interference occurs
aJarakantaraduasumberkoherenDistance between two coherent sources
PanjanggelombangWavelength
xJarakantaraduagarisnod(ataugarisantinod)yangberturutanDistance between two consecutive nodal lines (or antinodal lines)
DJarakberserenjangdariduasumberketitikuntukpengukuranxPerpendicular distance from the two sources to the point of measurement of x
FormulaInterferensYoung:Young’s Interference Formula:
Rajah:/Diagram:
SumbergelombangWaves sources
PuncakCrest
LembanganTrough
S1
S2
gelombangamplitudsifar/zero amplitude wavesgelombangpuncakmaksimum/maximum crest wavesgelombanglembanganmaksimum/maximum trough waves
λ = axD
GarisantinodAntinodal line
LembanganTrough
PuncakCrestS
1
x
D
aS
2
InferensInference
Jarak antara dua garis nod yang berturutan bergantung kepada jarak antara dua sumber koheren.
The distance between two consecutive nodal lines depends on the distance between two coherent sources.
HipotesisHypothesis
Jarak antara dua garis nod berturutan bertambah apabila jarak antara dua sumber koheren
berkurang.
The distance between two consecutive nodal lines increases as the distance between two coherent sources
decreases.
TujuaneksperimenAim of the experiment
Mengkaji hubungan antara 'jarak antara dua sumber koheren, a,' dan 'jarak antara dua garis
nod yang berturutan, x'.
To investigate the relationship between the 'distance, a, between two coherent sources' and the 'distance, x,
between two consecutive nodal lines'.
Garis antinod (Interferens membina)Antinodal line(Constructive interference)
Garisnod(Interferensmemusnah)Nodal line(Destructive interference)
Interferensgelombangair/Interference of water waveEksperimen / Experiment
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PembolehubaheksperimenVariables in the experiment
Pembolehubahdimanipulasikan/Manipulated variable:
jarak antara dua sumber koheren, a / the distance, a, between two coherent sources
Pembolehubahbergerakbalas/Responding variable:
jarak antara dua garis nod yang berturutan, x / the distance, x, between two consecutive nodal lines
Pembolehubahdimalarkan/Fixed variable:
frekuensi penggetar, panjang gelombang / frequency of vibrator, the wavelength
Jarak antara sumber (pencelup) dan kedudukan di mana x diukur.
Distance between sources and the position where x is measured.
SenaraibahandanradasList of materials and apparatus
Tangkiriak,lampu,motor,kayubar,bekalankuasa,kertasputih,pencelupsfera,pembarismeterdanstroboskopmekanikRipple tank, lamp, motor, wooden bar, power supply, white paper, spherical dippers, metre rule and mechanical stroboscope
SusunanradasArrangement of the apparatus
BayangCorakinterferensShadow of Interference patterns
PencelupDipper
Lampu/LampMotorMotor
BargetaranVibrating bar
StroboskopmekanikalMechanical stroboscope
AirWater
Kertasputih(skrin)White paper (screen)
TangkiriakRipple tank
ProsedurProcedure
1. Dengan menggunakan pembaris meter, jarak antara dua pencelup diukur, a = 2.0 cm. By using a metre rule, the distance between two dippers, a, is set = 2.0 cm.
2. Bekalankuasadihidupkanuntukmenghasilkanduagelombangmembulatdaripencelup.Gelombangdibekukandenganmenggunakanstroboskopmekanikal.Gelombangdilakarkanpadaskrin.The power supply is switched on to produce two circular waves from the dippers. The waves are frozen by a mechanical stroboscope. The waves are sketched on the screen.
3. Dengan menggunakan pembaris meter, jarak antara dua garis nod yang berturutan, x, diukur. By using a metre rule, the distance between two consecutive nodal lines, x, is measured.
4. Eksperimen diulangi pada jarak yang berbeza antara dua pencelup, a = 4.0 cm, 6.0 cm, 8.0 cm dan 10.0 cm. The experiment is repeated with different values of the distance between two dippers, a = 4.0 cm, 6.0 cm, 8.0 cm and 10.0 cm.
MenjadualkandataTabulation of data
a / cm 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
x / cm
MenganalisisdataAnalysis of the data
JarakantaraduagarisnodberturutanDistance between two consecutive nodal linesx / cm
0
JarakantaraduapencelupDistance between the two dippersa / cm
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InferensInference
Jarak antara dua pinggir cerah yang berturutan bergantung kepada panjang gelombang
gelombang cahaya
The distance between two consecutive bright fringes depends on the wavelength of the light waves.
HipotesisHypothesis
Jarak antara dua pinggir cerah yang berturutan bertambah apabila panjang gelombang
gelombang cahaya bertambah
The distance between two consecutive bright fringes increases as the wavelength of the light waves increases.
TujuaneksperimenAim of the experiment
Mengkaji hubungan antara panjang gelombang cahaya dan jarak antara dua pinggir cerah yang
berturutan
To investigate the relationship between the wavelength of light waves and the distance between two
consecutive bright fringes.
PembolehubaheksperimenVariables in the experiment
Pembolehubahdimanipulasikan/Manipulated variable:
panjang gelombang cahaya LASER, λ
the wavelength of the LASER light waves, λPembolehubahbergerakbalas/Responding variable:
Jarak antara dua pinggir cerah berturutan, x
the distance between two consecutive bright fringes, x
Pembolehubahdimalarkan/Fixed variable:
jarak pemisahan antara celah, a, dan jarak antara dwicelah dan skrin, D
slit separation, a, and the distance between double slit and screen, D
SenaraibahandanradasList of apparatus and materials
SumbercahayaLASER,skrin,dwicelah,pembarismeterdanpembaris-15cmLASER light source, colour source, screen, double slit, metre ruler and 15-cm ruler
1 Dalamsatueksperimenuntukmengkaji corak interferensgelombangair, jarakantaraduapencelupsferaialah2.5cmdanjarakantaraduagarisantinodberturutanpadatitikpengukuranialah5.0cm.Berapakahpanjanggelombangbagiairjikajarakdariduapencelupketitikpengukuranituialah10.0cm?In an experiment to investigate the interference pattern of water waves, the distance between two spherical dippers is 2.5 cm and at the point of measurement, the distance between two consecutive antinodal lines is 5.0 cm. What is the wavelength of the water waves if the distance from the two dippers to the point of measurement is 10.0 cm?
PenyelesaianSolution
Diberi / Given a = 2.5 cm, x = 5.0 cm, D = 10.0 cm
λ = axD
= 2.5 cm × 5.0 cm10.0 cm
= 1.25 cm
Latihan / Exercise
Interferensgelombangcahaya/Interference of light waveEksperimen / Experiment
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SusunanradasArrangement of the apparatus
ProsedurProcedure
1. SumbercahayaLASERdihidupkan.Panjanggelombang=λ,The LASER light source is switched on. Wavelength = λ,
2. Corakinterferensterbentukdiatasskrindiperhatikandandilakarkan.The interference pattern formed on the screen is observed and drawn.
3. Dengan menggunakan pembaris-15cm, jarak merentasi 6 pinggir cerah yang berturutan, L diukur.
By using a 15cm-ruler, the distance across 6 consecutive bright fringes, L is measured.
4.Jarak antara dua pinggir cerah yang berturutan dikira, x = L cm
5
The distance between two consecutive bright fringes, x = L cm5
is calculated.
5. Eksperimen diulangi dengan sumber LASER yang berbeza supaya panjang gelombang =
λ2, λ
3, λ
4 , λ
5.
The experiment is repeated with different LASER light sources so that the wavelength = λ2, λ3, λ4 , λ5.
MenjadualkandataTabulation of data
λ / m
x / m
MenganalisisdataAnalysis of the data
x
λ
1 Rajahmenunjukkancorakpinggiryangterbentukdalameksperimendwicelahapabilacahayamonokromatikdigunakan.Jarakantaracelahialah0.5mmdanskrinadalahsejauh3.0mdaridwicelahitu.The diagram shows the fringe pattern obtained in a double slit experiment when a monochromatic light is used. The double slits are 0.5 mm apart and the screen is 3.0 m away from the double slits.
1.4cm
Berapakahpanjanggelombangcahayamonokromatikitu?What is the wavelength of the monochromatic light?PenyelesaianSolution
Diberi / Given: a = 0.5 mm = 0.5 × 10–3 m D = 3.0 m
x = 1.4 cm 5
= 0.28 cm = 0.28 × 10–2 m
λ = axD
= (0.5 × 10–3 m) × (0.28 × 10–2 m)3.0 m
= 4.67 × 10–7 m
0
Latihan / Exercise
KBAT
CorakpinggirinterferensInterference fringe pattern
SkrinScreen
KawasaninterferensInterference area
SlitduacelahDouble slit
SumbercahayaLASERLASER light source
3.0mD
a
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2 Dalam eksperimen interferens cahaya yang menggunakan cahaya hijau dengan panjang gelombang5× 10–7m, jarak antara dua pinggir cerah yang terbentuk pada skrin ialah 0.4mm.Apabila eksperimendiulangidenganmenggunakancahayamonokromatik,L,jarakantaraduapinggircerahyangterbentukialah0.48mm.BerapakahpanjanggelombangcahayaL?In an experiment of light interference using green light of wavelength 5 × 10–7 m, two consecutive bright fringes formed on the screen are 0.4 mm apart. When the experiment is repeated using monochromatic light, L, two consecutive bright fringes formed are 0.48 mm apart. What is the wavelength of light L?Penyelesaian / Solution
3 Dalam eksperimen interferens dwicelah dengan cahaya biru, jarak antara skrin dan dwicelah ialah1.2mdanpisahanantaracelahialah2×10–4m.Pinggir-pinggircerahdangelapterbentukpadaskrin.Kiranilaix.(Diberi:panjanggelombangcahayabiru=4.0×10–7m).In a double-slit interference experiment with blue light the distance between the screen and double slits is 1.2 m and slit separation is 2 × 10–4 m. Bright and dark fringes are seen on the screen. Calculate x. (Given: the wavelength of blue light = 4.0 × 10–7 m).Penyelesaian / Solution
Diberi / Given D = 1.2 m, a = 2 × 10–4 m, λ=4.0 × 10–7 m
λ = axD
\x = λDa
= (4.0 × 10–7 m)(1.2 m)2 × 10–4 m
= 2.4 × 10–3 m
Diberi λHijau
= 5 × 10–7 m, x
Hijau = 4 × 10–4 m, x
L = 4.8 × 10–4 m
Dengan menggunakan λ = axD
,
λHijau
= ( aD
)(xHijau
) ("a" dan D adalah malar di sini),
\( aD
) = λ
Hijau
xHijau
(i)
Tetapi λL = ( a
D)(x
L)
\( aD
) = λ
L
xL
(ii)
Pers. (i) = Pers. (ii);
\λ
Hijau
xHijau
= λ
L
xL
\λL = (
λHijau
xHijau
)(xL)
= (5 × 10–7 m)(4 × 10–4 m)
× (4.8 × 10–4 m)
= 6.0 × 10–7 m
Given λGreen
= 5 × 10–7 m, x
Green = 4 × 10–4 m, x
L = 4.8 × 10–4 m
Using λ = aD
,
λGreen
= ( aD
)(xGreen
) (here, "a" and D are constants),
\( aD
) = λ
Green
xGreen
(i)
But λL = ( a
D)(x
L)
\( aD
) = λ
L
xL
(ii)
Equation (i) = Equation (ii);
\λ
Green
xGreen
= λ
L
xL
\λL = (
λGreen
xGreen
)(xL)
= (5 × 10–7 m)(4 × 10–4 m)
× (4.8 × 10–4 m)
= 6.0 × 10–7 m
InferensInference
Jarak antara dua kawasan bunyi kuat berturutan bergantung kepada jarak antara pendengar
dan dua pembesar suara.
The distance between two successive loud regions depends on the distance between the listener and the two
loudspeakers.
HipotesisHypothesis
Jarak antara dua kawasan bunyi kuat berturutan bertambah apabila jarak antara pendengar
dan dua pembesar suara bertambah.
The distance between two successive loud regions increases as the distance between the listener and the two
loudspeakers increases.
x
KBAT
Interferensgelombangbunyi/Interference of sound wavesEksperimen / Experiment
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TujuaneksperimenAim of the experiment
Mengkaji hubungan antara 'jarak antara pendengar dari dua pembesar suara' dengan 'jarak
antara dua kawasan bunyi kuat yang berturutan'.
To investigate the relationship between the 'distance between the listener and the two loudspeakers', and the 'distance
between two successive loud regions'.
PembolehubaheksperimenVariables in the experiment
Pembolehubahdimanipulasikan/Manipulated variable:
'jarak antara pendengar dan dua pembesar suara', D.
the 'distance between the listener and the two loudspeakers', D.
Pembolehubahbergerakbalas/Responding variable:
jarak antara dua kawasan bunyi kuat yang berturutan, x
the distance between two successive loud regions, x
Pembolehubahdimalarkan/Fixed variable:
panjang gelombang bagi gelombang bunyi, jarak antara dua pembesar suara
the wavelength of sound waves, distance between the two loudspeakers
SenaraibahandanradasList of materials and apparatus
Duapembesarsuara,penjanafrekuensi-audio,dawaipenyambungdanpembarismeter,padangataugelanggangterbuka.Two loudspeakers, audio-frequency generator, connection wires and metre ruler, open court or field.
SusunanradasArrangement of the apparatus
ProsedurProcedure
1. Dengan menggunakan pembaris meter, jarak antara pendengar dan pembesar suara,
D = 2.0 m, diukur.
Penjanaberfrekuensiaudiodihidupkan.Eksperimeninidijalankandigelanggangterbukasupayatiadagema.
By using a metre rule, the distance between the listener and the loudspeaker, D = 2.0 m, is measured.
The audio-frequency generator is switched on. This experiment is conducted in an open court so that there is no echo.
2. Pendengar berjalan selari dengan sisi depan meja dan jarak antara dua kawasan bunyi
kuat berturutan, x diukur.
The listener walks in a straight path parallel to the front edge of the table and the distance between
two successive loud regions, x, is measured.
3. Eksperimen diulangi pada jarak yang berbeza antara pendengar dengan pembesar suara,
D = 4.0 m, 6.0 m, 8.0 m dan 10.0 m.
The experiment is repeated with distances between the listener and the loudspeakers,
D = 4.0 m, 6.0 m, 8.0 m and 10.0 m.
PendengarListener
PembesarsuaraLoudspeaker
PembesarsuaraLoudspeaker
PenjanaberfrekuensiaudioAudio-frequency generator
D
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1 Dalameksperimen interferensgelombangbunyi, pendengarberadapada jarak5.0mdari duapembesarsuara. Jarak antara dua pembesar suara ialah 2.0 m. Pembesar suara disambungkan kepada penjanaberfrekuensiaudiountukmenghasilkangelombangbunyipadafrekuensi0.8kHz.In an experiment on the interference of sound waves, a listener is at a distance of 5.0 m from the two loudspeakers. The distance between the two loudspeakers is 2.0 m. The loudspeakers are connected to an audio-frequency generator to produce sound waves at a frequency of 0.8 kHz.
Hitungkan/Calculate(a) panjanggelombangbunyijikahalajubunyiialah320ms–1
the wavelength of the sound waves if the speed of sound is 320 m s–1
(b) jarakantaraduakawasanbunyikuatyangberturutanthe distance between two successive loud regions
PenyelesaianSolution
2 Dalameksperimeninterferensgelombang,duapembesarsuaradiletakkanpadajarak1.5mantarasatusamalain.Jarakantaraduabunyilemahyangberturutanialah6.0mdanpendengarberadapadajarak4.5mdaripembesarsuara.Berapakahpanjanggelombangbunyiyangdigunakan?In an experiment on the interference of waves, two loudspeakers are placed at a distance of 1.5 m from each other. The distance between two consecutive soft sounds is 6.0 m and the listener is at a distance of 4.5 m from the loudspeakers. What is the wavelength of the sound wave used?PenyelesaianSolution
Diberi / Given D = 5.0 m, a = 2.0 m, f = 0.8 × 103 Hz, v = 320 m s–1
(a) Dengan menggunakan formula / By using formula, v = f λ 320 m s–1 = (0.8 × 103 Hz)(λ) λ = 0.4 m
(b) Dengan menggunakan formula / By using formula, λ = axD
0.4 m = (2.0 m)(x)5.0 m
\x = 1.0 m
Diberi / Given a = 1.5 m, x = 6.0 m, D = 4.5 m
Dengan menggunakan formula / By using formula, λ = axD
λ = 1.5 m × 6.0 m 4.5 m
= 2.0 m
MenjadualkandataTabulation of data
D / m 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
x / m
MenganalisisdataAnalysis of the data
x
D0
Latihan / Exercise
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Ciri-ciriinterferensgelombangCharacteristics of interference of waves
FaktoryangmempengaruhicorakinterferensFactors affecting the interference pattern
• Corak interferensbergantungkepadanilai a .
The interference pattern depends on the value of a .
• Apabilaaberubah,corakinterferensturutberubah.When a changes, the interference pattern also changes.
Hubunganantaraλ,a,xdanDThe relationship between λ, a, x and D
HubunganantaraadanxRelationship between a and x• Jarakantaraduagarisnodyangberturutan,x
x berkadar songsang dengan jarak antara dua sumber, a The distance between two consecutive lines, x
x is inversely proportional to the distance between two sources, a
• x α 1a
HubunganantaraλdanxRelationship between λ and x• Jarakantaraduagarisnodyangberturutanataugarisantinodyangberturutan,x
x adalah berkadar langsung dengan panjang gelombang λThe distance x between two consecutive nodal lines or antinodal lines,
x is directly proportional to the wavelength of the wave, λ
• x α λ
HubunganantaraDdanxRelationship between D and x• Jarakantaraduagarisnodyangberturutanataugarisantinodyangberturutan,x
x adalah berkadar langsung dengan jarak, D, dari dua sumber ke titik untuk mengukur x.The distance between two consecutive nodal lines or antinodal lines, x
x is directly proportional to the distance, D, from the two sources to the point of measurement of x.
• x α D
x
D
x
λ
x
a0
0
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AplikasigelombangbunyiApplications of sound waves
Ciri-cirigelombangbunyiCharacteristics of sound waves
• Kelawarbergerakwaktumalamdengan
mengeluarkan gelombang bunyi yang tinggi
kelangsingannya dalamjulatultrasonik.
Bats can navigate in darkness by emitting high-pitch
sound waves in ultrasonic range.
• Dolphinmenggunakanfrekuensi ultrasonik 150kHzuntukkomunikasidanpanduarah.
Dolphin used ultrasonic frequency of 150 kHz for communication and navigation.
• Gema ultrasonik digunakanuntuk
mengesanretakanataukelemahandidalambongkahbesidanmengukurkedalamanlaut.
Ultrasonic echoes are used to detect cracks or flaws inside a metal block and also to measure the depth of the sea.
• Gelombang ultrasonik menghasilkanimejorgan-organdalamanyangmudahdisiasatdanmerupakanteknikyangmudahuntukprosedurdiagnosis.IanyalebihselamatdaripadaX-ray.
Ultrasonic imaging is a simple structural and safer technique for diagnostic procedure, compared to X-ray. It enables doctors to evaluate the structural aspects of the internal organs.
• Gelombangultrasonikyangmempunyai
keamatan yang tinggi bolehdigunakanuntuk
memecahkanketulanbatudalamginjalsebabia:High intensity ultrasonic shockwaves can be
used to break stones in kidneys because it:
(a) memancarkan alur sinar yang halus ,
can be transmitted in a very narrow beam ,
(b) boleh difokus kepada sasaran lebih tepat ,
can focus at the target more accurately ,
(c) boleh memindahkan tenaga yang besar
kerana frekuensi tinggi ,
can transfer large quantities of energy because of
high frequency ,
(d) Boleh merambat dalam jarak yang jauh .
Can travel at longer distance .
• Pakarcerminmatadantukangemasmenggunakanpembersihultrasonikuntukmembersihkancerminmatadanemas.Opticians and goldsmiths use ultrasonic cleaner to clean spectacles, jewellery and ornaments.
• Gelombangbunyiialahgelombang membujur .
Sound waves are longitudinal waves.
• Gelombangbunyidiklasifikasikansebagaigelombang
mekanikal .
Sound waves are classified as mechanical waves.
• Memerlukan medium (bahantara)untukmerambat.
Require a medium to propagate.
• DIhasilkanoleh getaran sepertigetarankonpembesarsuara,taligitardangetarantalabunyi.
Produced by vibration such as vibration of the cone-shaped diaphragm of a loudspeaker, guitar strings and tuning fork.
• Tidakbolehmerambatdalam vakum .
Cannot travel in a vacuum .
• Bunyiadalahsatubentuk tenaga yangmerambatsebagaigelombang.
Sound is a form of energy propagated as waves.
• Julatfrekuensiaudioadalah20Hz–20kHz.Frekuensi
yangkurangdaripada20Hzdipanggil infrasonik ,frekuensiyanglebihtinggidaripada20kHzdipanggil
ultrasonik .Can be generated at a wide range of frequency between 20 Hz –
20 kHz. Below 20 Hz it is called infrasound ; above 20 kHz
it is called ultrasound .
• Mampatandanrengganganbolehdihasilkanjika
terdapatbahanyangmanaboleh dimampatkan dan
direnggangkan .Compression and rarefaction can be formed if there is a material
which can be compressed and rarefied .
• Halajugelombangbunyiberbezadalamgas,cecairdanpepejal.Inidisebabkanolehperbezaandalam
kekuatan dayaantaraatom-atomdankedudukanatom-atomdalamtigakeadaantersebut.The speed of sound differs in gas, liquid and solid. This is due to
the differences in the strength of the inter atomic forces and closeness of the atoms in the three states.
• Mampatandanrengganganmerambatlebihlajudalam
medium berketumpatan tinggi .Gelombangbunyimerambatlebihlajudalamcecairdaripadadalam
gasdan paling laju dalampepejal.Compressions and rarefactions propagate faster in
denser medium. Sound travels faster in liquids than in
gases, but the fastest in solids.
Menganalisis Gelombang Bunyi Analysing Sound Waves
1.6
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• Doktorgigimenggunakan alur ultrasonik untukmenggerudidanmembersihkangigi.
Dentists use ultrasonic beams to vibrate and shake off dirt and plaque from the teeth of patients.
• Haiwansepertigajahdanbadaksumbu
berkomunikasimenggunakan infrasonik .Animals like elephants and rhinoceroses communicate using
infrasound .
• Jika bunyi gemadiukurdenganselamasa,tdanhalajugelombangbunyiialahv,makakedalaman,dbolehdihitungsepertidibawah:If the echo-sounders measure an interval of time, t, and the speed of sound wave in water is v, then the depth, d can be calculated as follows:
Jarakyangdilaluiolehisyaratyangdipantulkan=Distance travelled by pulse = speed×time2d=v×t
• Halajugelombangbunyi,v,dalammediumbolehditentukanmenggunakanrumusv=f λ.The speed of sound, v, in a medium can be determined using the formula v = f λ.
• Halajugelombangbunyitidakdipengaruhioleh
tekanan .Jikatekananatmosferaberubah,halajugelombangbunyidalamudarasentiasa
tetap .
The speed of sound is unaffected by pressure . If the atmospheric pressure changes, the speed of sound in air remains
constant .
• Halajugelombangbunyi meningkat dengan
suhu .
The speed of sound increases with temperature .• Halajugelombangbunyidipuncakgununglebih
rendah daripadahalajunyadiparaslaut
kerana suhunya dantidakdipengaruhioleh
tekanan rendah .
The speed of sound at the peak of high-altitude mountains is lower than its speed at the sea level because of
temperature and not due to the lower pressure .
PenghasilanBunyiProduction of Sound
dipengaruhioleh/affected by dipengaruhioleh/affected by
KenyaringanLoudness
KelangsinganPitch
AmplitudAmplitude
FrekuensiFrequency
Kenyaringanbunyibergantungkepada amplitud nya.
The loudness of the sound depends on its amplitude .
Kelangsinganbunyibergantungkepada frekuensi nya.
The pitch of the sound depends on its frequency .
SesaranDisplacement
MasaTime
MasaTime
MasaTime
MasaTime
SesaranDisplacement
SesaranDisplacement
SesaranDisplacement
KenyaringanrendahLoudness is low
KelangsinganrendahLow pitch
KelangsingantinggiHigh pitch
KenyaringantinggiLoudness is high
Lukiskanbentukgrafbagisetiapyangberikut.Draw the shape of graph for each of the following.
0 0 0 0
botboat
DasarLautSea Bed
d d
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AplikasigelombangbunyiApplications of sound waves
Gelombangbunyi/Sound wave
SonarSonar
Sonar adalah teknik menggunakan ultrasound untukmengesan objek di bawah air atau untuk mengukurkedalamandasarlaut.Isyaratultrasounddihantarkeluardari penghantar.Gemadari dasar laut itudikesanolehpenerima yang disambungkan kepada litar elektrikrakaman. Selang masa, t antara penghantaran danpenerimaan isyarat ultrasound selepas pantulan dari
dasarlautyangdiukur.Kedalamandasarlaut,d=v( t—2 )dimanavadalahhalajubunyidalamair.
Sonar is the technique of using ultrasound to locate underwater objects or to measure the depth of a seabed. Ultrasound signal is sent out from a transmitter. Its echo from the seabed is detected by a receiver which is connected to an electrical recording circuit. The time interval, t between the sending and receiving of the ultrasound signal after reflection from the seabed is measured. The
depth of the seabed, d = v( t—2 ) where v is the velocity of sound in
water.
KelangsinganrendahdankelangsingantinggiLow pitch and high pitch
Penjana frekuensi audio disambungkepada pembesar suara dan diletakkanberhampiransudutsatudinding.Tigaorangpelajar, A, B, danC, pula berdiri di suduthadapan. Apabila bunyi yang mempunyaikelangsingan tinggi dihasilkan, hanyapelajar C sahaja yang boleh mendengarbunyi dengan jelas. Apabila kelangsinganbunyi yang rendah dihasilkan, ketiga-tigapelajar boleh mendengar bunyi denganjelas.Kelangsinganadalahberkadar terusdengan frekuensi yang menyebabkanbunyi bernada tinggi. Kelangsingan yangtinggimempunyaifrekuensiyangtinggidan
KelawarbolehmenavigasidalamkegelapanA bat can navigate in darkness
Apabila gelombang ultrasonik yang dikeluarkan olehkelawar terkena sesuatu objek, ia dipantul kembalidan diterima oleh kelawar. Masa di antara pelepasangelombang bunyi dan penerimaan gelombangdigambarkanmembolehkankelawaruntukmenganggarkedudukanobjekdengantepat.Inimembolehkankelawarmenukarkan arahnya supaya dapat mengelakkan diridaripadaterlanggarobjekitu.When the ultrasonic waves emitted by the bat hit an object, they are reflected back and received by the bat. The time between the emission of the sound waves and reception of the reflected waves enables the bat to estimate the position of the object accurately. This enables the bat to adjust its direction to avoid knocking at the object.
GelombangyangmerambatmengikutpermukaanbumiWaves which propagate in the Earth's surface
1 Gelombangyangmerambatberdekatandenganpermukaanbumidikenalisebagaigelombangbumi.Gelombangradioyangberfrekuensirendahadalahsesuaiuntukkomunikasijarakjauhmengikutpermukaanbumi.Propagating waves near the earth's surface known as the wave of the earth. Low-frequency radio waves that are suitable for long-distance communication in accordance with the earth's surface.
2 Olehsebabjulatjarakyangdilaluinyapendek(lebihkurang100km),makastesengegantidiperlukanuntukmenerimadanmenghantarisyarat.Due to the short range of distance traversed, so a relay station is needed for receiving and transmitting the signal.
GelombangangkasaSpace wave
SatelitSatellite
IonosferaIonosphere
Gelombanglangit
Sky wave
Stesengeganti
Relay station
StesenpemancarTransmitting station
TelevisyenTelevision Radio
Radio
UHF VHF
StesensatelitbumiEarth satellite station
A B C
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GelombangyangdipantulolehlapisanionosferaWaves reflected by the ionosphere1 Gelombangradioyangdapatdipantulbalikolehionosferadari
bahagianatasatmosferajikafrekuensinyakurangdaripada30MHzdikenalisebagaigelombanglangit.Gelombanginibolehmerambatmelaluisuatujarakyanglebihjauh.Radio waves can bounce off the ionosphere from the upper atmosphere if its frequency is less than 30 MHz known as sky wave. These waves can propagate through a greater distance.
2 GelombanglangitbergerakmengelilingiBumidenganpantulanantaraionosferadenganpermukaanbumi.Sky wave moves around the Earth with reflection between the ionosphere and the earth's surface.
GelombangyangmerambatmenembusiionosferaPropagating waves penetrate the ionosphere1 Jikafrekuensigelombangradiomelebihi30MHz,gelombang
itubolehmerambatmenembusiionosferakeruangangkasa.Gelombangjenisinidikenalisebagaigelombangangkasa.Gelombangangkasamerambatmengikutgarisluruskepenerimadisepanjanggarispandangandaripemancar.If the frequency of radio waves exceeding 30 MHz, the wave can penetrate the ionosphere into space. This type of wave is called as space wave. Space wave propagates in a straight line to the receiver along the line of sight of the transmitter.
2 Gegantiuntukmenerimadanmenghantarsemuagelombangkepermukaanbumiini.Range of propagation of space wave can be added via satellite. Satellite acts as a relay station for receiving and transmitting it back to the earth's surface.
PenerimaangelombangradioReceiving radio wave1 Untukmenerimaisyaratradio,kitamemerlukansebuahradio
dengansuatusistempenerimaandidalamnya.To receive radio signals, we need a radio with a reception system in it.
2 Sistempenerimaanradioberfungsimenerimagelombangradio,mengasingkanisyaratfrekuensiaudiodenganisyaratpembawadankemudianmenukarkanisyaratfrekuensiaudiobalikkepadabunyi./The function of radio reception system is to receive the radio waves, separating audio frequency signal with a carrier signal and then convert the audio frequency signals back into sound.
panjanggelombangyangpendek.Panjanggelombang yang pendek menyebabkanpembelauan berkurang dan bunyi kurangmerebakkeluar,jadihanyapelajarCbolehmendengar bunyi dengan jelas. Apabilakelangsinganrendah,frekuensigelombangrendah. Bunyi mempunyai panjanggelombangyangpanjang,maka iamudahdibelaukansupayaketiga-tigapelajarbolehmendengarbunyitersebut.An audio frequency generator is connected a speaker and placed near the corner of wall. Three students, A, B, and C, are standing at the other corner. When a pitch sound is high, only student C can hear the sound clearly. When a low pitch sound is generated, all the three students can hear the sound clearly. Pitch is directly proportional to frequency causes high pitch, high frequency. High frequency and short wavelength. Low wavelength cause less diffraction and spread out, so only student C can hear the sound clearly. When low pitch, low frequency so long wavelength. Sound can be easily diffracted, hence all the students can hear the sound.
1 Isyaratsonartelahdihantarsecaramenegakkedasarlautdarisebuahkapaldandipantulkandaridasarlautdandikesanolehmikrofon0.8sselepasdipancarkan.Jikahalajubunyidalamairialah1500ms–1,berapakahkedalamandasarlautitu?A sonar signal sent vertically downwards from a ship is reflected from the ocean floor and detected by a microphone on the keel 0.8 s after transmission. If the speed of sound in water is 1 500 m s–1, what is the depth of the ocean?PenyelesaianSolution
2d = v × t
2d = (1 500 m s–1) × (0.8 s)
d = 1 500 m s–1 × 0.8 s2
= 600 m
Latihan / Exercise
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2 Seoranglelakiberdiridihadapansebuahdindingsatahyangbesarpadajarak50m.Diamenepuktangandanselamasaantara20tepukandangemanyaialah12.0s.Berapakahhalajubunyiitu?A man stands in front of a fairly large flat wall at a distance 50 m. He claps his hands and the time intervals between 20 claps and its echo is 12.0 s. What is the speed of the sound?Penyelesaian / Solution :
2d = v × t
2(50 m) = v × 12.0 s20
v = 166.67 m s–1
2 Spektrumelektromagnetialah spektrum yang berterusan ,tanpajurangantaranyadanfrekuensi
berterusandalamjulat./The electromagnetic spectrum is a continuous spectrum , with no gaps in it and the frequencies continuous in the range.
SinarultraunguUltraviolet light
CahayanampakVisible light
SinarinframerahInfrared light
GelombangmilimeterMillimeter waves
GelombangmikroMicrowaves
GelombangpendekradioShort-wave radio
GelombangpanjangradioLong-wave radio
Spektrumelektromagnet/The electromagnetic spectrum
Hz m
FrekuensiFrequency
PanjanggelombangWavelength
SinargamaGamma rays
SinarXX-rays
106
103
109
100
1012
10–3
1015
10–6
1018
10–9
1021 10–12
Panjanggelom
bang
Wav
elen
gth
Frekuensi
Fre
quen
cy
Gelom
bang
radio
Rad
io w
ave
Gelom
bang
mikro
Mic
row
aves
Cahayainfram
erah
Infr
ared
ligh
t
Cahaya
nampak
Visi
ble
light
Cahaya
ultraungu
Ultr
avio
let
light
Sinar
gama
Gam
ma
rays
SinarX
X-r
ays
1 Gelombangelektromagnetialah gelombang melintang ,yangterdiridaripada
ayunan medan elektrik dan medan magnet yangberserenjangdengansatu
samalain./Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves , consisting of oscillating electric fields
and magnetic fields which are perpendicular to each other.
Medanelektrik/Electric field
MedanmagnetMagnetic field
ArahperambatangelombangDirection of Propagation of waves
Menganalisis Gelombang Elektromagnet Analysing Electromagnetic Waves
1.7
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Komponenmedanmagnetdan medan elektrik salingbergetarberserenjangantarasatusamalaindandenganarahperambatangelombang.
The magnetic field and electric field components of the wave oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation of the wave.
Boleh dikutubkan .
Can be polarised .
Tenaga dipindahkanoleh
gelombang.Energy is transferred by the
waves.
Gelombang melintang
Transverse waves
Tidakmemerlukan medium untukmerambat.
Do not require a medium to propagate.
Tiada membawa sebarang cas
elektrik, iaitu, neutral
Electrically neutral
Bolehmerambatmelalui
vakum pada kelajuan cahaya
c = 3 × 108 m s–1
Can travel through a vacuum at the speed of light
c = 3 × 108 m s–1
Mematuhi persamaan gelombang,
c = f λ, c adalah halaju cahaya
Obey the wave equation,
c = f λ, c is velocity of light
Mempunyaifenomenayangsamaseperticahaya:Undergo the same phenomena as light:
iaitu pantulan, biasan, belauan dan interferens
reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference
Sifatgelombangelektromagnet
Properties of electromagnetic
waves
KesanburukdanaplikasigelombangelektromagnetDetrimental effects and the applications of electromagnetic waves
Jenis gelombang EMTypes of EM waves
SumberSource
AplikasiApplication
Kesan burukDetrimental effects
Gelombang radio
Radio waves
Pemancar/litarpengayunelektrikTransmitter / electrical oscillating circuit
i. Telekomunikasi(telefon)Telecommunications (telephone)
ii. Penyiaran(TVdanradio)Broadcasting (TV and radio)
iii. Komunikasidalamkapalterbang,kapaldanpeluruberpanduCommunication in aircrafts, ships and missiles
iv.DigunakandalamradioastronomiUsed in astronomy radios
DosberlebihanmenyebabkankanserdanleukimiaLarge doses of radio wave may cause cancer and leukaemia
Gelombang mikro
Microwaves
PemancargelombangmikrodanovenMicrowave transmitter, Microwave ovens
i. Radar,memasakRadar, cooking
ii. SatelitkomunikasiCommunication satellites
Katarak,kesanpadaotakCataracts, effects on the brain
Inframerah
Infrared
Objek panas
Hot objects
Alatkawalanjauh,kamera,sistemkeselamatanRemote control, camera, security systems
PemanasanmelampauOverheating
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Cahaya nampak
Visible light
Matahari,objekpanas,nyalaanmentol,tiubberpendarfluorSun, hot objects, light bulbs, fluorescent tubes
i. Penglihatan, fotosintesis
dalam tumbuhan
Sight, photosynthesis in plants
ii. Fotografi/Photography
Terlalubanyakcahayamenyebabkan
kerosakan retina To much light can
damage the retina
Sinar ultraungu
Ultraviolet radiation
Objekyangsangatpanas,matahari,lampuwapmerkuriVery hot objects, the sun, mercury vapour lamps
i. Membunuhmikrob,mengesanwangkertaspalsu/Kill microbes, detecting forged bank notes
ii. Pensterilanuntukmemusnahkankuman/Sterilisation to destroy germs
iii. PenghasilanvitaminDdalamkulitProduction of vitamin D in skin
TerlalutinggidosUVyangbolehmerosakkanretinamenyebabkan
kanser kulitLarge doses of UV which can damage retina, causes
skin cancer
Sinar-X
X-rays
Tiubsinar-XX-rays tubes
i. Radioterapi,radiografiRadiotherapy, radiography
ii. Sistemkawalan/Security system
iii. • Untukmengesanretakanpadalogam./To detect cracks in metal.
• Memeriksabarangdilapanganterbang.Checking of luggage at airports.
Kerosakan sel; kanser
Cell damage; cancer
Sinar gama
Gamma rays
BahanradioaktifRadioactive substances
i. Rawatan kanser Cancer treatment
ii. PensterilanperalatanSterilisation of equipment
iii. KawalanperosakdalampertanianPest control in agriculture
iv.UntukmengesankebocoranpaipdalamtanahTo detect leckages in underground pipes
Kerosakansel;kanser
dan mutasiCell damage, cancer and
mutations
1 Graf yang manakah menunjukkan hubunganantarafrekuensi,f,dengantempoh,T,bagisuatugelombang? / Which graph shows the relationship between frequency, f and period, T, of a wave?A f
0 T
C
0
f
T
B
0
f
T
D
0
f
T
2 Rajah2menunjukkangrafsesaranmelawanjarakbagigelombang./Diagram 2 shows the displacement-distance graph of a wave.
atihan Pengukuhan / Enrichment ExerciseL
Sesaran/cmDisplacement/cm
Jarak/cmDistance/cm2 4 6 8
0
1.0
–1.0
Rajah2 Diagram 2
Pernyataanyangmanakahbetul?Which statement is correct?A Amplitudnyaialah2.0cm. The amplitude is 2.0 cm.B Panjanggelombangnyaialah4.0cm. The wavelength is 4.0 cm.C Tempohayunannyaialah4.0s. The period of oscillation is 4.0 s.D Bilanganayunandalam2sialah0.5. The number of oscillation in 2 s is 0.5.
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5 Rajah 5 menunjukkan gelombang air yangmerambat ke arah satu pemantul dalam tangkiriak.Diagram 5 shows water waves propagating towards a reflector in a ripple tank.
PemantulReflector
Rajah5 Diagram 5
Corakgelombangmanakahyangbetulselepasiamenghentampemantultersebut?Which wave pattern is correct after it hits the reflector?
A
PemantulReflector
C
PemantulReflector
B
PemantulReflector
D
PemantulReflector
6 Rajah6menunjukkangelombangairyangberubaharah apabila bergerak dari kawasan cetek kekawasandalam.Diagram 6 shows water waves change direction when they move from shallow water to deep water.
Aircetek
Shallow water
AirdalamDeep water
Rajah6 Diagram 6
Apakahnamafenomenaini?What is the name of this phenomenon?A Pembiasan RefractionB Pantulan ReflectionC Belauan DiffractionD Interferens Interference
3 Antararajahberikut,yangmanakahmenunjukkancontohgelombangmembujur?Which diagram shows an example of a longitudinal wave?A Cahayabergerakdarilampukeskrin. Light traveling from a lamp to a screen.
KantaLens
LampuLamp
SkrinScreen
B Riak air disebabkan pencelup bergetar keatasdankebawah.
Water ripple caused by a dipper moving up and down.
Air
Water
PencelupDipper
C Springditolakkehadapandankebelakang. A spring is pushed forwards and backwards.
D Springditolakkeatasdankebawah. A spring is pushed up and down.
4 Rajah4menunjukkangelombangsatahmerambatmelaluikawasandengankedalamanyangberbezadidalamsebuahtangkiriak.Diagram 4 shows plane waves propagating at different depths in a ripple tank.
ArahperambatangelombangDirection of wave propagating
KawasandalamDeep area
KawasancetekShallow area
16cm 16cm
Rajah4 Diagram 4
Jika kelajuan gelombang air di kawasan dalamialah 16 cm s–1, berapakah kelajuan di kawasancetek?If the speed of water waves in the deep area is 16 cm s–1, what is its speed in the shallow area?A 7.5cms–1
B 8.0cms–1C 16.0cms–1
D 32.0cms–1
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7 Rajah 7menunjukkan satu alat yang digunakanolehpengurupwanguntukmengesanwangkertaspalsu.Diagram 7 shows a device used by a money-changer to detect counterfeit bank notes.
Rajah7/Diagram 7
Jenis gelombang elektromagnet yang digunakanialahThe type of electromagnetic wave used isA gelombangmikro/microwaveB inframerah/infraredC sinarultraungu/ultraviolet rayD sinar-X/x-ray
8 Rajah8menunjukkanimejyangdiperolehseorangguru yang mengendalikan suatu aktiviti dengancahayaLASERsertaradasyanglain.Diagram 8 shows an image obtained by a teacher who conducted an activity with LASER light and other apparatus.
Rajah8/Diagram 8
RajahdiatasmenunjukkanfenomenaThe diagram above shows the phenomenon ofA pantulan/reflectionB pembiasan/refractionC pembelauan/diffractionD interferens/interference
9 Rajah9menunjukkansatucorakinterferens.Diagram 9 shows an interference pattern.
a
CrestPuncak
Source1Sumber 1
Source2Sumber 2 7.0cm
2.5cm
Rajah9/Diagram 9
Jikapanjanggelombangialah1.0cm,berapakahnilaibagijarakantaraduasumber,a?If the wavelength is 1.0 cm, then what is the value of a, the distance between the two sources?A 2.0cm C 2.8cmB 2.4cm D 3.2cm
10 Rajah10menunjukkanduadenyutangelombangdihasilkanpadaPdanQ.PdanQadalahsamajarakdariX.Diagram 10 shows two wave pulses produced at P and Q. P and Q are at the same distance from X.
aa
QX
P
Rajah10/Diagram 10
BentukgelombangyangmanakahdiperhatikandiX?/Which waveform is observed at X?
A2a
B2a
C
Da
11 Rajah 11 menunjukkan pinggir-pinggir yangdiperoleh apabila cahayahijau digunakandalameksperimendwicelahYoung.Diagram 11 shows the fringes obtained when green light is used in a Young’s double slit experiment.
Rajah11/Diagram 11
Antaraberikut,yangmanakahmerupakanpinggir-pinggir yang diperhatikan jika cahaya hijaudigantikandengancahayamerah?Which of the following fringes are observed when the green light is replaced by red light?
A
B
C
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IT 1
1 Rajah 1.1(a)menunjukkan sebilah gergaji berayun secaramengufuk apabila satu beban 100 g dipasangkepadanya.Rajah1.1(b)menunjukkangrafsesaran-masabagiayunanbilahgergajiitu.Diagram 1.1(a) shows a jigsaw blade oscillating horizontally when a 100 g load is fixed to it. Diagram 1.1(b) shows the displacement-time graph for the oscillating jigsaw blade.
Sesaran/mDisplacement/m
Masa(s)Time(s)0.5 1.0 2.01.5 2.5 3.0
0
Rajah1.2(b)/Diagram 1.2 (b)Rajah1.2(a)/Diagram 1.2 (a)
Sesaran/mDisplacement/m
Masa(s)Time(s)0.5 1.0 2.01.5 2.5 3.0
0
Rajah1.1(b)/Diagram 1.1 (b)Rajah1.1(a)/Diagram 1.1 (a)
Apit GG-clamp
Apit GG-clamp
Bilah gergajiJigsaw blade
Beban 100 g100 g load
Beban 400 g400 g load
Bilah gergajiJigsaw blade
Apit GG-clamp
Apit GG-clamp
Bilah gergajiJigsaw blade
Beban 100 g100 g load
Beban 400 g400 g load
Bilah gergajiJigsaw blade
Rajah1.2(a)menunjukkansebilahgergajiyangserupaberayunsecaramengufukapabilasatubeban400gdipasangkepadanya.Rajah1.2(b)menunjukkangrafsesaran-masabagiayunanbilahgergajiitu.Diagram 1.2(a) shows an identical jigsaw blade oscillating horizontally when a 400 g load is fixed to it. Diagram 1.2(b) shows the displacement-time graph for the oscillating jigsaw blade.
(a) Apakahyangdimaksudkandengansesaran?/What is meant by displacement?
Jarak pada arah tertentu. / Distance in a specified direction.
(b) PerhatikanRajah1.1dan1.2./Observe Diagrams 1.1 and 1.2. (i) Bandingkanjisimbebanyangdipasangpadahujungbilahgergaji.
Compare the mass of the loads fixed to the end of jigsaw blades.
Jisim beban Rajah 1.1 < Jisim beban Rajah 1.2. / Mass of loads in Diagram 1.1 < Mass of loads in Diagram 1.2.
(ii) Bandingkantempohayunan./Compare the period of oscillations.
Tempoh ayunan Rajah 1.1 < Tempoh ayunan Rajah 1.2.
The period of oscillation in Diagram 1.1 < The period of oscillation in Diagram 1.2.
(iii) Bandingkanbilanganayunandalam3saat. Compare the number of oscillations in 3 seconds.
Bilangan ayunan Rajah 1.1 > Bilangan ayunan Rajah 1.2.
Number of oscillations in Diagram 1.1 > Number of oscillations in Diagram 1.2.
(iv) Hubungkaitkanjisimbebandengantempohayunan. Relate the mass of the loads to the period of oscillation.
Apabila jisim beban meningkat, tempoh ayunan meningkat.
When the mass of the load increases, the period of oscillation increases.
(v) Hubungkaitkantempohayunandenganbilanganayunandalam3saat. Relate the period of oscillation to the number of oscillations in 3 seconds.
Tempoh ayunan kekal tidak berubah apabila bilangan ayunan meningkat.
The period of oscillation remains unchanged when the number of oscillations increases.
oalan Struktur / Structure QuestionsS
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IT 1
(c) (i) Apakahyangberlakukepadaamplitudayunanbilahgergajisetelahberayununtukbeberapaketika? What happens to the amplitude of the oscillation of the jigsaw blade after oscillating for some time?
Berkurang / Decreases
(ii) Berisatusebabuntukjawapandi1(c)(i). Give one reason for the answer in 1(c)(i).
Tenaga hilang ke persekitaran akibat geseran udara.
Energy is lost to surrounding due to air friction..
2 Rajah2menunjukkanspektrumbagigelombangelektromagnet.Diagram 2 shows the spectrum of electromagnetic waves.
Gelombangradio
Radio waves
Gelombangmikro
MicrowaveQ
Cahayanampak
Visible light
SinarultraunguUltraviolet
Sinar-XX-ray
SinargamaGamma ray
Rajah2/Diagram 2
(a) (i) DenganmerujukkepadaRajah2,namakansinaranQ. Based on Diagram 2, name the type of radiation Q.
Q ialah inframerah / Q is infrared
(ii) NamakansatukegunaansinaranQ. Name one application of radiation Q.
Kawalan remote.
Remote control.
(b) Bandingkanpanjanggelombangbagigelombangmikrodenganpanjanggelombangbagisinar-X. Compare the wavelength of microwave with that of X-ray.
Panjang gelombang bagi gelombang mikro lebih panjang daripada panjang gelombang sinar-X.
The wavelength of microwave is longer than that of X-ray.
(c) Namakan mana-mana satu gelombang elektromagnet yang panjang gelombangnya lebih panjangdaripadapanjanggelombangQ.
Name any one electromagnetic wave which has longer wavelength than that of Q.
Gelombang radio// gelombang mikro. / Radio wave// microwave.
(d) Namakansatukuantitifizikyangmalarbagisemuagelombangelektromagnet. Name one constant physical quantity in all electromagnetic waves.
Semua gelombang elektromagnet mempunyai laju yang sama dalam vakum.
All electromagnetic waves have the same speed in vacuum.
(e) Apakahbezanyadiantaragelombangelektromagnetdengangelombangbunyi? What is the difference between electromagnetic wave and sound wave?
Gelombang elektromagnet ialah gelombang melintang manakala gelombang bunyi ialah gelombang
membujur.
Electromagnetic wave is a transverse wave whereas sound wave is a longitudinal wave.
Atau / Or
Gelombang elektromagnet boleh merambat dalam vakum manakala gelombang bunyi tidak boleh.
Electromagnetic waves can travel in a vacuum whereas sound waves cannot.
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