Modelo de apresentaÃ§Ã£o Power Point do Cepel4.000 a 9.000 4 a 20 0. 250 a 500 10 a 18 torre...

Renewable Energies:

Considerations on environmental

impacts and possible applications

I Brazilian Workshop on GC

Fortaleza

November 2007

www.cresesb.cepel.br

I – Introduction

• RE in the framework of the Brazilian Energy Mix and concern with the global heating

II - New Renewables: characteristics and applications

• Solar, Wind, Biomass, Small Hydro

III – Conclusions

I – Introduction

Brasil

RENEWABLE NOT RENEWABLE

0

20

40

60

80

100

World

14

86

4555

%

BRASIL- ENERGY MIX

84%

2%10%0%

2%2%0%

Hydro

Termo (Coal)

Termo (Natural Gas)

Termo (Nuclear)

Biomass

Termo (Oil)

Wind and Others

2005(Renewables: 84 %)

2030 (B1 Cenarium)(Renewables: 83,1%)

76%

3%9%

3%2%3%4%

2015(Renewables: : 83,7%)

80%

2%10%2%2%1%3%

Electrical Mix

0

250

500

750

1000

1250

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Cenário ACenário B1

Cenário B2 847,0941,2

1.045,6

1.243,8

37,2

TWh

1970 2005 6,7% per year1980 2005 4,5% per year

(2005-2030)A B1 B2 C

5,1%% 4,3% 3,9% 3,4%

361,3 (2005)

Cenário C

Eletricity:projection of consumption increase

Global Heating

SourceSource: Instituto de Pesquisa ambiental da Amazônia: Instituto de Pesquisa ambiental da Amazônia

CO2 Emission of Diverse Technologies (ton/GWh)

Coal (conventional plant) 1000Gas 500Wind 7PV (Photovoltaic) 5Large Hydro 4Solar Thermal 3Biomass -160

Externality Costs* (dolar cents per kWh)

Coal: 1,94 a 14,60Gas Turbine: 0,97 a 3,89Nuclear: 0,19 a 0,58Wind Farm: 0,05 a 0,24

••CostCost estimationestimation forfor thethe societysociety andand forfor thethe environmentenvironment dueduetoto thethe useuse ofof fossilfossil andand nuclearnuclear fuelsfuels

EUEU StudyStudy,, ExtermEExtermE -- WSJWSJ -- 20022002

TheThe energyenergy thatthatthethe SunSun sendssends totoearthearth isis aroundaround

10,000 times 10,000 times allall thetheworldworld

consumptionconsumption ofofenergyenergy

Fonte: Wikipedia

Global Solar Radiation

Average Annual Solar Radiation

II – New Renewables

Solar PhotovoltaicSolar Photovoltaic

Solar ThermalSolar Thermal

WindWind

BiomassBiomass

Small HydroSmall Hydro

Others: Geothermal, Waves, Fuel Cells, etcOthers: Geothermal, Waves, Fuel Cells, etc..

Main Renewable Sources

Em comparação de custos deve-se levarem conta o da rede de distribuição

TECNOLOGIA

POT

EN

CI A

L (G

W)

TA

MA

NH

O

TÍP

ICO

(K

W)

APL

ICA

ÇÃ

O

MA

TU

RID

AD

E

DA

TE

CN

OL

OG

IA

VIA

BIL

IDA

DE

T

ÉC

NIC

A

CU

STO

INV

EST

IME

NT

O

(US$

/KW

)

CU

STO

O&

M

(US$

/MW

h)

CU

STO

CO

MB

UST

ÍVE

L

(US$

/MW

h)

CU

STO

GE

RA

ÇÃ

O

(US$

/MW

h)

EFI

CIÊ

NC

IA

DEMONSTRADA (GRID)

MÉDIA (GRID) SOLAR

FOTOVOLTAICA -

0.05 A10

- INTERMITENTE - GRID E OFF-GRID COMERCIAL

(OFF-GRID)

ALTA (OFF-GRID)

4.000 a

9.000

4a

20 0.

250 a

500

10 a

18

TORRECENTRAL

-30.000

A200.000

- BASE - GRID PRÉ COMERCIAL

ALTA

1.000 a

4.800

4a

23 0.

100 a

250

15 a

30

CILINDROS - 50.000 - BASE - GRID COMERCIAL ALTA

2.600 a

5.000

4a

23 0.

130 a

250

15 a

30

HE

LIO

TÉ

RM

ICA

DISCOS -20 a

50

- BASE -GRID E OFF-GRID DEMONSTRADA MÉDIA

800 a

5.100

15 a

23 0.

100 a

250

15 a

30

EÓLICA 30 300 a 2000

-INTERMITENTE -GRID E OFF-GRID COMERCIAL ALTA

700 a

1.200

4a

12 0.

35 a

120

25 a

45

BIOMASSA 27.7

10 a

50.000

-BASE -GRID E OFF-GRID COMERCIAL ALTA

500 a

2.500

6a

12

20 a

100

38 a

78

25 a

35

PCH’s

50 A

1.000

-VARIÁVEL -GRID E OFF-GRID COMERCIAL ALTA

1.000 a

3.000

6a

15 0.

35 a

102

60 a

85

Costs and State of the art



WindWind

BiomassBiomass




PV Neurather See (Alemanha) 360kWp

PV – Grid Connected

Universalization: chalenges

Evolution of the residential eletrification rate (1970 a 2000)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 0

Urban Rural Total

Source: CEPEL-DTE Report - 211035/2003 - [email protected]



WindWind

BiomassBiomass




Solar Heating

Direct Conversion of Solar Radiation

DishesDishes

CilindersCilinders

CentralCentral TowerTower

Direct Conversion of Solar Radiation



WindWind

BiomassBiomass




Small Size (��10 kW)• Residential• Farms• Remote Applications

Intermediate Size(10- 500 kW)

• Hybrid Systems• Distributed

Generation

Large Size (500 kW - 2+MW)• Wind Farms• Distributed Generation

Wind Energy Applications – Electricity Generation

• High quality wind turbines technologicaly developedand produced in Brazil in commercial scale

• Clientes are not grid connected

• Complete system of 1 kW: R$12.000,00

• Complete system of 5 kW: R$ 45.000,00

• System of 10 kW: under development

Wind Energy Applications – Electricity Generation

Intermediate Size(10- 500 kW)

• Hybrid Systems• Distributed

Generation

• Costumer: Hospital supplied by the grid

• Load: 380 kW

• Monthly Average Demand:

- Peak: 345,5 kW- Out of Peak: 335,9 kW

A promissing feasibility study (preliminary results)

• Proposed alternative supply:

- Wind turbine and grid (peak and out of peak)- Diesel Generator as back up in peak hours with no

wind

• Total investment: R$ 2.536.410,00

• Yearly Savings: R$ 423.076,63



�Wind turbine considered

Large Size (500 kW - 2+MW)• Wind Farms• Distributed Generation

Aerogeradores de Série Protótipos

50 kW

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Ano

Diâ

met

ro d

o ro

tor (

m)

600 kW

500 kW

2,500 kW

1,500 kW

5,000 kW

7.000 kW

300 kW

414,44 MW

BIOMASS162,34 MW

PCH

Wind: 208,3 MW

5 wind farms

(Fonte: EMME,2007)(Fonte: EMME,2007)

785,08MW

December 2006

PROINFAElectric Energy Alternative Sources Incentive Program

0

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

6.000

JAN FEV MAR ABR MAI JUN JUL AGO SET OUT NOV DEZ

Vazã

o (m

3/s)

0

50.000

100.000

150.000

200.000

250.000

300.000

350.000

PRO

INFA

-Eó

licas

do

NE

(MW

h)

Wind - NE

Water Flow of São Francisco River

• It is not feasible, with the present technology, to store large amounts of energy generated by an intermitent source of energy as the wind.

• The combined utilization of Hydro and Wind, improves the energetic potential of both sources due to the seazonal complementary characteristics of them.

Wind Atlas

Wind Atlas

Substituindo Usina Nuclear por Energia Solar Fotovoltaicae Energia Eólica

Áreas Equivalentes Necessárias – 10 TWh/ano

Ilha Grande

Eólico 570 km2

Solar 69 km2



WindWind

BiomassBiomass




Biomass

Biomass: Energy and Materials



WindWind

BiomassBiomass




Small Hydro

Fonte: EPE – Apresentação PNE 2030

III – Conclusions

•Energy prices for energy generated by some renewable are approaching the prices of conventional sources

•With lower prices of equipment, production scale, with better natural source characteristics than previous expected and the growing concern with environmental impacts, the penetration of renewable energies can be higher than conservative nowadays forecast.

• Intermediate and small systems can be economically feasible in specific applications even with the present price conditions.

Centro de Referência para Energia Solar e Eólica Sérgio Brito – CRESESB www.cresesb.cepel.br

OBRIGADO PELA ATENOBRIGADO PELA ATENÇÇÃO!ÃO!

Hamilton Moss de Souza

[email protected]

www.cresesb.cepel.br

Modelo de apresentaÃ§Ã£o Power Point do Cepel4.000 a 9.000 4 a 20 0. 250 a 500 10 a 18 torre...

Documents

Transcript of Modelo de apresentaÃ§Ã£o Power Point do Cepel4.000 a 9.000 4 a 20 0. 250 a 500 10 a 18 torre...