Modern Philosophy PART FOUR. David Hume Background General Background Life & Writings Other...
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Transcript of Modern Philosophy PART FOUR. David Hume Background General Background Life & Writings Other...
Modern PhilosophyPART FOUR
David HumeBackground
General Background Life & Writings
Other publications & career
Goals Motivation
Goal
David HumeEpistemology &Metaphysics: Theory of
Ideas
Ideas Perceptions
Impressions
Ideas
Creative power of the mind
Association of Ideas Atomism
Association
David HumeEpistemology &Metaphysics: Theory of
Ideas
Relations of Ideas & Matters of Fact Division
Relation of Ideas
Matters of Facts
The Gap
David HumeEpistemology &Metaphysics: Theory of
Causation
Goal Goal
External Objects No idea of necessary connection
Internal Impressions Introduction
Mind-Body problem
Voluntary control
The process is unknown
The power is unknown
David HumeEpistemology &Metaphysics: Theory of
Causation
Unintelligibility Causes
Extraordinary Phenomena
Philosophers
No Necessary Connection Position
Single Instances
Mind & Body
No Connection
Conclusion
David HumeEpistemology &Metaphysics: Theory of
Causation
Experience & the Origin of the Idea Experience & Foretelling
Origin of Idea
Billiard ball example
Cause & effect
First definition of “cause”
Second definition of “cause”
Problems with the definitions
Example of the problems: vibrations
David HumeEpistemology &Metaphysics: Theory of
Causation
Customs & Conclusion Custom
Distant times & places
Infinite Regress
Conclusion
David HumeSkepticism Regarding the Senses
The Sense & Objects Questions
Why do we attribute continued existence?
Why do we suppose distinct existence?
Senses & continued existence
Senses & distinct existence
Self & Objects Intent
External existence
We do not perceive our body
Sounds, tastes, etc.
Sight does not inform us of distance immediately
David HumeSkepticism Regarding the Senses
Philosophers & the Vulgar Three types of impressions
Primary
Secondary
Pains & pleasures
Reason
Contrary conclusions
Imagination
Vividness & involuntariness
David HumeSkepticism Regarding the Senses
Constancy, Coherence, Cause & Effect Motivation
Constancy
Coherence & Constancy
Difference between external & internal impressions
The room, porter & letter example.
Reasoning from coherence vs. reasoning from cause & effect
Regularity in perceptions
Imagination in perceptions
David HumeSkepticism Regarding the Senses
Constancy
Continued existence
Distinct existence
Neither an Independent nor Continued Existence Experience
Experiments
Additional confirmation of dependence
David HumeSkepticism Regarding the Senses
Philosophic & Vulgar Systems The philosophic system
Hume’s criticism
First part of the proposition
Philosophical as palliative remedy
Second part of the proposition
Philosophical has the difficulties of the vulgar
Explanation of the connection
David HumeSkepticism Regarding the Senses
Double Existence Reason & natural impulses
Psychology of double existence
Opinions
Another advantage
Results First particular
Second particular
Hume’s results
Illusions & problems
Skeptical doubt
David HumePersonal Identity
Preliminaries Other philosophers
Hume
Disagreement
Bundles & Persons Bundles & Change
The mind is a kind of theater
David HumePersonal Identity
Identities & Relations Identity
Relations
Resemblance & Memory
Causation & Analogy to a Commonwealth
Concern, Memory and Conclusion Concern
Memory
Criticism
Conclusion
David HumeEthical Theory
Introduction Work
Science
Moral Judgments Knowledge
Ethics & Relations of Ideas
Hume’s criticism
Ethics & matters of fact
Passions & morality
Moral sentiment
David HumeEthical Theory
Moral Rules Sources of moral rules
Social utility
Sympathy
Benevolence
David HumePhilosophy of Religion: Existence of God
Skepticism Introduction
Reason
Causation
Rejection of design
David HumePhilosophy of Religion: Existence of God
Five Problems Intro
Finite effect
Imperfect universe
Improvement
Multiple gods
Physical being
David HumePhilosophy of Religion: Agnosticism
Religion Personal views
Boswell
Causation
Miracles
Intelligence
The mystery passage
David HumeResults
Skepticism & Practicality Skeptical results
Hume’s conclusion
Mitigated skepticism
Skepticism
Immanuel KantBackground
Background Personal information
Contributions
Philosophical Motivations & Goals Leibnizian rationalism
Assumptions
First Goal: clarification of the foundations of science
Experience
Second Goal: Resolve the conflict between science & religion, morality and freedom.
Third Goal: Deal with the crisis in metaphysics
Immanuel KantTheory of Knowledge
Critical Philosophy Critiques
“Copernican” revolution
Reality
Varieties of judgment Analytic judgments
Synthetic judgments
A priori knowledge
A posteriori knowledge
Immanuel KantTheory of Knowledge
Analytic a priori
Analytic a posteriori
Synthetic a posteriori
Synthetic a priori
Mathematics
Geometry
Goal: how synthetic a priori judgments are possible in math, physics, and morality.
Immanuel KantTheory of Knowledge
The Transcendent Method Rejection of empiricism
The transcendent method
Space & time
Space
Time
Mathematics
Immanuel KantTheory of Knowledge
Categories of the Understanding Knowledge from sensibility & understanding
Knowledge is from sensibility& understanding in tandem
Concepts
Immanuel KantTheory of Knowledge
12 a priori concepts
Quantity: unity, plurality, totality
Quality: reality, negation, limitation
Modality: possibility-impossibility, existence-non-existence, necessity-contingency
Response to Humean Skepticism Hume’s skepticism
Kant & Substance
Kant & causation
Kant’s subjective-objective distinction
Immanuel KantTheory of Knowledge
Theory of Experience Unity & Experience
Synthesis
Synthesis of apprehension in intuition
Synthesis of reproduction in imagination
Synthesis of recognition in a concept
Concepts
Immanuel KantMetaphysics
Phenomena & Noumena Introduction
Phenomena
Noumena
Difficulties
Immanuel KantMetaphysics
Transcendent Illusions of Metaphysics Third Faculty: Reason
Transcendental ideas
Self
Cosmos
God
Problem: application of categories beyond borders
Immanuel KantMetaphysics
The Self The self
No impression of self
Empirical self
Transcendental self
The self of psychology
Immanuel KantMetaphysics
The Cosmos The cosmos
The failure of reason
The antimonies
First
The world has a beginning in time & occupies finite space
The world has no temporal beginning & is spatially & temporally infinite
Immanuel KantMetaphysics
Second
All things can be analyzed into basic components
Nothing can be analyzed into basic components
Third
Some events are free and not determined
No events are free and all events are determined
Fourth
A necessary being exists
There is no necessary being
Immanuel KantMetaphysics
The argument
Kant’s resolution
God Introduction
The ontological argument
Kant’s first refutation of the ontological argument
Kant’s second refutation of the ontological argument
The cosmological argument
The teleological argument
Conclusion
Immanuel KantMetaphysics
Pure Reason Theology & metaphysics
Legitimate use
What does it mean?
Immanuel KantMetaphysics
Pure Reason Theology & metaphysics
Legitimate use
What does it mean?
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Kantian EthicsIntroduction
Introduction Theoretical Reason
Practical Reason
Ethical Works
Emphasis
Rationalism
39
Categorical imperativeImmanuel Kant
The Good Will The Good Will & Qualities
Worthiness of Happiness
Virtues
The Goodness of the Good Will
Moral Worth, Maxim & Universal Law Moral Worth
The Good
Law
Example
Determining the Good
Duty
40
Categorical imperativeImmanuel kant
The Categorical Imperative Law & Will
Imperatives
Examples Suicide
Lying Promises
Rusting Talents
Helping Others
41
Categorical imperativeImmanuel Kant
Ends Rational Beings
Objects of the Inclination
Rational Beings
Supreme Practical Principle
Kingdom of Ends
Rational Beings as Legislators
Three Postulates of Morality Introduction
Freedom
Immortality
God
42
Immanuel KantImpact
Impact Significance
Impact