Models: Macro-Tech 602,1202 &2402 · Models: Macro-Tech ® 602,1202 &2402 Some ... We reserve the...

Models:Macro-Tech® 602, 1202 & 2402

Some models may be exported under the name Amcron.®

127240-207/00

© 2000 by Crown International, Inc., P.O. Box 1000, Elkhart, IN 46515-1000 U.S.A.Telephone: 219-294-8000. Fax: 219-294-8329. Macro-Tech® amplifiers are produced bythe Professional Audio Unit of Crown International, Inc. Trademark Notice: PIP™, PIP2™,SmartAmp™ and Grounded Bridge™ are trademarks and Amcron®, Crown®, Macro-Tech®, IOC®, ODEP®, and IQ System® are registered trademarks of Crown International,Inc. Other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

WORLDWIDESUMMARY OF WARRANTY

The Crown Audio Division of Crown International, Inc., 1718 WestMishawaka Road, Elkhart, Indiana 46517-4095 U.S.A. warrants to you, theORIGINAL PURCHASER and ANY SUBSEQUENT OWNER of eachNEW Crown1 product, for a period of three (3) years from the date ofpurchase by the original purchaser (the “warranty period”) that the newCrown product is free of defects in materials and workmanship, and wefurther warrant the new Crown product regardless of the reason for failure,except as excluded in this Crown Warranty.1 Note: If your unit bears the name “Amcron,” please substitute it for thename “Crown” in this warranty.

ITEMS EXCLUDED FROM THIS CROWN WARRANTYThis Crown Warranty is in effect only for failure of a new Crown productwhich occurred within the Warranty Period. It does not cover any productwhich has been damaged because of any intentional misuse, accident,negligence, or loss which is covered under any of your insurance contracts.This Crown Warranty also does not extend to the new Crown product if theserial number has been defaced, altered, or removed.

WHAT THE WARRANTOR WILL DOWe will remedy any defect, regardless of the reason for failure (except asexcluded), by repair, replacement, or refund. We may not elect refundunless you agree, or unless we are unable to provide replacement, andrepair is not practical or cannot be timely made. If a refund is elected, thenyou must make the defective or malfunctioning product available to us freeand clear of all liens or other encumbrances. The refund will be equal to theactual purchase price, not including interest, insurance, closing costs, andother finance charges less a reasonable depreciation on the product fromthe date of original purchase. Warranty work can only be performed at ourauthorized service centers. We will remedy the defect and ship the productfrom the service center within a reasonable time after receipt of thedefective product at our authorized service center.

HOW TO OBTAIN WARRANTY SERVICEYou must notify us of your need for warranty service not later than ninety(90) days after expiration of the warranty period. All components must beshipped in a factory pack. Corrective action will be taken within areasonable time of the date of receipt of the defective product by ourauthorized service center. If the repairs made by our authorized servicecenter are not satisfactory, notify our authorized service centerimmediately.

DISCLAIMER OF CONSEQUENTIAL AND INCIDENTAL DAMAGESYOU ARE NOT ENTITLED TO RECOVER FROM US ANY INCIDENTALDAMAGES RESULTING FROM ANY DEFECT IN THE NEW CROWNPRODUCT. THIS INCLUDES ANY DAMAGE TO ANOTHER PRODUCTOR PRODUCTS RESULTING FROM SUCH A DEFECT.

WARRANTY ALTERATIONSNo person has the authority to enlarge, amend, or modify this CrownWarranty. This Crown Warranty is not extended by the length of time whichyou are deprived of the use of the new Crown product. Repairs andreplacement parts provided under the terms of this Crown Warranty shallcarry only the unexpired portion of this Crown Warranty.

DESIGN CHANGESWe reserve the right to change the design of any product from time to timewithout notice and with no obligation to make corresponding changes inproducts previously manufactured.

LEGAL REMEDIES OF PURCHASERNo action to enforce this Crown Warranty shall be commenced later thanninety (90) days after expiration of the warranty period.

THIS STATEMENT OF WARRANTY SUPERSEDES ANY OTHERSCONTAINED IN THIS MANUAL FOR CROWN PRODUCTS.

9/90

NORTH AMERICASUMMARY OF WARRANTY

The Crown Audio Division of Crown International, Inc., 1718 West MishawakaRoad, Elkhart, Indiana 46517-4095 U.S.A. warrants to you, the ORIGINALPURCHASER and ANY SUBSEQUENT OWNER of each NEW Crown product,for a period of three (3) years from the date of purchase by the original purchaser(the “warranty period”) that the new Crown product is free of defects in materialsand workmanship. We further warrant the new Crown product regardless of thereason for failure, except as excluded in this Warranty.

ITEMS EXCLUDED FROM THIS CROWN WARRANTYThis Crown Warranty is in effect only for failure of a new Crown product whichoccurred within the Warranty Period. It does not cover any product which hasbeen damaged because of any intentional misuse, accident, negligence, or losswhich is covered under any of your insurance contracts. This Crown Warrantyalso does not extend to the new Crown product if the serial number has beendefaced, altered, or removed.

WHAT THE WARRANTOR WILL DOWe will remedy any defect, regardless of the reason for failure (except asexcluded), by repair, replacement, or refund. We may not elect refund unless youagree, or unless we are unable to provide replacement, and repair is not practicalor cannot be timely made. If a refund is elected, then you must make the defectiveor malfunctioning product available to us free and clear of all liens or otherencumbrances. The refund will be equal to the actual purchase price, notincluding interest, insurance, closing costs, and other finance charges less areasonable depreciation on the product from the date of original purchase.Warranty work can only be performed at our authorized service centers or at thefactory. We will remedy the defect and ship the product from the service centeror our factory within a reasonable time after receipt of the defective product at ourauthorized service center or our factory. All expenses in remedying the defect,including surface shipping costs in the United States, will be borne by us. (Youmust bear the expense of shipping the product between any foreign country andthe port of entry in the United States and all taxes, duties, and other customs feesfor such foreign shipments.)

HOW TO OBTAIN WARRANTY SERVICEYou must notify us of your need for warranty service not later than ninety (90)days after expiration of the warranty period. All components must be shipped ina factory pack, which, if needed, may be obtained from us free of charge.Corrective action will be taken within a reasonable time of the date of receipt ofthe defective product by us or our authorized service center. If the repairs madeby us or our authorized service center are not satisfactory, notify us or ourauthorized service center immediately.

DISCLAIMER OF CONSEQUENTIAL AND INCIDENTAL DAMAGESYOU ARE NOT ENTITLED TO RECOVER FROM US ANY INCIDENTALDAMAGES RESULTING FROM ANY DEFECT IN THE NEW CROWNPRODUCT. THIS INCLUDES ANY DAMAGE TO ANOTHER PRODUCT ORPRODUCTS RESULTING FROM SUCH A DEFECT. SOME STATES DONOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATIONS OF INCIDENTAL ORCONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATION OREXCLUSION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.

WARRANTY ALTERATIONSNo person has the authority to enlarge, amend, or modify this Crown Warranty.This Crown Warranty is not extended by the length of time which you aredeprived of the use of the new Crown product. Repairs and replacement partsprovided under the terms of this Crown Warranty shall carry only the unexpiredportion of this Crown Warranty.

DESIGN CHANGESWe reserve the right to change the design of any product from time to time withoutnotice and with no obligation to make corresponding changes in productspreviously manufactured.

LEGAL REMEDIES OF PURCHASERTHIS CROWN WARRANTY GIVES YOU SPECIFIC LEGAL RIGHTS, YOUMAY ALSO HAVE OTHER RIGHTS WHICH VARY FROM STATE TO STATE.No action to enforce this Crown Warranty shall be commenced later than ninety(90) days after expiration of the warranty period.

THIS STATEMENT OF WARRANTY SUPERSEDES ANY OTHERSCONTAINED IN THIS MANUAL FOR CROWN PRODUCTS.

9/90Telephone: 219-294-8200. Facsimile: 219-294-8301Telephone: 219-294-8200. Facsimile: 219-294-8301

THREE YEARFULL WARRANTY YEAR

3YEAR3

The information furnished in this manual does not include all of the details of design, production, or variations of theequipment. Nor does it cover every possible situation which may arise during installation, operation or mainte-nance. If your unit bears the name “Amcron,” please substitute it for the name “Crown” in this manual. If you needspecial assistance beyond the scope of this manual, please contact our Technical Support Group.

Crown Audio Technical Support GroupPlant 2 SW, 1718 W. Mishawaka Rd., Elkhart, Indiana 46517 U.S.A.

Phone: 800-342-6939 (North America, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands) or 219-294-8200Fax: 219-294-8301 Fax Back (North America only): 800-294-4094 or 219-293-9200

Fax Back (International): 219-294-8100 Internet: http://www.crownaudio.com

IMPORTANTTHE MACRO-TECH 2402 REQUIRES CLASS 1OUTPUT WIRING. THE MACRO-TECH 602 &1202 REQUIRE CLASS 2 OUTPUT WIRING.

Printed onrecycled paper.

The lightning bolttriangle is used toalert the user to therisk of electric shock.

The exclamation pointtriangle is used to alert theuser to important operatingor maintenance instructions.

WARNINGTO REDUCE THE RISK OF ELECTRIC

SHOCK, DO NOT EXPOSE THISEQUIPMENT TO RAIN OR MOISTURE!

Magnetic FieldCAUTION! Do not locate sensitive high-gainequipment such as preamplifiers or tape decksdirectly above or below the unit. Because thisamplifier has a high power density, it has a strongmagnetic field which can induce hum into unshieldeddevices that are located nearby. The field is stron-gest just above and below the unit.

If an equipment rack is used, we recommend locat-ing the amplifier(s) in the bottom of the rack and thepreamplifier or other sensitive equipment at the top.

C A U T I O NRISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK

DO NOT OPEN

TO PREVENT ELECTRIC SHOCK DONOT REMOVE TOP OR BOTTOM

COVERS. NO USER SERVICEABLEPARTS INSIDE. REFER SERVICING TO

QUALIFIED SERVICE PERSONNEL.DISCONNECT POWER CORD BE-FORE REMOVING REAR INPUT

MODULE TO ACCESS GAIN SWITCH.

A V I SRISQUE DE CHOC ÉLECTRIQUE

N’OUVREZ PAS

À PRÉVENIR LE CHOC ÉLECTRIQUEN’ENLEVEZ PAS LES COUVERCLES. IL

N’Y A PAS DES PARTIESSERVICEABLE À L’INTÉRIEUR. TOUS

REPARATIONS DOIT ETRE FAIRE PARPERSONNEL QUALIFIÉ SEULMENT.DÉBRANCHER LA BORNE AVANT

D’OUVRIR LA MODULE EN ARRIÈRE.

Macro-Tech® 602/1202/2402 Power Amplifiers

Reference Manual

Important Safety Instructions

1) Read these instructions.

2) Keep these instructions.

3) Heed all warnings.

4) Follow all instructions.

5) Do not use this apparatus near water.

6) Clean only with a dry cloth.

7) Do not block any ventilation openings. Install in accordancewith the manufacturer’s instructions.

8) Do not install near any heat sources such as radiators, heatregisters, stoves, or other apparatus that produce heat.

9) Do not defeat the safety purpose of the polarized or grounding-type plug. A polarized plug has two blades with one wider thanthe other. A grounding-type plug has two blades and a thirdgrounding prong. The wide blade or the third prong is pro-vided for your safety. If the provided plug does not fit into youroutlet, consult an electrician for replacement of the obsoleteoutlet.

10) Protect the power cord from being walked on or pinched, par-ticularly at plugs, convenience receptacles, and the pointwhere they exit from the apparatus.

11) Only use attachments/accessories specified by the manufac-turer.

12) Use only with a cart, stand, bracket, or table specified by themanufacturer, or sold with the apparatus. When a cart is used,use caution when moving the cart/apparatus combination toavoid injury from tip-over.

13) Unplug this apparatus during lightning storms or when unusedfor long periods of time.

14) Refer all servicing to qualified service personnel. Servicing isrequired when the apparatus has been damaged in any way,such as power-supply cord or plug is damaged, liquid hasbeen spilled or objects have fallen into the apparatus, the ap-paratus has been exposed to rain or moisture, does not oper-ate normally, or has been dropped.

15) To reduce the risk of fire or electric shock, do not expose thisapparatus to rain or moisture.


Reference Manual

CONTENTS1 Welcome ............................................................................ 7

1.1 Unpacking ................................................................... 71.2 Features....................................................................... 7

2 Controls, Indicators & Connectors ................................... 9

3 Installation ....................................................................... 113.1 Mounting ................................................................... 113.2 Cooling ...................................................................... 113.3 Wiring ........................................................................ 12

3.3.1 Stereo (Two-Channel) Operation ...................... 123.3.2 Bridge-Mono Operation ................................... 133.3.3 Parallel-Mono Operation .................................. 143.3.4 Input Connection ............................................. 153.3.5 Output Connection .......................................... 173.3.6 Additional Load Protection ............................... 19

3.4 AC Power Requirements ............................................ 19

4 Operation ......................................................................... 204.1 Precautions ................................................................ 204.2 Indicators................................................................... 204.3 Protection Systems .................................................... 22

4.3.1 ODEP .............................................................. 224.3.2 Standby Mode ................................................. 224.3.3 Transformer Thermal Protection ....................... 224.3.4 Fuses and Circuit Breakers .............................. 23

4.4 Controls ..................................................................... 234.5 Filter Cleaning ............................................................ 24

5 Technical Information...................................................... 255.1 Overview ................................................................... 255.2 Circuit Theory ............................................................ 25

5.2.1 Stereo Operation ............................................. 255.2.2 Bridge-Mono Operation ................................... 275.2.3 Parallel-Mono Operation .................................. 27

6 Specifications .................................................................. 28

7 AC Power Draw & Thermal Dissipation ........................... 37

8 Accessories ..................................................................... 398.1 PIP and PIP2 Modules ................................................ 398.2 Cooling Fan Options .................................................. 418.3 Level Control Security Kit ........................................... 41

9 Service ............................................................................. 429.1 Worldwide Service ..................................................... 429.2 North American Service ............................................. 42

9.2.1 Service at a N. American Service Center ......... 429.2.2 Factory Service ............................................... 42


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ILLUSTRATIONS1.1 Macro-Tech Amplifier ................................................................ 72.1 Front Panel Controls & Indicators ............................................... 92.2 Rear Panel Controls & Connectors .......................................... 103.1 Mounting Dimensions .............................................................. 113.2 Top View of a Rack-Mounted Unit ............................................ 113.3 Proper Air Flow in a Rack Cabinet ........................................... 113.4 Stereo Wiring .......................................................................... 123.5 Bridge-Mono Wiring ................................................................ 133.6 Parallel-Mono Wiring ............................................................... 143.7 Unbalanced Input Wiring......................................................... 153.8 Balanced Input Wiring ............................................................. 153.9 Balanced and Unbalanced Phone Plugs ................................. 153.10 Infrasonic Filter Capacitors ...................................................... 163.11 Unbalanced RFI Filters ............................................................ 163.12 Balanced RFI Filters ................................................................ 163.13 Wire Size Nomograph ............................................................. 173.14 Inductive Load (Transformer) Network ..................................... 183.15 Loudspeaker Fuse Nomograph ............................................... 194.1 Indicators ................................................................................ 204.2 Macro-Tech ODEP and Signal/IOC Indicator States ................. 214.3 Input Sensitivity and Ground Lift Switches ............................... 235.1 Circuit Block Diagram ............................................................. 266.1 Macro-Tech 602 Minimum Power Matrix .................................. 306.2 Macro-Tech 1202 Minimum Power Matrix ................................ 316.3 Macro-Tech 2402 Minimum Power Matrix ................................ 316.4 Macro-Tech 602 Maximum Power Matrix ................................. 326.5 Macro-Tech 1202 Maximum Power Matrix ............................... 336.6 Macro-Tech 2402 Maximum Power Matrix ............................... 336.7 Typical Frequency Response .................................................. 346.8 Typical Damping Factor .......................................................... 346.9 Typical Output Impedance ...................................................... 346.10 Typical Phase Response ......................................................... 356.11 Typical Crosstalk for the Macro-Tech 602 ................................. 356.12 Typical Crosstalk for the Macro-Tech 1202 ............................... 366.13 Typical Crosstalk for the Macro-Tech 2402 ............................... 367.1 Macro-Tech 602 Power Draw, Current Draw and

Thermal Dissipation at Various Duty Cycles ............................. 377.2 Macro-Tech 1202 Power Draw, Current Draw and

Thermal Dissipation at Various Duty Cycles ............................. 387.3 Macro-Tech 2402 Power Draw, Current Draw and

Thermal Dissipation at Various Duty Cycles ............................. 388.1 PIP2 Adapter Connection ........................................................ 398.2 Installing a PIP Module ............................................................ 398.3 Installing a PIP2 Module .......................................................... 398.4 Installing a Level Control Shaft Lock ........................................ 41


Reference Manual

1 WelcomeCongratulations on your purchase of the renownedMacro-Tech® professional power amplifier. Macro-Techamplifiers are designed to provide enormous levels ofpure, undistorted power in a rugged low-profile pack-age—making them the choice for pro sound reinforce-ment. They utilize our patented ODEP® protectioncircuitry to keep the show going long after other ampli-fiers have shut down. And with their PIP™ expandability,Macro-Tech amplifiers can be easily customized withone of our many optional input modules (see Section 8for a list of available PIPs).

This manual will help you successfully install and useyour new amplifier. Please read all instructions, warn-ings and cautions. Be sure to read Sections 3.3.2 and3.3.3 if you plan to use one of the amplifier’s two monomodes. Also for your protection, please send in yourwarranty registration card today and save your bill ofsale because it is your official proof of purchase.

1.1 UnpackingPlease unpack and inspect your new amplifier for anydamage that may have occurred during transit. If dam-age is found, notify the transportation company imme-diately. Only you, the consignee, may initiate a claim forshipping damage. Crown will be happy to cooperatefully as needed. Save the shipping carton as evidenceof damage for the shipper’s inspection.

Even if the unit arrived in perfect condition, as most do,save all packing materials so you will have them if youever need to transport the unit. NEVER SHIP THE UNITWITHOUT THE FACTORY PACK.

1.2 FeaturesMacro-Tech amplifiers use cutting edge technology todeliver the ultimate in power and value for their size,weight and price. They offer numerous advantages overconventional designs and provide benefits you can’t getin amplifiers from any other manufacturer.

Here are some of their many features:

Crown’s Grounded Bridge™ design delivers large voltageswings without using easily stressed output-transistor con-figurations like conventional amplifiers. The results arelower distortion and superior reliability.

Patented ODEP (Output Device Emulation Protection) cir-cuitry compensates for overheating and overload to keepthe amplifier working when others would fail.

IOC ® (Input/Output Comparator) circuitry immediatelyalerts of any distortion exceeding 0.05%, providing dy-namic proof of distortion-free performance.

PIP (Programmable Input Processor) connector acceptsaccessories that tailor the amplifier to suit specific appli-cations.

Enhanced PIP2™™™™™ (Programmable Input Processor)connector accepts new accessory modules that furthertailor the amplifier to suit specific applications,including wideband load current monitoring.....

Two mono modes (Bridge-Mono and Parallel-Mono) fordriving a wide range of load impedances.

Very low harmonic and intermodulation distortion result inthe best dynamic transfer function in the industry.

High damping factor provides superior control over low-frequency drivers for a clean, accurate low end.

Full protection against shorted outputs, mismatchedloads, input/output DC, general overheating, high-fre-quency overloads and internal faults.

Dedicated power supply transformers isolate channels inStereo mode for superb crosstalk characteristics and reli-ability—each channel is virtually a separate amplifier.

Balanced inputs with internal three-position sensitivity

Fig. 1.1 Macro-Tech Amplifier


Reference Manual

switch and adjustable front-panel level controls.

Versatile 5-way binding posts make it easy to connectoutput wiring.

Full protection from shorted, open and mismatchedloads, general overheating. DC, high-frequency over-loads, and full internal fault protection are provided byour latest protection scheme: “Quad-Mute.”

Efficient heat sinks and a self-contained forced-air cool-ing system dissipate heat quickly and evenly for extraamplifier protection and greater power output.

Extra rugged, extruded aluminum front panel with ODEPand signal presence/IOC indicators for each channel,and an Enable indicator.

Mounts in a standard 19-inch (48.3-cm) equipment rack(units can also be stacked).

Three-Year, No-Fault, Full warranty completely protectsyour investment and guarantees its specifications.


Reference Manual

Fig. 2.1 Front Panel Controls & Indicators

2 Controls, Indicators &ConnectorsA. Dust FiltersThe dust filters remove large particles from the air drawnin by the cooling fan. Check the filters regularly to pre-vent clogging. The filter elements can be easily re-moved for cleaning by gently pulling them away fromthe front panel (see Sections 3.2 and 4.5).

B. Level ControlsThe output level for each channel is set with these con-venient level controls mounted on the front panel. Eachlevel control has 31 detents for precise adjustment (seeSection 4.4). A security option is available to preventtampering (see Section 8.3).

C. Signal/IOC IndicatorsThese green multifunction indicators show signal pres-ence and distortion for each channel. As signal pres-ence indicators, they flash synchronously with theoutput audio signals to show their presence. As IOC(Input/Output Comparator) indicators, they flashbrightly with a 0.1 second hold delay if there is a differ-ence of 0.05% or more between the input and outputsignal waveforms. This provides proof of distortion-freeperformance. Note: The Channel 2 IOC indicator stayson in Parallel-Mono mode (see Section 4.2).

D. ODEP IndicatorsDuring normal operation of the ODEP (Output DeviceEmulation Protection) circuitry, these amber indicatorsglow brightly to show the presence of reserve thermal-dynamic energy. They dim proportionally as energy re-serves decrease. In the rare event that energy reserves

are depleted, the indicators turn off and ODEP propor-tionally limits output drive so the amplifier can safelycontinue operating even under severe conditions.These indicators can also help identify more unusualoperating conditions (see Section 4.2).

E. Enable IndicatorThis indicator lights when the amplifier has been “en-abled” or turned on, and AC power is available (seeSection 4.2).

F. Enable SwitchThis push button is used to turn the amplifier on and off.When turned on, the output is muted for approximatelyfour seconds to protect your system from start-up tran-sients. (This delay can be changed. Contact Crown’sTechnical Support Group for details.)

G. Power CordThe power cord has an appropriate plug for the requiredvoltage. 120 VAC, 60 Hz North American Macro-Tech602s and 1202s have 14 AWG line cords and NEMA 5-15P plugs. Macro-Tech 2402s have 12 AWG line cordsand NEMA 5-20P plugs. International units are shippedwith an appropriate line cord and plug. See Section 7for AC power usage.

H. Stereo/Mono SwitchThe three operating modes of a Macro-Tech amplifierare controlled by this switch. Stereo mode is used fornormal two-channel operation, Bridge-Mono mode isused to drive a single channel with a load impedance ofat least 4 ohms, and Parallel-Mono mode is used to


Reference Manual

Fig. 2.2 Rear Panel Controls & Connectors (Note: Reset Switches (Item I) only available on the Macro-Tech 2402 model.)

drive a single channel with an impedance less than 4ohms. Important: Turn off the amplifier before chang-ing the stereo/mono switch (see Section 3.3).

I. Reset Switches (Macro-Tech 2402 only)The Macro-Tech 2402 has a back panel Reset switchfor each channel. Each switch resets the circuit breakerthat protects the channel’s power supply from overload.

J. PIP ModuleThe standard PIP2-FXQ is included with your amplifier.It provides female three-pin XLR input connectors. Avariety of other PIP modules can be used in place of thePIP2-FXQ. They add additional features that customizethe amplifier for different applications (see Section 8.1for information on available PIP modules).

Input Sensitivity Switch (not shown)The three-position input sensitivity switch located insidethe amplifier can be set after removing the PIP module(J). It is set at the factory to 0.775 volts for standard 1-kHz output into 8 ohms. It can also be set to 1.4 volts forstandard 1-kHz output into 8 ohms, or a fixed voltagegain of 26 dB (see Section 4.4).

K. Balanced Phone Jack InputsBalanced 1/4-inch phone jack input connectors are pro-vided on the PIP2-FXQ. The phone jacks can be wiredfor either balanced (tip, ring and sleeve) or unbalanced

(tip and sleeve) input signals. Caution: The Channel 2input should NOT be used in either Bridge Mono orParallel Mono mode.

L. Balanced XLR InputsThe factory-installed PIP2-FXQ provides a three-pin fe-male XLR connector for balanced input to each chan-nel. The XLR inputs are connected in parallel with theamplifier’s phone jack inputs. Because the PIP2-FXQdoes not have any active circuitry, its XLR connectorscan also be used as “daisy chain” outputs to connectsignals from phone jack inputs to multiple amplifiers(see Section 3.3.4). Caution: The Channel 2 inputshould NOT be used in either Bridge Mono or Paral-lel Mono mode.

M. Output JacksA pair of versatile 5-way binding posts is provided forthe output of each channel. The 5-way binding postsaccept banana plugs, spade lugs or bare wire. (Euro-pean models do not accept banana plugs.)

N. Input Ground Lift SwitchThe input ground lift switch is located on the PIP2-FXQ.It is used to isolate the input signal grounds from the AC(chassis) ground to help prevent ground loops that canresult in unwanted hum and noise (see Section 3.3.4 formore information about preventing ground loops).


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If the air supply is unusually dusty, you might want topre-filter it using commercial furnace filters to preventrapid loading of the unit’s own air filter. When needed,the unit’s filter can be cleaned with mild dish detergentand water (see Section 4.5).

BLOWER(OPTION 2)

BLOWER(OPTION 1)

AIRFLOW

FRONTOF

RACK

DOOR

AIRFLOW

EQUIPMENTRACK

(SIDE VIEW)

Fig. 3.3 Proper Air Flow in a Rack Cabinet

3 Installation3.1 MountingMacro-Tech amplifiers are designed for standard19-inch (48.3-cm) rack mounting and “stack” mountingwithout a cabinet. For more efficient cooling and extrasupport in a rack, it is recommended that units bestacked directly on top of each other.

Important: If the unit will be transported, it should alsobe securely supported at the back of the rack.

Fig. 3.2 Top View of a Rack-Mounted Unit

AIRFLOW

AIR FLOW

AMPLIFIER(TOP VIEW)

RACKCABINET

16 in40.6 cm

2 in(5 cm)MIN.

IMPORTANT: Be sure rear of amplifieris securely mounted to rack.

17 in43.2 cm

AIRFLOW

3.2 CoolingNEVER block the side or front air vents. Macro-Techamplifiers do not need to be mounted with space be-tween them. If you must leave open spaces in a rack forany reason, close them with blank panels to prevent airfrom recycling into the front of other amplifiers. Allow atleast 35 cubic feet (1 cubic meter) per minute per unitfor the Macro-Tech 602 and 1202, and at least 45 cubicfeet (1.3 cubic meters) per minute per unit for theMacro-Tech 2402. Additional air flow may be requiredwhen driving low impedance loads at consistently highoutput levels. Refer to Section 7 for detailed informationon thermal dissipation.

Fig. 3.1 Mounting Dimensions

When mounting the amplifier in a rack, the side walls ofthe rack should be at least 2 inches (5 cm) away fromthe chassis as shown in Figure 3.2.

Tip: An easy way to verify adequate cooling is to ob-serve the ODEP indicators while the amplifier is operat-ing under worst-case conditions. If the indicators dim,additional cooling is recommended.

If your rack has a front door that could block air flow tothe amplifier’s air intakes, you must provide adequateair flow by installing a grille in the door or by pressuriz-ing the air behind the door. Wire grilles are recom-mended over perforated panels because they tend tocause less air restriction. A good choice for pressuriz-ing the air behind a rack cabinet door is to mount a“squirrel cage” blower inside the rack (Option 1 below).At the bottom of the rack, mount the blower so it blowsoutside air into the space between the door and in frontof the amplifiers, pressurizing the “chimney” behind thedoor. This blower should not blow air into or take air outof the space behind the amplifiers. For racks without adoor, you can evacuate the rack by mounting the blowerat the top of the rack so that air inside the cabinet isdrawn out the back (Option 2 below).


Reference Manual

3.3 WiringThis section describes the most common ways to in-stall your amplifier in a sound system. The input andoutput terminals are located on the back panel. Pleaseuse care when making connections, selecting signalsources and controlling the output level. The load yousave may be your own! Crown assumes no liability fordamaged loads resulting from careless amplifier use ordeliberate overpowering.

CAUTION: Always remove power from the unit andturn the level controls off while making or changingconnections. This is very important when loudspeak-ers are connected because it reduces the chance ofloud blasts that can cause loudspeaker damage.

Macro-Tech amplifiers may be operated in one of threemodes (Stereo, Bridge-Mono, and Parallel-Mono) byswitching the stereo/mono switch on the back panel.There are VERY IMPORTANT wiring differences amongthese three modes which will be discussed next.

Fig. 3.4 Stereo Wiring

3.3.1 Stereo (Two-Channel) OperationIn Stereo mode, installation is very intuitive: input Chan-nel 1 feeds output Channel 1, and input Channel 2 feedsoutput Channel 2. To put the amplifier in Stereo mode,first turn off the amplifier, then slide the stereo/monoswitch to the center position, and properly connect theoutput wiring as shown in Figure 3.4. A pair of 5-waybinding posts is provided for each channel to facilitateeasy connection of loudspeaker wires. Observe correctloudspeaker polarity and be very careful not to shortthe two outputs.

CAUTION: In Stereo mode, never parallel the twooutputs by directly tying them together, and neverparallel them with the output of another amplifier.Such a connection does not result in increased poweroutput, but may result in overheating and prematureactivation of the protection circuitry.

Note: A method for paralleling multiple amplifiers for fail-safe redundancy is available from Crown’s TechnicalSupport Group.


Reference Manual

3.3.2 Bridge-Mono OperationBridge-Mono mode is intended for driving loads with atotal impedance of 4 ohms or more (If the load is lessthan 4 ohms, see Section 3.3.3). Installing the amplifierin Bridge-Mono mode is very different from the othermodes and requires special attention.

To put the amplifier in Bridge-Mono mode, turn the am-plifier off and slide the stereo/mono switch to the right(as you face the back of the amplifier). Both outputsreceive the signal from Channel 1 with the output ofChannel 2 inverted so it can be bridged with the Chan-nel 1 output. DO NOT USE THE CHANNEL 2 INPUT orthe signal level and quality may be greatly degraded.Keep the Channel 2 level control turned down com-pletely (counterclockwise).

Note: The input jack and level control of Channel 2 are

Fig. 3.5 Bridge-Mono Wiring

not defeated in Bridge-Mono mode. Any signal fed intoChannel 2 will work against and add to or distort thesignal in Channel 1.

Connect the load across the Channel 1 and 2 red bind-ing posts with the positive lead from the load attachingto the red post of Channel 1 and the negative lead of theload attaching to the red post of Channel 2 as shown inFigure 3.5. THE TWO BLACK BINDING POSTS ARENOT USED AND SHOULD NOT BE SHORTED. Theload must be balanced (neither side shorted to ground).

CAUTION: Be certain all equipment (meters,switches, etc.) connected to the mono output is bal-anced. To prevent oscillations, both sides of the linemust be isolated from the input grounds.


Reference Manual

Fig. 3.6 Parallel-Mono Wiring

3.3.3 Parallel-Mono OperationParallel-Mono mode is intended for driving loads with anet impedance of less than 4 ohms. (See Bridge-Monoif the load is 4 ohms or greater.) Installing the amp inParallel-Mono mode is very different from the othermodes and requires special attention.

CAUTION: Do not attempt to operate in Stereo orBridge-Mono mode until the Parallel-Mono jumperis first removed. Failure to do so will result in highdistortion and excessive heating.

To put the amplifier in Parallel-Mono mode, turn it offand slide the stereo/mono switch to the left (as you facethe back panel). Connect the input signal to Channel 1only. The Channel 2 input and level control are by-

passed in this mode, so they should not be used.

Note: It is normal for the IOC indicator of Channel 2 toremain lit in Parallel-Mono mode.

Install a jumper wire between the red binding posts ofboth Channel 1 and 2 that is at least 14 gauge in size.Then, connect the load to the output of Channel 1 asshown in Figure 3.6. The positive lead from the loadconnects to the red binding post of Channel 1 and thenegative lead from the load connects to the black bind-ing post of Channel 1.

CAUTION: Remove the jumper wire before chang-ing to Stereo or Bridge-Mono mode.


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3.3.4 Input ConnectionBoth the balanced XLR and phone jack inputs have anominal impedance of 20 k ohms (10 k ohms with un-balanced wiring) and will accept the line-level output ofmost devices. Female three-pin XLR input connectorsand 1/4-inch jacks are provided on the standardPIP2-FXQ input module (other PIP modules are de-scribed in Section 8.1). Correct input wiring will dependon two factors: (1) whether the input signals are bal-anced or unbalanced, and (2) whether the signal source

Fig. 3.7 Unbalanced Input Wiring

Fig. 3.9 Balanced and Unbalanced Phone Plugs

Fig. 3.8 Balanced Input Wiring

floats or has a ground reference. Figures 3.7 and 3.8show the recommended connection techniques foreach type of signal source.

The amplifier’s built-in 1/4-inch phone jack input connec-tors can be wired similarly for balanced or unbalanced,floating or ground-referenced sources. They have astandard tip-ring-sleeve (TRS) configuration: the tip ispositive (+), the ring is negative (–) and the sleeve ischassis (see Figure 3.9). Wiring for various sources fol-lows the XLR wiring guidelines shown in Figures 3.7and 3.8.


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Please follow the instruction in Section 3.3.2 and 3.3.3 ifthe amplifier will be used in either Bridge-Mono or Par-allel-Mono mode. Remember, do not use the Channel 2input in either of these mono modes.

SOLVING INPUT PROBLEMSSometimes large infrasonic (subaudible) frequenciesare present in the input signal. These can damage loud-speakers by overloading or overheating them. To at-

Input Wiring Tips

1. Use only shielded cable. Cables withhigher density shields are better. Spiralwrapped shield is not recommended.

2. When using unbalanced lines, keep thecables as short as possible. Avoid cablelengths greater than 10 feet (3 meters).

3. Do not run signal cables together withhigh-level wiring such as loudspeaker wiresor AC cords. This greatly lessens the chanceof hum or noise being induced into the inputcables.

4. Turn the entire system off before changingconnections. Turn level controls downcompletely before powering the system backup. Crown is not liable for damage incurredwhen any transducer or component isoverdriven.

+

–

Balanced In

910 Ω

.003Fµ

.015Fµ

.018Fµ

1.8 mH

2.5 mH

A

C

B

.015Fµ

1.8 mH

D

Balanced Out

+

–910 Ω

1.8 mH

2.5 mH

1.8 mH

+

–

Balanced In Balanced Out

+

–

+

–


+

–

+

–


+

–

0.47 Film

0.47 Film

Fig. 3.12 Balanced RFI Filters1 Hz 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz

dB

0

–5

–10

–15

1 Fµ .1 Fµ.05 F .01 Fµ µ

Frequency

Fig. 3.10 Infrasonic Filter Capacitors

tenuate such frequencies, place a capacitor in serieswith the input signal line. The graph in Figure 3.10shows some capacitor values and how they affect thefrequency response. Use only low-leakage paper, mylaror tantalum capacitors.

Another problem to avoid is the presence of large lev-els of radio frequencies or RF in the input signal. Al-though high RF levels may not pose a threat to theamplifier, they can burn out tweeters or other loads thatare sensitive to high frequencies. Extremely high RF lev-els can also cause your amplifier to prematurely acti-vate its protection circuitry, resulting in inefficient

4 kHz 10 kHz 40 kHz 100 kHz

Frequency

dB

0

–10

–20

A

B

C

6 dB/octave

12 dB/octave

ToAmp

GND

ToAmp

GND

ToAmp

GND

Source

1.8 K ohm

.003Fµ

.015Fµ

.018Fµ

3.9 mH

5 mH

600 ohmSource

R

600 ohmSource

R

A

C

B

Note: A low source impedance (R) can beincreased to 600 ohms with an appropriate resistor.

Fig. 3.11 Unbalanced RFI Filters

operation. RF can be introduced into the signal by localradio stations and from the bias signal of many taperecorders. To prevent high levels of input RF, install anappropriate low-pass filter in series with the the input

signal. Some examples of unbalanced wiring for low-pass filters are shown in Figure 3.11.

For balanced input wiring use one of the examples inFigure 3.12. Filters A, B and C correspond to the unbal-anced filters above. Filter D also incorporates the infra-sonic filter described previously.

A third problem to avoid is hum. The two most commonsources of hum in an audio system are inductive cou-pling and ground loops.

Inductive coupling can occur when input cables are


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subjected to a magnetic field from a power cord orpower transformer. One way to prevent inductive cou-pling is to lace the input cables together along theirlength and route them as far away as possible frompower transformers and power cords. The use ofshielded pair cable is another effective way to reduceor eliminate hum resulting from inductive coupling.

Input and output grounds are sometimes tied togetherfor testing or metering. This can cause feedback oscil-lation from load current in the test loop. In some sys-tems, even the AC power line may provide thisfeedback path. Proper grounding, input isolation andisolation of common AC devices in the system is goodpractice.

gauge (thickness) for the length being used. The resis-tance introduced by inadequate loudspeaker cableswill reduce both the output power and the motion con-

Use Good Output Connectors

1. To prevent possible shorts, do not exposethe loudspeaker cable connectors.

2. Do not use connectors that might acci-dentally tie two channels together when mak-ing or breaking connections (for example, astandard three-wire stereo phone plug).

3. Connectors that can be plugged into ACpower receptacles should never be used.

4. Connectors with low current-carrying ca-pacity should not be used.

5. Connectors with any tendency to shortshould never be used.

3.3.5 Output ConnectionConsider the power-handling capacity of your load be-fore connecting it to the amplifier. Crown is not liable fordamage incurred at any time due to overpowering. Fus-ing loudspeaker lines is highly recommended (see Sec-tion 3.3.6). Also, please pay close attention to theprecautions provided in Section 4.1.

HOW TO DETERMINEAPPROPRIATE WIRE GAUGE

It is important to use loudspeaker cables with sufficient

40

30

20

15

10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

2

5

10

20

50

100

.04

.06

.1

.2

.4

.6

1

2

4

6

10

20

40

5

10

20

50

1

2

100

200

500

1000

2000

5000

8000

5000

1000

500

100

50

10

5

1

.5

.1

.05

.01

#28

#26

#24

#22

#20

#18

#16

#14

#12

#10

#8

#6

#4

#2

#0#00#0000

R

LOAD

RESISTANCE

(ohms)

L

R

R

DAMPING

FACTOR

L

S

R

SOURCE

RESISTANCE

(ohms)

S

2-COND.

CABLE

(feet)

COPPER

WIRE

(AWG)(ohms/1000 ft.)

Example Shown:R = 8 ohms; R = 0.016 ohms or D.F. = 500;Cable Length = 10 ft.; answer: #8 wire

L S

1

0.5

200

500

1,000

2,000

20,000

5,000

10,000

.01

.001

.02

.004

.006

.002

.0004

.0006

.0002

0.6

0.7

0.8

1.5

0.9

Fig. 3.13 Wire Size Nomograph


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trol of the loudspeakers. The latter problem occurs be-cause the damping factor decreases as the cable re-sistance increases. This is very important because theamplifier’s excellent damping factor can easily be ne-gated by insufficient loudspeaker cables.

Use the nomograph in Figure 3.13 and the procedurethat follows to find the recommended wire gauge (AWGor American Wire Gauge) for your system.

1. Note the load resistance of the loudspeakers connectedto each channel of the amplifier. Mark this value on the“Load Resistance” line of the nomograph.

2. Select an acceptable damping factor and mark it on the“Damping Factor” line. Your amplifier can provide an excel-lent damping factor of 1,000 from 10 to 400 Hz in Stereomode with an 8-ohm load. In contrast, typical damping fac-tors are 50 or lower. Higher damping factors yield lower dis-tortion and greater motion control over the loudspeakers. Acommon damping factor for commercial applications is be-tween 50 and 100. Higher damping factors may be desir-able for live sound, but long cable lengths often limit thehighest damping factor that can be achieved practically.(Under these circumstances, Crown’s IQ System® is oftenused so amplifiers can be monitored and controlled whenthey are located very near the loudspeakers.) In recordingstudios and home hi-fi, a damping factor of 500 or more isvery desirable.

3. Draw a line through the two points with a pencil, andcontinue until it intersects the “Source Resistance” line.

4. On the “2-Cond. Cable” line, mark the length of thecable run.

5. Draw a pencil line from the mark on the “Source Resis-tance” line through the mark on the “2-Cond. Cable” line,and on to intersect the “Annealed Copper Wire” line.

6. The required wire gauge for the selected wire length anddamping factor is the value on the “Annealed Copper Wire”line. Note: Wire size increases as the AWG gets smaller.

7. If the size of the cable exceeds what you want to use,(1) find a way to use shorter cables, like using the IQ Sys-tem, (2) settle for a lower damping factor, or (3) use morethan one cable for each line. Options 1 and 2 will require thesubstitution of new values for cable length or damping factorin the nomograph. For option 3, estimate the effective wiregauge by subtracting 3 from the apparent wire gauge everytime the number of conductors of equal gauge is doubled.So, if #10 wire is too large, two #13 wires can be substituted,or four #16 wires can be used for the same effect.

SOLVING OUTPUT PROBLEMSSometimes high-frequency oscillations occur whichcan cause your amplifier to prematurely activate its pro-tection circuitry and result in inefficient operation. Theeffects of this problem are similar to the effects of the RF

problem described in Section 3.3.4. To prevent high-frequency oscillations:

1. Lace together the loudspeaker conductors foreach channel; do not lace together the conduc-tors from different channels. This minimizes thechance that cables will act like antennas andtransmit or receive high frequencies that cancause oscillation.

2. Avoid using shielded loudspeaker cable.

3. Avoid long cable runs where the loudspeakercables from different amplifiers share a commoncable tray or cable jacket.

4. Never connect the amplifier’s input and outputgrounds together.

5. Never tie the outputs of multiple amplifiers to-gether.

6. Keep loudspeaker cables well separated frominput cables.

7. Install a low-pass filter on each input line (similarto the RF filters described in Section 3.3.4).

8. Install input wiring according to the instructionsin Section 3.3.4.

Another problem to avoid is the presence of large sub-sonic currents when primarily inductive loads areused. Examples of inductive loads are 70-volt trans-formers and electrostatic loudspeakers.

Inductive loads can appear as a short circuit at low fre-quencies. This can cause the amplifier to produce largelow-frequency currents and activate its protection cir-cuitry. Always take the precaution of installing a high-pass filter in series with the amplifier’s input wheninductive loads are used. A 3-pole, 18-dB-per-octavefilter with a –3 dB frequency of 50 Hz is recommended(depending on the application, an even higher –3 dBfrequency may be desirable). Such a filter is describedwith infrasonic frequency problems in Section 3.3.4.

Fig. 3.14 Inductive Load (Transformer) Network

4-ohm, 20-wattResistor

590 to 708 µF Capacitor120 VAC, N.P.

+

–

InductiveLoad

+

–

FromAmplifierOutput


Reference Manual

Another way to prevent the amplifier from prematurelyactivating its protection systems and to protect induc-tive loads from large low-frequency currents is to con-nect a 590 to 708 µF nonpolarized capacitor and 4-ohm,20-watt resistor in series with the amplifier’s output andthe positive (+) lead of the transformer. The circuitshown in Figure 3.14 uses components that are avail-able from most electronic supply stores.

3.3.6 Additional Load ProtectionMacro-Tech amplifiers generate enormous power. Ifyour loudspeakers do not have built-in protection fromexcessive power, it’s a good idea to protect them. Loud-speakers are subject to thermal damage from sustainedoverpowering and mechanical damage from large tran-sient voltages. Special fuses can be used to protectyour loudspeakers in both cases.

Fig. 3.15 Loudspeaker Fuse Nomograph

Two different types of fuses are required for thermal pro-tection and voltage protection. Slow-blow fuses are usu-ally selected to protect loudspeakers from thermaldamage because they are similar to loudspeakers inthe way they respond to thermal conditions over time. Incontrast, high-speed instrument fuses like the Littlefuse361000 series are used to protect loudspeakers fromlarge transient voltages. The nomograph in Figure 3.15can be used to select the properly rated fuse for eithertype of loudspeaker protection.

There are basically two approaches that can be takenwhen installing fuses for loudspeaker protection. A com-mon approach is to put a single fuse in series with theoutput of each channel. This makes installation conve-nient because there is only one fuse protecting the loadson each output. The main disadvantage of this approachbecomes obvious if the fuse blows because none of theloads will receive any power.

A better approach is to fuse each driver independently.This allows you to apply the most appropriate protec-tion for the type of driver being used. In general, low-frequency drivers (woofers) are most susceptible tothermal damage and high-frequency drivers (tweeters)are usually damaged by large transient voltages. Thismeans that your loudspeakers will tend to have betterprotection when the woofers are protected by slow-blowfuses and high-frequency drivers are protected by high-speed instrument fuses.

3.4 AC Power RequirementsAll Macro-Tech amplifiers are shipped with an appropri-ate line cord. When possible, use a power receptacleon a dedicated circuit and always make sure that it cansupply the correct voltage and current. We do not rec-ommend operating your amplifier on voltages greaterthan 10% above or below the unit’s rated voltage. Forexample, if your amplifer is rated for 120 VAC, the linevoltage should not exceed 132 VAC. See Section 7 forpower requirements under a variety of conditions.

All specifications in this manual were measured using120 VAC, 60 Hz power, unless otherwise noted. Specifi-cations were derived using a voltage that is accurate towithin 0.5% with THD less than 1.0% under all testingconditions. Performance variations can occur at otherAC voltages and frequencies. In addition, line regula-tion problems directly affect the output power from theamplifier.


Reference Manual

4 Operation4.1 PrecautionsMacro-Tech amplifiers are protected from internal andexternal faults, but you should still take the follow pre-cautions for optimum performance and safety:

1. Improper wiring for Stereo, Bridge-Mono andParallel-Mono modes can result in serious oper-ating difficulties. Refer to Section 3.3 for details.

2. WARNING: Do not change the position of thestereo/mono switch unless the amplifier is firstturned off.

3. CAUTION: In Parallel-Mono mode, a jumper isused between the red (+) Channel 1 and 2 outputbinding posts. Be sure to remove this jumper forStereo or Bridge-Mono mode, otherwise highdistortion and excessive heating will definitelyoccur. Check the stereo/mono switch on the backpanel for proper position.

4. Turn off the amplifier and unplug it from the ACmains before removing the PIP module.

5. Use care when making connections, selecting sig-nal sources and controlling the output level. Theload you save may be your own.

6. Do not short the ground lead of an output cable tothe input signal ground. This may form a groundloop and cause oscillations.

7. Operate the amplifier from AC mains of not morethan 10% variation above or below the selected linevoltage and only the specified line frequency.

8. Never connect the output to a power supply out-put, battery or power main. Such connections mayresult in electrical shock.

9. Tampering with the circuitry by unqualified person-nel, or making unauthorized circuit changes invali-dates the warranty.

Remember: Crown is not liable for damage that resultsfrom overdriving other system components.

4.2 IndicatorsThe amber Enable indicator is provided to show thatthe amplifier has been turned on (or enabled), and thatits low-voltage power supply and forced-air cooling sys-tem are working. It does not indicate the status of thehigh-voltage power supplies. For example, the Enableindicator will remain lit during unusual conditions thatwould cause the amplifier’s protection systems to put a

Fig. 4.1 Indicators

high-voltage power supply in “standby” mode (see Sec-tion 4.3.2).

The amber ODEP indicators confirm the normal op-eration of Crown’s patented Output Device EmulationProtection circuitry. During normal operation, they glowbrightly to show the presence of reserve thermal-dy-namic energy. They dim proportionally as the energyreserve decreases. In the rare event that there is no re-serve, the indicators turn off and ODEP proportionallylimits the drive level of the output stages so the ampli-fier can continue safe operation even when conditionsare severe. (For a more detailed description of ODEP,see Section 4.3.1.)

The ODEP indicator for the affected channel will turn offif a high-voltage power supply is put in “standby” mode,a high-voltage power supply fuse (or breaker) blows, ora transformer activates its thermal protection circuitry(see Section 4.3.2). Both ODEP indicators turn off if theamplifier loses AC power, the power switch is turned offor the low-voltage power supply fuse blows.

The green Signal/IOC indicators show signal presenceand distortion. As signal presence indicators, they flashwith normal intensity in sync with the output audio sig-nals. As IOC (Input/Output Comparator) indicators, theyflash brightly if there is any difference between the inputand output signal waveforms greater than 0.05%. Be-cause transient distortion happens quickly, a 0.1 sec-ond “hold delay” keeps the indicators on long enoughto be easily noticed. The IOC function essentially pro-vides proof of distortion-free performance. Note: TheChannel 2 IOC indicator will remain lit when running inParallel-Mono mode.

Under conditions where one of the amplifier’s high-volt-age power supplies is temporarily put in standby mode,the Signal/IOC indicators will stay on with full bright-ness. They will resume normal operation when the am-plifier is no longer in standby mode.

Note: See Figure 4.2 for an explanation of the conditionsthat may activate standby mode.


Reference Manual

The table in Figure 4.2 shows the possible states for theODEP and Signal/IOC indicators. It also describes theconditions that may be associated with the different in-dicator states. The Enable indicator will be off with thefirst indicator state, “There is no power to the amplifier.”All other conditions in the table will occur with the En-

able indicator turned on. It is important to note the pos-sible states of the indicators in the rare event that youexperience a problem. This can greatly aid in deter-mining the source of problems. Please contact your lo-cal Crown representative or our Technical SupportGroup for futher assistance.

Fig. 4.2 Macro-Tech ODEP and Signal/IOC Indicator States


Reference Manual

rent (DC) is detected in the amplifier’s output, the unitwill activate its DC/low-frequency protection circuitryand put the affected channels in standby. This protectsthe loads and prevent oscillations. The unit resumes nor-mal operation as soon as the amplifier no longer de-tects dangerous low frequency or DC output. Althoughit is extremely unlikely that you will ever activate theamplifier’s DC/low-frequency protection system, im-proper source materials such as subsonic squarewaves or input overloads that result in excessivelyclipped input signals can activate this system.

The amplifier’s fault protection system will put an am-plifier channel in standby mode in rare situations whereheavy common-mode current is detected in thechannel’s output. The amplifier should never outputheavy common-mode current unless its circuitry is dam-aged in some way, and putting a channel in standbymode helps to prevent further damage.

The amplifier’s transformer thermal protection cir-cuitry is activated in very unusual circumstances wherethe unit’s transformer temperature rises to unsafe lev-els. Under these abnormal conditions, the amplifier willput the channel of the affected transformer in standbymode. The amplifier will return to normal operation afterthe transformer cools to a safe temperature. (For moreinformation on transformer thermal protection, refer tothe following section.)

An IQ-PIP module may also temporarily place theamplfier in standby mode, typically for power conser-vation. The standby mode status can be triggered ei-ther manually or through IQ's “auto standby” feature. Iftriggered via the IQ auto standby feature, the standbystatus will be automatically cancelled when the definedlevel of input signal is detected. However, if the standbystatus has been triggered manually, this status must bemanually cancelled using IQ.

4.3.3 Transformer Thermal ProtectionAll Macro-Tech amplifiers have transformer thermal pro-tection. It protects the power supplies from damage un-der the rare conditions of transformer temperaturesrising too high. A thermal switch embedded in eachtransformer removes power to the channel if there isexcessive heat. The switch automatically resets whenthe transformer cools to a safe temperature.

It is extremely unlikely that you will ever see aMacro-Tech amplifier activate transformer thermal pro-tection as long as it is operated within rated conditions(see Section 6, Specifications). One reason is thatODEP keeps the amplifier working under very severeconditions. Even so, higher than rated output levels, ex-

4.3 Protection SystemsMacro-Tech amplifiers provide extensive protection anddiagnostics capabilities. Protection systems includeODEP, “standby” mode, fuses (or breakers), and spe-cial thermal protection for the unit’s transformers.

4.3.1 ODEPCrown invented ODEP to solve two long-standing prob-lems in amplifier design: to prevent amplifier shutdownduring demanding operation and to increase the effi-ciency of the output circuitry.

To do this, Crown established a rigorous program tomeasure the safe operating area (SOA) of each outputtransistor before installing it in an amplifier. Next, Crowndesigned intelligent circuitry to simulate the instanta-neous operating conditions of those output transistors.Its name describes what it does: Output Device Emula-tion Protection or ODEP. In addition to simulating theoperating conditions of the output transistors, it alsocompares their operation to their known SOA. If it seesthat more power is about to be asked of them than theyare capable of delivering under the present conditions,ODEP immediately limits the drive level until it falls withinthe SOA. Limiting is proportional and kept to an abso-lute minimum—only what is required to prevent outputtransistor damage.

This level of protection enables Crown to increase out-put efficiency to never-before-achieved levels whilegreatly increasing amplifier reliability.

The on-board intelligence is monitored in two ways.First, the front panel ODEP indicators show whether theamplifier is functioning correctly or if ODEP is limitingthe drive level. Second, ODEP data is fed to the backpanel PIP connector so advanced PIP modules like theIQ-PIP-USP2 can use it to monitor and control the am-plifier.

With ODEP, the show keeps going because you get themaximum power with the maximum protection.

4.3.2 Standby ModeAn important part of a Macro-Tech amplifier's protec-tion systems is standby mode. Standby protects theamplifier during potentially catastrophic conditions. Ittemporarily removes bias in all four output stages, pro-tecting the amplifier and its loads. This advanced pro-tection implementation, called "Quad-Mute," is new tothe Macro-Tech series amplifiers. Standby mode canbe identified using the indicator table in Figure 4.2.

Standby mode can be activated in several situations.First, if dangerous subsonic frequencies or direct cur-


Reference Manual

cessively low impedance loads and unreasonably highinput signals can generate more heat in the transformerthan in the output devices. These conditions can over-heat the transformer and activate its protection system.

Macro-Tech amplifiers are designed to keep workingunder conditions where other amplifiers would fail. Buteven when the limits of a Macro-Tech amplifier are ex-ceeded, it will still protect itself—and your investment—from damage.

4.3.4 Fuses and Circuit BreakersThe power supplies of the Macro-Tech 602 and 1202are protected by fuses. The power supplies of theMacro-Tech 2402 are protected by circuit breakers. Withrated loads and output levels, the fuses (or circuit break-ers) should only shut down the amplifier in the rare in-stance of a catastrophic failure. Other protectionsystems like ODEP keep the amplifier operational un-der most other severe conditions. The fuses (or circuitbreakers) can also shut down the amplifier in caseswhere extremely low-impedance loads and high outputlevels result in current draw that exceeds their rating.Again, this should only be possible when operating out-side rated conditions, such as when the amplifier isused to drive a 1-ohm load in Stereo mode, or when asignal overloads the input and is clipped severely.

All 120 VAC, 60 Hz units and all Macro-Tech 2402s havea separate fuse for the low-voltage power supply. Allunits have separate fuses or breakers for the high-volt-age power supplies.

Macro-Tech amplifiers do not blow their fuses or triptheir breakers unless something is wrong. In the rareevent that an internal fuse blows, please refer the unit toa qualified technician. If a breaker in a Macro-Tech 2402trips, try to identify and correct the problem before re-setting the breakers with the back panel Resetswitches. If the problem persists, refer the unit to aqualified technician.

4.4 ControlsThe Enable switch is located on the front panel so youcan easily turn the amplifier on and off. If you ever needto make any wiring or installation changes, don’t forgetto disconnect the power cord. The six steps listed nextshould be followed whenever you turn on the amplifier:

1. Turn down the level of your audio source. Forexample, set your master mixer’s volume to –∞.

2. Turn down the level controls of the amplifier (if theyare not already down).

3. Turn on the Enable switch. The Enable indicator

beside the switch should glow. During the foursecond mute delay which immediately follows, theSignal/IOC indicators will flash unpredictably andthe ODEP LEDs will stay off. After the mute delay,the ODEP indicators should come on with fullbrilliance and the Signal/IOC indicators shouldfunction normally (remain off if no signal is present;flash if a signal is present). Remember, the Channel2 Signal/IOC indicator will remain on if the amplifieris in Parallel-Mono mode.

4. After the mute delay, turn up the level of your audiosource to the maximum desired level.

5. Turn up the level controls of the amplifier until themaximum desired sound level is achieved.

6. Turn down the level of your audio source to itsnormal range.

For ease of use, the level controls are also located onthe front panel. Each control has 31 detents for accu-rate repeatability. To prevent tampering with these con-trols, the Level Control Security Kit is available (seeSection 8.3). Note: In Bridge-Mono and Parallel-Monomodes, turn down the Channel 2 level control and onlyuse the Channel 1 control.

The input sensitivity switch is located inside the backpanel of the amplifier. It is factory-set to 0.775 volts forstandard 1-kHz power into 8 ohms. It can be switchedeither to 1.4 volts for standard 1-kHz power output, or toa fixed voltage gain of 26 dB. When set to 26 dB gain,the input sensitivity is 2.2 volts for the Macro-Tech 602,2.6 volts for the Macro-Tech 1202 and 3.1 volts for theMacro-Tech 2402. Note: Factory setting for internationalmodels is 1.4V.

How to change the input sensitivity:

1. Turn off the amplifier and disconnect its power cord

Fig. 4.3 Input Sensitivity and Ground Lift Switches


Reference Manual

from the AC mains power receptacle.

2. Remove the PIP module (two screws).

3. Locate the sensitivity switch access hole inside thechassis opening as shown in Figure 4.3. It is locatedjust above the phone jack inputs.

4. Set the switch to the desired position noted on thelabel for the access hole. The position toward thefront panel sets the sensitivity to 1.4 volts forstandard 1-kHz power, the middle position provides26 dB gain, and the back position sets thesensitivity to 0.775 volts for standard 1-kHz power.

5. Replace the PIP module and reconnect the power tothe amplifier.

The Macro-Tech 2402 has back panel Reset switchesthat are used to reset the breakers that protect the high-voltage power supplies from overload. If a breaker trips,the IOC indicator for the affected channel will turn on(see Figure 4.2).

4.5 Filter CleaningDust filters are provided on the air intakes to the coolingsystem (see Figure 2.1). If these filters become clogged,the unit will not cool as efficiently as it should and mayproduce output levels that are lower than normal due tohigh heat sink temperature.

To clean, remove each of the filter elements by gentlypulling them away from the front panel. Clean with milddishwashing detergent and warm water. Replacementfilters may be ordered from the factory.

Dust filters are not 100% efficient—depending on thelocal environment, the internal heat sinks of the ampli-fier will benefit from periodic cleaning by a qualifiedtechnician. Internal cleaning information is availablefrom our Technical Support Group.


Reference Manual

The two channels may be used together to double thevoltage (Bridge-Mono) or the current (Parallel-Mono)presented to the load. This feature gives you flexibilityto maximize the power available to the load.

A wide bandwidth, multiloop design is used for state-of-the-art compensation. This produces ideal behaviorand results in ultra-low distortion values.

Aluminum extrusions have been widely used for heatsinks in power amplifiers due to their low cost and rea-sonable performance. However, measured on a watts-per-pound or watts-per-volume basis, the extrusiontechnology doesn’t perform nearly as well as the heatsink technology developed for Macro-Tech amplifiers.

Our heat sinks are fabricated from custom convolutedfin stock that provides an extremely high ratio of area tovolume, or area to weight. All power devices aremounted directly to massive heat spreaders that areelectrically at the Vcc potential. Electrifying the heatspreaders improves thermal performance by eliminat-ing the insulating interface underneath the power de-vices. The chassis itself is even used as part of thethermal circuit to maximize utilization of the availablecooling resources.

5.2 Circuit TheoryEach channel is powered by its own power transformerT100 or T200. Both channels share a common low-volt-age transformer TF-1. The secondary output of T100 isfull-wave rectified by D109 and is filtered by a largecomputer-grade capacitor. D104 through D107 provideboosted voltage to power LVAs and predrivers. A ther-mal switch embedded in each transformer protects itfrom overheating.

The low-voltage transformer output is rectified by di-odes D1, D2, D3 and D4 to generate an unregulated 24volts. Monolithic regulators U1 and U2 provide a regu-lated ±15 volts.

5.2.1 Stereo OperationFor simplicity, the discussion of Stereo operation will re-fer to one channel only. Mono operation will be dis-cussed later.

Please refer to the block diagram in Figure 5.1 and theschematics provided at the back of this manual.

The input signal at the phone jack passes directly intothe balanced gain stage (U104-C and U104-D). Whenthe PIP module is used, the input signal first passesthrough the PIP’s circuitry and then to the balanced gainstage.

5 Technical Information5.1 OverviewYour Macro-Tech amplifier incorporates several ad-vanced technological features including real-time com-puter simulation of output transistor stress, low-stressoutput stages, an advanced heat sink embodiment andthe PIP2 (Programmable Input Processor) expansionsystem.

Custom circuitry is incorporated to limit temperatureand current to safe levels, making it highly reliable andtolerant of faults. Unlike many lesser amplifiers, it canoperate at its voltage and current limits without self-de-structing.

Real-time computer simulation is used to create an ana-logue of the junction temperature of the output transis-tors (hereafter referred to as “output devices”). Currentis limited only when the device temperature becomesexcessive (and by the minimum amount required). Thispatented approach is called Output Device EmulationProtection (or ODEP). It maximizes the available outputpower and protects against overheating—the majorcause of device failure.

The amplifier is protected from all common hazards thatplague high-power amplifiers including shorted, openor mismatched loads; overloaded power supplies, ex-cessive temperature, chain-destruction phenomena,input overload and high-frequency blowups. The unitprotects loudspeakers from input and output DC, aswell as turn-on and turn-off transients.

The four-quadrant topology used in a Macro-Tech’sgrounded output stages is called the Grounded Bridge.This patented topology makes full use of the power sup-plies providing peak-to-peak voltages to the load thatare twice the voltage seen by the output devices (seeFigure 5.1).

As its name suggests, the Grounded Bridge topologyis referenced to ground. Composite devices are con-structed to function as gigantic NPN and PNP devicesto handle currents which exceed the limits of availabledevices. Each output stage has two composite NPN de-vices and two composite PNP devices.

The devices connected to the load are referred to as“high-side NPN and PNP” and the devices connectedto ground are referred to as “low-side NPN and PNP.”Positive current is delivered to the load by increasingconductance simultaneously in the high-side NPN andlow-side PNP stage, while synchronously decreasingconductance of the high-side PNP and low-side NPN.


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Fig. 5.1 Circuit Block Diagram


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The balanced gain stage (U104-C and U104-D) causesbalanced to single-ended conversion using a differenceamplifier. From there, gain can be controlled with a po-tentiometer. The error amp (U104-A) amplifies the dif-ference between the output signal and the input signalfrom the gain pot, and drives the voltage translatorstage.

From the error amp U104-A, the voltage translator stagechannels the signal to the Last Voltage Amplifiers (LVAs)depending on the signal polarity. The +LVA (Q104 andQ105) and the –LVA (Q110 and Q111), with their push-pull effect through the bias servo Q318, drive the fullycomplementary output stage.

The bias servo Q318 is thermally coupled to the heatsink, and sets the quiescent bias current in the outputstage to lower the distortion in the crossover region ofthe output signal. Depending on the polarity of the out-put signal, D301, D302, D303 and D304 are used toremove the charge on the unused portion of the outputstage.

With the voltage swing provided by the LVAs, the signalthen gains current amplification through the Darlingtonemitter-follower output stage.

The bridge-balanced circuit (U104-B) receives a signalfrom the output of the amplifier, and differences it withthe signal at the Vcc supply. The bridge-balanced cir-cuit then develops a voltage to drive the bridge-bal-anced output stage. This results in the Vcc supplyhaving exactly one half of the output voltage added totheir quiescent voltage. D309, D310, D311 and a trim-mer resistor set the quiescent current point for thebridge-balanced output stage.

The protection mechanisms that affect the signal pathare implemented to protect the amplifier under real-world conditions. These conditions are high instanta-neous current, excessive temperature, and outputdevice operation outside safe conditions.

Q107 and Q108 sense current in the output stage andact as a conventional current limiter. When current atany one instant exceeds the design criteria, the limitersremove the drive from the LVAs, thus limiting current inthe output stage to a safe level.

To further protect the output stages, the patented ODEPcircuitry is used. It produces an analog output propor-tional to the always-changing safe operating area of theoutput transistor. This output controls the translatorstage previously mentioned, removing any further drivethat may exceed the safe operating area of the outputstage.

Thermal sensor S100 gives the ODEP circuits vital infor-mation on the operating temperature of the heat sink onwhich the output devices are mounted.

Should the amplifier fail in such a way that would causeDC across the output leads, the DC protection circuitsenses this on the negative feedback loop and shutsdown the power supply until the DC is removed.

5.2.2 Bridge-Mono OperationBy setting the back panel stereo/mono switch to Bridge-Mono, the user can convert the Macro-Tech into abridged, single-channel amplifier. With a signal appliedto the Channel 1 input jack and the load connectedacross the red (+) back panel 5-way binding posts,twice the voltage can be output.

The Channel 1 output feeds the Channel 2 error ampU204-A. Because there is a net inversion, the channel 2output is out of polarity with Channel 1. This producestwice as much voltage across the load. Each of thechannel’s protection mechanisms work independentlyif a fault occurs.

5.2.3 Parallel-Mono OperationWith the stereo/mono switch set to Parallel-Mono, theoutput of Channel 2 is paralleled with the output ofChannel 1. A suitable jumper capable of handling highcurrent levels must be connected across the red (+)5-way binding posts to gain the benefits of this mode ofoperation.

The signal path for Channel 1 is the same as previouslydiscussed, except Channel 1 also drives the outputstage of Channel 2. The Channel 2 balanced input, er-ror amp, translators and LVAs are disconnected and nolonger control the Channel 2 output stage. Disconnect-ing the front-end stages from the Channel 2 outputcauses the Channel 2 IOC circuit to note that the inputwaveform (which is not present) does not match the out-put waveform (which is driven by the Channel 1 inputsignal). This activates the Channel 2 IOC indicator anytime the amplifier is switched to Parallel-Mono. TheChannel 2 output stage and protection mechanisms arealso coupled through S1 and function as one.

In Parallel-Mono mode, twice the current of one channelalone can be obtained. Because the Channel 2 ODEPcircuit is coupled through S1, this gives added protec-tion if a fault occurs in the Channel 2 output stage. TheODEP circuit of Channel 2 will limit the output of bothoutput stages by removing the drive from the Channel 1translator stages.


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6 SpecificationsThe following applies to units in Stereo mode with 8-ohm loads andan input sensitivity of 26 dB gain unless otherwise specified.

Standard 1 kHz Power: refers to maximum average power in wattsat 1 kHz with 0.1% THD.

Full Bandwidth Power: refers to maximum average power in wattsfrom 20 Hz to 20 kHz with 0.1% THD.

120 VAC, 60 Hz Units: refers to amplifiers with dedicated transform-ers for 120 VAC, 60 Hz power mains.

International Units: refers to amplifiers with special multi-tap trans-formers that are configurable for several AC mains voltages and linefrequencies (some are labeled 602, 1202 and 2402).

PerformanceFrequency Response: ±0.1 dB from 20 Hz to 20 kHz at 1watt (see Figure 6.7).

Phase Response: ±10 degrees from 10 Hz to 20 kHz at 1watt (see Figure 6.10).

Signal-to-Noise Ratio, A-weighted: Better than 105 dBbelow rated power. Better than 100 dB below full band-width power.

Total Harmonic Distortion (THD): Less than 0.05% at fullbandwidth power from 20 Hz to 1 kHz increasing linearlyto 0.1% at 20 kHz.

Intermodulation Distortion (IMD): (60 Hz, 7 kHz) Lessthan 0.05% from 163 milliwatts to full bandwidth power.

Damping Factor: Greater than 1,000 from 10 Hz to 400Hz (see Figure 6.8).

Crosstalk: See Figures 6.11, 6.12 and 6.13.

Slew Rate: Greater than 13 volts per microsecond.

Voltage Gain: 20:1 ±3% or 26 dB ±0.25 dB at the maxi-mum level setting (also see Section 4.4).

Macro-Tech 602: 54:1 ±12% or 35 dB ±0.5 dB at 0.775 voltsensitivity; 30:1 ±12% or 30 dB ±0.5 dB at 1.4 volt sensitivity.



PowerOutput Power: The following are guaranteed minimumsfor standard 1 kHz power from 120 VAC, 60 Hz NorthAmerican units. For more information or specs on interna-tional units, see the power matrices that follow.

Macro-Tech 602Stereo mode (both channels driven):

400 watts into 2 ohms.325 watts into 4 ohms.220 watts into 8 ohms.

Bridge-Mono mode:750 watts into 4 ohms.655 watts into 8 ohms.450 watts into 16 ohms.

Parallel-Mono mode:700 watts into 1 ohm.665 watts into 2 ohms.450 watts into 4 ohms.









Load Impedance: Safe with all types of loads. Rated for 2 to16 ohms in Stereo, 4 to 16 ohms in Bridge-Mono and 1 to 4ohms in Parallel-Mono mode.

Required AC Mains: 50/60 Hz; 100, 120, 220 and 240 VAC(±10%) units are available. All draw 100 watts or less at idle.Current, voltage and frequency requirements are providedon the unit’s back panel (also see Section 7).

Amplifiers don’t create energy. The AC mains voltage andcurrent must be sufficient to deliver the power you expect.

ControlsEnable: A front panel push button used to turn the amplifieron and off.

Level: A front panel rotary control for each channel with 31detents used to control the output level.


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Stereo/Mono: A three-position back panel switch used toselect Stereo, Bridge-Mono or Parallel-Mono mode.

Sensitivity: A three-position switch inside the PIP compart-ment used to select the input sensitivity for both channels:0.775 volts or 1.4 volts for standard 1 kHz power, or a 26 dBvoltage gain.

Reset (Macro-Tech 2402 only): A back panel push buttonfor each channel used to reset the circuit breaker that pro-tects each power supply.

IndicatorsEnable: This amber front panel indicator shows the on/off sta-tus of the low-voltage power supply.

Signal/IOC: Each channel has a green front panel indicatorthat flashes to show amplifier output. If a channel’s outputwaveform differs from its input by 0.05% or more, the indica-tor flashes brightly to show distortion. This function providesproof of distortion-free performance. In Parallel-Mono mode,the Channel 2 light stays on (see Section 4.2).

ODEP: Each channel has an amber front panel indicator thatshows thermal-dynamic energy reserve. Normally, eachODEP indicator is lit to show available reserve energy. In therare event that a channel has no reserve, its indicator will dimin proportion to ODEP limiting. An ODEP indicator may alsoturn off under other conditions (see Section 4.2).

Input/OutputInput Connector: Two balanced 1/4-inch phone jacks on theback panel and two balanced three-pin female XLR connec-tors on the factory-installed PIP2-FXQ (see Section 8 for infor-mation on optional PIP modules).

Input Impedance: Nominally 20 k ohms, balanced. Nomi-nally 10 k ohms, unbalanced.

Input Sensitivity: Settings include 0.775 volts or 1.4 volts forstandard 1 kHz power, or a 26 dB voltage gain (see Section4.4 for more information).

Output Connectors: Two sets of color-coded 5-way bindingposts (for banana plugs, spade lugs or bare wire).

Output Impedance: Less than 10 milliohms in series withless than 2 microhenries (see Figure 6.9).

DC Output Offset: (Shorted input) ±10 millivolts.

Output SignalStereo: Unbalanced, two-channel.

Bridge-Mono: Balanced, single-channel. Channel 1 controlsare active; Channel 2 should not be used.

Parallel-Mono: Unbalanced, single-channel. Channel 1controls are active; Channel 2 controls are bypassed.

ProtectionMacro-Tech amplifiers are protected against shorted,open or mismatched loads; overloaded power supplies;excessive temperature, chain destruction phenomena,input overload damage and high-frequency blowups.They also protect loudspeakers from input/output DC andturn-on/turn-off transients.

If unreasonable operating conditions occur, the patentedODEP circuitry will proportionally limit the drive level toprotect the output transistor stages, particularly in the caseof elevated temperature. Transformer overheating will re-sult in a temporary shutdown of the affected channel;when it has cooled to a safe temperature, the transformerwill automatically reset itself. Controlled slew-rate voltageamplifiers prevent RF burnouts. And input overload pro-tection is provided by current-limiting resistance at the in-put. Refer to Section 4.3.

Turn On: Four-second delay with no dangerous tran-sients. Contact Crown’s Technical Support Group tochange the turn-on delay time.

ConstructionSteel chassis with durable black finish, aluminum frontpanel with Lexan overlay, and specially designed flow-through ventilation from front to side panels.

Cooling: Internal heat sinks with forced-air cooling forrapid, uniform heat dissipation.

Dimensions: Standard 19-inch (48.3-cm) rack mountwidth (EIA RS-310-B), 3.5-inch (8.9-cm) height, 16 inch(40.6-cm) depth behind the mounting surface and 2.5-inch (6.3- cm) protrusion in front of the mounting surface.

Approximate Weight: Center of gravity is 6 inches(15.2 cm) behind front mounting surface.

120 VAC, 60 Hz Units:Macro-Tech 602: 39 pounds, 9 ounces (17.9 kg) net;44 pounds (19.9 kg) shipping weight.Macro-Tech 1202: 44 pounds, 1 ounce (20.0 kg) net;47 pounds (21.3 kg) shipping weight.Macro-Tech 2402: 51 pounds, 12 ounces (23.5 kg) net;65 pounds (29.5 kg) shipping weight.

International Units:Macro-Tech 602: 41 pounds, 15 ounces (19.0 kg) net;46 pounds (20.9 kg) shipping weight.Macro-Tech 1202: 42 pounds, 12 ounces (19.4 kg) net;46 pounds, 13 ounces (21.3 kg) shipping weight.Macro-Tech 2402: 48 pounds, 15 ounces (22.2 kg) net;57 pounds, 6 ounces (26.0 kg) shipping weight.


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Crown specifications are guaranteed for three years.In an effort to provide you with as much information as possible about the high power-producing capabilities of your amplifier,we have created the following power matrices.

Minimum Guaranteed Power SpecificationsCrown’s minimum power specifications represent the absolute smallest amount of output power you can expect from youramplifier when it is driven to full output under the given conditions. Some spaces in each matrix may be left blank because thesame guarantee is not provided for those conditions—however, your amplifier will perform well under all conditions listed ineach matrix.

When measuring power, 0.1% THD appears to be the industry standard for distortion. Two of the maximum average powerspecifications shown in each minimum power matrix are measured at 0.1% THD so you can easily compare Crown specifica-tions to those of other manufacturers. But this high level of distortion actually allows for some clipping which is undesirable.Because of this, a maximum average power spec at 0.05% THD is included in each minimum power matrix which representsnon-clipped conditions. Although most manufacturers do not give you power specifications at 0.05% THD, we encouragethem to provide these specifications so you will have a more realistic representation of the way amplifiers should be used inthe real world—without a clipped output signal.

Many manufacturers publish power specs with a tolerance of ±1 dB or worse. This means their amplifier can deviate morethan 20% in output! A 100-watt amplifier would meet their specification if it only produced 79.4 watts. Other manufacturersqualify their specs by saying they are “typical,” “subject to manufacturing tolerances,” “single channel driven” or that they arespecified with “fuses bypassed.” Each of these statements effectively removes any performance guarantee. In fact, somemanufacturers use these tactics to generate large power numbers, and they don’t even print a disclaimer. We take a differentapproach at Crown—our amplifiers are guaranteed to meet or exceed their specifications for three years. Further, becauseour published specs are set below our “in-house” measurements, you can expect every Crown amplifier to exceed its pub-lished minimum power specs. We believe you should get what you pay for.

Minimum Power Notes:All minimum power specifications are based on0.1% regulated AC mains and an ambient roomtemperature of 70° F (21° C). International unitswith multi-tap transformers are specified for theworst-case transformer tap (normally 100 VAC,50 Hz). The standard EIA power measurement(RS-490) is not identified here because it is iden-tical to the FTC Continuous Average Power speci-fication.

1. A 1-kHz sine wave is presented to the ampli-fier and the output monitored for nonlinear dis-tortion. The level is increased until the THDreaches 0.1%. At this level the average powerper channel is reported.

2. A sine wave is presented to the amplifier overthe range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz and the out-put monitored for nonlinear distortion. The levelat each frequency is increased until the THDreaches 0.1%. At this level the average powerper channel is reported.

3. A 1-kHz sine wave is presented to the ampli-fier and the output monitored for nonlinear dis-tortion. The level is increased until the THDreaches 0.05%. At this level the averagepower per channel is reported.

4. Continuous power in the context of FederalTrade Commission testing is understood to bea minimum of five minutes of operation. Har-monic distortion is measured as the RMS sumtotal and given as a percentage of the funda-mental output voltage. This applies for all watt-ages greater than 0.25 watts.

Fig. 6.1 Macro-Tech 602 Minimum Power Matrix


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Maximum Power SpecificationsCrown’s maximum power specifications represent the largest amount of output power you can expect from your amplifierwhen it is driven to full output under the given conditions. These specifications can be used to prevent loudspeaker andhearing damage.

The maximum power matrices include specifications for single cycle and 40 millisecond burst sine waves. Burst signals actlike large transient peaks that are present in common source signals. Loudspeakers can respond to a single cycle burst, sothe single cycle burst specifications should be used to help you protect your loudspeakers. In contrast, a 40 millisecond burstrepresents the typical response time of the human ear. Your ear will not respond to the entire dynamic change of a burst thatlasts less than 40 milliseconds.

The burst power specifications are provided at 0.05% THD which is a practical low-distortion condition. Operating the ampli-fier at levels higher than 0.05% THD can result in output power levels that are higher than those listed in the maximum powermatrices.

Fig. 6.4 Macro-Tech 602 Maximum Power Matrix

Maximum Power Notes:All maximum power specifications arebased on 0.1% regulated AC mainsand an ambient room temperature of70° F (21° C). International units withmulti-tap transformers are specified forthe best-case transformer tap (nor-mally 240 VAC, 60 Hz). Although it isan unusual condition, your amplifiercan function well with AC mains volt-ages up to 10% over the specified linevoltage. With overvoltage conditions,your amplifier may be capable of de-livering instantaneous power levels upto 20% greater than the specificationsin the matrix.

1. A single cycle sine wave is pre-sented to the amplifier and moni-tored for nonlinear distortion. Theaverage power during the burst isreported. Loudspeakers must beable to withstand this level if theyare to be safely used with this am-plifier.

2. A 40-millisecond sine wave burst(10 percent duty cycle) is pre-sented to the amplifier and moni-tored for nonlinear distortion. Theaverage power during the burst isreported. This power level is ameasurement of the amplifier’smaximum transient power that canbe perceived by the human ear.


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10 100 1 K 10 K 100 K

FREQUENCY (Hz)

+2

+1

0

–1

–2

–3

–4

dB

–5

–6

–7

4 ohm8 ohm1 watt

504.0

126.8

31.8

MILLIOHMS

8.0

2.0

6 dB

20 100 1 K 10 K 20 K

400

200

100

0

600

800

1000

1200

1400

FREQUENCY (Hz)

8 ohm

10 100 1 K 10 K 100 K

FREQUENCY (Hz)

2 ohm

Fig. 6.7 Typical Frequency Response

Fig. 6.8 Typical Damping Factor

Fig. 6.9 Typical Output Impedance


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+45˚

0˚

–45˚

100 1 K 10 K 20 K

FREQUENCY (Hz)

100 1 K 10 K 20 K

FREQUENCY (Hz)

dB

TEF®Measurement

Fig. 6.11 Typical Crosstalk for the Macro-Tech 602

TEF®Measurement

–51

–57

–63

–69

–75

–81

Fig. 6.10 Typical Phase Response


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100 1 K 10 K 20 K

FREQUENCY (Hz)

dB

100 1 K 10 K 20 K

FREQUENCY (Hz)

dB


–66

–72

–78

–84

–90

–96

–102

TEF®Measurement


–60

–66

–72

–78

–84

–96

–90

TEF®Measurement


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7 AC Power Draw and Thermal DissipationThis section provides detailed information about theamount of power and current drawn from the AC mainsby the Macro-Tech 602, 1202 and 2402 amplifiers andthe amount of heat produced under various conditions.The calculations presented here are intended to pro-vide a realistic and reliable depiction of the amplifiers.The following assumptions or approximations weremade:

• The amplifier’s available channels are loaded and fullpower is being delivered.

• The amplifier efficiency at standard 1-kHz power isestimated to be 65%.

• Quiescent power draw is 90 watts (an almost negli-gible amount for full-power calculations).

• Quiescent thermal dissipation equals 105 btu/hr at90 watts.

• The estimated duty cycles take into account the typi-cal crest factor for each type of source material.

• Duty cycle of pink noise is 50%.

• Duty cycle of highly compressed rock ‘n’ roll mid-range is 40%.

• Duty cycle of rock ‘n’ roll is 30%.

• Duty cycle of background music is 20%.

• Duty cycle of continuous speech is 10%.

• Duty cycle of infrequent, short duration paging is 1%.

Here are the equations used to calculate the data pre-sented in Figures 7.1 through 7.3:

AC Mains PowerDraw (watts)

=

Total output power with allchannels driven (watts)

x DutyCycle

Amplifier Efficiency (.65)+ Quiescent Power

Draw (watts)

The quiescent power draw of 90 watts is a maximumvalue and includes power drawn by the fan. The follow-ing equation converts power draw in watts to currentdraw in amperes:

Current Draw(amperes)

=

AC Mains PowerDraw (watts)

xAC MainsVoltage

PowerFactor (.83)

The power factor of 0.83 is needed to compensate forthe difference in phase between the AC mains voltageand current. The following equation is used to calculatethermal dissipation:

Total output power with allchannels driven (watts)

ThermalDissipation

(btu/hr)= +

Quiescent PowerDraw (watts)

x DutyCycle

Amplifier Efficiency (.65)( )x 3.415.35x

The constant 0.35 is inefficiency (1.00–0.65) and thefactor 3.415 converts watts to btu/hr. Thermal dissipa-tion in btu is divided by the constant 3.968 to get kcal. Ifyou plan to measure output power under real-world con-ditions, the following equation may also be helpful:

Total measured output powerfrom all channels (watts)

ThermalDissipation

(btu/hr)= +

Quiescent PowerDraw (watts)

.35x

Amplifier Efficiency (.65)( )x 3.415

Fig. 7.1 Macro-Tech 602 Power Draw, Current Draw andThermal Dissipation at Various Duty Cycles


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8 Accessories8.1 PIP and PIP2 ModulesOne advantage of Crown PIP2 compatible amplifiers isthe ability to customize them using PIP (ProgrammableInput Processor) and PIP2 modules. The PIPs shownhere may be used in any Crown PIP2-compatible am-plifier. PIPs carrying the PIP2 logo have been config-ured with an extended, PIP2-enhanced feature set.

For more information on these or other PIPs under de-velopment, contact your local dealer or Crown’s Techni-cal Support Group.

IQ-P.I.P.-DSP is an IQ System Programmable InputProcessor with DSP (Digital Signal Processing) for PIP-compatible amplifiers. As a component of the IQ System, itconnects the amplifier to the Crown Bus so the amplifiercan be controlled and monitored. Its DSP capabilitiesenable it to be programmed with a variety of functions,such as filters and crossovers, signal delay, inputcompressor and output limiter, and a variety of other usefulfeatures similar to those included with the IQ-P.I.P-SMT.Requires an IQ2 interface and a computer for initial setup.

IQ-P.I.P.-MEM Integrates Crown PIP-compatible amplifiersinto Crown’s IQ System. Each channel of each amplifiercan be monitored and individually controlled from an inex-pensive PC. A total of 15 functions can be either monitoredor controlled. Memory backup is also incorporated in caseof power failure. Requires an IQ2 interface and a computerfor initial setup.

IQ-P.I.P.-SMT “Smart Amp” offers impressive new featuresunavailable elsewhere. The processing speed is substan-tially enhanced over other designs. A programmable power-supply gate conserves energy by shutting off the amplifier’shigh-power supplies until an audio signal is present. Theuser may define error-reporting conditions of the amplifier.There is much greater flexibility and thermal operationalprotection available, as well as a built-in smooth output lim-iter to discretely control maximum amplifier output. Requiresan IQ2 interface and a computer for initial setup.

Fig. 8.2 Installing a PIPModule

Fig. 8.1 PIP2 AdaptorConnection

The modules install easily:For PIP units featuring anedge-connector, first in-stall the PIP2 adapter,then carefully slide the PIPcard edge into theadapter’s edge connector.Finally, insert the com-bined units into the ampli-fier and screw securelyinto place (see Figures 8.1and 8.2).

For PIP2s featuring ribboncable connectors, simplylocate the two connectorson the underside of thePIP circuit board, thenconnect the two input rib-bon cables coming from

Fig. 8.3 Installing a PIP2Module

the amplifier. Both ribbon cables should run smoothlyfrom the amplifier to the PIP card. Insert the PIP andattached cables into the PIP opening in the back of theamplfier, then screw securely into place (see Figure8.3).

WARNING: Disconnect power to the amplifier wheninstalling or removing a PIP module.

P.I.P.MODULE

BACK PANEL

OF PIP2

AMPLIFIER

PIP2 ADAPTER

AB

B

A

18 PIN (B)

20 PIN (A)

PIP2 ADAPTERFROM AMPLIFIER


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IQ-PIP-USP2 is an IQ2-series component. This means itsupports Crown’s UCODE protocol and requires an IQSystem with an IQ2-compatible IQ interface. UCODE(universal code) enables users and third parties todevelop custom software objects to control and monitorIQ2-compatible components like the IQ-PIP-USP2.

P.I.P.-AMCb combines many of the features found in theP.I.P.-XOV and P.I.P.-CLP to provide both a variable 4th-order Linkwitz-Riley crossover and an IOC-driven or vari-able-threshold signal-driven compressor. In addition, vari-able equalization networks provide for “constant-directiv-ity” horn equalization and filter-assisted B6 vented bassbox equalization. Bi-amping and tri-amping capabilities areprovided via XLR connectors.

∞∞

+ +

P.I.P.-ATNJ includes the features of the P.I.P.-FXT (balancedJensen® 1:1 isolation transformers) and adds to each chan-nel a 12-dB/octave RFI filter, a variable 18-dB/octave high-pass filter (to reduce bass/subsonic frequencies), and a 6-dB/octave 3-kHz shelving network for “constant-directiv-ity” horn equalization. Special quick-connect barrier blocksare provided for inputs to each channel. Also adds aJensen® 32-step precision attenuator to each channel.

P.I.P.-BEQC adds many features of the Bose® Controllersto the input of your amplifier. Each channel includes a cus-tom equalization network for Bose loudspeakers. Also in-cluded is a bass-cut (high-pass) filter for each channel.The equalization and bass-cut filters can be bypassed, ifdesired. Balanced inputs and “daisy-chain” outputs use

removable barrier block connectors for quick, solderlessconnections.P.I.P.-BEQX Same as P.I.P.-BEQC but with XLR connec-tors.

O U T

PUSH

ProgrammableInput Processor (P.I.P.)

3

1 2GNDC H - 2 C H - 1

PUSH

O U T I N I N

P.I.P.-BP1C The P.I.P.-BP1C is a versatile, stereo band-passprocessor that plugs into any PIP-capable Crown amplifier.Each channel of the P.I.P.-BP1C is completely independentfrom the other and combines the functions of a low-passfilter, a high-pass filter, vented loudspeaker box equaliza-tion, horn equalization and compression. DIP switches andconvenient jumper blocks make it easy to configure any ofits powerful operating features. Uses removable barrierblock, quick-disconnect connectors. P.I.P.-BP1X Same asthe P.I.P.-BP1C but with XLR connectors.

P.I.P.-CLP is designed to detect and prevent overload. Thesame error detecting circuit that is used to signal the IOCindicator is used to activate this error-driven compressor. Itis not a typical signal-driven compressor, but a circuit toprevent any overload. It can yield up to 13 dB or additionalsignal safety margin without noticeable program change.

P.I.P.-EDCb State-of-the-art programmable error-driven andsignal-driven compressor plus a variable high-pass filterfor each channel. Fast or slow attach and release timescan be set independently for each channel.

P.I.P.-FMX facilitates “daisy-chaining” several amplifier bal-anced inputs together. Female to male 3-pin XLR connec-tors are used to passively bridge the amplifier inputs.


Reference Manual

8.2 Cooling Fan OptionsEvery Macro-Tech amplifier has a built-in high-velocityfan that provides optimum cooling. Two optional re-placement fan blades are available for special coolingrequirements. Crown part C 6594-3 is a quieter, low-ve-locity fan blade that in many cases can provide ad-equate cooling. Crown part C 6593-5 is a reverseair-flow fan blade which changes the direction of the airflow in and out of the amplifier (not recomended for theMacro-Tech 2402). Important: The optional replacementfan blades should only be installed by a qualified tech-nician.

8.3 Level Control Shaft LockA security accessory, the shaft lock can be used to se-cure your amplifier’s level controls in situations wherethe front panel controls are subject to tampering. One isneeded for each channel. They can be ordered throughthe Crown Service/Parts Department. For more informa-tion, contact your local Crown dealer or Crown’s Techni-cal Support Group.

Fig. 8.4 Installing a Level Control Shaft Lock

P.I.P.-FXT uses balanced 1:1 transformers to isolate thesource from the inputs. It comes with balanced female 3-pin XLR connectors.

P.I.P.-PA permits the unique capability of adding one mic/line input directly to each channel of an amplifier. With phan-tom power for microphones, this mic/line input may be re-motely switched from mic to line priorities.

P.I.P.-RPA A phantom-power mixer that has four balancedmic or line inputs with voiceover capability and adjustable“duck” level, 84 dB of attenuation. A 10-volt DC source forremote control capability is provided. The P.I.P.-EXT (PartM44731-4), available from service, allows the P.I.P.-RPA andother PIP cards to be “extended” outside the amplifier foreasy set up.P.I.P.-RPAT has the same features as the P.I.P.-RPA but in-cludes four input transformers.

P.I.P.-XOV is a versatile, economical mono 12- or 18-dB/octave crossover/filter which offers bi-amping and tri-ampingcapability.


Reference Manual

9 ServiceThis unit has very sophisticated circuitry which shouldonly be serviced by a fully trained technician. This isone reason why each unit bears the following label:

CAUTION: To prevent electric shock, do not removecovers. No user serviceable parts inside. Refer ser-vicing to a qualified technician.

9.1 Worldwide ServiceService may be obtained from an authorized servicecenter. (Contact your local Crown/Amcron representa-tive or our office for a list of authorized service centers.)To obtain service, simply present the bill of sale as proofof purchase along with the defective unit to an autho-rized service center. They will handle the necessarypaperwork and repair.

Remember to transport your unit in the original factorypack.

9.2 North American ServiceService may be obtained in one of two ways: from anauthorized service center or from the factory. You maychoose either. It is important that you have your copy ofthe bill of sale as your proof of purchase.

9.2.1 Service at a North American Service CenterThis method usually saves the most time and effort. Sim-ply present your bill of sale along with the defective unitto an authorized service center to obtain service. Theywill handle the necessary paperwork and repair. Re-member to transport the unit in the original factory pack.A list of authorized service centers in your area can beobtained from our Technical Support Group.

9.2.2 Factory ServiceTo obtain factory service, fill out the service informa-tion page that follows and send it along with your proofof purchase and the defective unit to the Crown factory.

For warranty service, we will pay for ground shippingboth ways in the United States. Contact Crown FactoryService or Technical Support to obtain prepaid ship-ping labels prior to sending the unit. Or, if you prefer,you may prepay the cost of shipping, and Crown willreimburse you. Send copies of the shipping receipts toCrown to receive reimbursement.

Factory Service Shipping Instructions:

1. When sending a Crown product to the factory forservice, be sure to fill out the service informationform that follows and enclose it inside your unit’sshipping pack. Do not send the service informa-tion form separately.

2. To ensure the safe transportation of your unit tothe factory, ship it in an original factory packingcontainer. If you don’t have one, call or writeCrown’s Parts Department. With the exception ofpolyurethane or wooden crates, any other pack-ing material will not be sufficient to withstand thestress of shipping. Do not use loose, small sizepacking materials.

3. Do not ship the unit in any kind of cabinet (woodor metal). Ignoring this warning may result in ex-tensive damage to the unit and the cabinet. Ac-cessories are not needed—do not send theinstruction manual, cables and other hardware.

If you have any questions, please call or write the CrownTechnical Support Group.

Always use theoriginal factory packto transport the unit.

Your repaired unit will be returned via UPS ground.Please contact us if other arrangements are required.

Crown Audio Customer ServiceTechnical Support / Factory ServicePlant 2 SW, 1718 W. Mishawaka Rd., Elkhart,Indiana 46517 U.S.A.

Telephone: 219-294-8200800-342-6939 (North America, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands only)

Facsimile: 219-294-8301 (Technical Support)219-294-8124 (Factory Service)

Fax Back: 219-293-9200 (North America only)800-294-4094 (North America only)219-294-8100 (International)

Internet: http://www.crownaudio.com

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Crown Factory Service InformationShipping Address: Crown International, Inc., Factory Service, Plant 2 SW, 1718 W. Mishawaka Rd., Elkhart, IN 46517

Phone: 1-800-342-6939 or 1-219-294-8200 Fax: 1-219-294-8124

Owner’s Name: _________________________________________________________________________

Shipping Address: ______________________________________________________________________

Phone Number: _____________________________ Fax Number: _____________________________

Model: ________________________ Serial Number: ______________ Purchase Date: ___________

NATURE OF PROBLEM(Be sure to describe the conditions that existed when the problem occurred and what attempts were made to correct it.)

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Other equipment in your system: _________________________________________________________

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If warranty has expired, payment will be: Cash/Check VISA MasterCard C.O.D.

Card Number:___________________________ Exp. Date:_______ Signature:____________________________

ENCLOSE THIS PORTION WITH THE UNIT. DO NOT MAIL SEPARATELY.

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