Modern Stone Technology 2010

8/14/2019 Modern Stone Technology 2010

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1 STONETECHNICS


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1954 .1977 1979 ROTC (15) 1979 1979 ( TPC Facade : Precast Concrete)1981 : 25,000M2(Stone Facade w/ Metal Truss Unit)1984 (Stone Facade) (Stone Facade w/ Metal Truss Unit)1983 () G300 (Stone Facade w/ PC Unit)1985 (Stone Facade : Pre assembled Unit system)1986 () KFIA :

32,000M2 Stone Facade (US Bechtel CM)1991 ( ) : 1992 ()1993 1993 () BAU Engineering :

Stone Facade , Engineering,

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, , , ,, , , , , , , , 3, , , Stone Facade , , Consulting .

1996 () BAU Engineering , 1996 (SES stonetechnics) : Stone Facade , Engineering, : 2010

, , , CM, , Seoul Finance Center, , , Rodamco, , Traum Hause,, Messa , , , , 1, 2, , , , 100 CM, , , , , , , , , R4DM(Open Joint PER) (Open Joint PER), (Open Joint), , , 120 CM(Open Joint PER), KOCCA, , UEC(), SK S-Trenue, IFC(), GS Square , , , , SCEA( ) , ASTM C18(Dimension Stone Committee) International Membership


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C. 1. (NEW STONE CLADDING

SYSTEM FOR OPEN JOINT W/ RAINSCREEN PER)D.. STONE ENGINEERINGTONE ENGINEERING

1.. FACADEACADE 2.. WORKING PROCEDUREORKING PROCEDURE3.. /CONCEPT CALDDING SYSTEM DESIGN EXAMPLE

CONTENTS

A. 1. 2.

B. 1. 2. Epoxy Resin Mechanism 3. Shop Drawing : SK Leaders

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CONCEPT CALDDING SYSTEM DESIGN EXAMPLE4. STONE. STONE5. STONE ENGINEERING CLADDING PRACTICE

3. Shop Drawing : SK LeadersView Stone Facade Detail

4. Shop Drawing : SamsungTra Palace Stone Facade Detail5. 6. : 7. : 8.


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A.A.

1. a. Curtain wall

1970 , , LG Twin Building,

b.

FACADE ENGINEER

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FACADE ENGINEER

c. (Facade Engineering) ,

d.


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30

2.

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: Design , : (FacadeSurface) Concrete (Stone FasteningInterface)

Star # City

Tra Palace


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(Perimeter Wall) FRAME

Epoxy Mortar() Dowel Pin 200kgf/M2 , Tra Palace

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Undercut Insert () Anchor (Pre-drilling, Pre-forming) Undercut (Public Zone), (Porch) System Epoxy Mortar

Tra Palace

Concrete


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1..

(Natural Materials) : . (Brittle) . (Applicable Use) .

Concrete 6mm 5mm Stainless Plate Epoxy Mortar

B.B.

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. . , , : ASTM, MIA, BSI, UNI

: :

Epoxy Mortar Dowel Pin , ,.


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: 50M Cornice Molding Stone

Cornice Epoxy

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Epoxy . . .

Epoxy Mortar .


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(Expanded) Anchor Concrete (Rift) Hiddenstress (Expansion)Anchor . ,

Stainless Dowel Pin Anchor

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Pin EpoxyMortar .

Epoxy Mortar () . Epoxy Mortar .


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a. #1

Porch Roof : Arcade (Cube stone) Molding Epoxy Mortar

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Porch Public Zone .

Plate EpoxyMortar . .

Epoxy Mortar , Epoxy . .


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b. #2

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Plate Epoxy Mortar Epoxy Mortar . Epoxy Mortar .

5 : Epoxy Mortar .


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2. Epoxy Resin Mechanism

: 1989 Texas Huston

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: Sugared Loss : Thermal HysteresisEpoxy Mortar Liner Block

Epoxy Dowel Block Pin Insert Epoxy Mortar


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: Epoxy Adhesive ( ) A Study of Preference Survey on Use for Epoxy Resin Adhesive of Stone Anchoring Method : 2009 Editor : Dr. / ,

: 1.

a. Epoxy

b. (Brittleness)

2. a.

.b.

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b. .

3. . .


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EPOXY : EPOXY ADHESIVE (Ref data : Epoxy Adhesive Formulations)OUTDOOR WEATHERING ( )

EPOXY ADHESIVE : Solar Radiation (usually UV) : Moisture (Dew, Humidity, Rain) : Heat (Surface Temperature of the Material) ( ): Pollutants (Ozone, Acid rain) : Microbiological Attack : Salt water and Salt spray

EPOXY ADHESIVE : Permeation of the Adhesive : Hydrolysis of Chemical BondsBreaking of Bonds within the Adhesive Molecule andat the Substrate-Adhesive Interface : Hydration of Substrate SurfacesCausing Bond Rupture : Swelling and Increasing Internal StressesLeading to Deboning

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3. Shop Drawing : SK Leaders View Stone Facade Detail

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Epoxy Mortar


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4. Shop Drawing : Samsung Tra Palace Stone Facade Detail

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Tra Palace Stone Facade : Visual Mock Up Drawing

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Tra Palace Stone Faade : Mock Up Demonstration

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Tra Palace Stone Facade : Practice InstallationEngineering :

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5. a. Dowel Pin Fastener (Pin Dowel Stainless Bent Anchor)

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: Pin (Friction Fatigue) . . Pin Cantilever Edge .


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b. Dowel Pin

Concrete Stainless Bent Pin dowel

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Concrete Stainless Bent Pin dowel KT 2008 4 (Replacement) . KT Anchor (Friction) (Buckling)

: Fastener .Fastening System .


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c.

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Dowel pin Kerfs


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d. : Pin Dowel Anchor

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( )

6mm Nut Dowel Pin owel pin Dowel pin


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6. : a. : 2, , FCP

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(Component Materials) . (, , , ) (Stability) . , Canada (Specification) Upgrade .

1989 France Paris "La Grand Arch de laDefense" . Italy Cararra Marble OpenJoint System 15 (Bowing) , .

2007 5 15 Toronto First Canadian Place Building 1mx1.2mx30T ( 140kg) Tower 60 King Street 1979Chicago Amoco Building .


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1972 80 ChicagoAmoco Building . , 12000USD 9000USD .

b.

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2007 5 15 Toronto First Canadian Place Building 1mx1.2mx30T ( 140kg) Tower 60 King Street 1979 Chicago Amoco Building .

Chicago Amoco Building(346m/80stories) 44,000 (Bianco Carrara Marble) 30mm Mt.Airy 50mm . ASTM C18 10 1993 ASTM C1242 ( ) .


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1989 2 La Grande Arch de la Defense Stone Cladding Materials : Bianco Carrara Marble (1989 Completed) 15 Bowing

c. (La Grande Arch de la Defense )

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Kerfs damaged on no filled grout

Thinner Veneer that is NOT exceed minimum structural thickness

La Grande Arch de la Defence Bowed Carrara Marble

1989 France Paris "La Grand Arch de laDefence" Italy Cararra Marble Open Joint System 15 (Bowing) , .


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7. : a.

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: ,

Expansion Anchor .

: ( 100% )

1999 8 4 (25m/sec)

2007 515 CanadaToronto CFP


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b. Suspending() Soffit Undercut Anchor ( Parapet)

1999 () . 2009,10 Soffits (Thaw Freezing Cycle) under cutanchor

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Undercut Anchor Drill Hole Pre-form Hole Anchor .

Parapet Soffit : anchor


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c. (Epoxy Adhesive) Panel 2004 420 LG

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: , , , Weather seal , , Frame , .


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d.

(Expansion Joint and Deformation)

. . (Fatigue)dl .

: . . . Paving . .

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Engineering Design LG TwinBuilding . 20mm Expansion Joint() .

Expansion Joint . : : , (, ) : , , : jointer Filler, Caulking Grout, Admixture, Mortar, Slider Recommendation Technology : ASTM UBC AIA Paving 6M 20mm Flooring 12M 10mm

LG Twin : 25 .


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d. (Ref CWCT)

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: Workmanship 35%, Design 22%, Supervision 16%, Fabrication 9%, Specification 9%Materials 5%, Low maintenance 4% : Weather tightness 31%, Tolerance 16%, Durability 10%, Buildability 10%, Condensation 7%,Compatibility 7%, Structure 5%


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e. (Defects of Condensation Control, Waterproofing, Flashing) : , , , , ,

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2004 420 LG SK Telecom

Vapor Retarder( )


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Permeability vs Relative HumidityCondensation Diffusion Vapor Retarder 4x8 ftSheet Gypsum Board 1in2 (70 RH40%) Gallon(1.14L) 30

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Vapor Retarder( )


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8. a.

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b.

(Country) : , , : - - ( : ) : ( ) : () : : , Cutting Loss , : ( ) : ( )

: , , ,

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: , , , : ( Module) : 15%-20% ( )

Quarrying


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c.

FINAL APPROVED RANGE RANDOM SLAB RANGE APPROVAL RANGE

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LINE INSPECTION FULL INSPECTION() RANDOM INSPECTION

FINAL APPROVED RANGE RAW BLOCK INITIAL TEST ()


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d.

1)

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2)

(Calcite) (limestone)

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(Calcite) (limestone)


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3) ( : 1 )

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d. ()

1)

1) ( TYP Detail)

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( TYP Detail)

2)


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2) ENGINEERED STONE ADHESION LAYING ( TYP Detail)

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Engineered Stone (Laminated 2 Ply) 7mm Mortar Screed -10mm Adhesion System Laminated Membrane , : 10mm (Attached System) : ( ) , , ( 60%)


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2)

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2)

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2)

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(Hook Lacing w/ Spot Plaster)


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2)

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(Al. Fastener)


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2)

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System

() : C Stud insert Clip 12mm-20mm(Thin Veneer)

() : Hook Lacing 20mm-30mm

() : Al. Fastener 25mm


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1. (NEW STONE CLADDING SYSTEM FOR OPEN JOINT W/ RAINSCREEN PER)a. Open Wall Type (Back Framing System)

2. Concrete Wall Type

C.

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2. Concrete Wall Type , , , ,, , , Thermal Break, DrainageAir Ventilation, (Corrosion Resistance) Open Joint PER1997 : Open Joint 4mm Seal Joint 6mm


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Kerfs Fastening W/Sealant Grout Components for Concrete wall

b. Open Joint Stone Cladding w/ PER System : / Tower Palace

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Open Joint Primary rain screen Pressure cavity,Secondary rain screen , Inner vapor barrier Assembly .

Cavity Flashing Open Joint Fastener Rain Screen Galv. Sheet Joint Flashing .


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c. Corner and Soffit Wall Cladding System d. Open Joint Type Stone Cladding System

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, , , , ,, , ,Thermal Break, Drainage Air Ventilation,(Corrosion Resistance)Plug & Rod Anchor (SST)


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e. (20mm 10mm) Open Joint Type (Thin Stone Veneer Hybrid Cladding System Design with Mechanical and Adhered Method)

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e. Rare side Insert Clip Fastener (Thin Stone Veneer Hybrid Cladding System Design Analysis with Mechanical and Adhered Method)1) CLADDING SYSTEM

Tile Module (Mortar Adhesion System) Tile (Interface) . .

2) Structural Principle of Hybrid System( )

Hybrid Cladding Silicone

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Hybrid Cladding SiliconeSealant 25 6mm Al. Clip 1 Epoxy Grout 2 Sealant Groove Al. Extrusion Clip Tile Vibration Sealant System.

Hybrid Cladding System Design


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3) Structural Analysis of Hybrid System Design ( )

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Suction Load 1/4 600mm x 600mm Tile 100kgf/M2 Pw 980Pa x 0.36M2 = 352N Fastener Clip 1 1/4 88.2N . Clip Tile (A = 2 x 0.04m x 0.004m x 2EA =452.5 x 10-6m2) (ASTM C615) 10.34MPa 4.67kN (SF=4670/88.2 = 53) (Safety Factor) Tile 5.0(MIA, BSI ) 10.6 . Tile Moveable Capacity 25%

Silicone Sealant Epoxy Mortar . Silicone Sealant Clip 9mm x 40mm x 2EA Bite Sealant 1.4kgf/cm2 (20psi) Ft =1.4kgf/cm2 x 7.2cm2 = 10.2kgf(98.8N) . Structural Silicone Sealant 10.0 .

Loading Condition on Hybrid Cladding System Design


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4)

ASTM C1354-96(The Standard Method for Strength ofIndividual Stone Anchorages in Dimension Stone) Facade Anchorage(Fastening system) (LateralLoad) (Safety Factor) (Ultimate Friction Strength) ASTM C18 ( ) 1996 Cladding Anchor

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(Rupture Modulus) Fastener (Lateral wind load), FastenerType (Safety Factor)

For the specimens loaded using the test frame shown in Fig. 1, report the loadin the anchorage system as (see Fig. 1)

For specimens loaded using the test frames shown in Fig. 2,c Fig. 3, or Fig. 4,report the load in the anchorage system as: anchorage system load = testmachine load

ASTM C1354 (The Standard Method for Strength of Individual Stone Anchorages)


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5) (Tolerance of Thickness)

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INSERT KERF LAYOUT TYPICAL KERF EPOXY GROUT INSERT CLIP

6) VISUAL MOCK UP : 14MM Ceramic Tile

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INSERT KERF LAYOUT TYPICALCLADDING TILE INSERT CLIP GROUT KERF EPOXY GROUT INSERT CLIPFASTENER

FASTENING CLIP SAMPLE FIXING INSERT CLIP EPOXY GROUT CLIP GROOVE SEALANT .


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PRACTICE SITE MOCK UP

CORNICE DECORATIVE MOLDING PREFAB BACK FRAMING FASTENING BRACKET CAVITY HOLLOBOLT (BOX BOLT)

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PREFAB BACK FRAMING BOLT (BOX BOLT)

AUTO TORQUE MACHINE HOLLO BOLT AUTO TORQUE WRENCH HOLLO BOLT

PRACTICE SITE MOCK UP


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TILE (800X800X12T)SFC12 INSERT FIXING CLIP 12MM THIN SFC12(SES PAT) INSERT FIXING CLIP 12MM THIN VENEER MECHANICAL CONNECTION

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SFC12 INSERT FIXING CLIP 12MM THINVENEER MECHANICAL CONNECTION SYSTEM 12MM THIN VENEER MECHANICAL CONNECTIONSYSTEM FOR THIN VENEER

CORNICE PART PREFAB BACKFRAMING SYSTEM CORNICE PART PREFAB BACKFRAMING TILE

PRACTICE SITE MOCK UP : Ceramic Tile 14mm (700 x 700) 3mm Open Joint Cladding Sysyem


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CORNICE MOLDING DECORATION

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CORNICE MOLDING (FIXING BOLT) VISUAL MOCK UP : EXTERIOR TILE WALLHYBRID SYSTEM CLADDING

D.D. STONE ENGINEERINGSTONE ENGINEERING


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1.. FACADEACADE


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2.. WORKING PROCEDUREORKING PROCEDURE


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3.. / CONCEPT CALDDING SYSTEM DESIGN EXAMPLE


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4. STONE. STONE


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a. The original names were in Italian.Usually the name consists of two parts.The first part describes the color and second part describesthe name from where the stone was quarried.( )

ITALIAN NAME ENGLISH COLORAzzuro Bluezzuro BlueDorato / D'oro Goldorato / D'oro GoldFiore Floweriore FlowerGiallo Yellowiallo YellowNegro/Nero Blackegro/Nero BlackPerla / Perlato Pearlerla / Perlato Pearl

AZUL BAHIA PIETRA DORATA

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Perla / Perlato Pearlerla / Perlato PearlRosa Pinkosa PinkRosso Redosso RedVerde Greenerde GreenBianco Whiteianco WhiteExampleNegro Marquina is a black limestone from Marquina, Spain.Bianco Carrara is a white marble from Carrara, Italy. PERLATO ROYAL GIALLO SIENA

BOTTICINO FIORITO ROSA PORTOGALLO ROSSO VERONA VERDE ACCEGLIO


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b. /


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Pietra Dorata Venata Travertine Noce Giallo Tafoukeperino Grigio

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Bianco Carrara D Vermont Green Brown Onyx Ardesia Nero (Cleft)

Basaltina Absolute Black Armenian Gold Felsites Carmen Red

c. : Classification of Igneous Rocks


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Andesite Basalt

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Diolite Rhyolite

Gabbro Granite

Syenite Peridotite Scoria Obidian Tuff

d. : Sedimentary Rocks


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1. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks ( )

Clastic sedimentary rocks are composed of fragments ofweathered rocks, called clasts, that have been transported,deposited, and cemented together.Clastic rocks make up more than 85 percent of allsedimentary rocks.This category includes sandstone, siltstone, and shale.

2. Organic Sedimentary Rocks ( )Organic sedimentary rocks consist of the remains of

Breccia Chert

Conglomerate Coquina

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Organic sedimentary rocks consist of the remains ofplants or animals. Coal is an organic sedimentary rockmade up of decomposed and compacted plant remains.

3. Chemical sedimentary rocks ( )Chemical sedimentary rocks form by direct precipitationof minerals from solution.Rock salt, for example, forms when salt precipitates fromevaporating seawater or saline lake water.

4. Bioclastic Sedimentary Rocks ( )Most limestone is composed of broken shell fragments.The fragments are clastic, but they form from organicmaterial. As a result, limestone formed in this way is calleda bioclastic rock.

Dolomite Limestone Oolitic Limestone

Gypsum Rock Sandstone

Shale Travertine

e. : Metamorphic Rocks


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Anthracite Anthracite Augen Gneiss Gneiss

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Hornblende Schist Hornblende Schist Calcite Calcite

Mica Schist Mica Schist Phylite Quartzite

Quartzite Slate Slate Slate


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b. Parapet : Rain Screen, Flashing, Waterproofing, Drainage Open Joint Cladding


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c. Pre Assembled Stone Unit Panel on Jig : Self Climbing Erection System : Central City High Rise Part


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Self Climbing Erection on Guide Rail Pre Assembling Unit Panel on Jig System


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Self Climbing Erection on Guide Rail : 13 Guide Rail Staging

d. Story Stone Masonry : Tram Hause


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: Shield Support Angle, WWF Galv. Mat,Grout Waterproofing Mortar, Insert Hook WireDrainage Tube, Flashing, Restrain Anchor


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Seoul Stone Cladding Facade


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Stone Cladding FaadePreassembled Unit Joist SystemColumn Cover and Spandrel Joist

Main Connection Swing Arm System


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JIN MAO TOWER AT SHANGHAI POODUNGIN MAO TOWER AT SHANGHAI POODUNGOPEN JOINT W/ PER SYSTEM ON LOWRISEPEN JOINT W/ PER SYSTEM ON LOWRISE


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AUROLA BUILDING AT SHANGHAI POODUNGUROLA BUILDING AT SHANGHAI POODUNG


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OPEN JOINT W/ PER SYSTEM ON LOWRISEPEN JOINT W/ PER SYSTEM ON LOWRISE

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AUROLA BUILDING AT SHANGHAI POODUNGUROLA BUILDING AT SHANGHAI POODUNGOPEN JOINT W/ PER SYSTEM ON LOWRISEPEN JOINT W/ PER SYSTEM ON LOWRISE


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7. CENTRAL CITY COMMERCIAL COMPLEX :


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WORKING PROCEDURE FOR STONE WORKORKING PROCEDURE FOR STONE WORK


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1) : (Country of Origin) : , , ) (Monsoon), ,

2) (Location of Quarry) 3) : ( ) / 4) : Mining Open Quarry Zone5) Quality Variation (ACCEPETED RANGE FOR QUALITY)6) Raw block Waste Part Longer Delivery (LOSS RATIO MAX50%)

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7) Quarry 8) Alternative Stone ( RISK )9) Cut To Slab Size Quarried Block (Weight Size/Container Capacity)

10,000m3 30Thk 450m3 Raw Block(150%)Cut to Size 1.5m 1.5m 700 - 1,000m3

10) Raw Block Stock , 10 - 20%

11) :


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a. : Waste Part b. : 30mm Thickness / c. : 5,000m2d.

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a. (Color, Darkness, Vein Grain )b. Cut to Slab (1.5m 1.5m)

(GANG SAW BLOCK: AVG. 6m3)1.5m x 1.5m x 2.6m c. d. (Cut to Size) : e. Survey Construction Management

6,000m2 (50% 3,000 M2 )


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(GANG SAW) CAPACITY 3,000m2 Raw Block Gang Saw Raw Block 3,000M20.04M(Sawing Thick)130%(Cut Waste)=156M31.5M1.5M2.6M=5.85M3/block Required Block Quantity : 27BlocksGang-Saw Capacity : 5days/`2blocks : 12blocks/113M2/block =Net Area 1,360M2 GANG SAW: 1,360M2 5 = 6,800M2 : Gang Saw 5


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QUALITY VARIATION FOR ACCEPTED RANGEUALITY VARIATION FOR ACCEPTED RANGE


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C0NCEPT DESIGN DETAIL FOR DEVELOPMENT0NCEPT DESIGN DETAIL FOR DEVELOPMENT


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C0NCEPT DESIGN DETAIL FOR DEVELOPMENT0NCEPT DESIGN DETAIL FOR DEVELOPMENT


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COST BREAK DOWN / SPECIAL WORKING ITEMSOST BREAK DOWN / SPECIAL WORKING ITEMS


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INITIAL TEST ()


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Modern Stone Technology 2010

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