Modern PhilosophyPART TWO

Baruch Spinoza

Background Early years

The road to excommunication

Lenses & philosophy

Works

Spinoza: Goals & Methods

Goal: Freedom Ethics

Method Ethics

Foundation

Assumptions

Spinoza: Epistemology

Truth Necessity

Appearance of contingency

Ideas

Opinion/Imagination

Reason

Intuition

Spinoza: Metaphysics

Substance Defining substance

Infinity

Defining God

Ontological Argument for God’s existence

God

Argument for one substance

Pantheism

Is God a Person

Spinoza: Metaphysics

Atheist or Mystic Labels

False Dilemma

Freedom & necessity Apparent contradiction

Creation & Necessity

Two types of events

Free Will

Spinoza: Metaphysics

Mind-Body problem God’s attributes

Mind-Body

Spinoza: Ethics

Freedom Overview

Method

Self Preservation

Self-awareness

The Mind

Comprehensive understanding

Spinoza: Ethics

Good & Evil Good & Evil

Self-preservation

Love & Immortality Intellectual love of God

Immortality

Spinoza: Criticism/Impact

Conclusion The Wise man

Criticism Desirable

Coherent

Impact Impact

18th Century

19th Century

20th Century

Leibniz: Background

German Culture Stagnant

Background for Leibniz Early years

Professional career

Diplomacy

Works

Leibniz: Goal & Method

Goal Unified

Logical Method Logic

Method

Application of the method

Assumptions

Leibniz: Epistemology

Innate Ideas Against Locke

The Mind

Against the empiricists

Leibniz: EpistemologyNecessity & Contingency

Truths of Reason & Truths of Fact Truths of reason

Truths of fact

Necessary & contingent truths

Deduction

Leibniz: MetaphysicsGod

God Proofs for God’s existence

Proof of God’s existence by possibility & necessity God

Perfection

Existence

Cosmological Argument Two principles

Two kinds of truth

Sufficient Reason

God

Leibniz: MetaphysicsProblem of Evil

Best of All Possible Worlds The best world

God’s choice

Diversity

No Better Possible World Intellectualist view

The Problem & Reply

The Best

Denial of pantheism

Leibniz: MetaphysicsProblem of Evil

Evil as Privation The question

Origin of evil-the ancients

Origin of evil-intellectualist view

Understanding & necessity

Analogy of the Boats Boats

The Analogy

Defects

Leibniz: MetaphysicsMetaphysical Points

Problems & Solutions Introduction

Problems with Cartesian matter

Problems with Spinoza

Rejection of materialism

Phenomenology

Metaphysical Points

Leibniz: MetaphysicsMonads

Nature of Monads Introduction

Minds

Perception

Continuity

The identity of indiscernibles

Leibniz: MetaphysicsMonads

Windowless Monads Windowless

Pre-Established harmony Inner World

One World

Space & Time Extended Things

Space & Time

Leibniz: MetaphysicsMonads

Mind-Body Problem Bodies

Interaction

Teleology & Mechanism Reconciliation

Two Realms

Freedom & Determinism Freedom

Compatibilism

Leibniz: MetaphysicsMonads

The City of God Souls

Why did God create the world?

Harmony, reward & punishment

Machinery of Justice

Leibniz: MetaphysicsProblems & Impact

Problems The best of all possible worlds

Freedom

Collapse to Spinoza

Impact Dominant

Lost potential

Universal, logically perfect language