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Modul Bahasa Inggris 1

PTA 2019/2020

Disusun oleh:

Dewi Wulan Sari, SS., MSas.

0311118903

Universitas Gunadarma

2019

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Page of Content

Cover ......................................................................................... 1

Table of Content ......................................................................................... 2

Meeting 1 & 2

Basic Tenses ......................................................................................... 3

Meeting 3 & 4

Passive Voice ......................................................................................... 7

Meeting 5 & 6

WH Question ......................................................................................... 9

Meeting 7 & 8

Gerund & Infinitive ......................................................................................... 13

Meeting 9 & 10

Degree of Comparison ......................................................................................... 15

Meeting 11 & 12

Adjective Clause ......................................................................................... 19

Meeting 13 & 14

Modals ......................................................................................... 22

Bibliography ......................................................................................... 25

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Meeting 1 & 2

Basic Tenses

Simple Present Tenses

Generally, simple present is used for:

1. General Fact

2. Daily Activity

3. Statement or Opinion

Simple present tense always uses simple verb form in each of its sentences. When we form simple

present tense sentence without a verb, we have to use ‘be’ (such as: is, am, are). How are the pattern:

With verb

+ S + V1 (s/es) + O + C

- S + don’t / doesn’t + V1 + O + C

? Do/Does + S + V1 + O + C ?

Note:

• Whenever we use singular subject, we have to add –s/-es to the verb. And singular subject also

took the form does/doesn’t.

Without Verb

+ S + is/am/are+ O + C

- S + is/am/are + not + O + C

? Is/am/are + S + O + C ?

Notes:

• Am → I

• Is → He, she, it, singular subject

• Are → You, they, we, plural subject

USE THE RIGHT FORM OF VERB AND BE

1. Water ........................ at. 100•C. ( boil)

2. My uncle ........................ in a factory. (work)

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3. John and Sue ...................... glasses. (wear)

4. The children ................. a lot of sweets. (eat)

5. He only ........................ at weekends. (work)

6. 1 always .................... out on Saturdays. (go)

7. She ............. to London once a week. (drive)

Present progressive (Continuous)

The present progresive express an activity that is in progress at the moment of speaking. It began in the

recent past, is continuing at the present, and will probably end at some point in the future. It is also used

in expressing the activities that are in progress this week, month, year.

The Pattern:

+ S + auxialiary (is/am/are) + V-ing + O + C

- S + (is/am/are) + not + V-ing + O + C

? Auxialiary(is/am/are) + S + V-ing + O + C ?

Examples:

• The president is attending the meeting right now

• Clara is trying to improve her speaking skills.

• He is writing another book this year.

Simple Past Tense

Simple past indicates that an activity or situation began and ended at a particular time in the past. The

patterns are:

+ S + V2 + O + C S + was/were + O + C

- S + didn’t + V1 + O + C S + was/were + not + O + C

? Did + S + V1 + O + C ? Was/were + S + O + C ?

Past Progressive Tense

+ S + was/were + V-ing + O + C

- S + was/were + not + V-ing + O + C

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? Was/were + S + V-ing + O + C ?

The past progresive is used to indicate:

• An action which was occuring in the past and was interupted by another action, the general rule

is:

WHEN + Simple Past Tense, Past Progressive

When John called me, I was taking a shower.

Simple Past Tense WHILE Past Progressive

Jon called me while I was taking a shower.

• Two action occuring at the same time in the past. In this case, the following rules usually apply:

Past Progressive WHILE Past Progressive

Anita was watching the talent show program while Joana was doing her homework.

• An action which was occuring at some specific time in the past.

Jamie and Andre were studying in the library at 4 P.M yesterday.

Exercise:

1. While Maria .........(clean) the apartment, her husband slept.

2. At three o’clock in the morning, Ellise .........(study).

3. When the teacher ............(enter) the room, the students were talking.

4. We .........(see) this movie last night.

5. Jose .......(write) a letter to his family when his pencil ........(break)

Present Perfect Tense

+ S + Have/has +V3/been + O + C

- S + Have/has + not +V3/been + O + C

? Have/has + S +V3/been + O + C ?

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Present perfect tense is used to indicate:

• An action that happened at an indefinite time in the past.

Brian has traveled around the world.

Sam and Jill have been here.

• An action that happened more than once in the past.

I have seen this movie three times.

• An action that began in the past and still occuring in the present.

Joana has lived in the same house for six years.

They have moved to bekasi since 2010.

Note: In this case, we usually use for or since.

For + duration of time

Since + beginning of time

Past Perfect Tense

+ S + Had +V3/been + O + C

- S + Had + not +V3/been + O + C

? Had + S +V3/been + O + C ?

Past perfect tense is used to indicate:

• An action that happened before another action in the past; there usually are two actions in the

sentence.

John had gone to drug store before he went home.

After John had gone to drug store, he went home.

EXERCISES: Simple Past VS Past Perfect

1. Mr Miller _______ (work) in a travel agency for years. Then he gave it up.

2. My uncle died in 1960. I ______ (never/have) the opportunity to meet him.

3. He ______ (be) a newspaper reporter before he _______ (become) a businessman.

4. She ______ (feel) a little better after she _______ (take) the medicine.

5. I __________ (see, never) any of Picasso’s painting before I ________ (visit) the art museum.

6. After Leo _______ (have) his meal, Sarah ____ (offer) him a cup of tea.

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Meeting 3 & 4

Passive Voice

A sentence can be either in active or passive voice. In an active sentence, the subject performs the

action. In a passive sentence, the subject receives the action.

TENSES ACTIVE PASSIVE EXAMPLE

Simple Present

Tense

S + V1 + O O + is/am/are + V3 +

S

A: Leon writes a note.

P: A note is written by

Leon/him.

Present

Continuous Tense

S + am/is/are +

Ving + O

O + am/is/are +

being + V3 + S

A: My niece is eating cookies.

P: Cookies are being eaten by her.

Simple Past

Tense

S + V2 + O O + was/were +V3 +

S

A: We washed the car.

P: The car was washed by us.

Future will

S + will + V1 +O O + will + be + V3 +

S

A: Jack will do my homework.

P: My homework will be done

by Jack.

Future be going

to

S + to be + going

to + V1 + O

O to be + going to +

be + V3 + S

A: Marry is going to help John.

P: John is going to be helped by

Marry.

Present Perfect S + have/has + V3

+ O

O + have/has + been

+ V3 + O

A: Susan has written three

books.

P: Three books have been

written by her.

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EXERCISE 1: Change these sentences into passive (Simple Present Tense).

1. Bob mails the package.

2. John does not deliver our mail.

3. The children do not eat the cakes.

4. Linda writes that letter.

5. They study English in our class.

6. Sue is hired by the company.

7. Mary is not employed by the company.

8. The letters is sent by the secretary.

9. An island is sorrounded by water.

10. The text is read by the teacher

EXERCISE 2: Change these sentences into passive (Simple Past Tense).

1. Ms. Hopkins invited me to dinner.

2. A college student bough my old car.

3. A maid did not clean our hotel room.

4. A doctor did not examine sick people.

5. The police arrested James Swan.

6. Spanish was not spoken by them.

7. I was embarrased by my mistake.

8. Carlos was confused by the teacher’s

explanation.

9. The pone was not answered by the

secretary.

10. Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.

EXERCISE 3: Change these sentences into passive (Present Continuous Tense).

1. A plumber is fixing the leaky faucet.

2. Liz is writing a petition.

3. Bob is not signing the petition.

4. Mother is not making breakfast.

5. We are staying in a hotel.

6. Football is being watched by people.

7. The house is not being painted by me.

8. The meeting is being attended by the

president in USA.

9. The channel is being changed by someone.

10. My window is broken by Susi.

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Meeting 5 & 6

WH Question

WH QUESTION/INFORMATION QUESTION

✓ WH QUESTIONS begin with question word.

✓ The question words are:

1) Who → is used as the subject in a question.

Example:

Information Someone came. Susan is listening the music.

Question Who came? Who is listening the music?

Answer Someone. Susan.

Exercise:

1. Marry buys a new bag.

2. Alice saw John.

3. The police is talking to the old man.

4. Tom has talked about his problems.

2) Whom → is used as the object in the question. Whom is used in formal English.

Example:

Information I see someone. Mother has called me.

Question Whom do you see? Whom has mother called?

Answer Someone. Me.

Exercise:

1) The teacher looks at the students.

2) Alice saw John.

3) The police is talking to the old man.

4) They have visited their friends.

3) What → can be used as either the subject or the object in the question.

Example:

Information Something happened. I have bought a car.

Question What happened? What have I bought?

Answer Something. A car.

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Exercise:

1) I want a book.

2) She bought a new book.

3) They are studying.

4) We have finished our homework.

4) Where → is used to ask about place or locations

Information I have gone to Bandung. I bought this bag in a new shop.

Question Where have you gone? Where did you buy this bag?

Answer Bandung

Exercise:

1) She goes to library.

2) They studied in vocational school.

3) They are playing in the yard.

4) She has stayed in Bandung for six years.

5) Why → is used to ask about the reason.

Example:

Information I did not come yesterday because I was sick.

Question Why didn’t you come yesterday?

Answer Because I was sick.

Exercise:

1) Julia came late because she missed the bus.

2) I have hired him because he is so smart.

3) Sam is studying because he will have an examination.

4) She does not call you because she hates you.

6) When → is use to ask about time.

Example:

Information I went to Bandung last year.

Question When did you go to Bandung?

Answer Last year.

Exercise:

1) Susan called Sam yesterday

2) They went to cinema last Friday night.

3) The teacher gave the students the text last month.

4) They met Julia two days ago

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7) What time → is used to ask about time.

Example:

Information I wake up at 7 o’clock.

Question What time do you wake up?

Answer At 7 o’clock.

Exercise:

1) The last bus left at 10 p.m.

2) The class always begins at 8 a.m.

3) Sam always calls me at 9 p.m.

4) The shop opens at 5 in the morning.

8) Which → is used when the speaker wants someone to make a choice.

Example:

Tom: May I borrow your pen?

Ana : Sure. I have to pens, blue and black. Which pen/one do you want?

Tom: The black pen/one, please.

9) Whose → is used to ask about possession.

Example:

Information That id John’s book. I borrowed Karen’s car.

Question Whose book is that? Whose car did you borrow?

Answer John’s Karen’s

Exercise:

1) It is Susan’s basketball.

2) It’s Eric’s notebook.

3) Eric’s hair is longer than Susan’s.

4) That is Pat’s house.

10) How → is used to ask about means or ways.

Example:

Information I came here by riding my motorcycle.

Question How did you come here?

Answer By riding my motorcycle.

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11) How far → is used to ask about distance.

Example:

Information It is 289 miles from St. Louis to Chicago.

Question How far is it from St. Louise to Chicago?

Answer It is 289 miles.

12) How long → is used to ask for information about length of time

Example:

Information It take two days to drive from Chicago to here.

Question How long does it take to drive from Chicago to here?

Answer Two days.

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Meeting 7 & 8

Gerund & Infinitive

Based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2010) “gerund is a noun in the form of

present participle of a verb (that is, ending in –ing)” (p. 626), while “Infinitive is the basic form

of a verb such as be or run. In English, an infinitive is used by itself, for example swim in She

can swim or with to as in She likes to swim.” (p. 769)

Examples:

• I learned to swim when I was young.

• The soldiers are preparing to attack the village.

• I decided to postpone my holiday.

• We are ready to leave now.

• It is difficult to pass the test.

Here are the common verbs and adjectives that are followed by infinitives:

agree, plan, hope, except, prepare, claim, fail, learn, pretend, want, decide, forget, need, refuse,

offer, easy, dangerous, good, ready, difficult, hard, wish, intend, demand etc.

Common verbs followed by gerunds:

Enjoy, finish, quit, mind, postpone, keep, consider, discuss, miss, admit, report, appreciate,

resume, go, avoid, delay, deny, etc.

ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITIONS are also followed by GERUND, such as:

Afraid of, interested in, capable of, successful in, tired of, fond of, etc.

VERB + PREPOSITIONS are also followed by GERUND, such as:

Give up, rely on, worry about, insist on, succeed in, count on, keep on, think about, depend on,

put off, think of, look forward to, confess to, etc.

Examples:

• He is not looking forward to going back to school.

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• Giving charity is a good deed.

• He’s excited about playing tennis.

• John admitted stealing the jewels.

• We are interested in seeing this film.

• Mary insisted on taking the bus instead of the plane.

The following verbs can be followed by either the infinitive or the gerund

with no change in meaning, such as:

Begin, hate, regret, like, start, continue, love, try, prefer.

These verbs can be followed by gerund or infinitive, but the meaning is

different.

Stop, remember, forget.

Examples:

• He started to study after dinner.

• He started studying after dinner.

• I stop to smoke.

• I stop smoking.

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Meeting 9 & 10

Degree of Comparison

What is comparison?

Comparison is the process of comparing two or more people or things. Comparison indicates

degree of differences with adjective and adverbs, and may be equal or unequal (comparative

& superlative).

Equal Degree

Equal Degree indicates that the two entities are (or are not, if negative) the same. The following

rule generally applies to this type of comparison. Rule:

S + V + as + Adj/Adv + as + noun/pronoun

Examples:

Annie walks as fast as her mother.

Jammie is not as smart as his father.

Lucy does not sing as well as her teacher.

My book is as interesting as yours.

Comparative Degree

Comparative involves two entities and shows a greater or lesser degree of differences between

them. The following rules generally apply to this type of comparison.Rule:

S + V + Adj/Adv + (-er) than + noun/pronoun

Examples:

Annie walks faster than her mother.

Jammie is not smarter than his father.

Rule:

S + V + more + Adj/Adv + than + noun/pronoun

S + V + less + Adj/Adv + than + noun/pronoun

Examples:

My book is more interesting than yours.

Anissa reads more quickly than her sister.

Spinach is less appealing than carrot.

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Superlative Degree

In superlative degree, three or more entities are compared, one of which is superior or inferior

to the others. The following rules generally apply to this type of comparison. Rule:

S + V + the + Adj/Adv + (-est) + noun/pronoun

Examples:

Among her family members, Annie walks the fastest.

Jammie is not the smartest in his class.

Her voice is the best of all students.

Rule:

S + V + the most + Adj/Adv + noun/pronoun

S + V + the least + Adj/Adv + noun/pronoun

Examples:

My book is the most interesting of all.

Spinach is the least appealing of all vegetables.

Jim behaves the most carelessly of al children.

Special Cases: The following adjective and adverbs don’t follow the rules mentioned above

they change form completely.

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Bad worse Worst

Evil worse Worst

Good better best

Ill worse worst

Far (distance) farther farthest

Far (extent) Further furthest

Well better best

Bad worse Worst

Evil worse Worst

Good better best

Ill worse worst

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Far (distance) farther farthest

Far (extent) Further furthest

Well better best

Double Comparative

These sentences begin with a comparative construction, and thus the second clause must also

begin with a comparative. Rule:

The + comparative + S + V + the + comparative + S + V

Examples:

The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.

The higher we flew, the worse Erna felt.

The sooner you leave home, the earlier you arrive at campus.

Rule:

The more + S + V + the + comparative + S + V

Examples:

The more you study, the smarter you will become.

The more he slept, the more irritable he became.

Exercises:

1. Soccer is the..........sport Eddy plays of all. (well)

2. We hiked until we could go no..........(far)

3. Hillary felt..........about the unkind remark than about anything else. (bad)

4. Phil ate the..........amount of food of anyone at the party. (little)

5. Elsa was the..........guest to leave. (late)

6. Jed needed no..........explanation. (far)

7. This is the..........meal I ever ate. (good)

8. Suddenly the patient became..........than before. (ill)

9. I did..........of all on Part IV of the test. (badly)

10. This week’s winner won the..........money ever in a sweepstakes. (much)

Error Analysis

1. Louise is the more capable of the three girls who have tried out for the part in the play.

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2. The movie that we saw last night is the less interesting the one we saw in the television.

3. He speaks English much most rapidly than he does Spanish.

4. Before pay day, I have as little money than my brother.

5. Tina and her friends left the soon as the professor had finished his lecture.

6. The boys felt bad than the girls about losing the game.

7. The twins have least money at the end of the month than they have at the beginning.

8. My dog runs the faster.

9. The more he rowed the boat, the farthest away he got.

10. The sooner you take the medicine, the good you will feel.

11. Of the three landscapes that you have shown me, this one is most beautiful.

12. Of the two cars, the red one is the better than the yellow one.

13. Does Agung feel best today than yesterday?

14. This is the creamier ice cream I have ever had in a long time.

15. This poster is colorfuller than the one in the hall.

16. While trying to balance the baskets on her head, the woman walked most awkwardly

than her daughter.

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Meeting 11 & 12

Adjective Clause

An adjective clause modifies a noun. It describes or gives information about a noun.

An adjective clause follows a noun.

Adjective clauses are also called as relative clauses.

Relative clause begins with relative word

Here are the relative words.

Who: can be used for the person as a subject

Whom: can be used for the person as an object

Whose: can be used for possession

Which: can be uses for a thing as a subject or

object

That: can be uses for a thing/person as a

subject or object

How to make an adjective clause?

1. The boy helps me to find my book.

2. The boy is very handsome.

RESULT:

The boy who is very handsome helps me to find a book.

Discussion (1):

The river is polluted. It flows through town.

The man called the police. His car was stolen.

The books were very expensive. Mother bought them for me.

The lady is speaking to the man. I really hate the man.

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EXERCISES 1

Combine the following group of sentences.

1. The police officer was friendly. He gave me directions.

2. The woman thanked me. I helped her.

3. The soup was too salty. I had it for lunch.

4. I lost the scarf. I borrowed it from my roommate.

5. The doctor started to charge higher fees. His office was newly decorated.

6. The house is very old. The Taylors live in the house.

7. The student was highly praised by his teacher. His composition was read in class.

8. The last record became a gold record. The record was produced by this company.

9. The woman works as a cashier. She sits next to me in class.

10. I lived in an apartment building. It had a very slow elevator.

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EXERCISES 2

Put the blanks with who, whom, whose, which or that.

1. A man _____has too great expectation from his son may be disappointed.

2. The French pianist ______they had heard praised very highly turned out to be a great

disappointment.

3. We found the cat ______leg is bleeding.

4. The city ______Henry James prepared to live is very rich in historical association.

5. The man ______ money had been stolen reported the thieves to the police.

6. She worked for a man _______ used to be an athlete

7. Finally I met to the woman _____ you always talked about.

8. I talked to the girl _______ car had broken down in front of the shop.

9. This is the girl _______ comes from Spain.

10. Thank you very much for your e-mail _______ was very interesting.

11. The man, ________ father is a professor, forgot his umbrella.

12. What did you do with the money ______ your mother lent you?

13. Children ________eat a lot of candy often get bad teeth.

14. The book _______ you gave me is great.

15. The boy __________ father is a doctor often visits me.

16. My sister _______ lives in Istanbul is going to visit us.

17. That pencil____________ is on your desk belongs to me.

18. The police____________ I saw yesterday got murdered.

19. Do you know anyone _______ speaks Japanese?

20. The woman, __________ I met yesterday, did not speak English.

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Meeting 13 & 14

Modals

MODALS PRESENT PAST FUTURE

ABILITY

Can Can + V1 Could + V1 Can + V1

Be able to

Am

Is able to

Are + V1

Was

able to

Were + V1

Will

be able

Shall to + V1

PERMISSION

May May + V1 Might + V1 May

Might + V1

Can Can

Could + V1 Could + V1

Can

Could + V1

OBLIGATION, ADVISABILITY

Should Should + V1 Should have + V3 Should + V1

Ought to Ought to + V1 Ought to have +

V3 Ought to + V1

NECESSITY

Must Must + V1 Had to + V1 Must + V1

Have to Have to

Has + V1 Had to + V1

Will have to

Shall + V1

POSSIBILITY

May May

Might + V1

May have

Might + V3

May

Might + V1

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LOGICAL CONCLUSION

Must Must + V1 Must have + V3

Source: Seri Diktat Kuliah Bahasa Inggris 1 & TOEFL Preparation Guide

Exercise:

1. ................. (you reach) the top shelf of the cabinet?

2. The car ran out of gas, so they .............. (not go) any farther.

3. You (help) ..................your mother with the housework.

4. He feels he (read) ................every book on the subject before he writes his own book.

5. You (not copy) .................from other during an examination.

6. You (borrow) ...............my car if you drive carefully.

7. You (pay) ........... your rent at once or I will have you evicted.

8. If you poured hot water into it, it (crack) ......................

9. When I was a boy, I (speak) .............several foreign languages, but now I (speak)

...............only one foreign language.

10. It (rain) ................tonight.

11. Henry (study) ...................... tonight. He will have test tomorrow.

12. You (see) .........................doctor about this problem.

13. An automobile (have) .....................gasoline to run.

14. An attorney (pass) ....................an examination before practicing law.

15. The grass is wet. It ................. (be) raining.

16. I don’t know what I will do tomorrow. I (go) .........to the beach or I (stay) ........... at home.

17. Maria (call) ...................John last night.

18. Sandra failed the test. She (study) .........................

19. Sue did very badly on the exam. She (study) ......................... harder.

20. John is not here yet. He (forget) .............................about our meeting.

21. Henry’s car stopped on the highway. It (run) ................................out of gas.

22. George (call) ..........................his insurance agent yesterday.

23. It (rain) ....................last night, but I am not sure.

24. I (not/be able to go)......................with you tonight. I have a lot of things to do.

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25. She (exercise) .......................every day.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

-----. (2004). TOEFL Exam Essentials. New York: Learning Express

Azar, Betty Schramfer. (1993). Fundamentals of English Grammar,SecondEdition. Jakarta:

Binarupa Aksara.

Azar, Betty Schramfer. (1993). Understanding and Using English Grammar, Second Edition.

Jakarta: Binarupa Aksara.

Hornby. (2010). Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. UK: Oxford University Press.

Pyle, Michael A and Page, Narry Ellen Munoz. (1995). Cliff TOEFL Preparation Guide.

Nebraska: John Wiley and Sons.

Websites:

https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/adjective_clauses.htm

https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/hilfsverben2.htm

https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verb-tenses.htm