Models - Kent City School District€¦ · • Models will help you or sink you. • Make this your...
Transcript of Models - Kent City School District€¦ · • Models will help you or sink you. • Make this your...
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Models
AP HUG
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Not These Underfed People
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FRQ and Multiple Choice
• Every Year we will have this possibly one of these on the FRQs and will always be related on multiple choice.
• Models will help you or sink you. • Make this your first priority to get these in
your head for HUG terms. • 2007,08, and 10 exam was easy for those
who knew their models.
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Stages in Population Growth
• Demographic Transition Model – 4 stages • Demography – study of population. • Stage 1 – Low- Growth Stage – high birth
rate and death rate lead to population that varies over time, with little long-term population growth.
• Ex. Bubonic Plague Many births and dead
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Demographic Transition Model
• Stage 2 • High-Growth Stage – High birth rate and
declining death rate lead to sustained and significant population increase.
• Ex. – Industrial Revolution and advancement in science and improved standard of living. Europeans went all over the globe, made death rates drop in South America, India, and Africa
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Demographic Transition Model
• Stage 3 • Moderate – Growth stage – declining birth
rate combined with already-low death rate to continuing population growth.
• Ex. 1900’s in USA – infant and child mortality rates dropped, people use to have many kids because of a chance they might die young and needed farm hands, no more.
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Demographic Transition Model
• Stage 4 • Low-Growth or Stationary Stage – low
birth rate and low death rate lead to a very low rate of growth.
• Ex. Birth Rates are the lowest in the world where women are most involved in the labor force and educated. Europe and USA
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Demographic Transition Model
• Stage 5?? • Many believe if a 5th stage was in the
model that pop growth would decline because the death rate would be higher than the birth rate.
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Movement Models
• Zelinsky’s Mobility Transition Model – Links stages of movement to development.
• Phase 1 – Pre Modern – Ancient world, slow growth movement to cities.
• Phase 2 – Early Transition – Massive movement to cities.
• Phase 3 – Late Transition - Massive but slackened movement to cities.
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Movement Models
• Phase 4 – Advanced Society – Cities have grown and more have popped up. Movement to cites is leveling off.
• Phase 5 – Future Super-advanced society – Countryside mostly gone, movement inter city now.
• Stouffer’s Intervening Opportunities - # of Migrants is related to # of opportunities.
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Movement
• Lee’s Laws of Migration – 4 factors that make people migrate.
• 1. Factors linked to destination. • 2. Factors associated with the area of
origins of migrants. • 3. Obstacles between origin and
destination. • 4. Personal Factors.
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Time-Space Prism
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Laws of Migration Ravenstein’s Popular Laws
• 1. Every migration flow generates a counter-migration. Ex – Colonists and Natives or city gets too crowded.
• 2.Majority of migrants move a short distance. • 3. Migrants who move long distances usually
move to big cities. • 4. Urban residents are less likely to migrate than
rural folk. • 5. Families are less likely to make international
moves then young adults.
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Gravity Model
• The gravity model is used to predict the movement of people, commodities, and ideas between two places. It is a modified version of Newton’s Law of Gravitation.
Larger places attract people, ideas, and commodities more than smaller places and places closer together have a greater attraction.
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Language Diffusion
• Pacific Diffusion – Belwood’s model • American Diffusion – Greenberg
Hypothesis – 3 families of indigenous American languages, ancient migrations.
• Esperanto Experiment – Latin based made up language. East European hoped to make it a uniform language for the world. Still around today but not much interest.
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Territory Morphology
Enclave of Canada
Exclave of USA
Enclave of Cuba
Exclave of USA
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Geopolitical Theories • Alfred Mahan – Sea power Doctrine – acquire
overseas bases. Reach anywhere in the world. Ex. Hawaii and Guam.
• Ratzel – Organic Theory – Space is the state’s essential, life giving-force. Need room to expand.
• Mackinder – Heartland Theory (1904) – Who ever controls the resources controls the world. Heartland is considered Ukraine and Central Europe and surrounding areas.
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Geopolitical Theories
• Spykman – Rimland Theory (1944) – Whoever controls area around heartland controls the world – navy blockade.
• Superpower theory of the future – USA and China.
• Containment Theory – Cold War – don’t let communism spread.
• Domino theory – Communism takes one the rest of surrounding states fall like……
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Central Place Theory (Walter Christaller)
• Explains size and spacing of cities.
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Central Place Theory (Walter Christaller)
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Gravity Model
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Burgess Concentric Zone Model
Central Bus. District
USA model of Urban Structure #1
Suburbs the ideal place to live.
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Hoyt Sector Model
USA model of Urban Structure #2 Near railroads, Import Export
Near main roads
Focus on transportation
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Multiple Nuclei Model
Burgess Hoyt
1. Industry 4. High Class 3. Med Class 2. Low Class 5. And 6. Service centers not in CBD
7. Heavy Industry
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Urban Realms Model
City
Sub Sub
Sub Sub
Suburbs AKA Edge Cities.
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Griffin-Ford Model Latin America
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Asia and Africa
• SE Asia – Pacific Rim – Heavy shipping industry.
• Islamic Cities – Segregated Sunni and Shiites. Like high buildings, make shade.
• Sub-Saharan Africa – Many big cities on coast. Three different CBD in their cities. Market CBD, Remnant Colonial CBD, and Business CBD.
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Bid rent theory the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the CBD increases
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Rostow’s Modernization Model
• 1. Farming • 2. Leadership rises • 3. Industrial
Revolution, Urbanization
• 4. International Trade • 5. High incomes and
production.
Traditional 1
Pre Takeoff 2
Takeoff 3
Drive to maturity 4
High mass consumption 5
Time
Steps to modernize
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Core Periphery
• Three-tier Structure of world development.
• Core – Developed Countries
• Semi-periphery – Developing countries
• Periphery – Underdeveloped Countries
• AKA Wallerstien Model
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Von Thunen Model
Wilderness
Distance at which farming becomes profitable.
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Weber Model
Good to have factories between R and M
At same time least amount of transport cost and labor is beneficial.
Least Cost Theory
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Hotelling Model
Classic example of Locational Interdependence – to maximize sales, will locate right next to each others territory in the middle of customer base.
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Losch Model
Price Cost
Income Zone of Profitability
Distance Decay Distance Decay
Unprofitable Unprofitable
Customer demand and production costs determine this.
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Hydrologic Cycle
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Global Warming
Normal Greenhouse Effect. Keep heat in.