Modern Era Modern Era (Guided Notes (Guided Notes

18.2)18.2)

Muslim EmpiresMuslim Empires• Umayyad Empire Umayyad Empire

– Spread Islam throughout the Middle EastSpread Islam throughout the Middle East– Gained the most land because with the creation Gained the most land because with the creation

& spread of Islam, the empire spread as well& spread of Islam, the empire spread as well

• Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire– Spread into Central & Eastern Europe, as well Spread into Central & Eastern Europe, as well

as North Africa & SW Asiaas North Africa & SW Asia– Captured city of Constantinople (MAJOR CITY—Captured city of Constantinople (MAJOR CITY—

considered the “gateway” into Asia)considered the “gateway” into Asia)

• Medina & Mecca captured by Umayyad, Medina & Mecca captured by Umayyad, Ottoman and Abbasid EmpiresOttoman and Abbasid Empires– Major Islamic cities!Major Islamic cities!

IndustrializationIndustrialization

• Was a problem for Middle East Was a problem for Middle East because they lacked the resources because they lacked the resources (wood, coal) to fully industrialize (wood, coal) to fully industrialize like like Europe didEurope did

• By the 1800s…By the 1800s…– Europe controlled parts of Northern Europe controlled parts of Northern

Africa & SW AsiaAfrica & SW Asia– Russian empires controlled Central Asia Russian empires controlled Central Asia

(Afghanistan, etc.)(Afghanistan, etc.)

In the 1800s, In the 1800s, there was a there was a rise in a well-rise in a well-educated educated middle classmiddle class

Ideas of Ideas of nationalismnationalism, ,

which is which is a belief a belief in the right of in the right of

an ethnic group an ethnic group to have its own to have its own independenceindependence

Caused ideas of Caused ideas of self-rule/indepeself-rule/independencendence to to emergeemerge

Gaining independenceGaining independence

• WW1 & WW2 WW1 & WW2 European countries European countries weaker weaker had to give up land in had to give up land in North Africa & SW Asia (by 1960s)North Africa & SW Asia (by 1960s)– Some regional economies still under Some regional economies still under

European controlEuropean control– As a result, regional governments As a result, regional governments

seized European propertyseized European property

• Countries in Central Asia, however, Countries in Central Asia, however, gained independence after the fall of gained independence after the fall of the USSR in 1991the USSR in 1991

Arab Israeli Conflict Arab Israeli Conflict TimelineTimeline

• 11stst century: century: Romans expel Jews from homeland; Romans expel Jews from homeland; eventually, Arab Muslims settleeventually, Arab Muslims settle

• Late 1800s:Late 1800s: Jewish persecution abroad Jewish persecution abroad Zionism (belief in returning to homeland)Zionism (belief in returning to homeland)

• 1918:1918: British gain control of Palestine, Jews settle British gain control of Palestine, Jews settle conflict! conflict!

• 1939-1945:1939-1945: WW2 & extermination of 6 million WW2 & extermination of 6 million Jews; western sentiment beginsJews; western sentiment begins

• 1947:1947: United Nations separate Palestine into United Nations separate Palestine into Jewish & Arab StatesJewish & Arab States

• 1948:1948: Brits leave; Jewish leaders declare ISRAEL Brits leave; Jewish leaders declare ISRAEL as Jewish stateas Jewish state

• 1948 & 1967:1948 & 1967: Israelis take Arab (Palestinian) Israelis take Arab (Palestinian) land; Jewish settlements est. in West Bankland; Jewish settlements est. in West Bank

• Because of the Arab-Israeli conflicts, Because of the Arab-Israeli conflicts, many many PalestinianPalestinian Arabs were forced to Arabs were forced to become refugees in other countries. Want become refugees in other countries. Want independent states in independent states in West Bank & Gaza West Bank & Gaza StripStrip

• 1993:1993: Palestinians gain limited self-rule Palestinians gain limited self-rule in exchange for their recognition of in exchange for their recognition of Israel’s right to exist as a nationIsrael’s right to exist as a nation

• 1998:1998: Wye River Agreement. Israelis Wye River Agreement. Israelis agree to withdraw troops from Israeli agree to withdraw troops from Israeli areas in West bank in order to increase areas in West bank in order to increase Palestinian self-rulePalestinian self-rule

Disagreements Disagreements in ’02 halted in ’02 halted movements movements towards towards peacepeace

22ndnd Infitada Infitada (VIOLENCE) (VIOLENCE)

among among PalestiniansPalestinians

Reoccupation by Reoccupation by Israelis of Israelis of Palestinian cities Palestinian cities (i.e.; Israel (i.e.; Israel taking over taking over Palestinian Palestinian cities..again)cities..again)

AfghanistanAfghanistan

• Very ethnically diverse Very ethnically diverse conflict btw foreign conflict btw foreign forces & Afghani rival groupsforces & Afghani rival groups

• 1990s:1990s: Taliban won control of country; Taliban won control of country; criticized for human rights abuses by criticized for human rights abuses by international community (women’s rights, international community (women’s rights, sheltering terrorists)sheltering terrorists)

• 2002:2002: US & Britain begin 1 US & Britain begin 1stst operation of operation of War Against Terrorism; goal to eliminate War Against Terrorism; goal to eliminate terrorist regimes (especially Taliban, who terrorist regimes (especially Taliban, who sheltered Bin Laden, who was responsible for sheltered Bin Laden, who was responsible for 9/11)9/11)– ULTIMATE GOAL: ELIMINATE TERRORISTS!ULTIMATE GOAL: ELIMINATE TERRORISTS!

Iraq/IranIraq/Iran

• Conflicts over resources, esp. water (Conflicts over resources, esp. water ( border conflict)border conflict)

• 1990s:1990s: Iraq invasion of Kuwait oil fields Iraq invasion of Kuwait oil fields (Saddam Hussein) (Saddam Hussein) worldwide embargo worldwide embargo against Iraqagainst Iraq

• Kurds, who are an ethnic group in both Kurds, who are an ethnic group in both countries, still vying for creation of own countries, still vying for creation of own countrycountry– Opposition by ruling governmentsOpposition by ruling governments– Differences between Kurds Differences between Kurds

• Basically, this isn’t happening.Basically, this isn’t happening.

• Countries with monarchs:Countries with monarchs:– UAE, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, JordanUAE, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Jordan

• Countries with Democracies/Republics:Countries with Democracies/Republics:– Israel: Parliamentary Republic (PM & Pres.)Israel: Parliamentary Republic (PM & Pres.)– Afghanistan: part of an Islamic Republic Afghanistan: part of an Islamic Republic

(includes Iran as well)(includes Iran as well)– Palestinian National AuthorityPalestinian National Authority– Iraq (as of 2005…still considered corrupt)Iraq (as of 2005…still considered corrupt)– Libya (as of 2012. Still in transition from Libya (as of 2012. Still in transition from

military occupation)military occupation)