Modeling and measuring sediment transport for river restoration and

dam removal Timothy C. Granata1,2, Fang Cheng1, Ulrike Zika1,

Daniel Gillenwater1, and Christopher Tomsic1

1. Ohio State University2. Granata Ecological Engineering

Published in: Sediment Dynamics Upon Dam Removal.

2008 ASCE Task Committee Monograph

ASCE/EWRI, Watershed Management Conference 2005

Fremont

Tiffin

Ballville Dam

SanduskyBay

Loss of Habitat

Sandusky River Watershed(Northern Ohio)

St. John Dam

Inaccessible Habitat

Bucyrus

UpperSandusky

Lake Erie

16 km

10 miles

Flow

N

St. John Ballville

Dam Type 2.2 m, Class IV 10 m, Class II

Channel Slope

Shallow 0.0001 m/m Steep 0.001 m/m

Use None Water Supply

Spawning Habitat (gravel)

Up- & Downstream Upstream

Backwater 13 km 5 km

Fate Removed 2003 Still Standing

Two dams on Sandusky River

St. John’s Dam, Sandusky River, Seneca Co.

2 m40 m

Sandusky River

Wolf Creek

Honey Creek

Upstream Boundaries

Downstream Boundary

St John Dam

Mike11 SimulationSt. John Dam Removal

• 60 km river network• 51 cross sections• Q(t) & Q-H BCs• dam (weir) timed

breach & removal• Acker-White

total load• active bed layer, 5m• d35 = 0.5 mm

USGS Gage:0498000

USGS Gages : 0496800 + 0419500

SanduskyRiver

St. John Dam Breached Spring 2003

Measured Data• 200 m downstream• fixed YSI 6600 sonde• calibrated H(t) & SS(t)• upstream gage-control• downstream gage

HD Calibration

modeledwater level

vs.H(t)

during breach.

tuned with Manning’s n

St. John Dam Removed Fall 2003

Simulation of water level

vs.H(t)

duringremoval

A B C D

Post-damPre-dam

MeasuredData

Bed levelsurveys

• DGPS• ADP• Total

Station

Total load• Pit traps• SS(t)

bed level

SedimentDistributions

• Contact points

• DGPS• Every 10 ft

ODNR Geologic Survey

Dam

Dam

July 2003 July 2004

A B C D

7-30-2004 simulated

Water level 2004

Water level 1998

measuredmeasured

Longitudinal profile- modeled vs. measured bed level

Deposition ErosionErosion No scour

moving average

A B C D

Simulation of Transport

l

Erosion

Deposition

No scour

Qtotal= 2 kg/sQSS = 0.5 kg/s

Surface sediment distributions

upstream downstream

d50≈ 7 mm d50: 8 to 3 mm d50: 7 to 3.5 mmd50: 7 to 4 mm d50≈ 7 mm

Post Post Post

Accuracy of Transport

Particle diameter = 0.5mm Particle diameter = 1mmMeasurement(kg) Simulation

(kg)Simulation/measurement

Simulation(kg)

Simulation/measurement

7/30/04 7.51 2322.70 309 1040.93 1398/13/04 2.87 1858.42 65 841.20 299/5/04 10.51 5950.04 566 2799.00 2669/13/04 2.37 1606.46 679 734.83 310

Table 2, Sensitivity analysis of time integrated sediment load on grain size in thereservoir deposits.

Conclusions of St. John simulation

• Water levels and routing very accurate

• General agreement for bed level adjustment

• Wave of sediment downstream captured

A-W ST model sensitive to- initial distribution of sediment- size of sediment

10 m

120 m

Ballville Dam, Sandusky River, Sandusky Co.

N

Sand

Limestone Bedrock

Gravel/PebbleBoulder/Cobble

Silt/Clay

River Mile 35

River Mile 36

Riverine SubstrateMapping

Potential HabitatUpstream of Ballville Dam

SimulationBallville Dam Removal

• 62 km river network• 39 cross sections• Q(t) & H(t) BCs• dam (weir) timed

removal• Acker-White total load

• active bed layer, 5 m• d35 = 1 mm

BoundaryUpstream

BoundaryDownstream

USGS Gage:0498000

Lake levelNAVD

SanduskyRiver

WolfCreek

SpicerCreek

0200400600800

10/1

/197

8

10/1

/198

0

10/1

/198

2

10/1

/198

4

10/1

/198

6

10/1

/198

8

10/1

/199

0

10/1

/199

2

Q (m

3/s)

172172.5

173173.5

174174.5

175175.5

176W

ater

Lev

el (m

)

High Flow Low Flow

Lake levelvs.

Discharge

0.0 5000.0 10000.0 15000.0 20000.0 25000.0 30000.0 35000.0 40000.0 45000.0 50000.0 55000.0 60000.0[m]

170.0

180.0

190.0

200.0

210.0

220.0

230.0

[m] Water Level - 15-6-1984 19:00 FAIL0681RHD.res11

SANDUSKY 0 - 7825

030 201

451

679

908

1137

1441

1819

2252

2612 2

920

3343

3733

4032

4191

4413

4474

5373

5873

7373

7825

SANDUSKY 7825 - 27453

8873

1037

3

1187

312

873

1487

315

373

1587

3

1987

320

373

2237

3

2737

327

453

SANDUSKY 27453 - 62378

3037

3

3370

133

901

3429

234

890 34

964

3497

034

984

3537

3 3553

435

679

3603

336

226

3711

137

337

3741

737

514

3761

037

900

3807

738

334

3867

238

785

3893

039

155

3934

8 4025

041

344

4193

942

470

4300

144

353

4668

7

4834

548

892

5122

5

5745

3

6237

8

Post-removal (+19 h)

Pre-removal (-24 h)

Low Flow

30000.0 31000.0 32000.0 33000.0 34000.0 35000.0 36000.0 37000.0 38000.0 39000.0 40000.0 41000.0[m]

165.0

170.0

175.0

180.0

185.0

190.0

195.0

200.0

205.0

210.0

[m] Water Level - 15-6-1984 00:00 FAIL0681RFHD.res11

SANDUSKY 27453 - 62378

3037

3

3370

133

901

3429

2

3489

0 3496

434

970

3498

4

3537

3 3553

435

679 36

033

3622

6

3711

137

337

3741

737

514

3761

0

3790

038

077

3833

4

3867

238

785

3893

039

155

3934

8 4025

0

0.0 5000.0 10000.0 15000.0 20000.0 25000.0 30000.0 35000.0 40000.0 45000.0 50000.0 55000.0 60000.0[m]

170.0

180.0

190.0

200.0

210.0

220.0

230.0

[m] Water Level - 14-6-1981 15:00 FAIL0681REHD.res11

SANDUSKY 0 - 7825

030 201

451

679

908

1137

1441

1819

2252

2612 2

920

3343

3733

4032

4191

4413

4474

5373

5873

7373

7825

SANDUSKY 7825 - 27453

8873

1037

3

1187

312

873

1487

315

373

1587

3

1987

320

373

2237

3

2737

327

453

SANDUSKY 27453 - 62378

3037

3

3370

133

901

3429

234

890 34

964

3497

034

984

3537

3 3553

435

679

3603

336

226

3711

137

337

3741

737

514

3761

037

900

3807

738

334

3867

238

785

3893

039

155

3934

8 4025

041

344

4193

942

470

4300

144

353

4668

7

4834

548

892

5122

5

5745

3

6237

8

Post removal (+15 h)

High Flow

30000.0 31000.0 32000.0 33000.0 34000.0 35000.0 36000.0 37000.0 38000.0 39000.0 40000.0[m]

175.0

180.0

185.0

190.0

195.0

200.0

205.0

[m] Water Level - 14-6-1981 00:00 FAIL0681REHD.res11

SANDUSKY 27453 - 62378

3037

3

3370

133

901

3429

2

3489

034

964

3497

034

984

3537

335

534

3567

9 3603

336

226

3711

137

337

3741

737

514

3761

0

3790

038

077

3833

4

3867

238

785

3893

039

155

3934

8

4025

0

Pre-removal (-24 h)

0.0 5000.0 10000.0 15000.0 20000.0 25000.0 30000.0 35000.0 40000.0 45000.0 50000.0 55000.0[m]

170.0

180.0

190.0

200.0

210.0

220.0

[m] Bed Level - 1-5-1979 00:00 JUNE25ST.res11

SA NDUSKY 7825 - 27453

7825

8873 10

373

1187

312

873

1487

315

373

1587

3

1987

320

373

2237

3

2737

327

453

SA NDUSKY 27453 - 6237830

373

3370

133

901

3429

234

890

3496

434

984

3537

335

534

3567

936

033

3622

637

111

3733

737

417

3751

437

610

3790

038

077

3833

438

672

3878

538

930

3915

539

348

4025

041

344

4193

942

470

4300

1

4435

3

4668

7

4834

548

892

5122

5

5745

3

6237

8

A

0.0 10000.0 20000.0 30000.0 40000.0 50000.0 60000.0[m]

180.0

200.0

220.0

240.0

[m] Bed Level - 1-5-1979 00:00 JUNE20ST.res11

SA NDUSKY

0 30 201

451

679

908

1137

1441

1819

2252

2612

2920

3343

3733

4032

4191 4

413

4474

5373

5873

7373

7825

SA NDUSKY 7825 - 27453

8873 10

373

1187

312

873

1487

315

373

1587

3

1987

320

373

2237

3

2737

327

453

SA NDUSKY 27453 - 62378

3037

3

3370

133

901

3429

234

890

3496

434

984

3537

335

534

3567

936

033

3622

637

111

3733

737

417

3751

437

610

3790

038

077

3833

438

672

3878

538

930

3915

539

348

4025

041

344

4193

942

470

4300

144

353

4668

7

4834

548

892

5122

5

5745

3

6237

8

B

C

0.0 5000.0 10000.0 15000.0 20000.0 25000.0 30000.0 35000.0 40000.0 45000.0 50000.0 55000.0 60000.0[m]

170.0

180.0

190.0

200.0

210.0

220.0

230.0

[m] Bed Level - 22-1-1984 06:00 ST4_30.res11

SANDUSKY

0 30 201

451

679

908

1137

1441

1819

2252

2612

2920

3343

3733

4032

4191

4413

4474

5373

5873

7373

7825

SANDUSKY 7825 - 27453

8873

1037

3

1187

312

873

1487

315

373

1587

3

1987

320

373

2237

3

2737

327

453

SANDUSKY 27453 - 62378

3037

3

3370

133

901

3429

234

890 3

4964

3498

435

373 35

534

3567

9 3603

336

226

3711

137

337

3741

737

514

3761

037

900

3807

738

334

3867

238

785

3893

039

155

3934

8 4025

041

344

4193

942

470

4300

144

353

4668

7

4834

548

892

5122

5

5745

3

6237

8

Bed Level & Sediment Transport

CatastrophicFailure

NoRemoval

ControlledRemoval

0.0 5000.0 10000.0 15000.0 20000.0 25000.0 30000.0 35000.0 40000.0 45000.0 50000.0 55000.0 60000.0[m]

170.0

180.0

190.0

200.0

210.0

220.0

230.0

[m] Bed Level - 22-1-1984 06:00 ST4_30.res11

SANDUSKY

0 30 201

451

679

908

1137

1441

1819

2252

2612

2920

3343

3733

4032

4191

4413

4474

5373

5873

7373

7825

SANDUSKY 7825 - 27453

8873

1037

3

1187

312

873

1487

315

373

1587

3

1987

320

373

2237

3

2737

327

453

SANDUSKY 27453 - 62378

3037

3

3370

133

901

3429

234

890 3

4964

3498

435

373 35

534

3567

9 3603

336

226

3711

137

337

3741

737

514

3761

037

900

3807

738

334

3867

238

785

3893

039

155

3934

8 4025

041

344

4193

942

470

4300

144

353

4668

7

4834

548

892

5122

5

5745

3

6237

8

Conclusions• Optimum removal - low flow & lake level

• Timed draw-down - no flooding or sediment loading more than bankfull event

• Model is useful for breach scenarios & restoration schemes

• Model output (water level & velocity) coupled to ecological model for habitat scenarios

Acknowledgements

• GLPF and ODOT for funding projects• Bob Vargo & Bob Gable (ODNR Scenic Rivers)• Ryan Murphy & Connie Livchak (ODNR-GS)• My Group

Ulrike Zika, Fang Cheng, Matthew Nechvatal, Daniel Gillenwater, Christopher Tomsic, Ralph Greco

Mike 11 Fully Dynamic ModelSaint Venant Equation

bQ

thb

xQ

=−∂∂

∂∂

∂Q∂t

+∂

αQA

⎛ ⎝

⎞ ⎠

∂x+ gA

∂h∂x

+gQQC2AR

Continuity

Momentum

h Q

Sediment Distribution

Reservoir

Fremont

Tiffin

St. John’s Dam

Bay

Remaining WalleyeSpawning Area

Ballville Reservoir

Flow

Water Treatment Plant

Flow

0

Sandusky River Fremont, Ohio

Ballville Dam

The Ballville Dam is located 18 miles upstream of Sandusky Bay. The dam serves as the only water supply for the City of Fremont (population 32,645). The dam was constructed in 1911.

Sandusky River with dam and habitat locations (Ohio Dept. Natural Resources-ODNR GS).

Sandusky

End of Reservoir(3 miles in Length)

LeviesPotential Habitat

Fremont

Tiffin

Ballville Dam

Bay

Sandusky Co.

Seneca Co.

Wyndot Co. Crawfort Co.

1 km