Model of effects of aircraft noise on communities · 2010-12-14 · Model of effects of aircraft...

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Model of effects of aircraft noise oncommunities

Non-acoustic factors

Acoustic factors

Short-termeffects

Long-termeffects

Complaints /Other public action

Sleep disturbanceSpeech interferenceActivity interferenceShort-term annoyance…

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Sleep disturbance

• Construct initial model of noise relatedcauses of sleep disturbance andassociated effects

• Identify questions FAA needs to answer

• Relate questions to model

• Identify parts of model where improvedunderstanding will help answer questions

• Construct research roadmap that willimprove understanding

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Initial model for aircraft noise-induced sleep disturbance

Non-acousticfactors

Acoustic factors

Sleepdisturbance

•Culture•Age•Health•Location of residence•Duration of residence•Tiredness•Time of retiring•Sleep stage•Noise sensitivity•Vulnerable populations

…

•Max sound level•No. events•Time of event•Vibration/rattle•Event time history•Frequency spectrum•Tonality•Ambient sound levels

…

Short Term Effects

Long Term Effects

After Effects

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Terminology

NOISE METRICSMax LevelDuration

…

Sleep Disturbance After Effects

INDICATORSSubjective

e.g. Time to fall asleepRemembered awakenings

Objectivee.g. EEG, Motility

Objective, e.g.:

•Sleep latency tests

•Reaction time

•Pupil dilation

Objective, e.g.:

•Hypertension

•Prescriptionmedications

•Chronic alternationsaffecting immune /endocrine system

Subjective, e.g.:

•Mood

•Tiredness

•Annoyance

•Coping strategies –closed windows,sleeping pills

Long-termShort-term

MEASURES

For primary parts of model we will investigate.

Acoustic Factors

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3. How can FAA limit the effects?

1. What effects of sleep disturbance should / can FAA seek to limit?

Fundamental questions that need answers

Need ways to measure the effects

2.To what extent should the effects be limited?

Long Term EffectsShort Term Effects

Identify factors FAA might control that affect sleep disturbance

4. What data are available to provide answers?

5. What additional studies are needed?

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Proposed development of roadmapto answering these questions

• Examine each question’s relation to model

• Develop initial series of “actionablehypotheses” to step-wise improveunderstanding of the model and ability toanswer the fundamental questions.

• Design research tasks to test hypotheses

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2.To what extent should the effects be limited?

1.What effects should / can FAA seek to limit?

Short Term Effects

Long Term Effects

Sleepdisturbance

Measures of Short Term:

•Subjective – diaries, interviews•Objective – Reaction time,sleep latency

Measures of Long Term:

•Hypertension•Prescription medications•Chronic effects

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Non-acousticfactors

Acoustic factors

Sleepdisturbance

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Short Term Effects

Long Term Effects

Identify Factors FAA MightControl

Identify Factors FAA MightControl•Culture

•Age•Health•Location of residence•Duration of residence•Tiredness•Time of retiring•Sleep stage•Noise sensitivity•Vulnerable populations…

•Max sound level•No. events•Time of event•Vibration/rattle•Event time history•Frequency spectrum•Tonality•Ambient sound levels…

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Acoustic factors

Sleepdisturbance

So

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Short Term Effects

Long Term Effects

Available data?

Considerable Research Data

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Acoustic factors

Sleepdisturbance

So

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Short Term Effects

Long Term Effects

Available data?

Limited Research Data

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Actionable Hypothesis # S1

• At this stage of investigation, we need to assemble everything available thatis known internationally about noise and sleep disturbance. Considerableresearch studies and results have been published and improvements inunderstanding must begin with what is already known.

• Data and results from available studies of noiseinduced sleep disturbance can be organized andsummarized in a way that permits cross-comparisons of all noise metrics, indicators ofsleep disturbance and measures of effects

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Summary of Sleep Hypotheses


…

Acoustic Factors Sleep Disturbance Effects




S1. Assemble Available Studies / Data

Objective, e.g.:

•Reaction time

•…

Objective, e.g.:

•Hypertension

•…

Subjective, e.g.:

•Mood

•…

Long-termShort-term

MEASURES

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Acoustic factors

Sleepdisturbance

So

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FA

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lApplicability of available data to U.S. populations?

Do non-acoustic factors differentiate populations significantly?

Developing the Research Roadmap

Considerable Research DataBut…

Limited U.S. Data

Considerable Data onOther Populations

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• Relatively few noise and sleep disturbance studies have beenconducted around airports in the U.S. Examine data to understandwhether all populations are similar in their sleep disturbanceresponses, and that consequently all study findings are reasonablyapplicable to U.S. populations.

• Populations are similar in their responses toaircraft noise

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…



Objective, e.g.:

•Reaction time

•…

Objective, e.g.:

•Hypertension

•…

Subjective, e.g.:

•Mood

•…

Long-termShort-term

MEASURES

S2. Examine Consistency Across Populations




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Acoustic factors

Sleepdisturbance

So

me

FA

AC

on

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lCorrelation of noise metrics with objective indicators of sleep disturbance


Most highly researched area:Noise metrics <>Objective indicators

Objective Indicators

Behavioral indicatorsSignaled awakeningsMotility…

Physiological indicatorsECG, blood pressureEEG changes…

Noise Metrics: Lmax, SEL, etc.

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• This hypothesis permits a review and summary of the considerablenumber of available studies and results relating noise metrics andthe objective indicators.

• Noise metrics are similarly related to the variousobjective indicators of sleep disturbance

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…



Objective, e.g.:

•Reaction time

•…

Objective, e.g.:

•Hypertension

•…

Subjective, e.g.:

•Mood

•…

Long-termShort-term

MEASURES


S3.




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Acoustic factors

Sleep*disturbance

So

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Are objective (the more researched) indicators of sleepdisturbance correlated with subjective indicators?

*Include sensitive populations?


•Behavioral indicators•Signaled awakenings•Motility…

•Physiological indicators•ECG, blood pressure•EEG changes…

Subjective Indicators

•Remembered awakenings•Time to fall asleep

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Such correlation, or lack thereof, will assist in determining, forexample, whether FAA efforts directed at the limiting the objectiveindicators of sleep disturbance are likely to affect how peoplejudge the quality of their sleep. High correlation could also meanthat collection of sleep disturbance information may be as simple asasking people about their subjective evaluation of their sleep.

• Subjective and objective indicators ofsleep disturbance are correlated for nightsof sleep disturbed by noise events.

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…



Objective, e.g.:

•Reaction time

•…

Objective, e.g.:

•Hypertension

•…

Subjective, e.g.:

•Mood

•…

Long-termShort-term

MEASURES


S3.


Objective

S4.

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Short Term Effects

Long Term Effects

Sleepdisturbance


Are objective indicators of sleep disturbance correlated withmeasures of short-term effects?

Short Term Effects•Subjective reports

•Tiredness•…

•Objective measures –•Pupil dilation•Reaction times•…


•Behavioral indicators•Signaled awakenings•Motility…

•Physiological indicators•ECG, blood pressure•EEG changes…

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Long-term health effects resulting from noise induced sleepdisturbance are too uncertain at this time to benefit from a limitedstudy. Short-term effects may be more tractable. This hypothesisprovides for examination of the relationships across objectiveindicators and all studied measures of short-term effects.

• Noise induced sleep disturbance as determinedby objective indicators result in adverse short-term performance / health effects

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…



Objective, e.g.:

•Reaction time

•…

Objective, e.g.:

•Hypertension

•…

Subjective, e.g.:

•Mood

•…

Long-termShort-term

MEASURES


S3.


Objective

S4.

S5.

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• Sleep disturbance occurs whether or not noise events arepresent. This hypothesis intends to explore the differencesbetween this “normal” sleep disturbance, and noise induced sleepdisturbance.

• There are significant sleep disturbancedifferences between aircraft noise exposed andnon-aircraft noise exposed populations

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…



Objective


S2. Examine Consistency Across Populations.

S3.

S4.

S5.

S6. Compare noise exposed / non-noise exposed populations.

Objective, e.g.:

•Reaction time

•…

Objective, e.g.:

•Hypertension

•…

Subjective, e.g.:

•Mood

•…

Long-termShort-term

MEASURES

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• There exists a considerable body of sleep research – its benefitsand the adverse effects of sleep disturbance. FAA wishes any noiserelated sleep research to benefit from work in this related field.

• The effects of non-noise sleep disturbancestudies can help identify which indicators ofsleep disturbance are best correlated with thehealth and performance effects that may result

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…



Objective



S3.

S4.

S5.


S7. Use non-noise sleep disturbance study findings

Objective, e.g.:

•Reaction time

•…

Objective, e.g.:

•Hypertension

•…

Subjective, e.g.:

•Mood

•…

Long-termShort-term

MEASURES

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• The World Health Organization has proposed night noise guidelinesfor Europe using Lnight,outside to protect populations from awakening.Noise induced awakenings result from single noise events. As partof the research, FAA wishes to examine the relationships amongvarious methods and noise metrics for protecting populations.

• The value of Lnight,outside is a reliable predictor ofnoise-induced awakenings and both correlatewith a suitably derived model for computingawakenings

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Some Approaches to Limiting Nighttime Aircraft Noise

• Metrics:– European Union: Lnight– WHO Recommendations– Limit nighttime indoor LAmax Levels (e.g. Frankfurt airport 52 dBA)

• Other– Nighttime protection zone - Leipzig-Halle Airport– Fines (e.g. Edinburgh, Manchester, etc.)

• Operations:– Night-time Curfews (e.g. Naples International, Zurich, etc.)– Restrictions imposed on number and\or type of operations during the night and

\or during “shoulder” hours (e.g. Sydney, Zurich, Minneapolis St. PaulInternational, etc.)

– Preferential nighttime runways (e.g. Calgary International, Athens International,Amsterdam-Schiphol, etc.)

– Noise abatement flight paths (e.g. O’Hare International, Tucson International,Los Angeles International, Seattle-Tacoma International, etc.)

– Noise abatement flight procedures-e.g. restrict use of reverse thrust, etc. (e.g.Sydney, Athens International, etc.)

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…



Objective



S3.

S4.

S5.


S7. Use non-noise sleep disturbance study findings

S8. Compare Lnight,outside to incidents of sleep disturbance

Objective, e.g.:

•Reaction time

•…

Objective, e.g.:

•Hypertension

•…

Subjective, e.g.:

•Mood

•…

Long-termShort-term

MEASURES

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End

Model of effects of aircraft noise on communities · 2010-12-14 · Model of effects of aircraft...

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