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Modelling Passenger Flows

in Public Transport Facilities

Winnie Daamen

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Cover illustration: Winnie Daamen

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Modelling Passenger Flows

in Public Transport Facilities

Proefschrift

ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor

aan de Technische Universiteit Delft,

op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. ir. J.T. Fokkema,

voorzitter van het College voor Promoties,

in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 9 september 2004 om 10:30 uur

door Winnie DAAMEN

civiel ingenieur

geboren te Leidschendam

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Dit proefschrift is goedgekeurd door de promotor:

Prof. dr. ir. P.H.L. Bovy.

Samenstelling promotiecommissie:

Rector Magnificus, voorzitter

Prof. dr. ir. P.H.L. Bovy, Technische Universiteit Delft, promotor

Dr. ir. S.P. Hoogendoorn, Technische Universiteit Delft, toegevoegd promotor

Prof. dr. J. Kerridge, Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Prof. dr. M. Schreckenberg, Universitt Duisburg-Essen, Deutschland

Prof. dr. H.J.P. Timmermans, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven

Prof. dr. W.E. Walker, Technische Universiteit Delft

Prof. dr. B. van Wee, Technische Universiteit Delft

Trail Thesis Series, T2004/6, The Netherlands TRAIL Research School

This thesis is the result of a Ph.D. study carried out from 1998 to 2004 at Delft University

of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department Transport &

Planning.

Published and distributed by: DUP Science

DUP Science is an imprint of

Delft University Press

P.O. Box 98

2600 MG Delft

The Netherlands

Telephone: +31 15 27 85 678Telefax: +31 15 27 85 706

E-mail: info@library.TUDelft.nl

ISBN 90-407-2521-7

Copyright c 2004 by Winnie Daamen.

All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be

reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ-

ing photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without

written permission of the publisher: Delft University Press.

Printed in The Netherlands

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v

P(everythingflows)

-Heraclites

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vi TRAIL Thesis series

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Preface

Until the early seventies of the last century, pedestrian traffic has hardly been subject of

research. About that time, researchers started studying pedestrian behaviour more in-

tensively, first by watching and deriving (simple) theories and models from what they

observed. Only recently, when more advanced observation techniques became avail-

able, computers became faster and could handle larger and more complicated models,the number of available pedestrian models as well as their application scope and accuracy

increased significantly.

Despite these developments, designers of public transport stations and other public fa-

cilities accommodating large pedestrian flows nowadays still use simple rules of thumb.

Meeting the increasing needs of these designers for more advanced assessment tools was

the impetus for my doctoral research to develop a dedicated simulation tool for modelling

passengerflows in larger multi-modal public transport facilities. This new simulation tool

does not only include walking behaviour as such, but covers as well the main behavioural

dimensions in pedestrian behaviour in public accommodations, including route choice,

performing activities, and boarding and alighting from public transport vehicles. For the

validation of the modelled walking behaviour, I have performed innovative large-scale

laboratory experiments involving large groups of subjects, who were assigned various

walking tasks with respect to among other things walking direction and walking speed.

In developing the new models, I did extensive observations of passenger behaviour on

railway platforms in the city of Delft and route choice observations in the railway stations

of the cities of Delft and Breda. A variety of case studies have shown the applicability

of the new tool, given the name of SimPed. The alternations between the theoretical and

practical activities of the dissertation research formed one of the attractive aspects of mywork.

This doctoral research followed from a joint research endeavour by Delft University of

Technology and Holland Railconsult. It is part of the research programme Seamless Mul-

timodal Mobility (SMM), carried out within the Netherlands Research School for Trans-

port, Infrastructure, and Logistics (TRAIL). This research programme studies all kinds of

components of a multimodal transport system, such as travel demand modelling, design

of multimodal transport networks, design of robust timetables, and operational control of

line-bound public transport services.

Several years of dedicated research and hard work form the foundation of this thesis. I

vii

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viii TRAIL Thesis series

am indebted to each from whom I have learned and who have contributed in many ways

to this dissertation.

First of all, I wish to acknowledge the crucial contributions of my thesis supervisor pro-

fessor Piet Bovy, supporting my research with admirable enthusiasm. Secondly, I would

like to express my thanks and gratitude to my daily supervisor Serge Hoogendoorn forhis scientific, mathematical, and personal support. Being always very critical, but at the

same time prepared to help me finding solutions for seemingly inexplicable traffic phe-

nomena. Their critical comments and many suggestions made this thesis more than I

could have done by myself alone. In addition, I would like to thank all members of the

promotion committee, taking the time to read this dissertation thesis and to provide very

useful suggestions for improvement.

The design and implementation of the developed simulation tool SimPed were performed

at my former employer Holland Railconsult, whereas the scientific research underlying

the simulation tool leading to this thesis has been conducted at the Transport & Planningdepartment of the faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences of the Delft University

of Technology. I like to thank Sidney van de Stouwe formerly from Holland Railconsult

for making this research possible at Holland Railconsult, as well as Patrick van Esch

and Jack Kruijer for their efforts and dedication in developing the simulation tool and

performing the first assignments (including the necessary work late at night and during

the weekends). I would especially like to thank my former colleagues from the very

beginning of this endeavour (of the department Processimulatie) for being a closely-

knit group and making me realise there is more in life than just work, even at work.

I would equally like to thank my colleagues of the Transport & Planning department

with whom I had many inspiring discussions especially during the last two years of my

research. Despite the hard working needed, there was always time for a helping hand, an

encouraging word, an interested question, or just a chat. I have had (and still have) a great

time working with you!

Last but not least, special thanks go out to my family, being there for me when I needed

them, for much more than just this piece of paper. Id like to dedicate this thesis to

them, since it would not have been possible without their continuous encouragement and

support.

Winnie Daamen

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Contents

Preface vii

List of Figures xv

List of Tables xxi

Notation xxiii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Research motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 Research objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.3 Research approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.4 Thesis contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.5 Relevance of the research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.6 Outline of the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2 User requirements of a pedestrianflow simulation tool 11

2.1 Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.2 Performance indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.3 System requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.3.1 Graphical user inter