University of California accessed 07.04.08 Chromosomes, Genes, Alleles Chromosomes, Genes, Alleles.
Modern Genetics. Human inheritance Some traits are formed from single genes (2 alleles) Some are...
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Transcript of Modern Genetics. Human inheritance Some traits are formed from single genes (2 alleles) Some are...
![Page 1: Modern Genetics. Human inheritance Some traits are formed from single genes (2 alleles) Some are formed from multiple genes (multiple alleles) Example:](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032203/56649ddd5503460f94ad5793/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Modern Genetics
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Human inheritance Some traits are formed from single genes
(2 alleles) Some are formed from multiple genes
(multiple alleles) Example: blood type
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Blood typesTypes: A, B, AB, O3 alleles control the blood type
A & B are co dominantO is recessive
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SexChromosomesCarry genes that determine if a person is male or female
Each parent offers 2 alleles
Male X, YFemale X, X
Alleles on the X and Y chromosome are not the same
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Sex Linked Genes Genes carried on the sex chromosomes A female has 2 X chromosomes: if one x
has a dominant gene and the other has a recessive, the dominant trait will show
In a male, there isn't corresponding alleles. If the X chromosome has a recessive trait, and there is no corresponding allele on the Y chromosome, then the recessive trait will show.
Therefore, males have a higher tendency to show recessive sex linked traits.
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Carriers A heterozygous person Because they have the dominant allele, the
recessive trait doesn't show, but they can still pass it along to offspring
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Genetic DisordersDef: an abnormal condition inherited
through chromosomes
Some are caused by mutationsSome caused by an change in
chromosome numberCystic fibrosisSickle cellHemophiliaDown syndrome
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Pedigree Chart that tracks which family members
have a certain trait
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Managing Disorders Karyotype: picture of the chromosomes in
a cell--can determine if a mutation or extra chromosome is present
Genetic counseling: to help coping with disorders
Therapy: to assist with disorders
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Modern GeneticsSelective Breeding: is the process of selecting and breeding parent organisms to pass on particular traits to the offspring.
Examples:Horses, pigs, corn, dogsQuestion:What do you thing the animal to the left is? It has been selectively bred.
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Modern GeneticsCross Breeding: A cross between two pure breed parents creating a hybrid.
Killer Bees: a cross between Brazilian bees with African bees to create a bee that would produce more honey.
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Modern GeneticsGenetic Engineering: is the process in which a sequence of DNA from an organism is first isolated, then inserted into the DNA of another organism, changing that organism’s DNA.
Example:Taking genes from microorganism and inserting them into plants to produce a natural insect killing chemical.Inserting a bioluminescent gene into bacteria to make it glow.
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Modern GeneticsGenetic Engineering vs. Organic
Most of you have eaten genetic engineered/ modified foods. Many plants have bacterial genes that make them more resistant to insects.
How many of you have eaten fruits without seeds?Picture:Here is a tobacco plant that glows.
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Modern GeneticsCloning: is a technique that uses technology to make copies. It can be applied to a segment of DNA or the whole organism.
Examples:Bacteria: create human insulin which is used to help people with diabetes.A sheep named Dolly. (Nucleus Transfer)
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Modern GeneticsCloning a Gene
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Modern Genetics
Genome: is all the genetic material in an organism.
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Modern GeneticsSo why clone?
1. Medicine2. Reviving endangered or extinct animals:
Jurassic Park!3. Reproducing a deceased pet4. Cloning humans
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Modern GeneticsDNA Identification: The use of DNA to identify a person.
DNA Fingerprinting: Chart representing repeating base pairs
Example:Used in crime solvingA fun case at NOVA.DNA Evidence Video
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Modern GeneticsWhat are Some Issues to Cloning?
The Good vs. Bad
What are the ethical issues?
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Modern GeneticsThere are genetically engineered salmon that grow faster. They are breed in captivity, near rivers and stream. What might happen if they escape?
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Modern GeneticsShould we label genetically modified foods?
Many companies already label food and products that have been genetically altered.