Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real...

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Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets

Transcript of Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real...

Page 1: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies

Pitfalls and best practices

Konstantin Fastovets

Page 2: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

Main topics

1. General thoughts on valuation & forecasting2. Modelling structure3. Modelling detail4. The valuation method5. Other common pitfalls6. Relative valuation

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Page 3: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

General thoughts on valuation & forecasting

• Valuation offers a method or a tool rather than a number• Any output is conditional on a number of assumptions• It is how those assumptions  

• If you disagree with the market try to have an explanation for why the market is wrong

• Other participants are lacking the information that you have• Other participants do not have resources dedicated to the same kind of analysis

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Page 4: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

Modelling structure

• Separate operations, financials, valuation, and, definitely, assumptions into a different sheet each

• Try to match columns (years)• Color code, use comments• To determine a proper structure start off by looking at the operating segments. Pay special attention to divisions that generate the bulk of the EBITDA

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Page 5: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

Modelling structure

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Remember – EBITDA is generated by total sales, not only external ones

Page 6: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

Modelling structure

• Treat each operating segment as a separate business  • This way you do not need to keep track of whether one segment sold enough raw materials to a different one (where your model can unbalance)

• Internal and external sales can alternate from year to year • Unlike revenues or costs, EBITDA is additive

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Page 7: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

Modelling detail

• How detailed should your model be?

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Page 8: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

Modelling detail

• How detailed should your model be?• Pros of detailed models:

• They reflect business processes more closely• Assumptions are broken down into more pieces (COGS as a whole vs each component)• They give the impression of being more correct, because they took longer to build

• Cons of detailed models:• They are hard to update• Valuation drivers can get lost in the detail• The extra detail is not always impactful or can be projected in a meaningful manner

• The answer: ideally, it should contain all useful and impactful detail on which opinions can be formed

• Example – modelling farming costs

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Page 9: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

Modelling detail

If you adopt a 20/80 approach you only really care about operating segments that generate a meaningful amount of EBITDA

• In this example – 79% of EBITDA has been generated by the coal and power generation division

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Page 10: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

Modelling detail

• Working with limited information• Examples are abundant in Ukraine• Usually you have a problem with costs and breaking them down

• Information on sales volumes and prices is often available

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Page 11: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

Modelling detail

• Working with limited information• Examples are abundant in Ukraine• Usually you have a problem with costs and breaking them down

• Information on sales volumes and prices is often available

• The answer – use margins on per operating segment basis• Margins allow you to estimate costs. In absence of a better approach bulking everything together actually works quite well 

• Costs/t=Price/t‐EBITDA/t• In the short term costs are fixed – this is an excellent way to forecast near‐term earnings• You can adjust costs based on information that is available to you (example – iron ore into steel)

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Page 12: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

Modelling detail

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Ferrexpo pellets, EBITDA/t

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One remarkable characteristic of margins is that in the absence of structural changes on the market they tend to be mean‐reverting. This also works in absolute terms  

Page 13: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

Modelling detail

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Kernel bulk oil, $/t

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• When you’ve got structural changes, profits will reflect that and the price/cost spread will adjust accordingly. 

• You can think of profits driving prices and costs rather than vice versa

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Page 14: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

The modelling method

• Is there any difference between the discounted FCF and FCE approaches? • What is the meaning of WACC?• Errors are introduced when the WACC is used incorrectly

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Page 15: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

The modelling method – deriving the WACC

EECF1 Ke

ECF1 Ke 1 Ke ⋯

EECF1 Ke

ECF1 Ke 1 Ke ⋯

E 1 Ke ECF ESubtracting the tax shield from FCF is mostly a convention

CFd D Kd D DSource: “WACC: Definitions, Misconceptions, and Errors” by Pablo Fernandez

Start off with:

Therefore:

The same logic goes for:

Derive what the discount rate for FCF needs to be for the following to hold

where

EV 1 Ke EV 1 WACC FCF

Intertemporal form

EV E D

We are proving:

FCF ECF D D D Kd 1 T

where

Since

[1]

[2]

[5]

Combine [1], [2], and [5]:

[3]

[4]

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Page 16: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

The modelling method – deriving the WACC

Now plug in FCF and CFd definitions ([3] and [4]) to get: 

Which simplifies to:

Solving for WACC:

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Page 17: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 TVECF before change in debt 150 100 75 0 85 95 100ECF after change in debt 150 0 175 100 185 195 100Tax rate 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 10%Kd (interest rate) 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8% 8%Debt, bop 200 200 100 200 300 400 500After tax interest expense 16 16 8 15 23 30 36Change of debt 0 ‐100 100 100 100 100 0FCF 166 116 83 15 108 125 136Ke 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20%Equity, bop 582 548 658 614 637 579 500 500WACC 17% 17% 18% 17% 16% 15% 14%EV (discounted FCF), bop 782 748 758 814 937 979 1000 1000EV (equity + debt), bop 782

Terminal FCF growth rate 0.0%Equivalent ECF growth rate 0.0%Terminal Ke 20%Terminal Kd 8%

Terminal WACC 14%

D/E need to be assumed fixed

The modelling method – WACC use example

• Implications if you want to use WACC:• You will have to calculate the fair value of equity first• The cost of debt has to equal the cash interest rate (i.e. fair value and 

balance sheet value of debt need to match!)• You have to assume a fixed D/E ratio – setting a terminal growth rate 

on FCF implies growth rate of debt, which means that the equivalent FCE growth rate is actually much higher. In this example 3.0% translates into 5.5%   

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Page 18: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

The modelling method

• How to determine a proper cost of equity?• Does the CAPM work well? 

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Page 19: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

The modelling method

• How to determine a proper cost of equity?• Does the CAPM work well? • No, it works poorly because real markets do not fulfill the assumptions under which it is derived

• The overall market needs to be in equilibrium – this implies that everything is already priced correctly

• A special relationship between an asset’s return and the distribution of its returns is only achieved if everyone is holding the same optimal portfolio, which includes all assets present on the market

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Page 20: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

The modelling method – deriving the CAPM

In the present of a risk‐free rate a portfolio’s expectedreturn can be expressed as:

The marginal contribution of a risky asset i to the expected portfolio is thus :

Since 

The variance of a portfolio’s return in the sum of all entries in the table:

The sum of the entries of the i‐th row and the i‐thcolumn is the total contribution of asset i to portfolio variance:

2 ,

Source: Caltech lecture notes by J. Wang (15.401 – “CAPM and APT”)

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Page 21: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

The modelling method – deriving the CAPMThe marginal contribution of asset i to portfolio variance is thus:

The marginal contribution of asset i to portfolio volatility (or standard deviation) is:

In an optimal portfolio the ratio of marginal return to marginal risk must be the same across all included assets (otherwise you should be rebalancing)

Since it is also true for the market portfolio itself:

Rewriting:

Source: Caltech lecture notes by J. Wang (15.401 – “CAPM and APT”) 21

Page 22: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

The modelling method

• Empirical evidence shows that the CAPM did not work well over the last 30years even on the US market

Source: Fischer Black, “Beta and return” 22

Page 23: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

The modelling method

• So what’s the solution?• Change your approach. The relationship between the cost of equity and the fair equity value is the same as that of a price of a bond to its yield

• You can:• Calculate the implied cost of equity for similar companies on the market and the decide if there should be a premium

• Look at the cost of debt and add a premium• In the end you can only answer the question what a fair equity value (or stock price) is, given a certain cost of equity. Demonstrate different results with different cost of equity assumptions

MHP 2020

DTEK 2024

FIUB 2018

Ferrexpo 2019

Kernel 2022

Oschadbank 2023

Oschadbank 2025

Metinvest 2021

MHP 2024Ukreximbank

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Ukreximbank 2025Ukrzaliznutsya

2021

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Corporate Eurobonds Government Eurobonds

The best you can do for bonds is look at spreads 

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Page 24: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

Other common pitfalls

• Earnings that grow out of nowhere• Make sure capex compensates for D&A• Make sure the company’s investment projects are reasonable in terms of return

• You can model them separately to see their net effect• Check your growth rate, especially if you’re using FCF – you could be generating most of your value from an unknown source

• Using unrealistic price assumptions• Its fine to just assume the current price for commodities and assigning some sort ofinflation to it – otherwise make sure you know why the market is wrong and you’re right

• Forgetting about currency risks.• If the company’s cash flow is mixed in hard currency and the hryvnia, make sure yourdiscount rate reflects that

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Page 25: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

Relative valuation

• DCF vs relative valuation – which one is better? • Should you take averages? Maybe weighted averages?

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Page 26: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

Relative valuation

• DCF vs relative valuation – which one is better? • Should you take averages? Maybe weighted averages?• No, the two approaches should be telling you the same thing. If they are not, figure out why (maybe one of them simply fails to work correctly). 

• The bond analogy is duration

• Common pitfalls:• The peer group does not operate in the same industry, or environment• Financial year periods do not match• Earnings metrics are calculated on a different basis

• The inclusion of JVs into EBITDA• Revaluation effects• Functional vs reporting currency during sharp exchange rate changes

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Page 27: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

Relative valuation – an IAS 41 case study

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Page 28: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

Relative valuation – an IAS 41 case study

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Page 29: Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies - Fastovets.… · Modelling and Valuation of real sector companies Pitfalls and best practices Konstantin Fastovets. Main topics

Q&A

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