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MODELS OF THE MODELS OF THE STRESS & COPING STRESS & COPING

PROCESSPROCESS


SelyeSelye’’ss ModelModel

SelyeSelye’’ss model is called the Gmodel is called the General Adaption Syndrome eneral Adaption Syndrome or GASor GAS..It is split into three stages. The first stage is the alarm It is split into three stages. The first stage is the alarm stage, where a stressor sets off the body prepares for stage, where a stressor sets off the body prepares for action. action. The second stage is the resistance stage where the body The second stage is the resistance stage where the body focuses its resources to battle the stressor.focuses its resources to battle the stressor.During this stage the body gets weakened as it loses its During this stage the body gets weakened as it loses its resources.resources.The final stage is the exhaustion stage, where the body The final stage is the exhaustion stage, where the body can no longer resist the stressor.can no longer resist the stressor.


LAZARUSLAZARUS’’S MODELS MODEL

Lazarus’s Model differed slightly from Selye’s By working more with humans he came to the conclusion that the stressor, nor the response could define stress, rather it was the individual’s perception and appraisal of the stressor that would create stress.He realized that different individuals would look at an event differently and have different kinds of stress, positive or negative.


Transaction Theory of stress Transaction Theory of stress

Cognitive appraisal of stress is a twoCognitive appraisal of stress is a two--part process which part process which involves a primary appraisal and a secondary appraisal. involves a primary appraisal and a secondary appraisal. Primary appraisal involves the determination of an Primary appraisal involves the determination of an event as stressful. During primary appraisal, the event event as stressful. During primary appraisal, the event or situation can be categorized as irrelevant, beneficial, or situation can be categorized as irrelevant, beneficial, or stressful. If the event is appraised as stressful, the or stressful. If the event is appraised as stressful, the event is then evaluated as either a harm/loss, a threat, event is then evaluated as either a harm/loss, a threat, or a challenge. or a challenge.


The first stage in his model is primary appraisal where The first stage in his model is primary appraisal where the subject analyzes the stressor and determines if it will the subject analyzes the stressor and determines if it will be positive or negative, exciting or harmful, etc. be positive or negative, exciting or harmful, etc. The second stage is secondary appraisal, where the The second stage is secondary appraisal, where the subject determines if he or she can cope with the given subject determines if he or she can cope with the given stressor. stressor. Even if the stressor is determined as harmful in the first Even if the stressor is determined as harmful in the first stage, if the subject decides he or she can cope with it in stage, if the subject decides he or she can cope with it in the second stage, stress will be kept at a minimum.the second stage, stress will be kept at a minimum.


Secondary appraisal occurs after assessment of the Secondary appraisal occurs after assessment of the event as a threat or a challenge. During secondary event as a threat or a challenge. During secondary appraisal the individual now evaluates his or her coping appraisal the individual now evaluates his or her coping resources and options. resources and options. According to the theory of transactions, stress arises According to the theory of transactions, stress arises only when a particular transaction is appraised by the only when a particular transaction is appraised by the person as relevant to his or her wellperson as relevant to his or her well--being. In order for being. In order for an event to be appraised as a stressor, it must be an event to be appraised as a stressor, it must be personally relevant and there must be a perceived personally relevant and there must be a perceived mismatch between a situation's demands and one's mismatch between a situation's demands and one's resources to cope with it. resources to cope with it.


STRESSOR

PRIMARY APPRAISAL

Is this event beneficial,harmful threatening,

Or challenging?

Emotions areGenerated by the

appraisal

SECONDARYAPPRAISAL

Can I cope with the stress?

What are the aAlternatives?

Sorry I can’t cope

I experience a lot of Stress

Yes I can cope

Minimum Stress


GENERAL STRESS MODELGENERAL STRESS MODEL

STRESSOR

VARIOUS STRESSLEVEL

COPING STRATEGIES

EFFECT(+/-) From: Maznah & Rumaya, (2003)


SubjektiefSubjektief--Cognitive Appraisal ModelCognitive Appraisal Model

STRESSOR SUBJECTIVECOGNITIVEAPPRAISAL

EMOTIONAL RESPONSE

PHYSIOLOGICALRESPONSE

BEHAVIORALRESPONSE


Model Penilaian SubjektifModel Penilaian Subjektif--KognitifKognitif

POTENTIALLYSTRESSFUL OBJECTIVEEVENT

A major exam, a big date, trouble withThe boss, or financialSetback, which may lead to frustration,Conflict, change, or pressure

SUBJECTIVE COGNITIVE APPRAISAL

Personalized perceptions of threat, which are Influenced by familiaritywith the event, its

Controllability , itspredictability, and so on

Emotional ResponseAnnoyance, anger,anxiety, fear

PhysiologicalResponseAutonomic arousalHormonal fluctuations

Behavioral ResponseCoping efforts, such as Blaming oneself, seekingHelp, solving problems


Model Model WeitenWeiten, (1994), (1994)

Stressor SubjectiveCognitiveappraisal

Intensity of reactions

Negative adjustment

Positive Adjustment

Resources (Individual, family, community)


Model Matheny, (1986)Model Matheny, (1986)

INDIVIDUALAPPRAISAL

COPING RESOURCES

STRESSOR COPING STRATEGY

STRESS LEVEL


Moos & Swindle (1990)Moos & Swindle (1990)

ModelModel of of stressstress and and copingcoping-- looking as stressorlooking as stressorEnvironmentEnvironment

Ongoing life stressors and social resourcesOngoing life stressors and social resourcesIndividualIndividual

SociodemographicSociodemographic characteristics, personal characteristics, personal resources resources egeg selfself--esteem, intellect, esteem, intellect, copingcoping skills, skills, personal goalspersonal goalsLife eventsLife events

Such as getting married or moving houseSuch as getting married or moving house


Family stressFamily stress

Hill's (1949) ABCHill's (1949) ABC--X model of family stress and X model of family stress and copingcopingDouble ABCX, TDouble ABCX, T--Double ABCX, and Double ABCX, and Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment, Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment, and Adaptation (and Adaptation (McCubbinMcCubbin & & McCubbinMcCubbin, 1989, , 1989, 1993; 1993; McCubbinMcCubbin & Patterson, 1983) & Patterson, 1983) Family Adjustment and Adaptation Response Family Adjustment and Adaptation Response (FAAR) model (Patterson, 1988, 1989). (FAAR) model (Patterson, 1988, 1989).


Model ABCModel ABC--X (Reuben Hill, 1949)X (Reuben Hill, 1949)

AA BB CC XX

Factor X (crisis/ extreme stress) is the Factor X (crisis/ extreme stress) is the result of the interaction between factors result of the interaction between factors A, B, & CA, B, & C


Model ABCModel ABC--X (Reuben Hill, 1949)X (Reuben Hill, 1949)

The stressor-an event that potentially changes the family

structure

Family resources

Perception/Appraisalof the stressor &

resources

Crisis or stress

Critiques

•Too ‘deterministic& linear

•Not comprehensive( as compared to more

recent models


ABCABC--X ModelX Model

Based on Reuben Hill's ABCBased on Reuben Hill's ABC--X Model (1949) which X Model (1949) which focuses on family responses to crisisfocuses on family responses to crisis

Initial focus was WWII familiesInitial focus was WWII familiesA = The eventA = The eventB = The family's resources to handle the eventB = The family's resources to handle the eventC = The definition which the family gives to the eventC = The definition which the family gives to the eventX = The resulting crisisX = The resulting crisis


Result of CrisisResult of Crisis

AdaptationAdaptationBonadaptationBonadaptation

““Good,Good,”” positive adaptationpositive adaptationPositive result to the crisisPositive result to the crisis

MaladaptationMaladaptation““Bad,Bad,”” negative adaptationnegative adaptationUnhealthy or dysfunctional resolution of the crisisUnhealthy or dysfunctional resolution of the crisis


The Double ABCX ModelThe Double ABCX Model((McCubbinMcCubbin, 1983, 1989), 1983, 1989)

BONADAPTATION

MALADAPTATION


The Double ABCX ModelThe Double ABCX Model((McCubbinMcCubbin, 1983, 1989) , 1983, 1989) concon’’tt

a A a A = additional stressors= additional stressorsb Bb B = additional resources= additional resourcesc Cc C = reinterpretations= reinterpretations

Coping strategies can be determined after phase 1Coping strategies can be determined after phase 1Adjustments may be positive or negativeAdjustments may be positive or negative


RollerRoller--Coaster Profile of Adjustment Coaster Profile of Adjustment --4 Stage Model4 Stage Model

Models of StressModels of StressFamilies go through four (4) stages when faced with a crisis: Families go through four (4) stages when faced with a crisis:

CrisisCrisisDisorganizationDisorganizationRecoveryRecoveryReorganizationReorganization. .

AferAfer a crisis, families have to cope with the situation, before theya crisis, families have to cope with the situation, before theyenter into the recovery phase which can be short or long. enter into the recovery phase which can be short or long. Communication skills may improve as familiesCommunication skills may improve as families try to solve try to solve problems (i.e.problems (i.e.--birth of a newborn) or may break down further birth of a newborn) or may break down further (i.e.(i.e.--divorce). divorce).


““Roller CoasterRoller Coaster”” Model: Model: KoosKoos (1946) & Burr & Klein (1994) (1946) & Burr & Klein (1994)


BiopsychosocialBiopsychosocial Model of Stress Model of Stress (Bernard & (Bernard & KrupatKrupat, 1994). , 1994).

Stress involves three components: Stress involves three components: an external componentan external componentan internal componentan internal componentand the interaction between the external and and the interaction between the external and internal components internal components


Multisystem Assessment of Stress Multisystem Assessment of Stress and Health (MASH) Modeland Health (MASH) Model

The MASH Model builds upon previous stress The MASH Model builds upon previous stress research to form a comprehensive research to form a comprehensive biopsychosocialbiopsychosocial model of stress and health model of stress and health ((AldwinAldwin, 1994; Boss, 1989; Doherty & , 1994; Boss, 1989; Doherty & Campbell, 1988). Campbell, 1988). Earlier work in the field of stress concentrated Earlier work in the field of stress concentrated on stress and coping at only one conceptual on stress and coping at only one conceptual level, most often at the personal level or in a level, most often at the personal level or in a work setting (work setting (AldwinAldwin, 1994). , 1994).


The Four Key Coping Resources The Four Key Coping Resources (MASH)(MASH)

(1) Problem Solving (1) Problem Solving ---- the ability to deal directly the ability to deal directly with, with, not avoid, the problems you face and not avoid, the problems you face and make make positive changes to resolve them. positive changes to resolve them. (2) Communication (2) Communication ---- the ability to honestly share the ability to honestly share

thoughts and feelings with others to promote thoughts and feelings with others to promote mutual understanding. mutual understanding.

(3) Closeness (3) Closeness ---- a comfort level with others and the a comfort level with others and the ability to connect with people in your ability to connect with people in your environment. environment.

(4) Flexibility (4) Flexibility ---- an openness and ability to respond an openness and ability to respond to change. to change.


DiathesisDiathesis--stress modelstress model

According to this model a According to this model a mental disordermental disorder(illnesses or diseases that have prominent (illnesses or diseases that have prominent emotional, behavioral, and psychological emotional, behavioral, and psychological symptoms) or other symptoms) or other psychopathologypsychopathology (the (the specific manifestations, morbid or sick specific manifestations, morbid or sick behaviors, thoughts, emotions) occurs when an behaviors, thoughts, emotions) occurs when an individual with a individual with a diathesisdiathesis (a tendency, (a tendency, vulnerability, or predisposition) is exposed to a vulnerability, or predisposition) is exposed to a stressstress. .


The The DiathesisDiathesis--stress modelstress model is a is a psychologicalpsychologicaltheory that explains theory that explains behaviorbehavior as both a result of as both a result of biologicalbiological and and geneticgenetic factors ("nature"), and life factors ("nature"), and life experiences ("nurture"). This theory is often experiences ("nurture"). This theory is often used to describe the pronunciation of used to describe the pronunciation of mental mental disordersdisorders, like , like schizophreniaschizophrenia, that are produced , that are produced by the interaction of a vulnerable hereditary by the interaction of a vulnerable hereditary predisposition, with precipitating events in the predisposition, with precipitating events in the environment.environment.


Genetic vs. EnvironmentGenetic vs. EnvironmentSome mental illnesses are caused mostly by genetic Some mental illnesses are caused mostly by genetic (predisposed) factors while others are primarily learned (predisposed) factors while others are primarily learned (environmental)(environmental)Most mental illnesses, however, are a result of the Most mental illnesses, however, are a result of the combination of genetics and learning.combination of genetics and learning. Whether an individual Whether an individual gets a mental illness or not depends on which factors affect gets a mental illness or not depends on which factors affect them most.them most.

Most likely to get mental illnessesMost likely to get mental illnessesHIGH genetic predispositionHIGH genetic predispositionHIGH amount of stressHIGH amount of stress

Least likely to get mental illnessesLeast likely to get mental illnessesLOW genetic predispositionLOW genetic predispositionLOW amount of stressLOW amount of stress


ConclusionConclusion

Stress (and coping model) can be categorized Stress (and coping model) can be categorized into 3 broad approachinto 3 broad approach1.1. Live events model (objective)Live events model (objective)2.2. Cognitive model (subjective)Cognitive model (subjective)3.3. Stimulus model (interactional)Stimulus model (interactional)4.4. PhasesPhases5. Combination of model5. Combination of model

MODELS OF THE STRESS & COPING PROCESS MODELS.pdf · Transaction Theory of stress ... Resiliency...

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