Model Code for
116
Transcript of Model Code for
Model Code for Service Life Design
Model code prepared by
Task Group 5.6
February 2006
Subject to priorities defined by the Steering Committee and the Presidium, the results of fib’s work in Commissions and Task Groups are published in a continuously numbered series of technical publications called 'Bulletins'. The following categories are used:
category minimum approval procedure required prior to publication Technical Report approved by a Task Group and the Chairpersons of the Commission State-of-Art Report approved by a Commission Manual or Guide (to good practice)
approved by the Steering Committee of fib or its Publication Board
Recommendation approved by the Council of fib Model Code approved by the General Assembly of fib
Any publication not having met the above requirements will be clearly identified as preliminary draft. This Bulletin N° 34 will be submitted to the General Assembly for approval as an fib Model Code in June 2006.
This report was prepared within Task Group 5.6, Model code for service life design of concrete structures:
Peter Schiessl (Convener, Technische Universität, München, Germany) Phil Bamforth (Principal Construction Consultancy, UK), Véronique Baroghel-Bouny (LCPC, France), Gene Corley (Construction Technology Laboratories, Inc., USA), Michael Faber (ETH-Zürich, Switzerland), Jim Forbes (Hyder Consulting, Australia), Christoph Gehlen (Ingenieurbüro Schiessl, Germany), Paulo Helene (Univ. de Sao Paulo PCC/USP, Brazil), Steinar Helland (Skanska Norge AS, Norway), Tetsuya Ishida (Univ. of Tokyo, Japan), Gro Markeset (Norwegian Building Research Institute, Norway), Lars-Olof Nilsson (Lund Institute of Technology, Sweden), Steen Rostam (Cowi A/S, Denmark), A.J.M. Siemes (TNO, The Netherlands), Joost Walraven (Delft Univ. of Technology, The Netherlands) Full address details of Task Group members may be found in the fib Directory or through the online services on fib's website, www.fib-international.org. Cover images: The photos show the carbonation depth of a vertical concrete surface of an existing building after
8 years of exposure without shelter from rain. A phenolphthalein indicator distinguishes areas with pH < 9.5 (not coloured) and areas with a higher pH (coloured). The graph shows the development of the carbonation depth over time, xc(t), compared to the cover depth, a. Scatter of both variables is also given.
© fédération internationale du béton (fib), 2006 Although the International Federation for Structural Concrete fib - féderation internationale du béton - created from CEB and FIP, does its best to ensure that any information given is accurate, no liability or responsibility of any kind (including liability for negligence) is accepted in this respect by the organisation, its members, servants or agents. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, modified, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission. First published in 2006 by the International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib) Post address: Case Postale 88, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Street address: Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne - EPFL, Section Génie Civil Tel +41 21 693 2747, Fax +41 21 693 6245, E-mail [email protected], web www.fib-international.org ISSN 1562-3610 ISBN 2-88394-074-6 Printed by Sprint-Digital-Druck, Stuttgart
fib Bulletin 34: Model code for Service Life Design iii
Contents Preface iv 0 Introduction 1 1 General 5 1.1 Scope 5 1.2 Associated codes 5 1.3 Assumptions 5 1.4 Definitions 6 1.5 Symbols 10
2 Basis of design 12 2.1 Requirements 12 2.2 Principles of limit state design 14 2.3 Basic variables 14 2.4 Verification 16 3 Verification of Service Life Design 20 3.1 Carbonation induced corrosion – uncracked concrete 20 3.2 Chloride induced corrosion – uncracked concrete 23 3.3 Influence of cracks upon reinforcement corrosion 24 3.4 Risk of depassivation with respect to pre-stressed steel 25 3.5 Freeze/thaw attack – without de-icing agents 25 3.6 Freeze/thaw attack – with de-icing agents 27
4 Execution and its quality management 29 4.1 General 29 4.2 Project specification 29 4.3 Quality management 30 4.4 Materials 31 4.5 Geometry 32
5 Maintenance and condition control 33 5.1 General 33 5.2 Maintenance 33 5.3 Condition control during service life 33 5.4 Action in the event of non-conformity 34 Annex A (informative) Management of reliability for Service Life Design of concrete structures 36 Annex B (informative) Full probabilistic design methods 44 Annex C (informative) Partial factor methods 83 Annex R (informative) Reliability management: from SLS to ULS 90
References 109
fib Bulletin 34: Model code for Service Life Design v
Preface fib and its preceding organizations, CEB and FIP, have a long tradition in treating durability aspects and
to design for them. In 1978 CEB created a first working group, the “Task Group Durability”. Milestones in the CEB and FIP work on durability are CEB Bulletins 148 “Durability of concrete structures”, 182 “Durable concrete structures” and 238 “New approach to durability design”. In the latter document the framework for a probabilistic design approach was set. In 2002 fib established Task Group 5.6 “Model code for service life design of concrete structures” with the objective to develop a model code document on probabilistic service life design. The approach developed in this document is intended to be the basis for the service life design approach of the new fib Model Code, currently under development. Furthermore it might serve as a basis for further work in ISO (TC 71) and CEN (TC 104 and TC 250/SC2).
The following members of Task Group 5.6 actively contributed to the work (in alphabetic order): – Veronique BAROGHEL BOUNY
– Phil BAMFORTH – Gene CORLEY
– Michael Havbro FABER
– Christoph GEHLEN* (secretary) – Paulo HELENE
– Steinar HELLAND* – Tetsuya ISHIDA
– Gro MARKESET – Lars Olof NILSSON*
– Steen ROSTAM – Peter SCHIESSL* (Convener)
*Members of the Drafting Board
The format of this Model Code follows the CEB-FIP tradition: the main provisions are given on the right-hand side of the page, and on the left-hand side, the comments.
Peter SCHIESSL
Convener of fib Task Group 5.6
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 1
–
0 In
trod
uctio
n Th
e ba
sic
idea
of
serv
ice
life
desi
gn a
s pr
esen
ted
in t
his
docu
men
t is
to
esta
blis
h a
desi
gn a
ppro
ach
to a
void
det
erio
ratio
n ca
used
by
envi
ronm
enta
l ac
tion
com
para
ble
to l
oad
desi
gn a
s w
e ar
e us
ed t
o ha
ve i
t in
our
des
ign
code
s (e
.g. E
C2)
. Tha
t mea
ns q
uant
ifiab
le m
odel
s on
the
load
sid
e (th
ese
are
the
envi
ronm
enta
l act
ions
) and
on
the
resi
stan
ce s
ide
(this
is th
e re
sist
ance
of
the
conc
rete
aga
inst
the
con
side
red
envi
ronm
enta
l ac
tions
). Th
e de
sign
ap
proa
ch w
ill b
e ex
ampl
ified
for
des
ign
agai
nst
rein
forc
emen
t co
rros
ion
caus
ed b
y ca
rbon
atio
n of
con
cret
e w
ithou
t loa
d or
rest
rain
t ind
uced
cra
cks.
Th
e fir
st s
tep
in t
he d
esig
n ap
proa
ch i
s to
qua
ntify
the
det
erio
ratio
n m
echa
nism
with
rea
listic
mod
els
desc
ribin
g th
e pr
oces
s ph
ysic
ally
and
/or
chem
ical
ly w
ith s
uffic
ient
acc
urac
y (e
.g.
ingr
ess
of c
arbo
natio
n in
to t
he
conc
rete
dep
endi
ng o
n th
e en
viro
nmen
t an
d th
e re
leva
nt c
oncr
ete
qual
ity
para
met
ers)
. Su
ch a
mod
el f
or i
ngre
ss o
f ca
rbon
atio
n is
giv
en i
n th
e do
cum
ent.
Suff
icie
nt a
ccur
acy
mea
ns th
at th
e m
odel
sho
uld
be v
alid
ated
by
real
istic
lab
orat
ory
expe
rimen
ts a
nd b
y pr
actic
e ob
serv
atio
ns, s
o th
at m
ean
valu
es a
nd s
catte
r of t
he m
ater
ial r
esis
tanc
e pa
ram
eter
s ar
e kn
own
and
can
be
cons
ider
ed i
n th
e m
odel
. In
the
sam
e w
ay m
odel
s fo
r th
e en
viro
nmen
tal
actio
ns
with
st
atis
tical
ly
quan
tifie
d en
viro
nmen
tal
para
met
ers
(e.g
. te
mpe
ratu
re, r
elat
ive
hum
idity
, spl
ash
rain
eve
nts
etc.
) nee
d to
exi
st.
The
seco
nd s
tep
is th
e de
finiti
on o
f lim
it st
ates
aga
inst
the
stru
ctur
e sh
ould
be
des
igne
d fo
r. A
ppro
pria
te li
mit
stat
es w
ould
be
- de
pass
ivat
ion
of re
info
rcem
ent c
ause
d by
car
bona
tion
- cr
acki
ng d
ue to
rein
forc
emen
t cor
rosi
on
- sp
allin
g of
con
cret
e co
ver d
ue to
rein
forc
emen
t cor
rosi
on
- co
llaps
e du
e to
loss
of c
ross
sec
tion
of th
e re
info
rcem
ent.
Th
e ob
ject
ive
of t
his
docu
men
t is
to
iden
tify
agre
ed d
urab
ility
rel
ated
m
odel
s an
d to
pre
pare
the
fra
mew
ork
for
stan
dard
izat
ion
of p
erfo
rman
ce
base
d de
sign
app
roac
hes.
This
Mod
el C
ode
treat
s de
sign
for
env
ironm
enta
l ac
tions
lea
ding
to
degr
adat
ion
of c
oncr
ete
and
embe
dded
stee
l.
– 2
–
0 In
trod
uctio
n
The
third
ste
p is
the
cal
cula
tion
of t
he p
roba
bilit
y th
at t
he l
imit
stat
es
defin
ed a
bove
occ
ur (
dete
rmin
atio
n of
the
pro
babi
lity
of o
ccur
ance
). Th
is
will
be
done
by
appl
ying
the
mod
els
desc
ribed
in s
tep
1 ab
ove.
Now
aday
s it
is c
omm
only
acc
epte
d th
at t
he s
afet
y of
stru
ctur
es s
houl
d be
exp
ress
ed i
n te
rms
of r
elia
bilit
y (r
elia
bilit
y in
dex β)
. Dep
endi
ng o
n th
e ty
pe o
f lim
it st
ate
(SLS
, ULS
) and
the
cons
eque
nces
of a
failu
re, v
alue
s fo
r β a
re g
iven
in E
C 0
.
The
four
th s
tep
is th
e de
finiti
on o
f th
e ty
pe o
f lim
it st
ate
(SLS
, ULS
) of
th
e lim
it st
ates
des
crib
ed in
ste
p 2.
Nor
mal
ly d
epas
siva
tion
will
be
clas
sifie
d as
a S
LS a
s th
ere
is n
o im
med
iate
con
sequ
ence
on
stru
ctur
al s
afet
y if
the
rein
forc
emen
t is
depa
ssiv
ated
. The
refo
re β
-val
ues
in t
he r
ange
of β
= 1.
0 to
1.
5 m
ay b
e ap
prop
riate
for
dep
assi
vatio
n. H
owev
er, t
he o
wne
r m
ay r
equi
re
high
er β
-val
ues
for
exam
ple
to s
afel
y en
sure
the
aes
thet
ic q
ualit
y of
the
st
ruct
ure.
For
the
limit
stat
e cr
acki
ng a
nd s
palli
ng th
e de
sign
er h
as to
dec
ide
whi
ch t
ype
of l
imit
stat
e is
nee
ded
or s
houl
d be
cho
sen.
If,
for
exam
ple,
cr
acki
ng
and
spal
ling
occu
rs
in
anch
orag
e zo
nes
with
out
suff
icie
nt
trans
vers
al re
info
rcem
ent,
spal
ling
may
lead
to c
olla
pse.
In th
is c
ase
crac
king
an
d sp
allin
g ne
ed t
o be
def
ined
as
ULS
. In
oth
er c
ases
if
crac
king
and
sp
allin
g do
es n
ot i
nflu
ence
the
loa
d be
arin
g ca
paci
ty o
f th
e st
ruct
ural
el
emen
t, cr
acki
ng a
nd sp
allin
g m
ay b
e de
fined
as S
LS.
The
Mod
el C
ode
is d
ivid
ed in
to fi
ve c
hapt
ers:
1.
Gen
eral
2.
B
asis
of d
esig
n
3.
Ver
ifica
tion
of S
ervi
ce L
ife D
esig
n 4.
Ex
ecut
ion
and
its q
ualit
y co
ntro
l
5.
Mai
nten
ance
and
con
ditio
n co
ntro
l
The
serv
ice
life
desi
gn a
ppro
ach
in t
his
docu
men
t is
ela
bora
ted
for
thre
e di
ffer
ent l
evel
s. T
he fu
ll pr
obab
ilist
ic a
ppro
ach
(leve
l 1) w
ill b
e us
ed o
nly
for
exce
ptio
nal
stru
ctur
es.
Bas
ed o
n th
e fu
ll pr
obab
ilist
ic a
ppro
ach
a pa
rtial
sa
fety
fact
or a
ppro
ach
com
para
ble
to lo
ad d
esig
n is
giv
en. T
he p
artia
l saf
ety
fact
or a
ppro
ach
(leve
l 2)
is a
det
erm
inis
tic a
ppro
ach
whe
re th
e pr
obab
ilist
ic
natu
re o
f the
pro
blem
(sca
tter o
f m
ater
ial r
esis
tanc
e an
d en
viro
nmen
tal l
oad)
is
take
n in
to a
ccou
nt b
y pa
rtial
saf
ety
fact
ors.
Fina
lly th
e de
emed
to s
atis
fy
appr
oach
(le
vel 3
), ag
ain
deriv
ed f
rom
the
ful
l pr
obab
ilist
ic a
ppro
ach
is
Th
e flo
w c
hart
in F
igur
e 1.
1-1
illus
trate
s th
e flo
w o
f de
cisi
ons
and
the
desi
gn a
ctiv
ities
nee
ded
in a
ratio
nal s
ervi
ce li
fe d
esig
n pr
oces
s w
ith a
cho
sen
leve
l of
rel
iabi
lity.
Tw
o st
rate
gies
hav
e be
en a
dopt
ed,
whe
reof
the
firs
t is
in
trodu
ced
of th
ree
leve
ls o
f sop
hist
icat
ion.
In su
m 4
opt
ions
are
ava
ilabl
e.
Stra
tegy
1:
Leve
l 1.
Full
prob
abili
stic
des
ign
appr
oach
, (op
tion
1)
Leve
l 2.
Parti
al fa
ctor
des
ign
appr
oach
, (op
tion
2)
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 3
–
elab
orat
ed. T
his
type
of a
ppro
ach
is c
ompa
rabl
e to
the
appr
oach
whi
ch c
an b
e fo
und
in t
he s
tand
ards
now
aday
s. H
owev
er d
escr
iptiv
e ru
les
of t
oday
’s
stan
dard
s ar
e no
t ba
sed
on p
hysi
cally
and
che
mic
ally
cor
rect
mod
els
but
mor
e on
pra
ctic
al (s
omet
imes
bad
) exp
erie
nce.
In th
e fu
ture
cur
rent
ly a
pplie
d ru
les u
rgen
tly h
ave
to b
e ca
libra
ted
agai
nst t
he fu
ll pr
obab
ilist
ic a
ppro
ach.
Ano
ther
opt
ion
give
n in
this
doc
umen
t is
the
use
of n
on re
activ
e m
ater
ials
(e
.g. s
tain
less
stee
l, st
rate
gy 2
/opt
ion
4).
Oth
er m
etho
ds o
r lev
els
betw
een
the
leve
ls c
hose
n fo
r thi
s do
cum
ent m
ay
be a
ppro
pria
te f
or S
ervi
ce L
ife D
esig
n (e
. g.
the
dur
abili
ty f
acto
r m
etho
d ap
proa
ch, [
1]).
Leve
l 3.
Dee
med
to sa
tisfy
des
ign
appr
oach
, (op
tion
3)
Stra
tegy
2:
Avo
idan
ce o
f det
erio
ratio
n de
sign
app
roac
h, (o
ptio
n 4)
Fi
gure
1.1
-1:
Flo
w c
hart
“se
rvic
e lif
e de
sign
”
– 4
–
0 In
trod
uctio
n
W
ithin
Cha
pter
3 v
ario
us d
eter
iora
tion
mec
hani
sms
are
treat
ed:
– ca
rbon
atio
n-in
duce
d co
rros
ion;
: –
chlo
ride-
indu
ced
corr
osio
n;
– fr
eeze
/thaw
atta
ck w
ithou
t de-
icin
g ag
ents
; –
free
ze/th
aw a
ttack
with
de-
icin
g ag
ents
.
For
thes
e m
echa
nism
s br
oad
acce
pted
mod
els
exis
t. O
ther
det
erio
ratio
n m
echa
nism
s ar
e no
t tre
ated
, fo
r ex
ampl
e al
kali
silic
a re
actio
n, a
nd s
ulfa
te
atta
ck, m
ainl
y du
e to
the
situ
atio
n th
at b
road
acc
epte
d m
odel
s do
not
exi
st s
o fa
r.
Sim
ulta
neou
s dy
nam
ic lo
adin
g an
d co
rros
ion
of s
teel
e. g
. in
the
regi
on o
f lo
ad o
r re
stra
int
indu
ced
crac
ks,
will
lea
d to
a r
educ
tion
in t
he f
atig
ue
resi
stan
ce. T
he S
-N-c
urve
s as
the
basi
s fo
r fat
igue
des
ign
may
be
up to
50
%
low
er r
elat
ed t
o th
e st
ress
ran
ge c
ompa
red
to S
-N-c
urve
s of
rei
nfor
cem
ent
with
out c
orro
sion
atta
ck.
B
esid
e ab
ove
men
tione
d m
echa
nism
s al
so f
atig
ue c
ause
d by
dyn
amic
lo
adin
g an
d le
adin
g to
tim
e de
pend
ent
mat
eria
l de
grad
atio
n an
d co
rros
ion
fatig
ue c
ause
d by
dyn
amic
loa
ding
and
sim
ulta
neou
s co
rros
ion
caus
ed b
y en
viro
nmen
tal a
ctio
n is
not
trea
ted.
To
mak
e th
is d
ocum
ent
com
plet
e, m
issi
ng m
odel
s ha
ve t
o be
dev
elop
ed
whi
ch h
ave
to re
spec
t the
gen
eral
prin
cipl
es o
f Cha
pter
2.
The
serv
ice
life
desi
gn a
ppro
ach
desc
ribed
in
this
doc
umen
t m
ay b
e ap
plie
d fo
r th
e de
sign
of
new
stru
ctur
es,
for
the
upda
te o
f th
e se
rvic
e lif
e de
sign
if
the
stru
ctur
e ex
ists
an
d re
al
mat
eria
l pr
oper
ties
and/
or
the
inte
ract
ion
of e
nviro
nmen
t an
d st
ruct
ure
can
be m
easu
red
(rea
l co
ncre
te
cove
rs, c
arbo
natio
n de
pths
) and
for t
he c
alcu
latio
n of
the
resi
dual
serv
ice
life.
Atta
ched
to
the
MC
-SLD
are
4 i
nfor
mat
ive
anne
xes.
The
se a
re g
ivin
g ba
ckgr
ound
info
rmat
ion
as w
ell a
s ex
ampl
es o
f pr
oced
ures
and
det
erio
ratio
n m
odel
s fo
r the
app
licat
ion
in S
LD. O
ther
suf
ficie
ntly
val
idat
ed p
roce
dure
s fo
r re
liabi
lity
man
agem
ent a
nd m
odel
s for
det
erio
ratio
n m
ight
be
used
.
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 5
–
1 G
ener
al
1.1
Scop
e Tr
aditi
onal
ly,
natio
nal
and
inte
rnat
iona
l co
ncre
te
stan
dard
s gi
ve
requ
irem
ents
to a
chie
ve th
e de
sire
d de
sign
ser
vice
life
bas
ed o
n th
e “d
eem
ed-
to-s
atis
fy”
and
the
“avo
idan
ce o
f det
erio
ratio
n” a
ppro
ach.
Such
ope
rativ
e re
quire
men
ts h
ave
to b
e ca
libra
ted
by t
he r
espo
nsib
le
stan
dard
izat
ion
body
. Thi
s doc
umen
t giv
es g
uida
nce
for s
uch
calib
ratio
n.
(1
) Th
e pr
esen
t Mod
el C
ode
is a
pplic
able
for
Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
(SLD
) of
pla
in c
oncr
ete,
rei
nfor
ced
conc
rete
and
pre
-stre
ssed
con
cret
e st
ruct
ures
w
ith a
spe
cial
focu
s on
des
ign
prov
isio
ns fo
r man
agin
g th
e ad
vers
e ef
fect
s of
de
grad
atio
n. T
he M
odel
Cod
e pr
ovid
es t
he b
asis
for
ser
vice
life
des
ign
of
conc
rete
stru
ctur
es. F
our d
iffer
ent o
ptio
ns a
re o
ffer
ed:
– a
full
prob
abili
stic
app
roac
h
– a
sem
i pro
babi
listic
app
roac
h (p
artia
l fac
tor d
esig
n)
– de
emed
to sa
tisfy
rule
s
– av
oida
nce
of d
eter
iora
tion
The
met
hodo
logy
des
crib
ed i
n th
is d
ocum
ent
mig
ht a
lso
be a
pplie
d fo
r as
sess
men
t of r
emai
ning
serv
ice
life
of e
xist
ing
stru
ctur
es.
1.2
Ass
ocia
ted
code
s C
EN E
N 1
990
“Bas
is fo
r des
ign”
is b
ased
on
the
gene
ral p
rinci
ples
for t
he
verif
icat
ion
of th
e re
liabi
lity
of s
truct
ures
giv
en in
ISO
239
4:19
98 “
Gen
eral
pr
inci
ples
on
relia
bilit
y fo
r stru
ctur
es”
(1
) The
pre
sent
cod
e is
app
licab
le a
s de
scrib
ed u
nder
1.1
toge
ther
with
– C
EN E
uroc
ode
0 (E
N 1
990:
2002
) ”B
asis
for d
esig
n”
– “P
roba
bilis
tic M
odel
Cod
e”, J
oint
Com
mitt
ee o
n St
ruct
ural
Saf
ety
(JC
SS P
MC
:200
0), w
ww
.jcss
.eth
.ch
– C
EN E
NV
136
70-1
:200
0 “E
xecu
tion
of c
oncr
ete
stru
ctur
es”
– IS
O 2
394:
1998
(E),
”Gen
eral
prin
cipl
es o
n re
liabi
lity
for s
truct
ures
”
1.
3 A
ssum
ptio
ns
CEN
EN
V 1
3670
-1 is
pre
sent
ly th
e m
ain
refe
renc
e do
cum
ent f
or IS
O T
C-
71/S
C3
whe
n dr
aftin
g an
inte
rnat
iona
l sta
ndar
d fo
r the
exe
cutio
n of
con
cret
e st
ruct
ures
.
This
CEN
sta
ndar
d m
ight
be
repl
aced
by
the
com
ing
EN 1
3670
, or b
y th
e IS
O d
ocum
ent
whe
n av
aila
ble,
or
with
the
exe
cutio
n pr
ovis
ions
in t
he n
ext
vers
ion
of th
e fib
Mod
el C
ode.
(1
) In
add
ition
to
the
gene
ral
assu
mpt
ions
of
EN 1
990
the
follo
win
g as
sum
ptio
ns a
pply
:
– St
ruct
ures
are
des
igne
d by
app
ropr
iate
ly q
ualif
ied
and
expe
rienc
ed
pers
onne
l. –
Ade
quat
e su
perv
isio
n an
d qu
ality
con
trol i
s pr
ovid
ed in
fact
orie
s, in
pl
ants
and
on
site
.
– 6
–
1 G
ener
al
The
exec
utio
n st
anda
rd a
ssum
es th
at th
e co
nstru
ctio
n m
ater
ials
bro
ught
to
the
build
ing
site
com
ply
with
rel
evan
t pr
oduc
t st
anda
rds
defin
ing
thei
r m
inim
um p
erfo
rman
ces.
– C
onst
ruct
ion
is c
arrie
d ou
t by
pers
onne
l hav
ing
the
appr
opria
te s
kill
and
expe
rienc
e.
– Th
e co
nstru
ctio
n m
ater
ials
and
pro
duct
s ar
e us
ed a
s sp
ecifi
ed in
the
rele
vant
mat
eria
l or p
rodu
ct sp
ecifi
catio
ns.
– Th
e st
ruct
ure
will
be
adeq
uate
ly m
aint
aine
d ac
cord
ing
to t
he
optio
ns g
iven
in th
is d
ocum
ent.
– Th
e st
ruct
ure
will
be
used
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith th
e de
sign
brie
f.
– Th
e m
inim
um r
equi
rem
ents
for
exe
cutio
n an
d w
orkm
ansh
ip g
iven
in
EN
V 1
3670
are
com
plie
d w
ith.
1.4
Def
initi
ons
(1)
The
term
s an
d de
finiti
ons
give
n in
EN
199
0 ap
ply
with
the
follo
win
g am
endm
ents
:
1.
4.1
Bas
ic v
aria
ble1)
8)
part
of a
spe
cifie
d se
t of v
aria
bles
rep
rese
ntin
g ph
ysic
al q
uant
ities
, whi
ch
char
acte
rise
actio
ns a
nd e
nviro
nmen
tal
influ
ence
s, g
eom
etric
al q
uant
ities
, an
d m
ater
ial p
rope
rties
.
1.4.
2 C
hara
cter
istic
val
ue (
Xk o
r R
k ) 2
) In
thi
s re
spec
t a
“nom
inal
val
ue”
mea
ns a
val
ue f
ixed
on
non-
stat
istic
al
base
s, fo
r ins
tanc
e on
acq
uire
d ex
perie
nce
or o
n ph
ysic
al c
ondi
tions
.
valu
e of
a m
ater
ial o
r pro
duct
pro
perty
hav
ing
a pr
escr
ibed
pro
babi
lity
of
not b
eing
atta
ined
in a
hyp
othe
tical
unl
imite
d te
st s
erie
s. Th
is v
alue
gen
eral
ly
corr
espo
nds
to a
spe
cifie
d fr
actil
e of
the
assu
med
sta
tistic
al d
istri
butio
n of
the
parti
cula
r pro
perty
of t
he m
ater
ial o
r pro
duct
. A n
omin
al v
alue
is u
sed
as th
e ch
arac
teris
tic v
alue
in so
me
circ
umst
ance
.
1.
4.3
Cha
ract
eris
tic
valu
e of
a
geom
etri
cal
prop
erty
(a
k)2)
8)
valu
e us
ually
cor
resp
ondi
ng t
o th
e di
men
sion
s sp
ecifi
ed i
n th
e de
sign
. W
here
rel
evan
t, va
lues
of
geom
etric
al q
uant
ities
may
cor
resp
ond
to s
ome
pres
crib
ed fr
actil
es o
f the
stat
istic
al d
istri
butio
n.
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 7
–
1.4.
4 C
hara
cter
istic
val
ue o
f an
actio
n (F
k)2)
8)
prin
cipa
l rep
rese
ntat
ive
valu
e of
an
actio
n.
1.4.
5 D
esig
n cr
iteri
a2)
quan
titat
ive
form
ulat
ions
that
des
crib
e fo
r ea
ch li
mit
stat
e th
e co
nditi
ons
to b
e fu
lfille
d.
1.4.
6 D
esig
n se
rvic
e lif
e3) 8
) Th
is d
ocum
ent
appl
ies
the
term
“D
esig
n Se
rvic
e Li
fe”.
The
mea
ning
of
this
term
is e
quiv
alen
t to
the
term
“D
esig
n w
orki
ng li
fe”
as u
sed
by C
EN.
as
sum
ed p
erio
d fo
r w
hich
a s
truct
ure
or a
par
t of
it
is t
o be
use
d fo
r its
in
tend
ed p
urpo
se.
1.4.
7 D
esig
n si
tuat
ions
1) 8
)
se
ts o
f phy
sica
l con
ditio
ns re
pres
entin
g th
e ex
pect
ed c
ondi
tions
occ
urrin
g du
ring
a ce
rtain
tim
e in
terv
al f
or w
hich
the
desi
gn w
ill d
emon
stra
te th
at th
e re
leva
nt li
mit
stat
es a
re n
ot e
xcee
ded.
1.
4.8
Des
ign
valu
e of
a g
eom
etri
cal p
rope
rty
(ad)
1) 8
)
ge
nera
lly
a no
min
al
valu
e.
Whe
re
rele
vant
, va
lues
of
ge
omet
rical
qu
antit
ies
may
cor
resp
ond
to s
ome
pres
crib
ed f
ract
ile o
f th
e st
atis
tical
di
strib
utio
n.
Not
e: T
he d
esig
n va
lue
of a
geo
met
rical
pro
perty
is g
ener
ally
equ
al to
the
char
acte
ristic
val
ue. H
owev
er, i
t may
be
treat
ed d
iffer
ently
in c
ases
whe
re th
e lim
it st
ate
unde
r co
nsid
erat
ion
is
very
se
nsiti
ve
to
the
valu
e of
th
e ge
omet
rical
pro
perty
. A
ltern
ativ
ely,
it
can
be e
stab
lishe
d fr
om a
sta
tistic
al
basi
s, w
ith a
val
ue c
orre
spon
ding
to
a m
ore
appr
opria
te f
ract
ile (
e.g.
rar
er
valu
e) th
an a
pplie
s to
the
char
acte
ristic
val
ue.
1.4.
9 D
esig
n va
lue
of a
n ac
tion
(Fd)
2) 9
)
va
lue
obta
ined
by
mul
tiply
ing
the
repr
esen
tativ
e va
lue b
y th
e par
tial f
acto
r γ f.
Not
e: T
he p
rodu
ct o
f th
e re
pres
enta
tive
valu
e m
ultip
lied
by t
he p
artia
l fa
ctor
γF
= γ S
d ⋅ γ
f m
ay a
lso
be d
esig
nate
d as
the
desi
gn v
alue
of t
he a
ctio
n (S
ee E
N 1
990
– 6.
3.2)
– 8
–
1 G
ener
al
1.4.
10
Des
ign
valu
e of
mat
eria
l or
pro
duct
pro
pert
y ( X
d or
Rd
)2) 9
)
va
lue
obta
ined
by
divi
ding
the
char
acte
ristic
val
ue b
y a
parti
al fa
ctor
γm
or
γ M ,
or, i
n sp
ecia
l circ
umst
ance
s, by
dire
ct d
eter
min
atio
n.
1.4.
11
Insp
ectio
n4)
conf
orm
ity e
valu
atio
n by
obs
erva
tion
and
judg
emen
t ac
com
pani
ed a
s ap
prop
riate
by
mea
sure
men
t, te
stin
g or
gau
ging
.
1.4.
12
Irre
vers
ible
serv
icea
bilit
y lim
it st
ates
2) 8
)
se
rvic
eabi
lity
limit
stat
es w
here
som
e co
nseq
uenc
es o
f ac
tions
exc
eedi
ng
the
spec
ified
serv
ice
requ
irem
ents
will
rem
ain
whe
n th
e ac
tions
are
rem
oved
.
1.4.
13
Lim
it st
ates
2) 8
)
st
ates
bey
ond
whi
ch th
e st
ruct
ure
no lo
nger
ful
fils
the
rele
vant
des
ign
crite
ria.
1.4.
14
Mai
nten
ance
5)
set o
f act
iviti
es th
at a
re p
lann
ed to
take
pla
ce d
urin
g th
e se
rvic
e lif
e of
the
stru
ctur
e in
ord
er to
fulfi
l the
requ
irem
ents
for r
elia
bilit
y.
1.4.
15
Proj
ect s
peci
ficat
ion7)
do
cum
ents
co
verin
g te
chni
cal
data
an
d re
quire
men
ts
for
mat
eria
ls,
exec
utio
n, m
aint
enan
ce a
nd c
ondi
tion
cont
rol f
or a
par
ticul
ar p
roje
ct p
repa
red
to su
pple
men
t and
qua
lify
the
requ
irem
ents
of g
ener
al s
tand
ards
.
1.4.
16
Ref
eren
ce p
erio
d 2)
8)
chos
en p
erio
d of
tim
e th
at i
s us
ed a
s a
basi
s fo
r as
sess
ing
stat
istic
ally
va
riabl
e ac
tions
, and
pos
sibl
y fo
r acc
iden
tal a
ctio
ns.
1.4.
17
Rel
iabi
lity
1) 8
)
ab
ility
of
a st
ruct
ure
or a
stru
ctur
al m
embe
r to
ful
fil t
he s
peci
fied
requ
irem
ents
, in
clud
ing
the
desi
gn s
ervi
ce l
ife,
for
whi
ch i
t ha
s be
en
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 9
–
desi
gned
. Rel
iabi
lity
is u
sual
ly e
xpre
ssed
in p
roba
bilis
tic te
rms.
Not
e: R
elia
bilit
y co
vers
safe
ty, s
ervi
ceab
ility
and
dur
abili
ty o
f a st
ruct
ure.
1.
4.18
R
elia
bilit
y di
ffere
ntia
tion2)
m
easu
res
inte
nded
for s
ocio
-eco
nom
ic o
ptim
isat
ion
of th
e re
sour
ces
to b
e us
ed
to
build
co
nstru
ctio
n w
orks
, ta
king
in
to
acco
unt
all
expe
cted
co
nseq
uenc
es o
f fai
lure
s and
the
cost
of t
he c
onst
ruct
ion
wor
ks.
1.4.
19
Rep
air2)
ac
tiviti
es p
erfo
rmed
to
pres
erve
or
to r
esto
re t
he f
unct
ion
of a
stru
ctur
e th
at fa
ll ou
tsid
e th
e de
finiti
on o
f mai
nten
ance
.
1.4.
20
Rep
rese
ntat
ive
valu
e of
an
actio
n (F
rep
)2) 8
)
va
lue
used
for t
he v
erifi
catio
n of
a li
mit
stat
e. A
repr
esen
tativ
e va
lue
may
be
the
char
acte
ristic
val
ue (F
k ) o
r an
acco
mpa
nyin
g va
lue
(ψF k
).
Not
e:
The
acco
mpa
nyin
g va
lue
of
a va
riabl
e ac
tion
may
be
th
e co
mbi
natio
n va
lue,
the
freq
uent
val
ue o
r the
qua
si p
erm
anen
t val
ue.
1.4.
21
Res
ista
nce1)
ca
paci
ty o
f a
mem
ber
or c
ompo
nent
, or
a cr
oss-
sect
ion
of a
mem
ber
or
com
pone
nt o
f a st
ruct
ure,
to w
ithst
and
actio
ns d
ue to
det
erio
ratio
n.
1.4.
22
Serv
icea
bilit
y lim
it st
ates
(SL
S) 2)
9)
SLS
is t
his
docu
men
t on
ly t
reat
ed i
n its
nar
row
sen
se,
i.e.
dura
bilit
y re
late
d lim
it st
ates
, and
not
in it
s gen
eral
wid
er s
ense
, e.g
. to
cove
r def
lect
ion.
SLS
mig
ht b
e as
soci
ated
with
any
dur
abili
ty r
elat
ed c
ondi
tion
beyo
nd
whi
ch t
he o
wne
r fe
els
unco
mfo
rtabl
e an
d w
hich
are
inc
lude
d in
the
des
ign
crite
ria.
st
ates
tha
t co
rres
pond
to
cond
ition
s be
yond
whi
ch s
peci
fied
serv
ice
requ
irem
ents
for a
stru
ctur
e or
stru
ctur
al m
embe
r are
no
long
er m
et.
1.4.
23
Serv
icea
bilit
y cr
iteri
on 2)
de
sign
crit
erio
n fo
r a s
ervi
ceab
ility
lim
it st
ate.
– 10
–
1 G
ener
al
1.4.
24
Ulti
mat
e lim
it st
ate
(UL
S)2)
9)
stat
es a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith c
olla
pse
or w
ith o
ther
sim
ilar
form
s of
stru
ctur
al
failu
re
Not
e: T
hey
gene
rally
cor
resp
ond
to th
e m
axim
um lo
ad-c
arry
ing
resi
stan
ce
of a
stru
ctur
e or
stru
ctur
al m
embe
r
1) T
he d
efin
ition
is b
ased
on
that
in E
N 1
990
2) T
he d
efin
ition
is id
entic
al to
that
in E
N 1
990
3) C
EN d
ocum
ents
are
usi
ng t
he t
erm
“D
esig
n w
orki
ng l
ife”
whe
re t
his
docu
men
t is
appl
ying
“D
esig
n se
rvic
e lif
e”
4) T
he d
efin
ition
is id
entic
al to
that
in IS
O 9
000
5) B
ased
on
ISO
156
86-1
:200
0 “B
uild
ing
and
cons
truct
ion
asse
ts –
Ser
vice
lif
e pl
anni
ng, P
art 1
: Gen
eral
prin
cipl
es”
clau
se 6
.7
6) Th
e de
finiti
on is
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith J
CSS
“Pr
obab
ilist
ic M
odel
Cod
e –
Part
1”
7) B
ased
on
CEN
EN
V 1
3670
-1
8) T
he d
efin
ition
is b
ased
on
that
in IS
O 2
394
9) T
he d
efin
ition
is id
entic
al to
that
in IS
O 2
394
1.5
Sym
bols
(1
) For
the
purp
ose
of th
is d
ocum
ent,
the
follo
win
g sy
mbo
ls a
pply
:
F A
ctio
n F d
D
esig
n va
lue
of a
ctio
n
R
Res
ista
nce
SLS
Serv
icea
bilit
y lim
it st
ate
ULS
U
ltim
ate
limit
stat
e a
Dis
tanc
e, a
ge e
xpon
ent
t Th
ickn
ess,
tim
e be
ing
cons
ider
ed
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 11
–
γ Pa
rtial
fact
or
γ c
Parti
al fa
ctor
for c
oncr
ete
γ f
Parti
al f
acto
r fo
r ac
tions
with
out
taki
ng a
ccou
nt o
f m
odel
un
certa
intie
s
γ F
Parti
al
fact
or
for
actio
n,
also
ac
coun
ting
for
mod
el
unce
rtain
ties a
nd d
imen
sion
al v
aria
tions
γ m
Parti
al f
acto
rs f
or m
ater
ial
prop
erty
, tak
ing
acco
unt
only
of
unce
rtain
ties i
n th
e m
ater
ial p
rope
rty
γ M
Parti
al
fact
ors
for
mat
eria
l pr
oper
ty,
taki
ng
acco
unt
of
unce
rtain
ties
in th
e m
ater
ial p
rope
rty it
self
and
in th
e de
sign
m
odel
use
d
γ Sd
Parti
al f
acto
r as
soci
ated
with
the
unc
erta
inty
of
the
actio
n an
d/or
act
ion
effe
ct m
odel
γ Rd
Parti
al fa
ctor
ass
ocia
ted
with
the
unce
rtain
ty o
f the
resi
stan
ce
mod
el,
plus
geo
met
ric d
evia
tions
if
thes
e ar
e no
t m
odel
led
expl
icitl
y
– 12
–
2 B
asis
of d
esig
n
2 B
asis
of d
esig
n
2.
1 R
equi
rem
ents
2.
1.1
Bas
ic r
equi
rem
ents
(1
) The
SLD
of c
oncr
ete
stru
ctur
es s
hall
be in
acc
orda
nce
with
the
gene
ral
rule
s giv
en in
EN
199
0.
(2)
The
supp
lem
enta
ry p
rovi
sion
s fo
r co
ncre
te s
truct
ures
giv
en i
n th
is
docu
men
t sha
ll al
so b
e ap
plie
d.
(3)
The
basi
c re
quire
men
ts o
f EN
199
0 Se
ctio
n 2
are
deem
ed t
o be
sa
tisfie
d fo
r co
ncre
te s
truct
ures
whe
n SL
D i
s ca
rrie
d ou
t ac
cord
ing
to t
he
requ
irem
ents
giv
en in
sect
ion
2.1.
2 (2
).
2.1.
2 R
elia
bilit
y m
anag
emen
t
(1
) R
elia
bilit
y m
anag
emen
t sh
all
follo
w t
he r
ules
giv
en i
n EN
199
0 Se
ctio
n 2.
(2) T
he se
rvic
e lif
e de
sign
shal
l eith
er:
– fo
llow
the
gene
ral p
rinci
ples
for
pro
babi
listic
ser
vice
life
des
ign
of
conc
rete
stru
ctur
es o
utlin
ed in
the
JCSS
PM
C, I
SO 2
394:
1998
(E)
, re
spec
tivel
y.
– us
e th
e pa
rtial
fact
or m
etho
d gi
ven
in th
is d
ocum
ent
– us
e th
e de
emed
-to-s
atis
fy m
etho
d gi
ven
in th
is d
ocum
ent
– be
bas
ed o
n th
e av
oida
nce-
of-d
eter
iora
tion
met
hod
give
n in
thi
s do
cum
ent
2.1.
3 D
esig
n se
rvic
e lif
e,
dura
bilit
y an
d qu
ality
m
anag
emen
t
(1
) The
rule
s fo
r des
ign
of s
ervi
ce li
fe, d
urab
ility
and
qua
lity
man
agem
ent
are
give
n in
EN
199
0 Se
ctio
n 2.
(2)
The
desi
gn s
ervi
ce li
fe is
the
assu
med
per
iod
for
whi
ch a
stru
ctur
e or
pa
rt of
it is
to b
e us
ed f
or it
s in
tend
ed p
urpo
se w
ith a
ntic
ipat
ed m
aint
enan
ce
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 13
– bu
t with
out m
ajor
repa
ir be
ing
nece
ssar
y.
The
desi
gn se
rvic
e lif
e is
def
ined
by:
–
A d
efin
ition
of t
he re
leva
nt li
mit
stat
e
– A
num
ber o
f yea
rs
– A
lev
el o
f re
liabi
lity
for
not
pass
ing
the
limit
stat
e du
ring
this
pe
riod
(3)
Dur
abili
ty o
f th
e st
ruct
ure
in i
ts e
nviro
nmen
t sh
all
be s
uch
that
it
rem
ains
fit
for
use
durin
g its
des
ign
serv
ice
life.
Thi
s re
quire
men
t ca
n be
co
nsid
ered
in o
ne, o
r a c
ombi
natio
n, o
f the
follo
win
g w
ays:
– B
y de
sign
ing
prot
ectiv
e an
d om
itiga
ting
syst
ems
– B
y us
ing
mat
eria
ls t
hat,
if w
ell
mai
ntai
ned,
will
not
deg
ener
ate
durin
g th
e de
sign
serv
ice
life
– B
y gi
ving
suc
h di
men
sion
s th
at d
eter
iora
tion
durin
g th
e de
sign
se
rvic
e lif
e is
com
pens
ated
– B
y ch
oosi
ng a
sho
rter
lifet
ime
for
stru
ctur
al e
lem
ents
, whi
ch m
ay
be re
plac
ed o
ne o
r mor
e tim
es d
urin
g th
e de
sign
life
in
com
bina
tion
with
ap
prop
riate
in
spec
tion
at
fixed
or
co
nditi
on
depe
ndan
t int
erva
ls a
nd a
ppro
pria
te m
aint
enan
ce a
ctiv
ities
. In
all
case
s th
e re
liabi
lity
requ
irem
ents
for
lon
g an
d sh
ort-t
erm
per
iods
sh
ould
be
met
.
(4
) Th
e se
rvic
eabi
lity
crite
ria s
hall
be s
peci
fied
for
each
pro
ject
and
ag
reed
with
the
clie
nt.
Gui
danc
e fo
r th
e ch
oice
of
se
rvic
eabi
lity
crite
ria
com
bine
d w
ith
appr
opria
te ta
rget
val
ues o
f rel
iabi
lity
are
give
n in
Ann
ex A
.
The
“Con
sequ
ence
cla
sses
”, “
Rel
iabi
lity
clas
ses”
and
“D
esig
n su
perv
isio
n le
vels
” ar
e id
entic
al t
o th
ose
defin
ed i
n A
nnex
B o
f EN
199
0, w
hile
the
“I
nspe
ctio
n le
vels
dur
ing
exec
utio
n” o
f EN
199
0 ar
e on
ly o
ne e
lem
ent i
n th
e “E
xecu
tion
clas
ses”
def
ined
in th
e pr
esen
t doc
umen
t.
(5
) A
s a
guid
ance
to r
elia
bilit
y di
ffer
entia
tion,
Ann
ex A
to th
is d
ocum
ent
defin
es th
e fo
llow
ing
gene
ral c
lass
ifica
tions
:
– C
onse
quen
ce c
lass
CC
3, C
C2
and
CC
1
– R
elia
bilit
y cl
ass R
C3,
RC
2 an
d R
C1
– D
esig
n su
perv
isio
n le
vel D
SL3,
DSL
2 an
d D
SL1
– Ex
ecut
ion
clas
s EX
C1,
EX
C2
and
EXC
3
– 14
–
2 B
asis
of d
esig
n
– R
obus
tnes
s Cla
ss R
OC
1, R
OC
2 an
d R
OC
3
For s
ervi
ce li
fe d
esig
n, A
nnex
A, i
n ad
ditio
n, c
lass
ify 4
leve
ls o
f con
ditio
n co
ntro
l dur
ing
the
serv
ice
life:
– C
CL3
, CC
L2, C
CL1
and
CC
L0
2.2
Prin
cipl
es o
f lim
it st
ate
desi
gn
The
perf
orm
ance
of
a w
hole
stru
ctur
e or
par
t of
it
shou
ld b
e de
scrib
ed
with
ref
eren
ce t
o a
spec
ified
set
of
limit
stat
es a
nd a
ssoc
iate
d le
vels
of
relia
bilit
y w
hich
sepa
rate
des
ired
stat
es o
f the
stru
ctur
e fr
om u
ndes
ired
stat
es.
It
shal
l be
verif
ied
that
non
e of
thes
e lim
it st
ates
are
exc
eede
d w
ith a
less
de
gree
of r
elia
bilit
y th
an g
iven
in th
e de
sign
crit
eria
. Th
e de
finiti
ons o
f SLS
and
ULS
are
giv
en in
1.4
.22
and
1.4.
24.
SLS
repr
esen
ts a
ll lim
it st
ates
exc
ept t
hat a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith c
olla
pse
or o
ther
si
mila
r for
ms o
f stru
ctur
al fa
ilure
.
Exam
ples
of
limit
stat
es a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith S
LS a
nd d
ealt
with
in
this
do
cum
ent
mig
ht b
e: d
epas
siva
tion
of r
einf
orce
men
t, cr
acki
ng,
spal
ling
of
cove
r, er
osio
n of
surf
ace
due
to fr
eeze
-thaw
, etc
.
(1
) The
rule
s for
lim
it st
ate
desi
gn a
re g
iven
in E
N 1
990
Sect
ion
3.
2.3
Bas
ic v
aria
bles
2.
3.1
Act
ions
and
env
iron
men
tal i
nflu
ence
s R
ules
for a
ctio
ns a
nd e
nviro
nmen
tal i
nflu
ence
s ar
e al
so g
iven
in E
N 1
990,
Se
ctio
n 4.
(1
) Act
ions
spec
ific
to S
LD a
re g
iven
in re
leva
nt se
ctio
ns.
Cha
ract
eris
tic v
alue
s of a
ctio
ns fo
r use
in S
LD sh
all e
ither
be
– ba
sed
on d
ata
deriv
ed fo
r the
par
ticul
ar p
roje
ct o
r –
from
gen
eral
fiel
d-ex
perie
nce
– fr
om re
leva
nt li
tera
ture
Oth
er a
ctio
ns, w
hen
rele
vant
, sha
ll be
def
ined
in th
e de
sign
spe
cific
atio
n fo
r a p
artic
ular
pro
ject
.
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 15
–
2.3.
2 M
ater
ial a
nd p
rodu
ct p
rope
rtie
s
(1
) Th
e ru
les
for
mat
eria
l an
d pr
oduc
t pr
oper
ties
are
give
n in
EN
199
0 Se
ctio
n 4.
(2
) C
hara
cter
istic
val
ues
of m
ater
ials
and
pro
duct
pro
perti
es f
or u
se i
n SL
D sh
all e
ither
be
– ba
sed
on d
ata
deriv
ed fo
r the
par
ticul
ar p
roje
ct o
r
– fr
om g
ener
al fi
eld-
expe
rienc
e
– fr
om re
leva
nt li
tera
ture
M
ater
ials
and
pro
duct
pro
perti
es t
o be
det
erm
ined
will
dep
end
on t
he
dete
riora
tion
mod
el u
sed.
If d
iffer
ent m
odel
s w
ith d
iffer
ent b
asic
ass
umpt
ions
ar
e of
fere
d, a
che
ckin
g pr
oces
s sh
ould
be
esta
blis
hed,
to
avoi
d an
inco
rrec
t m
ixtu
re o
f dat
a.
(3)
Mat
eria
l pr
oper
ty v
alue
s sh
all
be d
eter
min
ed f
rom
tes
t pr
oced
ures
pe
rfor
med
und
er s
peci
fied
cond
ition
s. A
con
vers
ion
fact
or s
hall
be a
pplie
d,
whe
n ne
cess
ary,
to c
onve
rt th
e te
st r
esul
ts o
f la
bora
tory
cas
t spe
cim
ens
into
va
lues
, whi
ch c
an b
e as
sum
ed t
o re
pres
ent
the
beha
viou
r of
the
mat
eria
l or
pr
oduc
t in
the
stru
ctur
e.
2.3.
3 G
eom
etri
c da
ta
(1) T
he ru
les f
or g
eom
etric
al d
ata
are
give
n in
EN
199
0 Se
ctio
n 4.
O
f pa
rticu
lar
rele
vanc
e fo
r se
rvic
e lif
e de
sign
(SL
D)
are
ENV
136
70-1
cl
ause
10.
6, f
igur
e 3
b an
d 3
d co
ncer
ning
loc
atio
n of
ord
inar
y an
d pr
estre
ssed
rein
forc
emen
t. Fo
r pr
actic
al
reas
ons,
a si
mpl
ified
st
atis
tical
ap
proa
ch
base
d on
“m
axim
um p
erm
itted
dev
iatio
n” is
ofte
n us
ed in
pro
ject
spe
cific
atio
ns. T
his
is o
ften
the
case
for
the
con
cret
e co
ver
to r
einf
orce
men
t. Th
is i
s no
rmal
ly
give
n as
a n
omin
al v
alue
(ta
rget
val
ue)
and
max
imum
per
mitt
ed m
inus
and
pl
us d
evia
tions
.
Whe
n pe
rfor
min
g a
full
prob
abili
stic
SLD
, th
is m
axim
um p
erm
itted
de
viat
ion
has
to b
e tra
nsfo
rmed
to
a gi
ven
frac
tile
of a
n as
sum
ed s
tatis
tical
di
strib
utio
n (s
ee c
laus
e 4
.5 (2
)).
(2
) Des
ign
valu
es o
f geo
met
rical
dat
a fo
r SLD
sha
ll be
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith
EN 1
990
clau
se 6
.3.4
or
acco
rdin
g to
mea
sure
men
ts o
n th
e co
mpl
eted
st
ruct
ure
or e
lem
ent.
(3)
ENV
136
70-1
“Ex
ecut
ion
of c
oncr
ete
stru
ctur
es”
spec
ifies
per
mitt
ed
geom
etric
al d
evia
tions
. If
the
desi
gn a
ssum
es s
trict
er t
oler
ance
s, t
he d
esig
n as
sum
ptio
ns s
hall
be v
erifi
ed b
y m
easu
rem
ents
on
the
com
plet
ed s
truct
ure
or
elem
ent.
– 16
–
2 B
asis
of d
esig
n
2.4
Ver
ifica
tion
2.4.
1 V
erifi
catio
n by
full
prob
abili
stic
met
hod
Mat
eria
l par
amet
ers
deriv
ed f
rom
acc
eler
ated
sho
rt-tim
e te
sts
mig
ht h
ave
an in
here
nt u
ncer
tain
ty c
once
rnin
g th
eir a
pplic
atio
n fo
r lon
g-te
rm m
odel
ling.
The
rele
vanc
e of
su
ch
mat
eria
l ch
arac
teris
tics
shou
ld
ther
efor
e be
ca
libra
ted
to lo
ng-te
rm in
field
per
form
ance
.
The
unce
rtain
ty o
f m
odel
s an
d pa
ram
eter
s w
ill n
orm
ally
inf
luen
ce t
he
resu
lt of
the
SLD
to a
gre
ater
deg
ree
whe
n us
ed fo
r des
ign
of n
ew s
truct
ures
th
an w
hen
asse
ssin
g re
mai
ning
serv
ice
life
of e
xist
ing
stru
ctur
es.
(1
) Th
e ge
nera
l prin
cipl
es f
or p
roba
bilis
tic s
ervi
ce li
fe d
esig
n of
con
cret
e st
ruct
ures
out
lined
in th
e JC
SS P
MC
shal
l be
follo
wed
.
In p
artic
ular
the
follo
win
g fo
ur p
rinci
ples
shal
l be
cons
ider
ed:
– Pr
obab
ilist
ic m
odel
s sh
all b
e ap
plie
d th
at a
re s
uffic
ient
ly v
alid
ated
to
giv
e re
alis
tic a
nd re
pres
enta
tive
resu
lts.
– Th
e pa
ram
eter
s of
th
e m
odel
s ap
plie
d an
d th
eir
asso
ciat
ed
unce
rtain
ty s
hall
be q
uant
ifiab
le b
y m
eans
of
test
s, ob
serv
atio
ns
and/
or e
xper
ienc
e.
– R
epro
duci
ble
and
rele
vant
test
met
hods
sha
ll be
ava
ilabl
e to
ass
ess
the
actio
n- a
nd m
ater
ial-p
aram
eter
s.
Unc
erta
intie
s ass
ocia
ted
with
mod
els
and
test
met
hods
sha
ll be
con
side
red.
2.
4.2
Ver
ifica
tion
by th
e pa
rtia
l fac
tor
met
hod
(1) T
he ru
les
for t
he p
artia
l fac
tor m
etho
d ar
e gi
ven
in E
N 1
990
Sect
ion
6 an
d ca
n be
use
d fo
r SL
D
with
out
the
limita
tions
giv
en i
n EN
199
0 cl
ause
6.
2.
(2) T
he s
ame
mod
els
as fo
r the
full
prob
abili
stic
met
hod,
bas
ed o
n de
sign
va
lues
, sha
ll be
use
d fo
r the
par
tial f
acto
r met
hod.
Sim
plifi
catio
ns o
n th
e sa
fe
side
are
pos
sibl
e.
(3)
The
parti
al f
acto
r fo
rmat
sep
arat
es t
he t
reat
men
t of
unc
erta
intie
s an
d va
riabi
litie
s or
igin
atin
g fr
om v
ario
us c
ause
s. I
n th
e ve
rific
atio
n pr
oced
ure
defin
ed in
this
doc
umen
t the
des
ign
valu
es o
f the
fund
amen
tal b
asic
var
iabl
es
are
expr
esse
d as
follo
ws:
–
Des
ign
valu
es o
f act
ions
are
gen
eral
ly e
xpre
ssed
as
F d =
γf ·
Fre
p (2
.4-1
)
whe
re F
rep a
re re
pres
enta
tive
valu
es o
f act
ion
γ f a
re p
artia
l saf
ety
fact
ors
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 17
–
–D
esig
n va
lues
of
mat
eria
l or
prod
uct p
rope
rty a
re g
ener
ally
exp
ress
ed
as
Rd =
Rk / γ
m
(2.4
-2)
Or,
in c
ase
unce
rtain
ty in
the
desi
gn m
odel
is ta
ken
into
acc
ount
by:
Rd =
Rk/γ
M =
Rk/(γ m
⋅ γRd
) (2
.4-3
)
whe
re R
k are
cha
ract
eris
tic v
alue
s of
resi
stan
ce
γ m i
s the
par
tial f
acto
r for
mat
eria
l pro
perty
γ Rd
is th
e pa
rtial
fact
or a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith th
e un
certa
inty
of t
he re
sist
ance
m
odel
plu
s geo
met
ric d
evia
tions
if th
ese
are
not m
odel
led
expl
icitl
y.
γ M =
γm
⋅ γ R
d is
the
par
tial
fact
or f
or m
ater
ial
prop
erty
als
o ac
coun
ting
for t
he m
odel
unc
erta
intie
s and
dim
ensi
onal
var
iatio
ns.
–D
esig
n va
lues
of
ge
omet
rical
qu
antit
ies
to
be
cons
ider
ed
as
fund
amen
tal
basi
c va
riabl
es a
re g
ener
ally
dire
ctly
exp
ress
ed b
y th
eir
desi
gn v
alue
s ad.
The
targ
et r
elia
bilit
y le
vel u
sed
for
the
calib
ratio
n sh
all b
e in
acc
orda
nce
with
Cha
pter
2.1
.3. (
4)
(4
) Whe
n us
ing
the
parti
al fa
ctor
met
hod,
it s
hall
be v
erifi
ed th
at th
e ta
rget
re
liabi
lity
for n
ot p
assi
ng th
e re
leva
nt li
mit
stat
e du
ring
the
desi
gn s
ervi
ce li
fe
is n
ot e
xcee
ded
whe
n de
sign
val
ues
for
actio
ns o
r ef
fect
s of
act
ions
and
re
sist
ance
are
use
d in
the
desi
gn m
odel
s. Th
e pa
rtial
fact
ors s
hall
take
into
acc
ount
:
–Th
e po
ssib
ility
of
unfa
vour
able
dev
iatio
ns o
f ac
tion
valu
es f
rom
the
re
pres
enta
tive
valu
es
–Th
e po
ssib
ility
of
unfa
vour
able
dev
iatio
ns o
f m
ater
ials
and
pro
duct
pr
oper
ties f
rom
the
repr
esen
tativ
e va
lues
–
Mod
el u
ncer
tain
ties a
nd d
imen
sion
al v
aria
tions
The
num
eric
al v
alue
s fo
r th
e pa
rtial
fac
tors
sha
ll be
det
erm
ined
in e
ither
of
two
way
s:
–O
n th
e ba
sis
of s
tatis
tical
eva
luat
ion
of e
xper
imen
tal
data
and
fie
ld
obse
rvat
ions
acc
ordi
ng to
req
uire
men
ts o
f cl
ause
“V
erifi
catio
n by
ful
l
– 18
–
2 B
asis
of d
esig
n
prob
abili
stic
met
hod”
–O
n th
e ba
sis
of c
alib
ratio
n to
a l
ong
term
exp
erie
nce
of b
uild
ing
tradi
tion
2.4.
3 V
erifi
catio
n by
the
deem
ed-to
-sat
isfy
met
hod
Expo
sure
co
nditi
ons
in t
he d
esig
n si
tuat
ions
mig
ht b
e cl
assi
fied
in
”exp
osur
e cl
asse
s”.
Trad
ition
ally
, de
emed
-to-s
atis
fy p
rovi
sion
s in
clud
e re
quire
men
ts t
o th
e w
orkm
ansh
ip,
conc
rete
co
mpo
sitio
n,
poss
ible
ai
r en
train
men
t, co
ver
thic
knes
s to
the
rei
nfor
cem
ent,
crac
k w
idth
lim
itatio
ns a
nd c
urin
g of
the
co
ncre
te.
How
ever
, oth
er p
rovi
sion
s mig
ht a
lso
be re
leva
nt.
Exam
ples
of
the
calib
ratio
n of
dee
med
-to-s
atis
fy c
riter
ia b
ased
on
a “c
lose
-to”
full
prob
abili
stic
met
hod
and
data
der
ived
from
10
– 15
yea
rs o
ld
stru
ctur
es a
re g
iven
in [2
].
(1
) The
dee
med
-to-s
atis
fy m
etho
d is
a se
t of r
ules
for
– di
men
sion
ing,
–
mat
eria
l and
pro
duct
sele
ctio
n an
d
– ex
ecut
ion
proc
edur
es
that
ens
ures
tha
t th
e ta
rget
rel
iabi
lity
for
not
pass
ing
the
rele
vant
lim
it st
ate
durin
g th
e de
sign
ser
vice
life
is
not
exce
eded
whe
n th
e co
ncre
te
stru
ctur
e or
com
pone
nt is
exp
osed
to th
e de
sign
situ
atio
ns.
(2) T
he s
peci
fic re
quire
men
ts fo
r des
ign,
mat
eria
ls s
elec
tion
and
exec
utio
n fo
r the
dee
med
-to-s
atis
fy m
etho
d sh
all b
e de
term
ined
in e
ither
of t
wo
way
s:
–O
n th
e ba
sis
of s
tatis
tical
eva
luat
ion
of e
xper
imen
tal
data
and
fie
ld
obse
rvat
ions
acc
ordi
ng to
req
uire
men
ts o
f cl
ause
“V
erifi
catio
n by
ful
l pr
obab
ilist
ic m
etho
d”
–O
n th
e ba
sis
of c
alib
ratio
n to
a l
ong
term
exp
erie
nce
of b
uild
ing
tradi
tion
The
limita
tions
to th
e va
lidity
of
the
prov
isio
ns, e
.g. t
he r
ange
of
cem
ent
type
s cov
ered
by
the
calib
ratio
n, sh
all b
e cl
early
stat
ed.
2.4.
4 V
erifi
catio
n by
the
avoi
danc
e-of
-det
erio
ratio
n m
etho
d
(1
) Th
e av
oida
nce-
of-d
eter
iora
tion
met
hod
impl
ies
that
de
terio
ratio
n pr
oces
s w
ill n
ot ta
ke p
lace
due
to fo
r ins
tanc
e:
–Se
para
tion
of
the
envi
ronm
enta
l ac
tion
from
th
e st
ruct
ure
or
com
pone
nt b
y e.
g. c
ladd
ing
or m
embr
anes
–U
sing
non
-rea
ctin
g m
ater
ials
, e.g
. cer
tain
sta
inle
ss s
teel
s or
alk
ali-n
on-
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 19
–
reac
tive
aggr
egat
es
–Se
para
tion
of re
acta
nts,
e.g.
kee
ping
the
stru
ctur
e or
com
pone
nt b
elow
a
criti
cal d
egre
e of
moi
stur
e.
–Su
ppre
ssin
g th
e ha
rmfu
l rea
ctio
n e.
g. b
y el
ectro
chem
ical
met
hods
The
assu
med
eff
ectiv
enes
s of
the
actu
al c
once
pt s
hall
be d
ocum
ente
d, fo
r in
stan
ce f
or p
rodu
cts
by c
ompl
ying
with
rel
evan
t min
imum
req
uire
men
ts in
pr
oduc
t sta
ndar
ds.
(2
) The
spe
cific
requ
irem
ents
for d
esig
n, m
ater
ials
sel
ectio
n an
d ex
ecut
ion
for
the
avoi
danc
e-of
-det
erio
ratio
n m
etho
d ca
n in
prin
cipl
e be
det
erm
ined
in
the
sam
e w
ay a
s fo
r the
dee
med
-to-s
atis
fy m
etho
d.
The
limita
tions
to th
e va
lidity
of t
he p
rovi
sion
s sha
ll be
cle
arly
stat
ed.
– 20
–
3 V
erifi
catio
n of
Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
3 V
erifi
catio
n of
Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
3.1
Car
bona
tion
indu
ced
corr
osio
n –
uncr
acke
d co
ncre
te
3.1.
1 Fu
ll pr
obab
ilist
ic m
etho
d
3.
1.1.
1 Li
mit
stat
e: d
epas
sivat
ion
To g
et c
orro
sion
an
envi
ronm
ent
that
is
wet
eno
ugh
is n
eede
d. F
or
stru
ctur
al e
lem
ents
sol
ely
expo
sed
to re
lativ
e dr
y in
door
env
ironm
ent,
a lim
it st
ate
‘dep
assi
vatio
n’ m
ay n
ot b
e re
leva
nt a
s no
sig
nific
ant
corr
osio
n w
ill
deve
lop.
(1
) The
follo
win
g re
quire
men
t nee
ds to
be
fulfi
lled:
p{}
= p d
ep. =
p{a
- x c
(t SL)
< 0
} <
p 0
(3.1
-1)
p{}:
pr
obab
ility
that
dep
assi
vatio
n oc
curs
a:
conc
rete
cov
er [m
m]
x c (t
SL):
carb
onat
ion
dept
h at
the
time
t SL [m
m]
t SL:
desi
gn se
rvic
e lif
e [y
ears
] p 0
: ta
rget
failu
re p
roba
bilit
y, c
p. A
nnex
A, T
able
A2-
2
(2) T
he v
aria
bles
a a
nd x
c(tSL
) nee
d to
be
quan
tifie
d in
a fu
ll pr
obab
ilist
ic
appr
oach
.
(3)
To e
xem
plify
the
des
ign
proc
edur
e an
d th
e qu
antif
icat
ion
of a
bove
gi
ven
quan
titie
s, an
app
licab
le d
esig
n m
etho
d is
giv
en in
Cha
pter
B1,
Ann
ex
B. O
ther
met
hods
may
be
used
, pro
vide
d th
at th
e ba
sic
prin
cipl
es fo
rmul
ated
in
Cha
pter
2.4
.1 a
re fu
lfille
d.
3.1.
1.2
Lim
it st
ates
: cor
rosio
n-in
duce
d cr
acki
ng, s
palli
ng a
nd
colla
pse
Rei
nfor
cem
ent c
orro
sion
lead
ing
to c
rack
ing,
spa
lling
and
col
laps
e de
pend
to
a h
igh
exte
nt o
n th
e en
viro
nmen
t at
the
con
cret
e su
rfac
e. T
he m
icro
en
viro
nmen
t m
ay v
ary
cons
ider
able
alo
ng t
he c
oncr
ete
surf
ace
of s
truct
ural
el
emen
ts.
Mos
t un
favo
urab
le m
icro
env
ironm
enta
l co
nditi
ons
are
freq
uent
w
ettin
g an
d dr
ying
and
/or
accu
mul
atio
n of
agg
ress
ive
agen
ts (
chlo
rides
or
igin
atin
g fr
om s
eaw
ater
or d
e-ic
ing
salts
). M
acro
-cel
l cor
rosi
on e
ffec
ts m
ay
(1
) Ex
empl
ified
with
reg
ard
to c
rack
ing,
the
fol
low
ing
basi
c lim
it st
ate
func
tion
need
s to
be fu
lfille
d:
p{}
= p c
rack
= p
{Δr (R
) - Δ
r (S)(t
SL) <
0}
< p 0
(3
.1-2
)
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 21
–
trigg
er h
igh
corr
osio
n ra
tes
in a
reas
with
les
s se
vere
mic
ro e
nviro
nmen
tal
cond
ition
. For
giv
en d
egre
es o
f co
rros
ion
the
risk
for
crac
king
and
spa
lling
de
pend
s on
the
geom
etry
of t
he c
ross
sec
tion.
Mos
t vul
nera
ble
cros
s se
ctio
nal
area
s, e
. g. t
he e
dges
of b
eam
s, sh
ould
be
chos
en a
s de
cisi
ve fo
r des
ign.
p{}:
pr
obab
ility
that
car
bona
tion-
indu
ced
crac
king
occ
urs
Δr (R
): m
axim
al c
orro
sion
ind
uced
inc
reas
e of
the
reb
ar r
adiu
s w
hich
can
be
acco
mm
odat
ed b
y th
e co
ncre
te w
ithou
t fo
rmat
ion
of c
rack
s at
the
conc
rete
surf
ace
[µm
]
Δr (S
)(tSL
): in
crea
se o
f the
reba
r rad
ius
due
to re
info
rcem
ent c
orro
sion
[µ
m]
t SL:
desi
gn se
rvic
e lif
e [y
ears
]
p 0:
targ
et fa
ilure
pro
babi
lity,
cp.
Ann
ex A
, Tab
le A
2-2
An
alte
rnat
ive
desi
gn a
ppro
ach
is:
p{}
= p c
rack
= p
{tSL
- t in
i - t p
rop <
0}
< p 0
(3
.1-3
)
p{}:
pr
obab
ility
that
car
bona
tion-
indu
ced
crac
king
occ
urs
t SL:
desi
gn se
rvic
e lif
e [y
ears
]
t ini:
initi
atio
n pe
riod
[yea
rs]
t prop
: pr
opag
atio
n pe
riod
[yea
rs]
p 0:
targ
et fa
ilure
pro
babi
lity,
cp.
Ann
ex A
, Tab
le A
2-2
Firs
t app
roac
hes
exis
t to
quan
tify
the
varia
bles
Δr (S
)(tSL
) and
Δr (R
). M
ost o
f th
e co
rres
pond
ing
mod
els
are
empi
rical
ly d
eriv
ed,
ofte
n ba
sed
on v
ery
limite
d, i
n co
nseq
uenc
e in
suff
icie
nt d
ata
basi
s. Th
e co
rrel
atio
n be
twee
n co
rros
ion
rate
s/co
ncre
te q
ualit
y/m
icro
env
ironm
ent
is n
ot y
et q
uant
ified
in
deta
il. T
he s
ame
appl
ies
to th
e lim
it st
ates
spa
lling
and
col
laps
e. T
o ge
t firs
t im
pres
sion
s on
the
pro
paga
tion
perio
d TG
5.6
org
anis
ed a
Del
phic
ora
cle.
O
ne re
sult
of th
e ex
posu
re d
epen
dent
out
put o
f thi
s D
elph
ic o
racl
e is
giv
en in
A
nnex
R. T
oget
her
with
exi
stin
g m
odel
s de
scrib
ing
the
initi
atio
n pe
riod
and
the
here
with
ov
eral
l qu
antif
ied
prop
agat
ion
perio
d,
fully
-pro
babi
listic
ca
lcul
atio
ns w
ith r
egar
d to
cor
rosi
on in
duce
d cr
acki
ng, s
palli
ng a
nd c
olla
pse
of c
oncr
ete
stru
ctur
es c
an b
e pe
rfor
med
, see
Equ
atio
n 3.
1-3.
(2
) The
var
iabl
es Δ
r (R) a
nd Δ
r (S)(t
SL) o
r the
var
iabl
es t i
ni a
nd t p
rop n
eed
to b
e qu
antif
ied
in a
full
prob
abili
stic
app
roac
h.
– 22
–
3 V
erifi
catio
n of
Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
(3)
To e
xem
plify
the
des
ign
proc
edur
e an
d th
e qu
antif
icat
ion
of a
bove
gi
ven
quan
titie
s, an
app
licab
le d
esig
n m
etho
d is
giv
en i
n A
nnex
R.
Oth
er
met
hods
may
be
used
, pr
ovid
ed t
hat
the
basi
c pr
inci
ples
for
mul
ated
in
Cha
pter
2.4
.1 a
re fu
lfille
d.
3.1.
2 Pa
rtia
l fac
tor
met
hod
3.1.
2.1
Lim
it st
ate:
dep
assiv
atio
n
(1
) The
follo
win
g lim
it st
ate
func
tion
need
s to
be fu
lfille
d:
a d -
x c,d(t S
L) ≥
0
(3.1
-4)
a d:
desi
gn v
alue
of t
he c
oncr
ete
cove
r [m
m]
x c,d(t S
L):
desi
gn v
alue
of t
he c
arbo
natio
n de
pth
at ti
me
t SL [m
m]
(2
) The
des
ign
valu
e of
the
conc
rete
cov
er a
d is
cal
cula
ted
as fo
llow
s:
a d =
ak -
Δa
(3.1
-5)
a k:
char
acte
ristic
val
ue o
f the
con
cret
e co
ver [
mm
]
Δa:
sa
fety
mar
gin
of th
e co
ncre
te c
over
[mm
]
(3)
The
desi
gn v
alue
of
the
carb
onat
ion
dept
h at
a t
ime
t SL x
c,d(
t SL)
is
calc
ulat
ed a
s fol
low
s:
x c,d(t S
L) =
xc,
c(tSL
) ⋅γ f
(3
.1-6
)
x c,c(t S
L):
char
acte
ristic
val
ue o
f th
e ca
rbon
atio
n de
pth
at a
tim
e t SL
[m
m],
e.g.
mea
n va
lue
of th
e ca
rbon
atio
n de
pth
γ f:
parti
al sa
fety
fact
or o
f the
car
bona
tion
dept
h [-
]
(4
) To
exe
mpl
ify t
he d
esig
n pr
oced
ure
and
the
quan
tific
atio
n of
abo
ve
give
n qu
antit
ies,
an a
pplic
able
des
ign
met
hod
is g
iven
in
Ann
ex C
. O
ther
m
etho
ds m
ay b
e us
ed,
prov
ided
tha
t th
e ba
sic
prin
cipl
es f
orm
ulat
ed i
n C
hapt
er 2
.4.2
are
fulfi
lled.
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 23
–
3.1.
3 D
eem
ed-t
o-sa
tisfy
met
hod
Bas
ic r
equi
rem
ents
with
reg
ard
to c
over
, C
O2-
diff
usio
n an
d bi
ndin
g ch
arac
teris
tics
as w
ell a
s ex
ecut
iona
l req
uire
men
ts w
ill b
e gi
ven
com
para
ble
as a
lread
y gi
ven
in E
C 2
(co
ver:
c min
, EC
2, T
able
4.4
and
4.5
; diff
usio
n an
d bi
ndin
g ch
arac
teris
tics:
ind
irect
ly b
y st
reng
th c
lass
, m
inim
um r
equi
rem
ents
w
ith re
gard
to c
oncr
ete
com
posi
tion,
EC
2, T
able
E.1
N; e
xecu
tion…
.).
(1
) W
ithin
thi
s ap
proa
ch a
tra
ding
-off
of
geom
etric
al (
conc
rete
cov
er),
mat
eria
l (d
iffus
ion
and
bind
ing
char
acte
ristic
s) a
nd e
xecu
tiona
l (c
urin
g)
varia
bles
can
be
esta
blis
hed.
3.1.
4 A
void
ance
-of-
dete
rior
atio
n m
etho
d
(1
) G
ener
ally
, av
oida
nce
is a
chie
ved
if de
pass
ivat
ion
cann
ot t
ake
plac
e du
e to
infin
ite m
ater
ial r
esis
tanc
e or
zer
o en
viro
nmen
tal l
oad.
3.2
Chl
orid
e in
duce
d co
rros
ion
– un
crac
ked
conc
rete
3.
2.1
Full
prob
abili
stic
met
hod
3.2.
1.1
Lim
it st
ate:
dep
assiv
atio
n
(1
) The
follo
win
g lim
it st
ate
func
tion
need
s to
be fu
lfille
d:
p{}
= p d
ep. =
p{C
Crit.
- C
(a,t S
L) <
0} <
p0
(3.2
-1)
p{}:
pr
obab
ility
that
dep
assi
vatio
n oc
curs
CCr
it.:
criti
cal c
hlor
ide
cont
ent [
wt.-
%/b
inde
r con
tent
] C
(a,t S
L)
chlo
ride
cont
ent
at d
epth
a a
nd t
ime
t [w
t.-%
/bin
der
cont
ent]
a:
conc
rete
cov
er [m
m]
t SL:
desi
gn se
rvic
e lif
e [y
ears
] p 0
: ta
rget
failu
re p
roba
bilit
y, c
p. A
nnex
A, T
able
A2-
2
– 24
–
3 V
erifi
catio
n of
Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
(2)
The
varia
bles
a,
Ccr
it. a
nd C
(a,t S
L) n
eed
to b
e qu
antif
ied
in a
ful
l pr
obab
ilist
ic a
ppro
ach.
(3
) To
exe
mpl
ify t
he d
esig
n pr
oced
ure
and
the
quan
tific
atio
n of
abo
ve
give
n qu
antit
ies,
an a
pplic
able
des
ign
met
hod
is g
iven
in C
hapt
er B
2, A
nnex
B
2.
Oth
er
met
hods
m
ay
be
used
, pr
ovid
ed
that
th
e ba
sic
prin
cipl
es
form
ulat
ed in
Cha
pter
2.4
.1 a
re fu
lfille
d.
See
Cha
pter
3.1
.1.2
3.2.
1.2
Lim
it st
ates
: cor
rosio
n-in
duce
d cr
acki
ng, s
palli
ng a
nd
colla
pse
See
Cha
pter
3.1
.2
3.
2.2
Part
ial f
acto
r m
etho
d Se
e C
hapt
er 3
.1.3
3.2.
3 D
eem
ed-t
o-sa
tisfy
met
hod
See
Cha
pter
3.1
.4
3.
2.4
Avo
idan
ce-o
f-de
teri
orat
ion
met
hod
3.3
Influ
ence
of c
rack
s upo
n re
info
rcem
ent
corr
osio
n Th
e co
rros
ion
rate
s in
the
regi
on o
f cra
cks
cros
sing
the
rein
forc
emen
t are
ex
trem
ely
depe
nden
t on
the
mic
ro c
limat
ic c
ondi
tions
at t
he c
oncr
ete
surf
ace
and
the
orie
ntat
ion
of th
e co
ncre
te s
urfa
ce. M
ost s
ever
e co
nditi
ons
occu
r in
ca
se o
f hor
izon
tal c
oncr
ete
surf
aces
and
bot
h cr
acks
and
chl
orid
e at
tack
from
th
e to
p. F
or u
sual
ser
vice
liv
es m
ore
than
10
year
s an
d fr
eque
nt c
hlor
ide
atta
ck (
e. g
. par
king
dec
ks i
n re
gion
s w
here
de-
icin
g sa
lts a
re u
sed)
spe
cial
pr
otec
tive
mea
sure
s ar
e ne
cess
ary
to a
void
the
rapi
d pe
netra
tion
of c
hlor
ides
to
the
rei
nfor
cem
ent
(e.
g. l
inin
gs o
r cr
ack-
brid
ging
coa
tings
). In
cas
e of
ve
rtica
l sur
face
s an
d ho
rizon
tal s
urfa
ces
with
chl
orid
e sp
ray
from
the
botto
m
side
and
chl
orid
e co
ntai
ning
wat
er n
ot le
akin
g th
roug
h cr
acks
hig
h qu
ality
of
conc
rete
co
ver
(cov
er
thic
knes
s ≥
50 m
m,
low
pe
rmea
bilit
y co
ncre
te,
w/c
≤ 0
.5)
and
ordi
nary
cra
ck w
idth
lim
itatio
n (w
k,ca
l ≤ 0
.3 m
m)
ensu
res
suff
icie
ntly
long
serv
ice
life
(≥ 5
0 ye
ars)
with
out e
xtra
pro
tect
ion.
In c
ase
of c
arbo
natio
n in
duce
d co
rros
ion
adeq
uate
qua
lity
of c
oncr
ete
cove
r an
d or
dina
ry c
rack
wid
th l
imita
tion
ensu
res
suff
icie
ntly
lon
g se
rvic
e lif
e (≥
50
year
s) w
ithou
t ext
ra p
rote
ctio
n.
(1
) Th
e m
inim
um s
truct
ural
rel
iabi
lity
of a
cra
cked
rei
nfor
ced
conc
rete
st
ruct
ure
has
to b
e of
com
para
ble
mag
nitu
de a
s th
e m
inim
um r
elia
bilit
y of
a
com
para
ble
expo
sed
uncr
acke
d st
ruct
ure.
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 25
–
(2)
Sim
ilar
to t
he p
roce
dure
giv
en i
n C
hapt
ers
3.1
and
3.2,
unw
ante
d ev
ents
with
rega
rd to
ser
vice
abili
ty/ f
unct
iona
lity
have
to b
e id
entif
ied
(SLS
). In
add
ition
, it
has
to b
e ch
ecke
d w
heth
er u
ltim
ate
limits
are
aff
ecte
d by
co
ntin
uous
ly c
orro
ding
rein
forc
emen
t with
in th
e cr
acke
d zo
ne o
r not
.
(3)
If f
unct
iona
lity
is a
ffec
ted,
an
avoi
danc
e of
det
erio
ratio
n ap
proa
ch is
re
com
men
ded.
(4
) If
st
ruct
ural
in
tegr
ity
is
affe
cted
, an
av
oida
nce
of
dete
riora
tion
appr
oach
hav
e to
be
appl
ied.
3.4
Ris
k of
dep
assi
vatio
n w
ith r
espe
ct to
pre
-st
ress
ed st
eel
fib B
ulle
tin 3
3 “D
urab
ility
of
post
-tens
ioni
ng te
ndon
s” (
Dec
embe
r 20
05)
desc
ribes
mul
ti-ba
rrie
r sy
stem
s fo
r th
e pr
otec
tion
of p
re-s
tress
ing
syst
ems.
Thes
e sy
stem
s ar
e su
ppos
ed to
sat
isfy
the
desi
gn c
riter
ia w
ith a
mpl
e m
argi
n an
d m
ight
be
clas
sifie
d ac
cord
ing
to C
hapt
er 2
.4 a
s be
twee
n th
e “d
eem
ed-to
-sa
tisfy
” an
d th
e “a
void
ance
-of-
dete
riora
tion”
met
hod.
(1
) App
ly re
leva
nt a
pplic
atio
n ru
les
give
n in
Cha
pter
s 3.
1, 3
.2 a
nd 3
.3 a
nd
avoi
d de
pass
ivat
ion
of p
re-s
tress
ed s
teel
on
an U
LS r
elia
bilit
y le
vel,
cp.
Ann
ex A
, Tab
le A
2-2.
3.5
Free
ze/th
aw a
ttac
k –w
ithou
t de-
icin
g ag
ents
3.
5.1
Full
prob
abili
stic
met
hod
3.5.
1.1
Lim
it st
ate:
free
ze/th
aw d
amag
e ca
usin
g lo
cal l
oss o
f m
echa
nica
l pro
pert
ies,
crac
king
, sca
ling
and
loss
in c
ross
-se
ctio
n
(1
) The
follo
win
g lim
it st
ate
func
tion
need
s to
be fu
lfille
d:
p{}
= p f
reez
e/th
aw d
amag
e =
p{S C
R –
SA
CT(t
< t SL
) < 0
} <
p 0
(3.5
-1)
p{}:
pr
obab
ility
that
free
ze/th
aw d
amag
e oc
curs
S C
R:
criti
cal d
egre
e of
satu
ratio
n [-
]
S ACT
(t):
actu
al d
egre
e of
satu
ratio
n at
the
time
t [-]
t SL
: de
sign
serv
ice
life
[yea
rs]
p 0:
targ
et fa
ilure
pro
babi
lity,
cp.
Ann
ex A
, Tab
le A
2-2
– 26
–
3 V
erifi
catio
n of
Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
(2)
The
varia
bles
SC
R an
d S A
CT(t)
nee
d to
be
quan
tifie
d in
a
full
prob
abili
stic
app
roac
h.
(3)
To e
xem
plify
the
des
ign
proc
edur
e an
d th
e qu
antif
icat
ion
of a
bove
gi
ven
quan
titie
s, an
app
licab
le d
esig
n m
etho
d is
giv
en in
Cha
pter
B3,
Ann
ex
B. O
ther
met
hods
may
be
used
, pro
vide
d th
at th
e ba
sic
prin
cipl
es fo
rmul
ated
in
Cha
pter
2.4
.1 a
re fu
lfille
d.
3.5.
1.2
Lim
it st
ates
: fre
eze/
thaw
-indu
ced
defle
ctio
n an
d co
llaps
e
(1
) With
rega
rd to
load
-car
ryin
g ca
paci
ty a
nd d
efor
mat
ions
, the
trad
ition
al
desi
gn m
ust
incl
ude
the
loca
lized
cha
nges
in
mec
hani
cal
prop
ertie
s du
e to
fr
ost d
amag
e.
3.5.
2 Pa
rtia
l fac
tor
met
hod
(1) T
he fo
llow
ing
limit
stat
e fu
nctio
n ne
eds t
o be
fulfi
lled:
S CR
,d –
SA
CT,d
(t <
t SL)
≥ 0
(3
.5-2
) S C
R,d:
de
sign
val
ue o
f the
crit
ical
deg
ree
of sa
tura
tion
[-]
S ACT
,d(t
< t SL
): de
sign
val
ue o
f th
e ac
tual
deg
ree
of s
atur
atio
n at
tim
e t [
-]
t SL:
desi
gn se
rvic
e lif
e [y
ears
]
(2)
The
desi
gn v
alue
of
the
criti
cal
degr
ee o
f sa
tura
tion
is c
alcu
late
d as
fo
llow
s:
S CR
,d =
SCR
,min
– Δ
S CR
(3.5
-3)
S CR
, min
: ch
arac
teris
tic v
alue
of
the
criti
cal
degr
ee o
f sa
tura
tion
(min
imum
val
ue) [
-]
ΔS C
R:
mar
gin
of th
e cr
itica
l deg
ree
of sa
tura
tion
[-]
(3) T
he d
esig
n va
lue
of th
e ac
tual
deg
ree
of s
atur
atio
n at
a ti
me
t SA
CT,d (t
) is
cal
cula
ted
as fo
llow
s:
S ACT
,d(t)
= S
ACT
(t) +
ΔS A
CT
(3.5
-4)
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 27
–
S ACT
,d:
char
acte
ristic
val
ue o
f th
e ac
tual
deg
ree
of s
atur
atio
n at
a
time
t [-]
ΔS A
CT:
mar
gin
of th
e ac
tual
deg
ree
of s
atur
atio
n (lo
ad) [
-]
(4
) To
exe
mpl
ify t
he d
esig
n pr
oced
ure
an a
pplic
able
des
ign
met
hod
is
give
n in
Ann
ex C
3. O
ther
met
hods
may
be
used
, pr
ovid
ed t
hat
the
basi
c pr
inci
ples
form
ulat
ed in
Cha
pter
2.4
.2 a
re fu
lfille
d.
3.5.
3 D
eem
ed-t
o-sa
tisfy
met
hod
(1) W
ithin
this
app
roac
h a
tradi
ng-o
ff o
f ava
ilabl
e sp
ace
for e
xpan
sion
(air
entra
inm
ent),
m
ater
ial
(non
-fre
ezab
le
wat
er
char
acte
ristic
s)
and
agin
g (c
arbo
natio
n) v
aria
bles
can
be
esta
blis
hed.
3.5.
4 A
void
ance
-of-
dete
rior
atio
n m
etho
d
(1
) G
ener
ally
, av
oida
nce
is a
chie
ved
if fr
ost
dete
riora
tion
cann
ot t
ake
plac
e du
e to
infin
ite m
ater
ial r
esis
tanc
e or
zer
o en
viro
nmen
tal l
oad.
3.6
Free
ze/th
aw a
ttac
k –
with
de-
icin
g ag
ents
3.
6.1
Full
prob
abili
stic
met
hod
3.6.
1.1
Lim
it st
ate
equa
tion
for
the
salt-
free
ze/th
aw in
duce
d su
rfac
e sc
alin
g
(1
) The
follo
win
g lim
it st
ate
func
tion
need
s to
be fu
lfille
d:
p{}
= p s
calin
g = p
{T(t ≤
t SL,C
l- ) – T
R(R
H(T
),T(t)
, ...)
< 0
} <p
0 (3
.6-1
) p{
}:
prob
abili
ty th
at sc
alin
g oc
curs
T(t,…
): co
ncre
te te
mpe
ratu
re in
[K]
T R(t,
…):
criti
cal
free
zing
tem
pera
ture
for
sca
ling
to o
ccur
at
the
time
t
t SL:
desi
gn se
rvic
e lif
e [y
ears
] p 0
: ta
rget
failu
re p
roba
bilit
y, c
p. A
nnex
A, T
able
A2-
2
– 28
–
3 V
erifi
catio
n of
Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
(2)
The
varia
bles
T a
nd T
R ne
ed t
o be
qua
ntifi
ed i
n a
full
prob
abili
stic
ap
proa
ch.
(3)
To e
xem
plify
the
des
ign
proc
edur
e an
d th
e qu
antif
icat
ion
of a
bove
gi
ven
quan
titie
s, an
app
licab
le d
esig
n m
etho
d is
giv
en in
Cha
pter
B4,
Ann
ex
B. O
ther
met
hods
may
be
used
, pro
vide
d th
at th
e ba
sic
prin
cipl
es fo
rmul
ated
in
Cha
pter
2.4
.1 a
re fu
lfille
d.
See
Cha
pter
3.5
.2 a
nd C
hapt
er 3
.6.1
.1
3.
6.1.
2 Li
mit
stat
es: f
reez
e/th
aw-in
duce
d de
flect
ion
and
colla
pse
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 29
–
4 E
xecu
tion
and
its q
ualit
y m
anag
emen
t
4.
1 G
ener
al
“Tho
se q
ualit
y m
anag
emen
t and
con
trol m
easu
res
in d
esig
n, d
etai
ling
and
exec
utio
n w
hich
are
giv
en in
Cha
pter
B4
and
B5
of th
is a
nnex
(R
emar
k: o
f an
nex
B o
f EN
199
0:20
02) a
im to
elim
inat
e fa
ilure
s du
e to
gro
ss e
rror
s, a
nd
ensu
re t
he r
esis
tanc
e as
sum
ed i
n de
sign
”. F
rom
Not
e un
der
EN 1
990:
2002
, B
1 (2
) b).
To d
efin
e a
set o
f m
inim
um r
equi
rem
ents
to th
e ex
ecut
ion,
an
exec
utio
n st
anda
rd p
repa
red
acco
rdin
g to
the
prin
cipl
es g
iven
in
this
doc
umen
t is
ne
eded
as
a re
fere
nce.
Sin
ce E
NV
136
70-1
ful
fils
this
rol
e, a
nd s
ince
it
is
chos
en b
y IS
O T
C-7
1 as
the
basi
s fo
r the
com
ing
ISO
-sta
ndar
d on
exe
cutio
n of
con
cret
e st
ruct
ures
, EN
V 1
3670
-1 i
s al
so c
hose
n by
fib
TG
5.6
as
the
refe
renc
e.
ENV
136
70-1
is e
xpec
ted
to b
e re
plac
ed b
y EN
136
70 in
200
7.
(1
) Th
e SL
D a
ccor
ding
to
this
doc
umen
t as
sum
es t
hat
the
min
imum
re
quire
men
ts fo
r exe
cutio
n an
d its
qua
lity
man
agem
ent g
iven
in E
NV
136
70-
1 “E
xecu
tion
of c
oncr
ete
stru
ctur
es –
Par
t 1:
Com
mon
rul
es”,
inc
lude
d th
e am
endm
ents
giv
en u
nder
, are
met
.
4.2
Proj
ect s
peci
ficat
ion
CEN
EN
V 1
3670
-1 fu
rther
refe
rs to
pro
duct
and
com
pone
nt s
tand
ards
for
conc
rete
, rei
nfor
cem
ent,
pres
tress
ing
syst
ems,
pref
abric
ated
ele
men
ts e
tc.
The
spec
ifica
tion
of t
he p
rope
rties
of
rele
vanc
e to
the
des
ign
of t
hese
m
ater
ials
and
com
pone
nts s
hall
be in
clud
ed in
the
proj
ect s
peci
ficat
ion.
(1
) Th
e pr
ojec
t sp
ecifi
catio
n sh
all
cove
r te
chni
cal
data
and
req
uire
men
ts
for
a pa
rticu
lar
proj
ect p
repa
red
to s
uppl
emen
t and
qua
lify
the
requ
irem
ents
of
EN
V 1
3670
-1.
Dep
endi
ng o
n th
e m
etho
d us
ed in
the
SLD
, the
pro
ject
spe
cific
atio
n w
ill
give
requ
irem
ents
for t
he m
ater
ials
sel
ectio
n, th
e ex
ecut
ion
and
the
cond
ition
co
ntro
l dur
ing
the
serv
ice
life
of th
e st
ruct
ure.
(2
) It
is a
ssum
ed t
hat
the
proj
ect
spec
ifica
tion
incl
udes
all
nece
ssar
y in
form
atio
n an
d te
chni
cal
requ
irem
ents
for
exe
cutio
n of
the
wor
ks a
nd
agre
emen
ts m
ade
durin
g th
e ex
ecut
ion.
The
proj
ect
spec
ifica
tion
shal
l th
eref
ore
com
pris
e al
l th
e as
sum
ptio
ns t
o m
ater
ials
, exe
cutio
n an
d co
nditi
on c
ontro
l mad
e in
the
spec
ific
SLD
.
– 30
–
4 E
xecu
tion
and
its q
ualit
y m
anag
emen
t
4.3
Qua
lity
man
agem
ent
“Qua
lity
Plan
” an
d “I
nspe
ctio
n” a
re d
efin
ed in
: –
ISO
900
0/3.
7.5
Qua
lity
plan
: “D
ocum
ent s
peci
fyin
g w
hich
pro
cedu
res
and
asso
ciat
ed r
esou
rces
sha
ll be
app
lied
by w
hom
and
whe
n to
a
spec
ific
proj
ect,
prod
uct o
r pro
cess
.”
–IS
O 9
000/
3.8.
2 In
spec
tion:
“C
onfo
rmity
eva
luat
ion
by o
bser
vatio
n an
d ju
dgm
ent
acco
mpa
nied
as
appr
opria
te b
y m
easu
rem
ent,
test
ing
and
gaug
ing.
”
(1
) The
qua
lity
man
agem
ent f
or th
e ex
ecut
ion:
–
mig
ht in
volv
e a
qual
ity p
lan
– sh
all i
nclu
de in
spec
tion
of th
e co
mpl
eted
wor
k
4.3.
1 Q
ualit
y pl
an
(1)
If
the
proj
ect
spec
ifica
tion
requ
ires
a qu
ality
pl
an,
the
proj
ect
spec
ifica
tion
shal
l def
ine
wha
t ele
men
ts it
shal
l com
pris
e.
ISO
100
05:2
005”
Qua
lity
man
agem
ent
– G
uide
lines
for
qua
lity
plan
s”
give
s fu
rther
ad
vice
fo
r th
e de
velo
pmen
t, ac
cept
ance
, ap
plic
atio
n an
d re
visi
on o
f qua
lity
plan
s.
(2
) A
qu
ality
pl
an
mig
ht
incl
ude
elem
ents
lik
e co
mpe
tenc
e an
d ap
prop
riate
tra
inin
g of
pe
rson
nel,
the
orga
niza
tion
of
the
proj
ect
and
proc
edur
es fo
r the
exe
cutio
n.
4.3.
2 In
spec
tion
(1)
The
need
ed i
nspe
ctio
n to
per
form
a c
onfo
rmity
eva
luat
ion
of t
he
com
plet
ed w
ork
shal
l be
carr
ied
out a
nd th
e re
sults
doc
umen
ted.
“as-
built
-doc
umen
tatio
n” o
f th
e di
rect
inp
ut p
aram
eter
s to
the
SL
D
mod
els
mig
ht c
onfir
m th
e de
sign
ass
umpt
ions
and
pos
sibl
e gi
ve th
e ba
sis
for
corr
ectiv
e m
easu
res.
It m
ight
als
o se
rve
as a
bas
is fo
r the
con
ditio
n co
ntro
l of
the
stru
ctur
e du
ring
its s
ervi
ce l
ife.
Such
an
extra
ct o
f th
e “a
s-bu
ilt-
docu
men
tatio
n” is
som
etim
es n
amed
the
stru
ctur
e’s
“Birt
h C
ertif
icat
e”.
(2
) Th
e pr
ojec
t sp
ecifi
catio
n m
ight
giv
e re
quire
men
ts f
or t
he “
as-b
uilt-
docu
men
tatio
n” d
epen
ding
on
the
spec
ifics
of t
he a
ctua
l SLD
. Su
ch s
peci
fics
mig
ht b
e th
e do
cum
enta
tion
of t
he a
chie
ved
dire
ct i
nput
pa
ram
eter
s ap
plie
d in
the
SLD
mod
els
like
for i
nsta
nce
diff
usio
n co
effic
ient
s,
cove
r thi
ckne
ss to
the
rein
forc
emen
t etc
.
4.
3.3
Act
ion
in th
e ev
ent o
f non
-con
form
ity
(1)
If t
he i
nspe
ctio
n re
veal
s th
at t
he o
rigin
al S
LD a
ssum
ptio
ns a
re n
ot m
et
durin
g th
e co
nstru
ctio
n, a
ctio
ns a
s giv
en in
5.4
shal
l be
take
n.
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 31
–
4.4
Mat
eria
ls
4.4.
1 Fo
rmw
ork
(1) P
ossi
ble
othe
r req
uire
men
ts th
an th
ose
liste
d in
EN
V 1
3670
-1 s
hall
be
stat
ed in
the
proj
ect s
peci
ficat
ion.
4.4.
2 R
einf
orce
men
t
(1
) R
equi
rem
ents
to
poss
ible
oth
er t
ypes
of
rein
forc
emen
t th
an o
rdin
ary
stee
l ac
cord
ing
to p
rEN
100
80 (
for
inst
ance
gal
vani
zed,
sta
inle
ss,
coat
ed,
non-
met
allic
, etc
.) sh
all b
e st
ated
in th
e pr
ojec
t spe
cific
atio
n.
4.4.
3 Pr
e-st
ress
ing
(1)
Req
uire
men
ts t
o po
ssib
le o
ther
pos
t-ten
sion
ing
syst
ems
than
tho
se
refe
rred
to in
EN
V 1
3670
-1 (f
or in
stan
ce p
last
ic s
heat
hs, n
on-m
etal
lic s
trand
s et
c) sh
all b
e st
ated
in th
e pr
ojec
t spe
cific
atio
n.
4.4.
4 C
oncr
ete
To d
efin
e a
set o
f min
imum
requ
irem
ents
to th
e pe
rfor
man
ce o
f con
cret
e,
a pr
oduc
t st
anda
rd
prep
ared
ac
cord
ing
to
the
prin
cipl
es
give
n in
th
is
docu
men
t is
need
ed a
s a
refe
renc
e. S
ince
EN
206
-1 fu
lfils
this
role
, and
sin
ce
it is
cho
sen
by I
SO T
C-7
1 as
the
bas
is f
or t
he c
omin
g IS
O-s
tand
ard
on
conc
rete
– s
peci
ficat
ion,
per
form
ance
, pro
duct
ion
and
conf
orm
ity, E
N 2
06-1
is
als
o ch
osen
by
fib T
G 5
.6 a
s the
refe
renc
e.
If th
e SL
D is
bas
ed o
n pe
rfor
man
ce c
hara
cter
istic
s of
the
conc
rete
, the
se
mig
ht b
e re
plac
ed b
y re
quire
men
ts t
o m
ix c
ompo
sitio
n ei
ther
in
the
desi
gn
phas
e ba
sed
on
prev
ious
ex
perie
nce,
or
by
in
itial
te
stin
g du
ring
the
cons
truct
ion
phas
e. I
t sha
ll be
sta
ted
if th
e op
erat
iona
l req
uire
men
ts f
or m
ix
com
posi
tion
are
targ
et v
alue
s or
cha
ract
eris
tic v
alue
s.
(1
) The
con
cret
e sh
all b
e sp
ecifi
ed a
ccor
ding
to, a
nd c
ompl
y w
ith E
N 2
06-1
. Th
e pr
ojec
t spe
cific
atio
n sh
all s
tate
pos
sibl
e ad
ditio
nal r
equi
rem
ents
to b
e m
et d
epen
ding
on
the
spec
ific
SLD
mod
els a
pplie
d.
If th
e SL
D is
bas
ed o
n ot
her m
ater
ial c
hara
cter
istic
s th
an th
ose
deal
t with
in
tra
ditio
nal
conc
rete
sta
ndar
ds l
ike
EN 2
06-1
(i.e
. ce
men
t ty
pe,
wat
er-
bind
er r
atio
, cem
ent
cont
ent,
aggr
egat
e pr
oper
ty e
tc),
and
the
SLD
dep
ends
on
a v
erifi
catio
n of
the
se m
ater
ial
char
acte
ristic
s du
ring
cons
truct
ion,
the
pr
ojec
t spe
cific
atio
n sh
all r
efer
to th
e re
leva
nt te
st m
etho
ds a
nd th
e st
atis
tical
(2
) If
tes
t m
etho
ds n
ot r
efer
red
to i
n EN
206
-1 a
re t
o be
app
lied,
the
sa
mpl
ing,
thes
e te
st m
etho
ds, a
nd th
e st
atis
tical
inte
rpre
tatio
n of
thei
r res
ults
, sh
all b
e st
ated
in th
e pr
ojec
t spe
cific
atio
n.
– 32
–
4 E
xecu
tion
and
its q
ualit
y m
anag
emen
t
inte
rpre
tatio
n of
the
res
ults
(fo
r in
stan
ce c
hara
cter
istic
val
ues
or t
arge
t va
lues
). Su
ch a
dditi
onal
mat
eria
l cha
ract
eris
tics
mig
ht fo
r ins
tanc
e be
the
chlo
ride
diff
usio
n co
effic
ient
or t
he in
vers
e ca
rbon
atio
n re
sist
ance
.
4.5
Geo
met
ry
The
geom
etric
al to
lera
nces
giv
en in
EN
V 1
3670
-1, c
laus
e 10
ach
ieve
s th
e de
sign
ass
umpt
ions
in
the
Euro
pean
des
ign
stan
dard
EN
199
2 an
d th
e re
quire
d le
vel o
f sa
fety
. The
se a
re r
elat
ed to
bot
h SL
D a
nd th
e gi
ven
parti
al
fact
ors f
or m
ater
ials
use
d in
load
bea
ring
desi
gn.
The
tole
ranc
es g
iven
in
ENV
136
70-1
ann
ex F
are
con
side
red
to h
ave
smal
l stru
ctur
al in
fluen
ce.
(1
) Th
e re
quire
men
ts t
o ge
omet
rical
tol
eran
ces
give
n in
cla
ss 1
in
ENV
13
670-
1 cl
ause
10
are
assu
med
to
have
dire
ct r
elev
ance
to
the
desi
gn
assu
mpt
ions
, whi
le th
ose
give
n in
EN
V 1
3670
-1, A
nnex
F d
o no
t.
(2)
The
term
“pe
rmitt
ed d
evia
tion”
in
ENV
136
70-1
on
geom
etric
al
tole
ranc
es m
ight
be
inte
rpre
ted
as th
e 5
% p
erce
ntile
.
(3)
Poss
ible
oth
er a
ssum
ptio
ns o
n ge
omet
rical
tol
eran
ces
appl
ied
in t
he
SLD
tha
n th
ose
give
n in
EN
V 1
3670
-1 s
hall
be s
tate
d in
the
pro
ject
sp
ecifi
catio
n.
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 33
–
5 M
aint
enan
ce a
nd c
ondi
tion
cont
rol
5.1
Gen
eral
(1
) Thi
s ch
apte
r pro
vide
s th
e ge
nera
l bas
is fo
r mai
nten
ance
and
con
ditio
n co
ntro
l dur
ing
the
serv
ice
life
for c
oncr
ete
stru
ctur
es.
(2)
Cha
pter
A6,
Ann
ex A
giv
es a
dvic
e fo
r th
e ex
tent
of
insp
ectio
n /
mon
itorin
g of
the
stru
ctur
e du
ring
its se
rvic
e lif
e.
Tabl
e A
6-1
defin
es 4
“C
ondi
tion
Con
trol
Leve
ls”
as a
gui
danc
e to
the
re
liabi
lity
diff
eren
tiatio
n to
be
used
in th
e SL
D.
5.2
Mai
nten
ance
B
ased
on
§ 6.
7 of
ISO
156
86-1
:200
0.
(1
) In
this
doc
umen
t the
term
“m
aint
enan
ce”
is u
sed
on a
ctiv
ities
that
are
pl
anne
d to
take
pla
ce d
urin
g th
e se
rvic
e lif
e of
the
stru
ctur
e in
ord
er to
ens
ure
the
fulfi
lmen
t of t
he a
ssum
ptio
ns in
the
SLD
.
Th
e m
aint
enan
ce p
lan
mig
ht c
ompr
ise
activ
ities
lik
e ge
nera
l cl
eani
ng,
drai
nage
, add
ition
of s
eala
nts,
repl
acem
ent o
f com
pone
nts e
tc.
(2
) A
mai
nten
ance
pla
n sh
all
stat
e ty
pe a
nd f
requ
ency
of
the
fore
seen
ac
tiviti
es.
5.3
Con
ditio
n co
ntro
l dur
ing
serv
ice
life
Gui
danc
e m
ight
be
foun
d in
ISO
/DIS
156
86-7
:200
4 “B
uild
ings
and
co
nstru
ctio
n as
sets
– S
ervi
ce li
fe p
lann
ing
– Pa
rt 7
: Per
form
ance
eva
luat
ion
for f
eedb
ack
of s
ervi
ce li
fe d
ata
from
pra
ctic
e”.
Cha
pter
A6,
Ann
ex A
, pro
pose
s 4
clas
ses
for
“Con
ditio
n C
ontro
l” g
ivin
g gu
idan
ce f
or th
e ty
pe a
nd e
xten
t of
insp
ectio
n/m
onito
ring
durin
g th
e se
rvic
e lif
e. Acc
ordi
ng to
Cha
pter
A6,
Ann
ex A
, the
low
est l
evel
of c
ondi
tion
cont
rol
is “
No
syst
emat
ic m
onito
ring
nor i
nspe
ctio
n”. I
n ev
ery-
day
cons
truct
ion,
this
is
ofte
n th
e m
ost a
ppro
pria
te le
vel,
and
its c
onse
quen
ces
shal
l be
take
n in
to
acco
unt f
or th
e re
liabi
lity
man
agem
ent f
or th
e SL
D.
– 34
–
5 M
aint
enan
ce a
nd c
ondi
tion
cont
rol
5.3.
1 In
spec
tion
and
mon
itori
ng d
urin
g se
rvic
e lif
e Th
e co
nfor
mity
eva
luat
ion
mig
ht b
e do
ne b
y vi
sual
obs
erva
tions
and
ju
dgm
ent a
ccom
pani
ed a
s ap
prop
riate
by
mea
sure
men
ts, t
estin
g an
d ga
ugin
g.
(1
) In
this
doc
umen
t “in
spec
tion”
mea
ns a
ctiv
ities
to e
valu
ate
conf
orm
ity
with
the
des
ign
data
for
act
ions
and
/or
mat
eria
l an
d/or
pro
duct
pro
perti
es
used
in th
e SL
D o
n a
perio
dic
basi
s du
ring
the
serv
ice
life
of th
e st
ruct
ure,
w
hile
“m
onito
ring”
mea
ns th
e sa
me
activ
ities
, but
on
a co
ntin
uous
bas
is.
5.3.
2 C
ondi
tion
cont
rol p
lan
The
serv
ice
life
of a
com
pone
nt o
r stru
ctur
e is
alw
ays
rela
ted
to o
ne, o
r a
few
requ
ired
func
tions
of t
hat c
ompo
nent
or s
truct
ure.
The
plan
ned
activ
ities
on
insp
ectio
n / m
onito
ring
shal
l the
refo
re fo
cus
on
the
eval
uatio
n of
the
desi
gn d
ata
appl
ied
in th
ese
dete
riora
tion
mod
els.
(1
) The
pla
n sh
all s
tate
:
– W
hat t
ypes
of i
nspe
ctio
n / m
onito
ring
that
shal
l tak
e pl
ace
– W
hat c
ompo
nent
s of t
he st
ruct
ure
to b
e in
spec
ted
/ mon
itore
d
– Th
e fr
eque
ncy
of th
e in
spec
tions
– Th
e pe
rfor
man
ce c
riter
ia to
be
met
–
Poss
ible
doc
umen
tatio
n of
the
resu
lts
– A
ctio
n in
the
even
t of n
on-c
onfo
rmity
with
the
perf
orm
ance
crit
eria
5.
4 A
ctio
n in
the
even
t of n
on-c
onfo
rmity
(1
) If t
he in
spec
tion/
mon
itorin
g re
veal
s th
at th
e or
igin
al S
LD a
ssum
ptio
ns
are
not m
et, o
ne o
r mor
e of
the
follo
win
g ac
tions
shal
l be
take
n:
–W
iden
ing
the
scop
e of
the
perf
orm
ance
sur
vey
to im
prov
e th
e qu
ality
an
d re
pres
enta
tiven
ess o
f the
dat
a.
–Pe
rfor
min
g a
reca
lcul
atio
n of
the
orig
inal
SLD
to
asse
ss t
he r
esid
ual
serv
ice
life
of th
e st
ruct
ure.
The
new
cal
cula
tion
shal
l be
supp
lem
ente
d w
ith th
e da
ta fo
r act
ion,
mat
eria
ls a
nd p
rodu
cts
deriv
ed fr
om th
e fie
ld-
expo
sed
stru
ctur
e. T
he r
edes
ign
shal
l co
nfor
m t
o th
e re
quire
men
ts
give
n in
Cha
pter
2 o
f thi
s doc
umen
t. –
The
stru
ctur
e sh
all b
e re
paire
d or
stre
ngth
ened
to b
ring
its p
erfo
rman
ce
back
to th
e ag
reed
des
ign
assu
mpt
ions
. The
rep
air
shal
l be
base
d on
a
parti
al o
r ful
l rec
alcu
latio
n of
the
orig
inal
SLD
as s
tate
d un
der 2
. –
The
stru
ctur
e sh
all
be p
rote
cted
to
redu
ce t
he a
ctio
n. T
he p
rote
ctio
n sh
all b
e ba
sed
on a
reca
lcul
atio
n of
the
orig
inal
SLD
as
stat
ed u
nder
2.
–Th
e st
ruct
ure
shal
l bec
ome
obso
lete
.
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 35
–
For
exis
ting
stru
ctur
es th
e co
sts
of a
chie
ving
a h
ighe
r rel
iabi
lity
leve
l are
us
ually
hig
h co
mpa
red
to st
ruct
ures
und
er d
esig
n.
For t
his
reas
on th
e ta
rget
leve
l of r
elia
bilit
y fo
r red
esig
n of
ser
vice
life
of
exis
ting
stru
ctur
es u
sual
ly sh
ould
be
low
er.
(Bas
ed o
n 7.
2.1
of J
CSS
PM
C:2
000
“Pro
babi
listic
Mod
el C
ode”
, Jo
int
Com
mitt
ee o
n St
ruct
ural
Saf
ety)
(2
) A
ccor
ding
to
Cha
pter
2.1
.3 (
4) o
f th
is d
ocum
ent,
the
serv
icea
bilit
y cr
iteria
to b
e ap
plie
d du
ring
the
asse
ssm
ent s
hall
be s
peci
fied
for
the
proj
ect
and
agre
ed w
ith th
e ow
ner.
– 36
–
Anne
x A:
Man
agem
ent o
f rel
iabi
lity
for S
ervi
ce L
ife D
esig
n of
con
cret
e st
ruct
ures
This
ann
ex i
s ba
sed
on E
N 1
990,
Ann
ex B
“M
anag
emen
t of
Stru
ctur
al
Rel
iabi
lity
for C
onst
ruct
ion
Wor
ks”
A
nnex
A (i
nfor
mat
ive)
M
anag
emen
t of r
elia
bilit
y fo
r Se
rvic
e L
ife
Des
ign
of c
oncr
ete
stru
ctur
es
A
1 Sc
ope
and
field
of a
pplic
atio
n
(1
) Th
is
anne
x pr
ovid
es
addi
tiona
l gu
idan
ce
to
2.1.
2 (r
elia
bilit
y m
anag
emen
t).
(2)
The
appr
oach
gi
ven
in
this
an
nex
reco
mm
ends
th
e fo
llow
ing
proc
edur
es fo
r the
man
agem
ent o
f rel
iabi
lity
of S
LD fo
r con
cret
e st
ruct
ures
:
– In
rel
atio
n to
2.1
.2 (
1), c
lass
es a
re in
trodu
ced
and
are
base
d on
the
assu
med
co
nseq
uenc
es
of
failu
re
and
the
expo
sure
of
th
e co
nstru
ctio
n w
orks
to
haza
rd.
A p
roce
dure
for
allo
win
g m
oder
ate
diff
eren
tiatio
n in
the
par
tial
fact
ors
for
actio
ns a
nd r
esis
tanc
e co
rres
pond
ing
to th
e cl
asse
s is g
iven
in A
2.
Not
e: R
elia
bilit
y cl
assi
ficat
ion
can
be r
epre
sent
ed b
y β
inde
xes,
w
hich
take
acc
ount
of
acce
pted
or
assu
med
sta
tistic
al v
aria
bilit
y in
ac
tion
effe
cts a
nd re
sist
ance
and
mod
el u
ncer
tain
ties.
– In
rel
atio
n to
2.1
.2 (
1),
a pr
oced
ure
for
allo
win
g di
ffer
entia
tion
betw
een
vario
us ty
pes
of c
onst
ruct
ion
wor
ks in
the
requ
irem
ents
for
qual
ity le
vels
of d
esig
n an
d ex
ecut
ion
proc
ess,
as w
ell a
s th
e ex
tent
of
con
ditio
n co
ntro
l dur
ing
the
serv
ice
life,
are
giv
en in
A3,
A4
and
A5.
N
ote:
Tho
se q
ualit
y m
anag
emen
t an
d co
ntro
l m
easu
res
in d
esig
n,
deta
iling
and
exe
cutio
n w
hich
are
giv
en i
n A
3 an
d A
4 ai
m t
o el
imin
ate
failu
res
due
to g
ross
err
ors,
and
to
ensu
re t
he r
esis
tanc
e as
sum
ed in
the
desi
gn.
(3)
The
proc
edur
e ha
s be
en f
orm
ulat
ed i
n su
ch a
way
so
to p
rodu
ce a
fr
amew
ork
to a
llow
diff
eren
t rel
iabi
lity
leve
ls to
be
used
, if d
esire
d.
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 37
–
A2
Rel
iabi
lity
diffe
rent
iatio
n
A
2.1
Con
sequ
ence
s cla
sses
Tabl
e A
2-1
is id
entic
al to
tabl
e B
1 of
EN
199
0.
(1
) Fo
r th
e pu
rpos
e of
rel
iabi
lity
diff
eren
tiatio
n, c
onse
quen
ces
clas
ses
(CC
) m
ay b
e es
tabl
ishe
d by
con
side
ring
the
cons
eque
nces
of
failu
re o
r m
alfu
nctio
n of
the
stru
ctur
e as
giv
en in
Tab
le A
2-1.
Tabl
e A2
-1:
Def
initi
on o
f con
sequ
ence
s cl
asse
s C
onse
quen
ces
Cla
sses
D
escr
iptio
n Ex
ampl
es
of
build
ing
and
civi
l eng
inee
ring
wor
ks
CC
3 H
igh
cons
eque
nce
for l
oss o
f hu
man
life
, or e
cono
mic
, soc
ial o
r en
viro
nmen
tal c
onse
quen
ces v
ery
grea
t
Gra
ndst
ands
, pub
lic b
uild
ings
w
here
con
sequ
ence
s of
failu
re
are
high
(e. g
. a c
once
rt ha
ll)
CC
2 N
orm
al c
onse
quen
ce fo
r los
s or
hum
an li
fe, e
cono
mic
or
envi
ronm
enta
l con
sequ
ence
s co
nsid
erab
le
Res
iden
tial a
nd o
ffic
e bu
ildin
gs, p
ublic
bui
ldin
gs
whe
re c
onse
quen
ces
of fa
ilure
ar
e m
ediu
m (e
. g. a
n of
fice
build
ing)
CC
1 Lo
w c
onse
quen
ce fo
r los
s of
hum
an li
fe, a
nd e
cono
mic
, soc
ial
or e
nviro
nmen
tal c
onse
quen
ces
are
smal
l or n
eglig
ible
Agr
icul
tura
l bui
ldin
gs w
here
pe
ople
do
not n
orm
ally
ent
er
(e.g
. sto
rage
bui
ldin
gs),
gree
n ho
uses
(2
) Th
e cr
iterio
n fo
r cl
assi
ficat
ion
of c
onse
quen
ces
is t
he i
mpo
rtanc
e, i
n th
e te
rms
of c
onse
quen
ces
of f
ailu
re, o
f th
e st
ruct
ure
or s
truct
ural
mem
ber
conc
erne
d. S
ee A
2.3.
(3)
Dep
endi
ng o
n th
e st
ruct
ural
for
m a
nd d
ecis
ions
mad
e du
ring
desi
gn,
parti
cula
r m
embe
rs o
f th
e st
ruct
ure
may
be
desi
gned
in
the
sam
e, h
ighe
r or
lo
wer
con
sequ
ence
s cl
ass t
han
for t
he e
ntire
stru
ctur
e.
– 38
–
Anne
x A:
Man
agem
ent o
f rel
iabi
lity
for S
ervi
ce L
ife D
esig
n of
con
cret
e st
ruct
ures
A2.
2 D
iffer
entia
tion
by β
val
ues
(1)
The
relia
bilit
y cl
asse
s (R
C)
may
be
defin
ed b
y th
e β
relia
bilit
y in
dex
conc
ept.
(2)
Thre
e re
liabi
lity
clas
ses
RC
1, R
C2
and
RC
3 m
ay b
e as
soci
ated
with
th
e th
ree
cons
eque
nces
cla
sses
CC
1, C
C2
and
CC
3.
The
norm
al c
onse
quen
ce b
y pa
ssin
g a
SLS
(for
inst
ance
dep
assi
vatio
n of
su
rfac
e re
info
rcem
ent),
is
that
pos
sibl
e pr
otec
tive
mea
sure
s /
repa
ir be
com
e m
ore
expe
nsiv
e.
In a
ny c
ase,
a U
LS d
esig
n ha
s to
be
mad
e. I
t is
ass
umed
, tha
t th
e us
ual
desi
gn o
f re
info
rced
and
pre
-stre
ssed
stru
ctur
es is
mad
e in
that
way
, tha
t the
U
LS
requ
irem
ents
of
Ta
ble
A2-
2 ar
e fu
lfille
d ex
actly
. C
orro
sion
of
re
info
rcem
ent
(pre
-stre
ssin
g st
eel)
and/
or d
eter
iora
tion
of c
oncr
ete
(bon
d fa
ilure
, la
ck o
f su
ffic
ient
com
pres
sive
cro
ss s
ectio
n) w
ill d
ecre
ase
the
relia
bilit
y. I
f co
rros
ion
can
not
be e
xclu
ded
at a
ULS
re
liabi
lity
and
insp
ectio
n/m
aint
enan
ce/re
pair
that
mea
ns “
inte
rven
tion”
can
not
be
exec
uted
, th
is w
ill l
ead
to t
he n
eed
of e
xtra
rei
nfor
cem
ent
(sac
rific
ial
cros
s se
ctio
n)
and/
or s
peci
al d
etai
ling
in o
rder
to
avoi
d bo
nd f
ailu
re w
ithin
the
bon
ding
zo
ne.
The
dim
ensi
on o
f th
is e
xtra
cro
ss s
ectio
n hi
ghly
dep
ends
on
the
relia
bilit
y, d
epas
siva
tion
is e
xclu
ded.
Tha
t m
eans
, the
hig
her
the
relia
bilit
y w
ith re
gard
to d
epas
siva
tion
the
low
er th
e ne
ed o
f ext
ra re
info
rcem
ent.
(3
) Ta
ble
A2-
2 gi
ves
reco
mm
ende
d m
inim
um v
alue
s fo
r th
e re
liabi
lity
inde
x as
soci
ated
with
the
relia
bilit
y cl
asse
s.
Tabl
e A2
-2:
Reco
mm
ende
d m
inim
um v
alue
s fo
r re
liabi
lity
inde
x ß
for u
se in
SLD
(int
ende
d fo
r the
des
ign
life
time)
SLS1
ULS
Expo
sure
C
lass
–
Euro
code
2
Des
crip
tion
Rel
iabi
lity
Cla
ss
Dep
assi
vatio
n2,3
Col
laps
e
XC
3 C
arbo
natio
n R
C1
1.3
(pf ≈
10-1
) 3.
7 (p
f ≈ 1
0-4)
RC
2 1.
3 (p
f ≈ 1
0-1)
4.2
(pf ≈
10-5
)
RC
3 1.
3 (p
f ≈ 1
0-1)
4.4
(pf ≈
10-6
)
XD
3 D
eici
ng s
alt
RC
1 1.
3 (p
f ≈ 1
0-1)
3.7
(pf ≈
10-4
)
RC
2 1.
3 (p
f ≈ 1
0-1)
4.2
(pf ≈
10-5
)
RC
3 1.
3 (p
f ≈ 1
0-1)
4.4
(pf ≈
10-6
)
XS3
Seaw
ater
R
C1
1.3
(pf ≈
10-1
) 3.
7 (p
f ≈ 1
0-4)
RC
2 1.
3 (p
f ≈ 1
0-1)
4.2
(pf ≈
10-5
)
RC
3 1.
3 (p
f ≈ 1
0-1)
4.4
(pf ≈
10-6
) 1 A
SLS
relia
bilit
y of
β =
1.3
in c
onse
quen
ce c
ould
lead
to lo
wer
ULS
relia
bilit
ies
than
usu
ally
req
uire
d by
the
cod
es,
cp.
ISO
239
4. T
hat
mea
ns f
or v
ery
aggr
essi
ve c
limat
es, h
ighe
r va
lues
for
βSL
S ar
e re
quire
d, c
p. A
nnex
R, i
n or
der
to fu
lfil t
he U
LS re
quire
men
ts.
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 39
–
2 Dep
assi
vatio
n of
the
sur
face
rei
nfor
cem
ent
in t
he a
rea
expo
sed
to t
he d
esig
n en
viro
nmen
tal l
oad.
3 In
cas
es w
ith su
ffic
ient
acc
ess
of o
xyge
n an
d m
oist
ure
to s
uppo
rt co
rros
ion.
A
2.3
Diff
eren
tiatio
n by
mea
sure
s re
latin
g to
the
part
ial f
acto
rs
(1)
One
way
of
achi
evin
g re
liabi
lity
diff
eren
tiatio
n is
by
dist
ingu
ishi
ng
clas
ses
of γ
F fa
ctor
s to
be
used
in
fund
amen
tal
com
bina
tions
for
per
sist
ent
desi
gn s
ituat
ions
. For
exa
mpl
e, fo
r the
sam
e de
sign
sup
ervi
sion
and
exe
cutio
n in
spec
tion
leve
ls, a
mul
tiplic
atio
n fa
ctor
KFI
, se
e Ta
ble
A2-
3, m
ay b
e ap
plie
d to
the
parti
al fa
ctor
s. Ta
ble
A2-3
: K
FI fa
ctor
s R
elia
bilit
y C
lass
RC
1 R
C2
RC
3
KFI
So
far n
o qu
antif
ied
num
ber
avai
labl
e (<
1)
1.0
So fa
r no
quan
tifie
d nu
mbe
r av
aila
ble
(> 1
)
N
ote:
In
parti
cula
r, fo
r cl
ass
RC
3, o
ther
mea
sure
s as
des
crib
ed i
n th
is
anne
x ar
e no
rmal
ly p
refe
rred
to u
sing
KFI
fact
ors.
KFI
sho
uld
be a
pplie
d on
ly
to u
nfav
oura
ble
actio
ns.
(2)
Rel
iabi
lity
diff
eren
tiatio
n m
ay a
lso
be a
pplie
d th
roug
h th
e pa
rtial
fa
ctor
s on
resi
stan
ce γ
M. H
owev
er, t
his i
s not
nor
mal
ly u
sed.
(3)
Acc
ompa
nyin
g m
easu
res,
for
exa
mpl
e th
e le
vel o
f qu
ality
con
trol f
or
the
desi
gn a
nd e
xecu
tion
of th
e st
ruct
ure,
may
be
asso
ciat
ed to
the
clas
ses
of
γ F. I
n th
is a
nnex
, a th
ree
leve
l sys
tem
for c
ontro
l dur
ing
desi
gn a
nd e
xecu
tion
has
been
ado
pted
. Des
ign
supe
rvis
ion
leve
ls a
nd in
spec
tion
leve
ls a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith th
e re
liabi
lity
clas
ses a
re su
gges
ted.
(4)
Ther
e ca
n be
cla
sses
(e.
g. l
ight
ing
pole
s, m
asts
, et
c.)
whe
re,
for
reas
ons
of e
cono
my,
the
stru
ctur
e m
ight
be
in R
C1,
but
be
subj
ecte
d to
hig
her
corr
espo
ndin
g de
sign
supe
rvis
ion
and
insp
ectio
n le
vels
.
– 40
–
Anne
x A:
Man
agem
ent o
f rel
iabi
lity
for S
ervi
ce L
ife D
esig
n of
con
cret
e st
ruct
ures
A3
Rob
ustn
ess o
f sec
tions
rel
ated
to
corr
osio
n St
ruct
ural
failu
re c
ause
d by
cor
rosi
on o
f rei
nfor
cem
ent m
ay b
e du
e to
loss
of
cro
ss s
ectio
n of
bar
s or
due
to
spal
ling
of c
oncr
ete
cove
r an
d lo
ss o
f an
chor
age.
Spal
ling
of c
oncr
ete
cove
r in
anc
hora
ge z
ones
with
out c
onfin
emen
t may
le
ad to
sudd
en fa
ilure
.
Rel
iabl
e fin
ding
s fo
r lim
it va
lues
of
corr
osio
n in
tens
ities
cau
sing
spa
lling
do
not
exi
st. L
imit
valu
es w
ill d
epen
d on
bar
dia
met
er a
nd b
ar s
paci
ng a
nd o
n en
viro
nmen
tal
cond
ition
s (v
olum
e of
rus
t pr
oduc
ts).
The
give
n va
lues
in
Tabl
e A
3-1
are
roug
h es
timat
es a
nd n
eed
to b
e co
nfirm
ed b
y fu
rther
rese
arch
. B
eing
rou
gh e
stim
ates
the
give
n va
lues
in T
able
A3-
1 ca
n be
take
n as
mea
n va
lues
pro
vidi
ng th
e cr
oss s
ectio
n co
ntai
ns m
ore
than
thre
e si
ngle
bar
s.
(1
) Th
e se
rvic
e lif
e of
a s
truct
ure
susc
eptib
le to
reb
ar c
orro
sion
dep
ends
on
the
leng
th o
f the
initi
atio
n pe
riod
and
the
leng
th o
f the
pro
paga
tion
perio
d.
That
mea
ns th
e st
ruct
ural
ULS
relia
bilit
y ca
n ei
ther
be
achi
eved
by
excl
udin
g co
rros
ion
at a
ULS
rel
iabi
lity,
or
by a
ddin
g ne
eded
ext
ra r
einf
orce
men
t (s
acrif
icia
l cr
oss
sect
ion)
. In
mos
t ca
ses
both
des
ign
elem
ents
will
be
take
n in
to a
ccou
nt. T
he d
imen
sion
of t
his
extra
cro
ss s
ectio
n hi
ghly
dep
ends
on
the
relia
bilit
y, d
epas
siva
tion
is e
xclu
ded.
Tha
t m
eans
, the
hig
her
the
relia
bilit
y w
ith re
gard
to d
epas
siva
tion
the
low
er th
e ne
ed o
f ext
ra re
info
rcem
ent.
A c
ritic
al lo
ss o
f ext
ra c
ross
sec
tion
of b
ars
caus
ed b
y co
rros
ion
lead
ing
to
stru
ctur
al fa
ilure
nee
d to
be
defin
ed fo
r ULS
. To
diff
eren
tiate
diff
eren
t fai
lure
m
odes
, rob
ustn
ess c
lass
es m
ay b
e de
fined
.
Tabl
e A3
-1:
Robu
stne
ss C
lass
es (R
OC
) R
obus
tnes
s Cla
ss
Cha
ract
eris
tics
Cha
ract
eris
tics L
oss o
f C
ross
sect
ions
(r
ough
est
imat
es)
∆As [
%]
RO
C 3
be
ndin
g re
info
rcem
ent o
utsi
de
of a
ncho
rage
and
laps
25
RO
C 2
sh
ear r
einf
orce
men
t, an
chor
age
zone
s with
con
finem
ent
15
RO
C 1
an
chor
age
zone
s w
ithou
t co
nfin
emen
t 5
In d
epen
denc
y of
RO
C’s
it m
ight
be
nece
ssar
y to
fulfi
l ULS
-req
uire
men
ts
by e
xclu
ding
dep
assi
vatio
n on
a h
ighe
r re
liabi
lity
leve
l as
rec
omm
ende
d in
Ta
ble
A2-
2.
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 41
–
A4
Des
ign,
qua
lity
man
agem
ent
diffe
rent
iatio
n
(1
) D
esig
n su
perv
isio
n di
ffer
entia
tion
cons
ists
of
vario
us o
rgan
isat
iona
l qu
ality
con
trol
mea
sure
s, w
hich
can
be
used
tog
ethe
r. Fo
r ex
ampl
e, t
he
diff
eren
tiatio
n of
des
ign
supe
rvis
ion
leve
l (A
4(2)
) may
be
used
toge
ther
with
ot
her
mea
sure
s su
ch a
s cl
assi
ficat
ion
of d
esig
ners
and
che
ckin
g au
thor
ities
(A
4(3)
).
Min
imum
lev
els
for
the
qual
ity m
anag
emen
t re
gim
e ar
e of
ten
give
n in
na
tiona
l leg
isla
tion.
(2)
Thre
e po
ssib
le d
esig
n su
perv
isio
n le
vels
(D
SL)
are
show
n in
Tab
le
A4-
1. T
he d
esig
n su
perv
isio
n le
vels
may
be
linke
d to
the
rel
iabi
lity
clas
s se
lect
ed o
r ch
osen
acc
ordi
ng t
o th
e im
porta
nce
of t
he s
truct
ure
and
in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith n
atio
nal r
equi
rem
ents
or
the
desi
gn b
rief,
and
impl
emen
ted
thro
ugh
appr
opria
te q
ualit
y m
anag
emen
t mea
sure
s. S
ee 2
.1.2
(1).
Tabl
e A4
-1:
Des
ign
supe
rvis
ion
leve
ls (D
SL)
Des
ign
Supe
rvisi
on L
evel
s C
hara
cter
istic
s M
inim
um r
ecom
men
ded
requ
irem
ents
for
the
chec
king
of c
alcu
latio
ns,
draw
ings
and
spec
ifica
tions
DSL
3 R
elat
ing
to R
C3
Exte
nded
su
perv
isio
n Th
ird p
arty
che
ckin
g:
Che
ckin
g pe
rfor
med
by
an
orga
nisa
tion
diff
eren
t fro
m
that
whi
ch h
as p
erfo
rmed
the
desi
gn
DSL
2 R
elat
ing
to R
C2
N
orm
al s
uper
visi
on
Che
ckin
g by
diff
eren
t per
sons
th
an th
ose
orig
inal
ly
resp
onsi
ble
and
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith th
e pr
oced
ure
of th
e or
gani
satio
n D
SL1
Rel
atin
g to
RC
1
Nor
mal
supe
rvis
ion
Self-
chec
king
: Che
ckin
g pe
rfor
med
by
the
pers
on w
ho
has p
repa
red
the
desi
gn
(3
) D
esig
n su
perv
isio
n di
ffer
entia
tion
may
als
o in
clud
e a
clas
sific
atio
n of
de
sign
ers
and/
or d
esig
n in
spec
tors
(ch
ecke
rs,
cont
rolli
ng a
utho
ritie
s, et
c.),
depe
ndin
g on
thei
r com
pete
nce
and
expe
rienc
e, th
eir i
nter
nal o
rgan
isat
ion
for
– 42
–
Anne
x A:
Man
agem
ent o
f rel
iabi
lity
for S
ervi
ce L
ife D
esig
n of
con
cret
e st
ruct
ures
the
rele
vant
type
of c
onst
ruct
ion
wor
ks b
eing
des
igne
d.
Not
e: T
he ty
pe o
f con
stru
ctio
n w
orks
, the
mat
eria
ls u
sed
and
the
stru
ctur
al
form
s ca
n af
fect
this
cla
ssifi
catio
n.
(4)
Alte
rnat
ivel
y, d
esig
n su
perv
isio
n di
ffer
entia
tion
can
cons
ist
of a
mor
e re
fined
det
aile
d as
sess
men
t of
the
nat
ure
and
mag
nitu
de o
f ac
tions
to
be
resi
sted
by
the
stru
ctur
e, o
r of
a s
yste
m o
r de
sign
loa
d m
anag
emen
t to
ac
tivel
y or
pas
sive
ly c
ontro
l (re
stric
t) th
ese
actio
ns.
A5
Exe
cutio
n, q
ualit
y m
anag
emen
t di
ffere
ntia
tion
CEN
EN
V 1
3670
-1 re
fers
to “
insp
ectio
n cl
asse
s”.
“Ins
pect
ion”
is
de
fined
by
IS
O
9000
as
“C
onfo
rmity
ev
alua
tion
by
obse
rvat
ion
and
judg
men
t ac
com
pani
ed a
s ap
prop
riate
by
mea
sure
men
t, te
stin
g or
gau
ging
”.
The
“Exe
cutio
n cl
asse
s” m
ight
als
o co
mpr
ise
othe
r ele
men
ts o
f the
qua
lity
man
agem
ent r
egim
e at
the
cons
truct
ion
site
.
Min
imum
lev
els
for
the
qual
ity m
anag
emen
t re
gim
e ar
e of
ten
give
n in
na
tiona
l leg
isla
tion.
(1
) Th
ree
exec
utio
n cl
asse
s (E
XC
) m
ay b
e in
trodu
ced
as s
how
n in
Tab
le
A5-
1. T
he e
xecu
tion
clas
ses
may
be
linke
d to
the
qual
ity m
anag
emen
t cla
sses
se
lect
ed a
nd im
plem
ente
d th
roug
h ap
prop
riate
qua
lity
man
agem
ent m
easu
res.
Se
e 2.
1.2
(1).
Tabl
e A5
-1:
Exec
utio
n C
lass
es (E
XC)
Exec
utio
n C
lass
C
hara
cter
istic
s R
equi
rem
ents
EXC
3 R
elat
ing
to R
C3
Exte
nded
insp
ectio
n Th
ird p
arty
insp
ectio
n
EXC
2 R
elat
ing
to R
C2
Nor
mal
insp
ectio
n In
spec
tion
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith th
e pr
oced
ures
of t
he
orga
nisa
tion
EXC
1 R
elat
ing
to R
C1
Nor
mal
insp
ectio
n Se
lf in
spec
tion
A
6 C
ondi
tion
cont
rol d
urin
g se
rvic
e lif
e,
qual
ity m
anag
emen
t diff
eren
tiatio
n A
pro
per
insp
ectio
n du
ring
the
serv
ice
life
of a
stru
ctur
e w
ill g
ive
the
owne
r a
poss
ibili
ty to
app
ly p
rote
ctiv
e m
easu
res
in c
ase
the
expe
ctat
ions
for
th
e se
rvic
e lif
e de
sign
are
not
met
.
The
cons
eque
nces
of
unac
cept
able
per
form
ance
are
thu
s re
duce
d. T
his
(1)
For
serv
ice
life
desi
gn, t
he le
vel o
f su
perv
isio
n du
ring
the
use
of
the
stru
ctur
e or
com
pone
nt i
s al
so d
ecis
ive
for
the
appr
opria
te l
evel
of
relia
bilit
y. F
or t
his
use
the
follo
win
g co
nditi
on c
ontro
l le
vels
(C
CL)
dur
ing
the
serv
ice
life
mig
ht b
e ap
plie
d:
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 43
–
open
s th
en f
or a
pply
ing
a m
ore
liber
al r
elia
bilit
y cl
ass
and
asso
ciat
ed β
-
valu
e.
Tab
le A
6-1:
C
ondi
tions
Con
trol
Lev
els (
CC
L)
Con
ditio
n C
ontr
ol L
evel
s C
hara
cter
istic
s R
equi
rem
ents
CC
L3
Exte
nded
in
spec
tion
Syst
emat
ic in
spec
tion
and
mon
itorin
g of
re
leva
nt p
aram
eter
s fo
r the
det
erio
ratio
n pr
oces
s(es
) tha
t is
(are
) crit
ical
in th
e SL
D
CC
L2
Nor
mal
insp
ectio
n R
egul
ar v
isua
l ins
pect
ion
by q
ualif
ied
pers
onne
l
CC
L1
Nor
mal
insp
ectio
n N
o sy
stem
atic
mon
itorin
g no
r ins
pect
ion
CC
L0
No
insp
ectio
n N
o po
ssib
le in
spec
tion,
for i
nsta
nce
due
to
lack
of a
cces
s
A
7 R
elat
ive
cost
of m
easu
res
Gui
danc
e m
ight
be
foun
d in
“Pr
obab
ilist
ic M
odel
Cod
e”, J
oint
Com
mitt
ee
on S
truct
ural
Saf
ety
(JC
SS P
MC
:200
0).
(1
) As
serv
icea
bilit
y fa
ilure
s b
y de
finiti
on a
re n
ot a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith lo
ss o
f hu
man
life
or
limb,
the
cost
of
mea
sure
s to
ach
ieve
a h
ighe
r re
liabi
lity
leve
l sh
ould
inf
luen
ce t
he c
hoic
e of
con
sequ
ence
cla
ss a
nd t
hus
relia
bilit
y in
dex
(cp.
Tab
le A
2-1
and
Tabl
e A
2-2)
. (2
) Fo
r ex
istin
g st
ruct
ures
the
cost
s of
ach
ievi
ng a
hig
her
relia
bilit
y le
vel
are
usua
lly h
igh
com
pare
d to
stru
ctur
es u
nder
des
ign.
For
thi
s re
ason
the
ta
rget
leve
l for
exi
stin
g st
ruct
ures
usu
ally
shou
ld b
e lo
wer
.
A8
Part
ial f
acto
rs fo
r re
sist
ance
pro
pert
ies
(1
) A
par
tial
fact
or f
or a
mat
eria
l or
pro
duct
pro
perty
or
a m
embe
r re
sist
ance
may
be
redu
ced
if an
ins
pect
ion
clas
s hi
gher
tha
n th
at r
equi
red
acco
rdin
g to
Tab
le A
5-1
and/
or m
ore
seve
re re
quire
men
ts a
re u
sed.
Not
e: S
uch
a re
duct
ion,
whi
ch a
llow
s fo
r exa
mpl
e fo
r mod
el u
ncer
tain
ties
and
dim
ensi
onal
var
iatio
ns, i
s no
t a
relia
bilit
y di
ffer
entia
tion
mea
sure
: it
is
only
a c
ompe
nsat
ing
mea
sure
in o
rder
to k
eep
the
relia
bilit
y le
vel d
epen
dent
on
the
effic
ienc
y of
the
cont
rol m
easu
res.
– 44
–
Anne
x B:
Ful
l pro
babi
listic
des
ign
met
hods
Ann
ex B
(inf
orm
ativ
e)
Full
prob
abili
stic
des
ign
met
hods
B1
Full
prob
abili
stic
des
ign
met
hod
for
carb
onat
ion
indu
ced
corr
osio
n –
uncr
acke
d co
ncre
te
B1.
1 L
imit
stat
e eq
uatio
n fo
r th
e de
pass
ivat
ion
of th
e re
info
rcem
ent
The
orig
inal
Dur
aCre
te m
odel
is
desc
ribed
in
mor
e de
tail
in [
3],
the
DA
RTS
mod
el (r
evis
ed D
uraC
rete
mod
el) i
s des
crib
ed in
[4],
[5].
Whi
le a
sses
sing
exi
stin
g st
ruct
ures
, th
e co
nsta
nts
in E
quat
ion
B1.
1-1
mig
ht b
e co
mbi
ned
to a
chie
ve a
sim
plifi
ed e
xpre
ssio
n:
()
tk
a(t)
xa,
gc
!=
(B
1.1-
1)
In v
iew
of f
ib T
G 5
.6, p
ublis
hed
mod
els
of [6
] or o
ther
s ar
e us
eful
as
wel
l, if
valid
ated
acc
ordi
ng to
the
prin
cipl
es g
iven
in C
hapt
er 2
.
(1
) A
ful
l pr
obab
ilist
ic d
esig
n ap
proa
ch f
or t
he m
odel
ling
of c
arbo
natio
n in
duce
d co
rros
ion
of u
ncra
cked
con
cret
e ha
s be
en d
evel
oped
with
in t
he
rese
arch
pr
ojec
t D
uraC
rete
an
d sl
ight
ly
revi
sed
in
the
rese
arch
pr
ojec
t D
AR
TS, e
ach
proj
ect
was
fun
ded
by th
e Eu
rope
an U
nion
. It i
s ba
sed
on th
e lim
it-st
ate
Equa
tion
B1.
1-2,
in w
hich
the
conc
rete
cov
er a
is c
ompa
red
to th
e ca
rbon
atio
n de
pth
x c(t)
at a
cer
tain
poi
nt o
f tim
e t.
()
() tW
tC
)å
R(k
kk
2a
(t)x
a(t)
x,ag
St
1 AC
C,0
tc
e
cc
!!
!+
!!
!!
"=
"=
"
(B1.
1-2)
a:
conc
rete
cov
er [m
m],
cp. B
1.2.
1 x c
(t):
carb
onat
ion
dept
h at
the
time
t [m
m]
t: tim
e [y
ears
], cp
. B1.
2.2
k e:
envi
ronm
enta
l fun
ctio
n [-
], cp
. B1.
2.3
k c:
exec
utio
n tra
nsfe
r par
amet
er [-
], cp
. B1.
2.4
k t:
regr
essi
on p
aram
eter
[-],
cp. B
1.2.
5
RA
CC,
0-1:
inve
rse
effe
ctiv
e ca
rbon
atio
n re
sist
ance
of
co
ncre
te
[(m
m²/y
ears
)/(kg
/m³)]
, cp.
B1.
2.5
ε t:
erro
r ter
m, c
p. B
1.2.
5
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
Cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 45
–
CS:
C
O2-
conc
entra
tion
[kg/
m³],
cp.
B1.
2.6
W(t)
: w
eath
er fu
nctio
n [-
], cp
. B1.
2.7
(2)
Equa
tion
B1.
1-2
is b
ased
on
diff
usio
n as
the
pre
vaili
ng t
rans
port
mec
hani
sm w
ithin
the
conc
rete
(Fic
k’s
1st l
aw o
f diff
usio
n). I
t is
assu
med
that
th
e di
ffus
ion
coef
ficie
nt f
or c
arbo
n di
oxid
e th
roug
h th
e m
ater
ial i
s a
cons
tant
m
ater
ial p
rope
rty, a
lthou
gh th
e C
O2-
diff
usio
n co
effic
ient
for a
con
cret
e du
ring
serv
ice
life
may
be
a fu
nctio
n of
num
erou
s var
iabl
es.
B1.
2 Q
uant
ifica
tion
of p
aram
eter
s
B
1.2.
1 C
oncr
ete
cove
r a
B1.2
.1.1
G
ener
al
(1)
The
conc
rete
cov
er a
is
chos
en d
urin
g th
e de
sign
pha
se.
Due
to
cons
truct
ion
prac
tices
the
actu
al c
oncr
ete
cove
r doe
s va
ry a
nd th
eref
ore
has
to
be c
onsi
dere
d as
a s
toch
astic
var
iabl
e ra
ther
tha
n a
cons
tant
val
ue.
The
follo
win
g di
strib
utio
n ty
pes
are
in p
rinci
ple
appr
opria
te f
or th
e de
scrip
tion
of
the
conc
rete
cov
er a
and
its v
aria
bilit
y:
– N
orm
al d
istri
butio
n
– B
eta-
dist
ribut
ion
– W
eibu
ll(m
in)-
dist
ribut
ion
– Lo
gnor
mal
dis
tribu
tion
– N
evill
e di
strib
utio
n
Whe
n ch
oosi
ng a
dis
tribu
tion
func
tion
for
the
desc
riptio
n of
the
conc
rete
co
ver,
it ha
s to
be
cons
ider
ed t
hat
valu
es o
f th
e va
ryin
g co
ncre
te c
over
in
clud
ing
the
scat
ter a
re p
ositi
ve d
efin
ed v
alue
s (p
f = p
{a <
0}
= 0)
. Onl
y du
e to
bad
wor
kman
ship
def
ects
, if f
or e
xam
ple
the
rein
forc
emen
t is
bein
g pu
shed
in
to t
he f
orm
wor
k, i
t is
the
oret
ical
ly p
ossi
ble
that
the
con
cret
e co
ver
may
ta
ke n
egat
ive
valu
es.
Als
o co
nsid
erat
ions
tar
gete
d on
res
trict
ing
the
uppe
r va
lue
of th
e co
ncre
te c
over
are
pos
sibl
e (p
f = p
{a >
d}
= 0,
d =
dim
ensi
on o
f th
e st
ruct
ural
ele
men
t).
(2
) By
appl
ying
a B
eta,
Wei
bull(
min
), Lo
gnor
mal
and
Nev
ille
dist
ribut
ion,
ne
gativ
e va
lues
for
the
conc
rete
cov
er a
re e
xclu
ded
due
to th
e ch
arac
teris
tics
of th
ese
type
s of
dis
tribu
tions
. If a
nor
mal
dis
tribu
tion
is c
onsi
dere
d, o
ne h
as to
be
aw
are
that
neg
ativ
e va
lues
for
the
conc
rete
cov
er a
re n
ot e
xclu
ded
by th
e ch
arac
teris
tics
of th
e no
rmal
dis
tribu
tion.
Esp
ecia
lly fo
r con
cret
e co
vers
with
a
smal
l mea
n va
lue,
this
can
lead
to u
nrea
listic
res
ults
, sin
ce a
hig
h pr
obab
ility
of
neg
ativ
e va
lues
for
the
conc
rete
cov
er m
ay e
xist
fro
m a
sta
tistic
al p
oint
of
view
. W
hen
the
mea
n va
lue
beco
mes
lar
ger
(her
eby
assu
min
g a
stea
dy
– 46
–
Anne
x B:
Ful
l pro
babi
listic
des
ign
met
hods
stan
dard
dev
iatio
n) t
his
effe
ct b
ecom
es n
egle
gibl
e. F
or a
sta
tistic
des
crip
tion
of l
ow c
oncr
ete
cove
rs (
e.g.
nom
a =
20
mm
) in
par
ticul
ar, t
he r
ight
-ske
wed
lo
gnor
mal
dis
tribu
tion,
Nev
ille
dist
ribut
ion
and
beta
-dis
tribu
tion
(with
a lo
wer
bo
und
of a
= 0
mm
) are
con
side
red
to b
e ap
prop
riate
.
B1
.2.1
.2
Qua
ntifi
catio
n of
a
(1)
Dis
tribu
tion
func
tion:
For
lar
ge c
oncr
ete
cove
rs a
ll of
the
dis
tribu
tion
type
s di
scus
sed
befo
re c
an b
e ap
plie
d. In
this
cas
e a
norm
al d
istri
butio
n is
ver
y co
mm
on.
If a
rat
her
smal
l co
ncre
te c
over
has
to
be d
escr
ibed
, di
strib
utio
ns
excl
udin
g ne
gativ
e va
lues
sho
uld
be c
hose
n, a
s fo
r in
stan
ce t
he L
ogno
rmal
, B
eta-
, W
eibu
ll(m
in)-
or
the
Nev
ille
dist
ribut
ion.
Esp
ecia
lly i
f du
e to
the
ap
plic
atio
n of
qua
lity
cont
rol a
ctio
n a
smal
l sta
ndar
d de
viat
ion
is e
xpec
ted,
a
Nev
ille
dist
ribut
ion
show
s goo
d fit
ting
char
acte
ristic
s.
As
the
nom
inal
cov
er is
sec
ured
by
spac
ers
of c
orre
spon
ding
dim
ensi
on,
the
desi
gner
can
exp
ect,
that
the
achi
eved
mea
n va
lue
of th
e co
ncre
te v
alue
m
ay e
qual
to th
e no
min
al v
alue
.
m
ean
valu
e of
a:
m =
nom
a [m
m]
From
fie
ld
inve
stig
atio
ns
it tu
rned
ou
t, th
at
the
obse
rved
st
anda
rd
devi
atio
ns o
f th
e co
ncre
te c
over
wer
e in
the
rang
e of
2 m
m ≤
s ≤
15 m
m. I
n m
ost c
ases
, the
giv
en r
ecom
men
datio
n of
cha
pter
B1.
2.1.
2, (1
) in
rega
rd to
s
can
be ta
ken.
st
anda
rd d
evia
tion
of a
: s =
8 -
10 m
m
with
out p
artic
ular
exe
cutio
n re
quire
men
ts
s = 6
mm
w
ith a
dditi
onal
exe
cutio
n re
quire
men
ts ta
rget
ed
for r
estri
cted
dis
tribu
tions
: lo
wer
lim
it: 0
mm
uppe
r lim
it: 5
· no
m a
< d
, d: w
idth
of t
he st
ruct
ural
ele
men
t [m
m]
B
1.2.
2 D
esig
n se
rvic
e lif
e t S
L
(1
) Ind
icat
ive
valu
es fo
r the
des
ign
serv
ice
life
t SL a
re g
iven
in T
able
B1-
1:
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
Cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 47
–
Com
pare
EN
199
0:20
02, T
able
2.1
.
Tabl
e B1
-1:
Indi
cativ
e va
lues
for t
he d
esig
n se
rvic
e lif
e t SL
de
sign
serv
ice
life
t SL
[yea
rs]
Exam
ples
10
Tem
pora
ry s
truct
ures
(stru
ctur
es o
r par
ts o
f stru
ctur
es th
at c
an b
e di
sman
tled
with
a v
iew
to b
eing
re-u
sed
shou
ld n
ot b
e co
nsid
ered
as
tem
pora
ry)
10 -
25
Rep
lace
able
stru
ctur
al p
arts
, e. g
. gan
try g
irder
s, b
earin
gs
15 –
30
Agr
icul
tura
l and
sim
ilar s
truct
ures
50
Bui
ldin
g st
ruct
ures
and
oth
er c
omm
on s
truct
ures
100
Mon
umen
tal b
uild
ings
stru
ctur
es, b
ridge
s, a
nd o
ther
civ
il en
gine
erin
g st
ruct
ures
B1.
2.3
Env
iron
men
tal f
unct
ion
k e
B1.2
.3.1
G
ener
al
(1)
The
envi
ronm
enta
l fu
nctio
n k e
tak
es a
ccou
nt o
f th
e in
fluen
ce o
f th
e hu
mid
ity l
evel
on
the
diff
usio
n co
effic
ient
and
hen
ce o
n th
e ca
rbon
atio
n re
sist
ance
of t
he c
oncr
ete.
The
refe
renc
e cl
imat
e is
T=
+20°
C/ 6
5% R
H.
Car
bona
tion
mea
sure
men
ts o
n co
ncre
te a
nd m
orta
r sp
ecim
ens
expo
sed
to
vario
us v
alue
s of
rel
ativ
e hu
mid
ity s
how
tha
t up
to a
ppro
x. R
H =
60
% t
he
carb
onat
ion
dept
h in
crea
ses,
whi
ch i
s fo
llow
ed b
y de
crea
sing
car
bona
tion
dept
hs f
or a
n in
crea
sing
rel
ativ
e hu
mid
ity.
Sinc
e fo
r in
stan
ce i
n Eu
rope
an
clim
ates
a r
elat
ive
hum
idity
bel
ow 6
0 %
is
less
com
mon
, Eq
uatio
n B
1.2-
1 ap
pear
s to
be
suff
icie
nt. F
or lo
wer
val
ues
of th
e re
lativ
e hu
mid
ity th
e m
odel
of
ke i
s on
the
safe
side
.
(2
) Th
e en
viro
nmen
tal f
unct
ion
k e c
an b
e de
scrib
ed b
y m
eans
of
Equa
tion
B1.
2-1,
cp.
als
o [4
]: e
e
e
gf
fre
freal
e
100
RH1
100
RH1
k
!!!!! "#
$$$$$ %&
! "#$ %&
'
! "#$ %&
'
=
(B1.
2-1)
RH
real:
rela
tive
hum
idity
of t
he c
arbo
nate
d la
yer [
%]
RH
ref:
refe
renc
e re
lativ
e hu
mid
ity [%
] f e:
ex
pone
nt [-
]
g e:
expo
nent
[-]
– 48
–
Anne
x B:
Ful
l pro
babi
listic
des
ign
met
hods
B1.2
.3.2
R
elat
ive
hum
idity
RH
real
(1
) D
ata
of th
e ne
ares
t wea
ther
sta
tion
may
be
used
as
an in
put f
or R
Hre
al.
For
quan
tific
atio
n, t
he w
eath
er s
tatio
n da
ta (
daily
mea
n va
lue)
has
to
be
eval
uate
d.
Stric
tly s
peak
ing,
the
rela
tive
hum
idity
of
the
carb
onat
ed la
yer
has
to b
e ta
ken
into
acc
ount
. Sin
ce it
is v
ery
diff
icul
t to
obta
in s
uch
data
and
due
to th
e fa
ct th
at th
e ca
rbon
atio
n pr
oces
s ta
kes
plac
e in
the
oute
r par
ts o
f the
con
cret
e it
seem
s ju
stifi
able
to
use
rela
tive
hum
idity
dat
a (e
.g.
mea
n da
ily v
alue
s)
deriv
ed f
rom
the
am
bien
t ai
r of
the
stru
ctur
e. H
owev
er r
esul
t of
fur
ther
re
sear
ch o
n th
is fa
ctor
may
als
o, th
at m
ean
year
ly v
alue
s m
ay b
e su
ffic
ient
as
wel
l. Fo
r th
e tim
e be
ing
stat
istic
ally
des
crib
ed d
ata
of m
ean
daily
val
ues
are
reco
mm
ende
d.
(2
) Due
to th
e fa
ct th
at th
e re
lativ
e hu
mid
ity v
arie
s by
def
initi
on u
tmos
t in
a ra
nge
of 0
% <
RH
< 1
00 %
, res
trict
ed d
istri
butio
ns w
ith a
n up
per l
imit
shou
ld
be u
sed
to d
escr
ibe
this
var
iabl
e. F
or in
stan
ce in
Eur
opea
n cl
imat
e co
nditi
ons,
a rig
ht-s
kew
ed
dist
ribut
ion
is
in
gene
ral
appr
opria
te
to
desc
ribe
RH
real.
Dep
endi
ng o
n th
e re
gion
the
low
er li
mit
of R
H m
ight
be
sign
ifica
ntly
diff
eren
t fr
om z
ero.
In s
uch
a ca
se it
see
ms
reas
onab
le to
des
crib
e th
e da
ta s
et b
y m
eans
of
a d
istri
butio
n fu
nctio
n w
ith a
n up
per a
nd a
low
er li
mit,
as f
or e
xam
ple:
–
Bet
a-di
strib
utio
n
– W
eibu
ll(m
ax)-
dist
ribut
ion
B1.2
.3.3
R
efer
ence
rel
ativ
e hu
mid
ity R
Hre
f
(1
) The
refe
renc
e re
lativ
e hu
mid
ity h
as to
be
chos
en in
acc
orda
nce
with
the
test
con
ditio
ns f
or d
eter
min
ing
the
carb
onat
ion
resi
stan
ce o
f th
e co
ncre
te. F
or
the
reco
mm
ende
d A
CC
-test
met
hod,
whi
ch i
s de
scrib
ed i
n C
hapt
er B
1.2.
5.2,
th
e re
fere
nce
clim
ate
T= +
20°C
/ 65%
RH
. Th
eref
ore,
RH
ref
is q
uant
ified
as
follo
ws:
R
Hre
f [%
]:
cons
tant
par
amet
er, v
alue
: 65
B1.2
.3.4
Ex
pone
nts g
e, f e
(1)
The
para
met
ers
g e a
nd f
e ha
ve b
een
dete
rmin
ed b
y m
eans
of
a cu
rve-
fittin
g pr
oced
ure
with
the
act
ual
test
dat
a. T
he b
est
resu
lts w
ere
gain
ed w
ith
the
follo
win
g se
t of p
aram
eter
s, c
p. [4
] and
[5]:
g e [-
]: co
nsta
nt p
aram
eter
, val
ue: 2
.5
f e [-
]: co
nsta
nt p
aram
eter
, val
ue: 5
.0
The
expo
nent
s ar
e in
depe
nden
t of
exp
osur
e co
nditi
ons
and
man
agem
ent
phas
es.
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
Cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 49
–
B1.
2.4
Exe
cutio
n tr
ansf
er p
aram
eter
kc
B1.2
.4.1
G
ener
al
Mea
sure
s su
ch a
s w
ater
cur
ed, a
ir cu
red
but s
eale
d w
ith s
heet
s in
ord
er to
pr
even
t des
icca
tion,
cas
ted/
mou
lded
are
bei
ng c
onsi
dere
d as
cur
ing
mea
sure
s.
(1) T
he e
xecu
tion
trans
fer p
aram
eter
kc t
akes
the
influ
ence
of c
urin
g on
the
effe
ctiv
e ca
rbon
atio
n re
sist
ance
int
o ac
coun
t. In
thi
s co
ntex
t, al
l m
easu
res
whi
ch a
re t
arge
ted
on p
reve
ntin
g pr
emat
ure
desi
ccat
ion
of c
oncr
ete
clos
e to
th
e su
rfac
e ar
e be
ing
cons
ider
ed a
s cu
ring
mea
sure
s.
(2
) Fi
gure
B1.
2-1
illus
trate
s th
e in
fluen
ce o
f th
e du
ratio
n of
cur
ing
on th
e cu
ring
effe
ct. T
he s
tatis
tical
qua
ntifi
catio
n of
kc h
as b
een
carr
ied
out b
y m
eans
of
a li
near
regr
essi
on (d
oubl
e lo
garit
hmic
scal
e) a
ccor
ding
to B
ayes
, cp.
[5].
Fi
gure
B1.
2-1:
cur
ing
vari
able
ver
sus c
urin
g pe
riod
(n =
312
), [5
]
– 50
–
Anne
x B:
Ful
l pro
babi
listic
des
ign
met
hods
(3)
By
mea
ns o
f B
ayes
ian
regr
essi
on, t
he f
ollo
win
g Eq
uatio
n B
1.2-
2 ha
s be
en d
eter
min
ed, [
5]:
cbc
c7t
k! "#
$ %&=
(B
1.2-
2)
k c:
exec
utio
n tra
nsfe
r par
amet
er [-
]
b c:
expo
nent
of r
egre
ssio
n [-
] t c:
pe
riod
of c
urin
g [d
]
B1
.2.4
.2
Qua
ntifi
catio
n of
kc
(1) T
he v
aria
bles
bc a
nd t c
hav
e be
en q
uant
ified
as
follo
ws,
[5]:
b c [
-]:
norm
al d
istri
butio
n,
m:
-0.5
67
s:
0.0
24
t c [d
]: co
nsta
nt, p
aram
eter
, va
lue:
per
iod
of c
urin
g
B
1.2.
5 In
vers
e C
arbo
natio
n R
esis
tanc
e R
AC
C,0
-1
B1.2
.5.1
G
ener
al
(1)
For
the
mod
el i
ntro
duce
d ab
ove,
it
has
been
agr
eed
upon
tha
t th
e in
vers
e ef
fect
ive
carb
onat
ion
resi
stan
ce i
s to
be
dete
rmin
ed b
y ac
cele
rate
d ca
rbon
atio
n te
sts
(AC
C-te
st m
etho
d) i
n w
hich
lab
orat
ory
(20/
65)
pre-
stor
ed
conc
rete
spec
imen
s are
test
ed u
nder
def
ined
con
ditio
ns a
t a re
fere
nce
time
t 0.
(2)
The
rela
tions
hip
betw
een
the
inve
rse
carb
onat
ion
resi
stan
ces
obta
ined
un
der n
atur
al c
ondi
tions
(NA
C) a
nd in
an
acce
lera
ted
test
(AC
C) i
s ill
ustra
ted
in F
igur
e B
1.2-
2, [5
].
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
Cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 51
–
Fi
gure
B1.
2-2:
Rel
atio
nshi
p of
the
inv
erse
car
bona
tion
resi
stan
ces,
ob
tain
ed u
nder
nat
ural
con
ditio
ns (
NAC
) an
d in
an
acce
lera
ted
test
(AC
C, [
5])
(3)
Inve
rse
carb
onat
ion
resi
stan
ces
RN
AC
,0-1
de
term
ined
un
der
natu
ral
carb
onat
ion
cond
ition
s w
ill b
e la
rger
by
an a
vera
ge f
acto
r of
A =
1.2
5. T
his
may
be
expl
aine
d by
the
fact
that
in a
n ac
cele
rate
d te
st th
e dr
ying
fro
nt d
oes
not
pene
trate
as
deep
as
unde
r na
tura
l co
nditi
ons
(thou
gh t
estin
g un
der
the
sam
e cl
imat
ic c
ondi
tions
bei
ng 2
0°C
/65
RH
). Th
is w
ill s
light
ly r
etar
d th
e ca
rbon
atio
n pr
oces
s un
der
AC
C
cond
ition
s. Fo
r ve
ry
dry
conc
rete
th
is
theo
retic
ally
im
plie
s va
lues
of
R
AC
C,0-1
= 0
. A
s co
ncre
te
has
no
infin
ite
resi
stan
ce, t
he so
-cal
led
erro
r ter
m ε
t > 0
(y-in
terc
ept)
has b
een
intro
duce
d.
– 52
–
Anne
x B:
Ful
l pro
babi
listic
des
ign
met
hods
B1.2
.5.2
Pe
rfor
man
ce te
sts f
or th
e de
term
inat
ion
of R
AC
C,0
-1
Sh
ort
dura
tion
is im
porta
nt t
o ge
t as
early
as
poss
ible
inf
orm
atio
n ab
out
the
mat
eria
l per
form
ance
.
(1
) Fo
r m
easu
ring
the
carb
onat
ion
resi
stan
ce d
iffer
ent
dire
ct a
nd i
ndire
ct
test
ing
met
hods
can
be
used
. The
ben
efits
of t
he A
CC
test
met
hod
are:
– th
e bi
ndin
g ca
paci
ty o
f th
e co
ncre
te d
oes
not h
ave
to b
e co
nsid
ered
ad
ditio
nally
– ch
ange
s of
the
carb
onat
ion
resi
stan
ce d
ue to
car
bona
tion
do n
ot h
ave
to b
e co
nsid
ered
add
ition
ally
–
good
repr
oduc
ibili
ty o
f the
test
resu
lts
– sh
ort d
urat
ion
The
pres
ente
d pr
oced
ure
is o
pen
for
furth
er m
ore
deta
iled
spec
ifica
tions
, e.
g. t
oler
ance
s on
RH
ref,
T ref
, CS e
tc.
Test
dur
atio
n in
tota
l: ∆t
= 5
6 da
ys. ‘
AC
C-c
ondi
tions
’ with
rega
rd to
CO
2-co
ncen
tratio
n w
ere
set t
o a
max
imum
of C
S = 2
.0 v
ol.-%
to a
void
as
muc
h as
po
ssib
le th
e fo
rmat
ion
of p
hase
s w
hich
nor
mal
ly a
re n
ot fo
rmed
und
er n
atur
al
carb
onat
ion
cond
ition
s, e.
g. v
ater
ite.
(2
) Fo
r th
ese
reas
ons
the
AC
C-te
st m
etho
d w
ith t
he f
ollo
win
g pr
oced
ure
has b
een
chos
en a
s the
refe
renc
e te
st m
etho
d, [5
]. –
Prod
uctio
n of
co
ncre
te
spec
imen
s w
ith
the
follo
win
g di
men
sion
s:
heig
ht/w
idth
/leng
th =
100
/100
/500
[mm
]. –
Afte
r rem
ovin
g of
the
form
wor
k th
e sp
ecim
ens
have
to b
e st
ored
in ta
p w
ater
with
a te
mpe
ratu
re o
f Tre
f = 2
0°C
for o
vera
ll se
ven
days
(ref
eren
ce
curin
g).
–Su
bseq
uent
to
the
wat
er s
tora
ge d
escr
ibed
abo
ve,
the
spec
imen
s ar
e re
mov
ed fr
om th
e w
ater
and
sto
red
for 2
1 fu
rther
day
s in
a s
tand
ardi
sed
labo
rato
ry c
limat
e (T
ref
20°C
, RH
ref =
65
%).
–A
t th
e ag
e of
28
days
(t re
f = 2
8 d)
the
spe
cim
ens
are
plac
ed i
n a
carb
onat
ion
cham
ber
with
th
e st
anda
rdis
ed
labo
rato
ry
clim
ate
(Tre
f 20
°C, R
Hre
f = 6
5 %
). In
the
cham
ber t
he s
peci
men
s ar
e ex
pose
d to
a
CO
2 con
cent
ratio
n of
CS =
2.0
vol
.-% d
urin
g 28
day
s.
–A
fter
rem
oval
the
con
cret
e sp
ecim
ens
are
split
and
the
car
bona
tion
dept
h is
mea
sure
d at
the
pla
ne o
f ru
ptur
e w
ith a
n in
dica
tor
solu
tion
cons
istin
g of
1.0
g ph
enol
phth
alei
n pe
r litr
e.
–B
y ev
alua
tion
of th
e m
easu
red
carb
onat
ion
dept
h ac
cord
ing
to E
quat
ion
B1.
2-3,
the
mea
n va
lue
of t
he r
efer
ence
inv
erse
eff
ectiv
e ca
rbon
atio
n re
sist
ance
can
be
dete
rmin
ed.
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
Cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 53
–
2c
1- AC
C,0
xR
! "#$ %&
'=
(B
1.2-
3)
RA
CC,
0-1:
inve
rse
effe
ctiv
e ca
rbon
atio
n re
sist
ance
of
co
ncre
te
[(m²/s
)/(kg
/m³)]
τ:
‘tim
e co
nsta
nt’
in [
(s/k
g/m³)0.
5 ], fo
r de
scrib
ed te
st c
ondi
tions
: τ
= 42
0
x c:
mea
sure
d ca
rbon
atio
n de
pth
in th
e co
mpl
ianc
e te
st [m
]
B1
.2.5
.3
Qua
ntifi
catio
n of
RA
CC
,0-1
(1
) R
ACC
,0-1
sho
ws
a no
rmal
dis
tribu
tion
with
mea
n va
lues
whi
ch c
an b
e ca
lcul
ated
by
mea
ns o
f Equ
atio
n B
1.2-
3. T
he re
latio
nshi
p be
twee
n m
ean
valu
e an
d st
anda
rd d
evia
tion
of R
ACC
,0-1
is il
lust
rate
d in
Fig
ure
B1.
2-3,
cp.
[5].
Fi
gure
B1.
2-3:
Qua
ntifi
catio
n of
RAC
C,0
-1; d
eter
min
atio
n of
the
stan
dard
de
viat
ion
base
d on
the
mea
n va
lue
– 54
–
Anne
x B:
Ful
l pro
babi
listic
des
ign
met
hods
(2) T
he in
vers
e ca
rbon
atio
n re
sist
ance
sho
uld
be q
uant
ified
as
show
n in
this
ch
apte
r. If
no
test
dat
a is
ava
ilabl
e, th
e fo
llow
ing
liter
atur
e da
ta c
an b
e us
ed fo
r or
ient
atio
n pu
rpos
es, c
p. T
able
B1-
2, c
p. [5
]. Ta
ble
B1-2
: Q
uant
ifica
tion
of R
ACC,
0-1
w/c
eqv.
1
R
AC
C,0
-1 [1
0-11 (m
2 /s)/(
kg/m
3 )]
cem
ent t
ype
0.35
0.
40
0.45
0.
50
0.55
0.
60
CEM
I 42
.5 R
C
EM I
42.5
R +
FA
(k =
0.5
) C
EM I
42.5
R +
SF
(k =
2.0
) C
EM II
I/B 4
2.5
n.d.
2 n.
d.2
3.5
n.d.
2
3.1
0.3
5.5
8.3
5.2
1.9
n.d.
2 16
.9
6.8
2.4
n.d.
2 26
.6
9.8
6.5
16.5
44
.3
13.4
8.
3 n.
d.2
80.0
1 equ
ival
ent w
ater
cem
ent r
atio
, con
side
ring
FA (
fly a
sh)
or S
F (s
ilica
fum
e) w
ith
the
resp
ectiv
e k-
valu
e (e
ffic
ienc
y fa
ctor
).
The
cons
ider
ed c
onte
nts w
ere:
FA
: 22
wt.-
%/c
emen
t; SF
: 5 w
t.-%
/cem
ent.
² n.
d. –
inv
erse
eff
ectiv
e ca
rbon
atio
n re
sist
ance
RA
CC
,0-1
has
not
bee
n de
term
ined
fo
r the
se c
oncr
ete
mix
es.
(3)
Con
side
rabl
e at
tent
ion
has
to b
e pa
id to
the
units
, as
RA
CC,0
-1 h
as b
een
dete
rmin
ed b
y no
w w
ithin
the
uni
t [1
0-11 · (
m2 /s
)/(kg
/m3 )]
. Fo
r tra
nsla
tion
of
RA
CC,
0-1
into
th
e re
spec
tive
unit
for
the
dete
riora
tion
mod
el
[(m
m2 /y
ears
)/(kg
/m3 )]
, a m
ultip
licat
ion
fact
or h
as to
be
appl
ied.
R
AC
C,0-1
[(m
2 /s)/(
kg/m
3 )]: n
orm
al d
istri
butio
n,
m =
acc
ordi
ng to
Equ
atio
n B
1.2-
3
(val
ues f
or o
rient
atio
n pu
rpos
e: T
able
B1-
2)
s =
acco
rdin
g to
Fig
ure
B1.
2-3
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
Cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 55
–
B1.2
.5.4
Te
st m
etho
d fa
ctor
s Fa
ctor
s k t
and
εt w
ill c
over
all
the
diff
eren
ces
betw
een
spec
imen
s te
sted
at
AC
C-c
ondi
tions
an
d th
e ‘s
truct
ure’
te
sted
un
der
‘nat
ural
ca
rbon
atio
n’
cond
ition
s (c
limat
e 20
/65)
. Diff
eren
ces
in c
ompa
ctio
n an
d w
ater
-mov
emen
ts
due
to v
ibra
tion
betw
een
test
spe
cim
ens
and
stru
ctur
e ar
e no
t qua
ntifi
ed so
far
as c
ompa
red
spec
imen
s te
sted
at ‘
AC
C-c
ondi
tions
’ an
d ‘n
atur
al c
ondi
tions
’, se
e Fi
gure
B1.
2-2,
wer
e co
mpa
cted
iden
tical
ly.
(1
) Th
e fa
ctor
s k t
and
εt h
ave
been
int
rodu
ced
in o
rder
to
trans
form
the
re
sults
gai
ned
unde
r “a
ccel
erat
ed c
arbo
natio
n” c
ondi
tions
RA
CC,0
-1 i
nto
an
inve
rse
carb
onat
ion
resi
stan
ce R
NA
C,0
-1 u
nder
“na
tura
l car
bona
tion”
con
ditio
ns
(NA
C),
cp. E
quat
ion
B1.
2-4,
cp
[5].
t1
0,A
CC
t1
0,N
AC
Rk
R!
+"
=#
#
(B1.
2-4)
RA
CC,
0-1:
inve
rse
effe
ctiv
e ca
rbon
atio
n re
sist
ance
of
dr
y co
ncre
te,
dete
rmin
ed a
t a c
erta
in p
oint
of t
ime
t 0 on
spe
cim
ens
with
the
acce
lera
ted
carb
onat
ion
test
AC
C [(
mm²/y
ears
)/(kg
/m³)]
R
NA
C,0-1
: in
vers
e ef
fect
ive
carb
onat
ion
resi
stan
ce o
f dr
y co
ncre
te (
65%
R
H) d
eter
min
ed a
t a c
erta
in p
oint
of t
ime
t 0 on
spe
cim
ens
with
th
e no
rmal
car
bona
tion
test
NA
C [(
mm²/y
ears
)/(kg
/m³)]
k t:
regr
essi
on p
aram
eter
whi
ch c
onsi
ders
the
inf
luen
ce o
f te
st
met
hod
on th
e A
CC
-test
[-]
ε t:
erro
r te
rm c
onsi
derin
g in
accu
raci
es w
hich
occ
ur c
ondi
tiona
lly
whe
n us
ing
the
AC
C te
st m
etho
d [(
mm²/y
ears
)/(kg
/m³)]
(2)
The
test
met
hod
fact
ors
for
the
acce
lera
ted
carb
onat
ion
test
hav
e be
en
quan
tifie
d as
follo
ws,
cp. [
5]:
k t [-
]:
norm
al d
istri
butio
n,
m =
1.2
5
s = 0
.35
ε t [(
mm
2 /yea
rs)/(
kg/m
3 )]:
norm
al d
istri
butio
n,
m =
315
.5
s =
48
B
1.2.
6 E
nvir
onm
enta
l im
pact
Cs
B1.2
.6.1
G
ener
al
(1)
The
CO
2 co
ncen
tratio
n of
the
am
bien
t ai
r re
pres
ents
the
dire
ct i
mpa
ct
on t
he c
oncr
ete
stru
ctur
e. T
he i
mpa
ct c
an b
e de
scrib
ed b
y th
e fo
llow
ing
Equa
tion
B1.
2-5,
cp.
[5]:
– 56
–
Anne
x B:
Ful
l pro
babi
listic
des
ign
met
hods
.em
i,S
.at
m,S
SC
CC
+=
B
(1.2
-5)
CS:
C
O2 c
once
ntra
tion
[kg/
m³]
CS,
atm
.: C
O2 c
once
ntra
tion
of th
e at
mos
pher
e [k
g/m³]
CS,
emi.:
addi
tiona
l CO
2 con
cent
ratio
n du
e to
em
issi
on so
urce
s [k
g/m³]
Incr
ease
d C
O2
conc
entra
tions
can
be
appl
ied
e. g
. to
roa
d tu
nnel
s or
whe
n co
mbu
stio
n en
gine
s ar
e us
ed.
For
usua
l st
ruct
ures
, Eq
uatio
n B
1.2-
5 ca
n be
re
duce
d to
Equ
atio
n B
1.2-
6:
.at
m,S
SC
C=
(B
1.2-
6)
B1.2
.6.2
C
O2 co
ncen
trat
ion
of th
e at
mos
pher
e C
S,at
m.
(1)
The
actu
al C
O2
cont
ent i
n th
e at
mos
pher
e ha
s be
en d
etec
ted
to b
e in
a
rang
e of
35
0-38
0 pp
m
(par
ts
per
mill
ion)
. Th
is
corr
espo
nds
with
a
conc
entra
tion
of 0
.000
57 u
p to
0.0
0062
kg/
m3 . T
he s
tand
ard
devi
atio
n of
the
CO
2 co
nten
t is
alm
ost
cons
tant
with
a m
axim
um v
alue
of
10 p
pm.
By
extra
pola
ting
the
mea
n C
O2
conc
entra
tion
in th
e at
mos
pher
e ba
sed
on F
igur
e B
1.2-
4, th
e C
O2 c
once
ntra
tion
will
incr
ease
by
abou
t 1.5
ppm
per
yea
r.
Fi
gure
B1.
2-4:
Pro
gres
s of c
arbo
n di
oxid
e co
ncen
trat
ion
in th
e at
mos
pher
e, [7
]
(2
) Bas
ed o
n th
is e
stim
ated
tren
d th
e at
mos
pher
ic c
once
ntra
tion
of C
O2 c
an
be q
uant
ified
for s
impl
ifica
tion
reas
ons a
s fo
llow
s:
CS,
atm
. [kg
/m3 ]:
no
rmal
dis
tribu
tion,
m
= 0
.000
82
s = 0
.000
1
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
Cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 57
–
B1.
2.7
Wea
ther
func
tion
B1.2
.7.1
G
ener
al
(1)
The
wea
ther
fun
ctio
n W
tak
es t
he m
eso-
clim
atic
con
ditio
ns d
ue t
o w
ettin
g ev
ents
of
the
conc
rete
sur
face
into
acc
ount
, cp.
Equ
atio
n B
1.2-
7, c
p.
[5].
w0
2ToW
)(p
0
tttt
W
wbSR
! "#$ %&
=! "#
$ %&=
'
(B
1.2-
7)
t 0:
time
of re
fere
nce
[yea
rs]
w:
wea
ther
exp
onen
t [-]
ToW
tim
e of
wet
ness
[-],
cp. E
quat
ion
B1.
2-8
da
ys w
ith ra
infa
ll h N
d ≥
2.5
mm
per
yea
r To
W =
36
5 (B
1.2-
8)
p SR:
pro
babi
lity
of d
rivin
g ra
in [-
] b w
: ex
pone
nt o
f reg
ress
ion
[-]
B1
.2.7
.2
Para
met
ers d
escr
ibin
g ra
in e
vent
s
(1
) The
eff
ect o
f rai
n ev
ents
on
the
conc
rete
with
resp
ect t
o its
car
bona
tion
resi
stan
ce d
epen
ds o
n th
e or
ient
atio
n an
d th
e ge
omet
rical
cha
ract
eris
tics
of th
e st
ruct
ure.
The
follo
win
g va
riabl
es h
ave
to b
e qu
antif
ied:
To
W (t
ime
of w
etne
ss)
p SR
(pro
babi
lity
of d
rivin
g ra
in)
(2)
ToW
(Tim
e of
Wet
ness
) is
the
aver
age
num
ber o
f ra
iny
days
per
yea
r. A
rai
ny d
ay i
s de
fined
by
a m
inim
um a
mou
nt o
f pr
ecip
itatio
n w
ater
of
h Nd =
2.5
mm
per
day
. The
dat
a fo
r the
qua
ntifi
catio
n of
ToW
can
be
obta
ined
by
eva
luat
ion
of d
ata
from
the
near
est w
eath
er st
atio
n.
– 58
–
Anne
x B:
Ful
l pro
babi
listic
des
ign
met
hods
Acc
ordi
ng to
the
expl
anat
ion
abov
e th
e qu
antif
icat
ion
of th
e va
riabl
e To
W
can
be g
iven
as:
To
W [-
]: co
nsta
nt p
aram
eter
, val
ue:
to
be
eval
uate
d fr
om
wea
ther
st
atio
n da
ta
(3)
p SR (
prob
abili
ty o
f dr
ivin
g ra
in)
is th
e av
erag
e di
strib
utio
n of
the
win
d di
rect
ion
durin
g ra
in e
vent
s. A
n ev
alua
tion
can
be c
arrie
d ou
t by
dete
rmin
ing
the
win
d di
rect
ion
durin
g ra
in e
vent
s, ba
sed
on d
ata
from
the
near
est w
eath
er
stat
ion.
The
quan
tific
atio
n of
the
varia
ble
p SR c
an b
e gi
ven
as:
p SR
[-]:
cons
tant
par
amet
er, v
alue
: if
verti
cal e
lem
ents
are
trea
ted
p SR
has
to b
e ev
alua
ted
from
wea
ther
sta
tion
data
cons
tant
par
amet
er, v
alue
: if
horiz
onta
l ele
men
ts a
re tr
eate
d p S
R is
eq
ual t
o 1
cons
tant
par
amet
er, v
alue
: if
inte
rior
stru
ctur
al
elem
ents
ar
e tre
ated
pSR
is e
qual
to 0
B1.2
.7.3
M
odel
var
iabl
es b
W a
nd t 0
(1
) The
wea
ther
func
tion
cont
ains
two
mod
el v
aria
bles
. One
is th
e ex
pone
nt
of re
gres
sion
bw a
nd th
e ot
her i
s th
e tim
e of
refe
renc
e, t o
. The
se v
aria
bles
hav
e be
en q
uant
ified
as f
ollo
ws,
cp. [
5]:
b w [-
]: no
rmal
dis
tribu
tion,
m
=
0.44
6
s =
0.16
3 t o
[yea
rs]:
cons
tant
par
amet
er, v
alue
: 0.
0767
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
Cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 59
–
B2
Full
prob
abili
stic
des
ign
met
hod
for
chlo
ride
indu
ced
corr
osio
n –
uncr
acke
d co
ncre
te
B2.
1 L
imit
stat
e eq
uatio
n fo
r th
e de
pass
ivat
ion
of th
e re
info
rcem
ent
The
Dur
aCre
te m
odel
is
desc
ribed
in
mor
e de
tail
in [
3],
the
DA
RTS
m
odel
(rev
ised
Dur
aCre
te m
odel
) is
desc
ribed
in [4
], [5
]. Th
ese
mod
els
are
in
prin
cipl
e ap
plic
able
bot
h fo
r m
arin
e en
viro
nmen
t an
d fo
r de
-icin
g sa
lts o
n ro
ads/
brid
ges.
Fick
’s 2
nd la
w fo
r diff
usio
n w
as fi
rst p
ropo
sed
for a
pplic
atio
n in
chl
orid
e ex
pose
d st
ruct
ures
by
M. C
olle
pard
i [8]
in 1
970.
In t
he e
arly
199
0s p
aral
lel
effo
rts i
n di
ffer
ent
rese
arch
com
mun
ities
did
ta
ke p
lace
to im
prov
e th
is m
odel
. Suc
h im
prov
ed m
odel
s ar
e, in
add
ition
to
the
Dur
aCre
te/D
AR
TS m
odel
[3],
[4],
resp
ectiv
ely,
mod
els
deve
lope
d by
[6]
and
[9].
By
the
com
mitt
ee o
f th
is d
ocum
ent,
thes
e m
odel
s ar
e re
gard
ed a
s us
eful
as
wel
l. A
s th
e de
tails
with
in th
is fa
mily
of m
odel
s slig
htly
diff
er (e
.g. i
n re
spec
t to
the
treat
men
t of t
he s
urfa
ce la
yer)
, dat
a de
rived
by
the
use
of o
ne m
odel
is n
ot
dire
ctly
app
licab
le f
or u
se i
n th
e ot
her
mod
els
with
out
a re
calc
ulat
ion
acco
rdin
g to
thes
e di
ffer
ence
s.
At
the
time
of p
ublis
hing
thi
s do
cum
ent,
alte
rnat
ive
mod
els
for
chlo
ride
ingr
ess
are
unde
r de
velo
pmen
t an
d ar
e ex
pect
ed t
o fo
rm a
ltern
ativ
es t
o th
e ab
ove-
men
tione
d m
odel
s as
soo
n as
they
are
suf
ficie
ntly
val
idat
ed a
gain
st in
-fie
ld p
erfo
rman
ce.
(1
) A
ful
l pr
obab
ilist
ic d
esig
n ap
proa
ch f
or t
he m
odel
ling
of c
hlor
ide
indu
ced
corr
osio
n in
unc
rack
ed c
oncr
ete
has
been
dev
elop
ed w
ithin
the
re
sear
ch
proj
ect
Dur
aCre
te
and
slig
htly
re
vise
d in
th
e re
sear
ch
proj
ect
DA
RTS
, eac
h pr
ojec
t w
as f
unde
d by
the
Euro
pean
Uni
on. I
t is
base
d on
the
limit-
stat
e Eq
uatio
n B
2.1-
1, in
whi
ch th
e cr
itica
l chl
orid
e co
ncen
tratio
n C
crit
is
com
pare
d to
the
act
ual
chlo
ride
conc
entra
tion
at t
he d
epth
of
the
rein
forc
ing
stee
l at a
tim
e t C
(x =
a, t
).
!! "#
$$ %&
''
((
'(
+=
==
tD
2Ä
xa
erf
1)
C(C
Ct)
a,(x
CC
Cap
p,0
Äx
S,0
.cr
it
(B2.
1-1)
Ccr
it.:
criti
cal c
hlor
ide
cont
ent [
wt.-
%/c
], cp
. Cha
pter
B2.
2.6
C(x
,t):
cont
ent
of c
hlor
ides
in
the
conc
rete
at
a de
pth
x (s
truct
ure
surf
ace:
x =
0 m
) and
at t
ime
t [w
t.-%
/c]
C0:
initi
al c
hlor
ide
cont
ent o
f th
e co
ncre
te [
wt.-
%/c
], cp
. Cha
pter
B
2.2.
4
CS,Δ
x: ch
lorid
e co
nten
t at
a d
epth
Δx
and
a ce
rtain
poi
nt o
f tim
e t
[wt.-
%/c
], cp
. Cha
pter
B2.
2.5
x:
dept
h w
ith a
cor
resp
ondi
ng c
onte
nt o
f chl
orid
es C
(x,t)
[mm
]
a:
conc
rete
cov
er [m
m],
cp. C
hapt
er B
1.2.
1
Δx:
de
pth
of th
e co
nvec
tion
zone
(co
ncre
te la
yer,
up to
whi
ch th
e pr
oces
s of
chl
orid
e pe
netra
tion
diff
ers
from
Fic
k’s
2nd
law
of
diff
usio
n) [m
m],
cp. (
2) a
nd C
hapt
er B
2.2.
5
Dap
p,C:
ap
pare
nt c
oeff
icie
nt o
f ch
lorid
e di
ffus
ion
thro
ugh
conc
rete
[m
m²/y
ears
], cp
. Equ
atio
n B
2.1-
2
– 60
–
Anne
x B:
Ful
l pro
babi
listic
des
ign
met
hods
t: tim
e [y
ears
], cp
. Cha
pter
B1.
2.2
erf:
erro
r fun
ctio
n
(2
) The
mod
el is
bas
ed o
n Fi
ck’s
2nd
law
of d
iffus
ion,
taki
ng in
to a
ccou
nt
that
mos
t ob
serv
atio
ns i
ndic
ate
that
tra
nspo
rt of
chl
orid
es i
n co
ncre
te i
s di
ffus
ion
cont
rolle
d. O
ften
the
surf
ace
is o
ften
expo
sed
to a
freq
uent
cha
nge
of
wet
ting
and
subs
eque
nt e
vapo
ratio
n. T
his
zone
is
usua
lly r
efer
red
to a
s th
e “c
onve
ctio
n zo
ne”.
As
the
trans
port
mec
hani
sms
in t
his
conv
ectio
n zo
ne a
re
not
mai
nly
diff
usio
n co
ntro
lled,
the
app
roac
h of
Fic
k’s
2nd
law
of
diff
usio
n yi
elds
no
satis
fact
ory
appr
oxim
atio
n fo
r th
e ch
lorid
e pe
netra
tion
insi
de t
he
conv
ectio
n zo
ne. I
n or
der
to s
till d
escr
ibe
the
pene
tratio
n of
chl
orid
es f
or a
n in
term
itten
t loa
d us
ing
Fick
’s 2
nd la
w o
f diff
usio
n, th
e da
ta o
f the
con
vect
ion
zone
, w
hich
may
dev
iate
con
side
rabl
y fr
om i
deal
diff
usio
n be
havi
our,
is
negl
ecte
d an
d Fi
ck’s
2nd
law
of d
iffus
ion
is a
pplie
d st
artin
g at
a d
epth
Δx
with
a
subs
titut
e su
rfac
e co
ncen
tratio
n C
s, Δx. Δ
x m
arks
the
dept
h of
the
conv
ectio
n zo
ne.
With
thi
s si
mpl
ifica
tion,
Fic
k’s
2nd
law
of
diff
usio
n yi
elds
a
good
ap
prox
imat
ion
of th
e ch
lorid
e di
strib
utio
n at
a d
epth
x ≥
Δx.
Usu
ally
Dap
p,C
is d
eter
min
ed b
y us
e of
the
“C
hlor
ide
prof
iling
met
hod”
. Th
e de
term
ined
Dap
p,C
is a
con
stan
t av
erag
e va
lue
repr
esen
ting
the
perio
d fr
om s
tart
of e
xpos
ure
to th
e m
omen
t of i
nspe
ctio
n w
hen
the
prof
ile is
take
n (ti
me
of i
nter
est).
C
hlor
ide
prof
iles
can
eith
er b
e ta
ken
from
ex
istin
g st
ruct
ures
or f
rom
test
sam
ples
sto
red
unde
r con
ditio
ns w
hich
are
exp
ecte
d in
pr
actis
e. A
s th
e de
term
inat
ion
of D
app,
C on
test
sam
ples
(for
the
desi
gn o
f new
st
ruct
ures
) is
very
tim
e co
nsum
ing,
a s
econ
d, e
mpi
rical
ly d
eriv
ed a
ppro
ach
is
offe
red,
cp.
Equ
atio
n B
2.1-
2.
The
here
by a
pplie
d ra
pid
test
met
hods
are
met
hods
of
conv
enie
nce
and
shou
ld a
lway
s be
cal
ibra
ted
agai
nst
the
“chl
orid
e pr
ofili
ng m
etho
d (u
nder
na
tura
l con
ditio
ns)”
, cp.
[5].
For t
his
reas
on h
undr
eds
of c
hlor
ide
prof
iles
wer
e co
llect
ed fr
om d
iffer
ent
sour
ces a
nd se
para
ted
into
diff
eren
t dat
agro
ups.
Prof
iles
wer
e co
llect
ed
sepa
rate
ly.
Prof
iles
of
cem
ents
m
ixed
w
ith
diff
eren
t bi
nder
s, d
iffer
ent
wat
er/b
inde
r ra
tios
wer
e co
llect
ed s
epar
atel
y. I
n ad
ditio
n to
that
, the
col
lect
ed d
ata
was
fur
ther
sep
arat
ed i
nto
four
exp
osur
e gr
oups
: St
ruct
ures
sub
mer
ged,
stru
ctur
es e
xpos
ed t
o tid
al a
ctio
n, s
truct
ures
ex
pose
d to
chl
orid
e co
ntai
ning
spl
ash
wat
er a
nd s
truct
ural
par
ts s
olel
y ex
pose
d to
salt
fog
(spr
ay z
one)
.
(3
) Th
e ap
pare
nt c
oeff
icie
nt o
f ch
lorid
e di
ffus
ion
of c
oncr
ete
can
be
dete
rmin
ed b
y m
eans
of E
quat
ion
B2.
1-2,
cp.
[5]:
)t(A
kD
kD
t0,
RCM
eC,
app
!!
!=
(B
2.1-
2)
k e:
envi
ronm
enta
l tra
nsfe
r var
iabl
e [-
], cp
. Equ
atio
n B
2.1-
3
!! "#
$$ %&!! "#
$$ %&'
=re
alre
fe
eT1
T1b
exp
k
(B2.
1-3)
b e:
regr
essi
on v
aria
ble
[K],
cp. C
hapt
er B
2.2.
3
T ref
: st
anda
rd te
st te
mpe
ratu
re [K
], cp
. Cha
pter
B2.
2.3.
4 T r
eal:
tem
pera
ture
of
the
stru
ctur
al e
lem
ent
or t
he a
mbi
ent
air
[K],
cp. C
hapt
er B
2.2.
3.3
DRC
M,0:
chlo
ride
mig
ratio
n co
effic
ient
[mm²/a
], cp
. Cha
pter
B2.
2.1
k t:
trans
fer p
aram
eter
[-],
cp. C
hapt
er B
2.2.
2 A
(t):
subf
unct
ion
cons
ider
ing
the
‘age
ing’
[-],
cp. E
quat
ion
B2.
1-4
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
Cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 61
–
1. F
rom
the
se s
epar
atel
y co
llect
ed p
rofil
es D
app,
C w
as c
alcu
late
d ba
ck
repr
esen
ting
the
time
perio
d be
twee
n st
art
of e
xpos
ure
and
the
mom
ent
of
insp
ectio
n w
ith th
e co
rres
pond
ing
loca
l tem
pera
ture
regi
me,
resp
ectiv
ely.
2.
The
inf
luen
ce o
f th
e lo
cal
tem
pera
ture
was
con
side
red
by m
eans
of
Equa
tion
B2.
1-3.
All
colle
cted
app
aren
t diff
usio
n co
effic
ient
s w
ere
conv
erte
d to
th
ose
base
d on
T
= 20
°C.
This
st
ep
was
m
ade
to
mak
e th
e da
ta
com
para
ble.
3. C
ompa
rabl
e ce
men
t mix
es w
ere
test
ed b
y m
eans
of
the
rapi
d ch
lorid
e m
igra
tion
test
(DRC
M,0)
4. S
epar
ate
regr
essi
on a
naly
sis
wer
e m
ade,
eac
h fo
rced
to th
e in
itial
val
ue
of D
RCM
,0 b
y be
st fi
tting
thro
ugh
the
colle
cted
app
aren
t diff
usio
n co
effic
ient
s.
The
outc
ome
of th
ese
regr
essi
on a
naly
sis
wer
e qu
antif
ied
stoc
hast
ic v
aria
bles
(a
gein
g ex
pone
nt).
5. B
ackw
ards
taki
ng th
e in
itial
val
ue o
f DRC
M,0 th
e en
viro
nmen
tal t
rans
fer
varia
ble
k c a
nd t
he q
uant
ified
age
ing
expo
nent
int
o ac
coun
t (f
or t
he t
ime
bein
g, th
e tra
nsfe
r var
iabl
e k t
is s
et to
kt =
1) a
n ap
pare
nt d
iffus
ion
coef
ficie
nt
DRC
M,0 b
e ca
lcul
ated
(D
RCM
,0, k
e, a
are
stoc
hast
ic v
alue
s, D
app,
C is
a s
toch
astic
va
lue)
. Th
is c
alcu
late
d va
lue
of D
app,
C ag
ain
repr
esen
ts t
he t
ime
perio
d be
twee
n st
art
of e
xpos
ure
and
time
of i
nter
est
as a
sto
chas
tic v
alue
, bu
t co
nsta
nt in
tim
e.
a0 tt
)t(A
!! "#$$ %&
=
(B2.
1-4)
a:
agei
ng e
xpon
ent [
-], c
p. C
hapt
er B
2.2.
2 t 0:
re
fere
nce
poin
t of t
ime
[yea
rs],
cp. C
hapt
er B
2.2.
2
B2.
2 Q
uant
ifica
tion
of p
aram
eter
s
B
2.2.
1 C
hlor
ide
mig
ratio
n co
effic
ient
DR
CM
,0
B2.2
.1.1
G
ener
al
Whi
le a
sses
sing
exi
stin
g st
ruct
ures
the
Dap
p mig
ht b
e de
rived
dire
ctly
from
ch
lorid
e pr
ofile
s tak
en fr
om th
e ch
lorid
e ex
pose
d st
ruct
ure
at d
iffer
ent t
imes
.
Whe
n th
e D
app
is d
eriv
ed f
rom
“ch
lorid
e pr
ofili
ng m
etho
d” (
diff
usio
n un
der “
natu
ral c
ondi
tions
”), t
he le
ngth
of t
he e
xpos
ure
shou
ld b
e su
ffic
ient
ly
long
to
ge
t re
liabl
e da
ta.
A
min
imum
du
ratio
n of
se
vera
l m
onth
s is
re
com
men
ded.
By
prof
iling
at d
iffer
ent a
ges,
info
rmat
ion
on th
e tim
e-de
pend
ency
(Dap
p,C)
m
ight
als
o be
obt
aine
d.
(1
) Th
e C
hlor
ide
Mig
ratio
n C
oeff
icie
nt is
one
of t
he g
over
ning
par
amet
ers
for t
he d
escr
iptio
n of
the
mat
eria
l pro
perti
es in
the
chlo
ride
indu
ced
corr
osio
n m
odel
. Sui
tabl
e da
ta fo
r D
RCM
,0 m
ay b
e ob
tain
ed fr
om li
tera
ture
to b
e us
ed a
s st
artin
g va
riabl
es i
n a
serv
ice
life
desi
gn c
alcu
latio
n. W
hen
wor
king
with
sp
ecia
l con
cret
e m
ixes
with
ver
y lo
w w
ater
/bin
der r
atio
s an
d hi
gh c
onte
nts
of
plas
ticis
er,
quan
titat
ive
resu
lts
from
lit
erat
ure
are
usua
lly
not
avai
labl
e.
Ther
efor
e, it
is e
ssen
tial t
o de
term
ine
the
effic
ienc
y of
the
mat
eria
ls to
be
used
th
roug
h ba
sic
test
s, e.
g. i
n or
der
to i
dent
ify t
he s
uita
bilit
y of
the
des
igne
d co
ncre
te m
ix.
– 62
–
Anne
x B:
Ful
l pro
babi
listic
des
ign
met
hods
Var
ious
met
hods
to a
sses
s th
e di
ffus
ion
char
acte
ristic
s of
con
cret
e co
uld
be r
ecom
men
ded,
cp.
[13
]. Th
e m
odel
des
crib
ed h
ere
has
been
dev
elop
ed
upon
the
basi
s of t
he R
apid
Chl
orid
e M
igra
tion
Met
hod
(RC
M).
(2
) A
mon
g di
ffer
ent
rapi
d te
st m
etho
ds,
the
Rap
id C
hlor
ide
Mig
ratio
n m
etho
d (R
CM
) re
veal
ed t
o be
the
oret
ical
ly c
lear
, exp
erim
enta
lly s
impl
e an
d re
late
d to
pre
cisi
on (r
epea
tabi
lity)
pro
mis
ing
tool
.
B2.2
.1.2
R
apid
chl
orid
e m
igra
tion
met
hod
See
NT
Bui
ld 4
92, [
21].
B2.2
.1.3
Q
uant
ifica
tion
of th
e ch
lori
de m
igra
tion
coef
ficie
nt
DR
CM
,0
(1)
DRC
M,0 i
s a
norm
ally
dis
tribu
ted
varia
ble
with
a m
ean
valu
e to
be
calc
ulat
ed a
ccor
ding
to E
quat
ion
B2.
2-3.
The
sta
ndar
d de
viat
ion
of D
RCM
,0 c
an
be c
alcu
late
d ac
cord
ing
to E
quat
ion
B2.
2-6,
[5].
m!
=2.0
s
(B2.
2-1)
s: st
anda
rt de
viat
ion
of D
RCM
,0
m: m
ean
valu
e of
DR
CM,0
(2)
DR
CM,0 s
houl
d be
qua
ntifi
ed a
ccor
ding
to
Cha
pter
B2.
2.1.
2. I
f no
tes
t da
ta i
s av
aila
ble,
the
fol
low
ing
liter
atur
e da
ta c
an b
e us
ed f
or o
rient
atio
n pu
rpos
es, c
p. T
able
B2-
1, [5
]. Ta
ble
B2-1
: Q
uant
ifica
tion
of D
RCM
,0 fo
r diff
eren
t con
cret
e m
ixtu
res,
[5]
w/c
eqv.
1
D
RCM
,0 [m
2 /s]
cem
ent t
ype
0.35
0.
40
0.45
0.
50
0.55
0.
60
CEM
I 42
.5 R
C
EM I
42.5
R +
FA
(k =
0.5
) C
EM I
42.5
R +
SF
(k =
2.0
) C
EM II
I/B 4
2.5
n.d.
2 n.
d.2
4.4·
10-1
2 n.
d.2
8.9·
10-1
2 5.
6·10
-12
4.8·
10-1
2 1.
4·10
-12
10.0
·10-1
2 6.
9·10
-12
n.d.
2 1.
9·10
-12
15.8
·10-1
2 9.
0·10
-12
n.d.
2 2.
8·10
-12
19.7
·10-1
2 10
.9·1
0-12
5.3·
10-1
2 3.
0·10
-12
25.0
·10-1
2 14
.9·1
0-12
n.d.
2 3.
4·10
-12
1 equ
ival
ent
wat
er c
emen
t ra
tio,
here
by c
onsi
derin
g FA
(fly
ash
) or
SF
(sili
ca
fum
e) w
ith t
he r
espe
ctiv
e k-
valu
e (e
ffic
ienc
y fa
ctor
). Th
e co
nsid
ered
con
tent
s w
ere:
22
wt.-
%/c
emen
t; SF
: 5 w
t.-%
/cem
ent.
² n.
d. –
chl
orid
e m
igra
tion
coef
ficie
nt D
RC
M,0
has
not
bee
n de
term
ined
for
the
se
conc
rete
mix
es
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
Cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 63
–
B2.2
.1.4
Q
uant
ifica
tion
of D
RC
M,0 fo
r or
ient
atio
n pu
rpos
es
(1)
The
quan
tific
atio
n of
DR
CM,0 c
an b
e su
mm
aris
ed a
s gi
ven
belo
w.
Con
side
rabl
e at
tent
ion
has
to b
e pa
id to
the
units
, as
until
now
DR
CM,0 h
as b
een
dete
rmin
ed u
sing
the
unit
[m2 /s
]. W
hen
trans
latin
g D
RCM
,0 in
to th
e ap
prop
riate
un
it fo
r th
e de
terio
ratio
n m
odel
[m
m2 /y
ears
], a
mul
tiplic
atio
n fa
ctor
has
to b
e ap
plie
d.
DRC
M,0 [m²/s
]: no
rmal
dis
tribu
tion,
m =
va
lues
for
orie
ntat
ion
purp
ose:
Ta
ble
B2-
1
s =
m ·
0.2
(cp.
Equ
atio
n B
2.2-
1)
B2.
2.2
Tra
nsfe
r pa
ram
eter
kt a
nd a
gein
g ex
pone
nt a
B2
.2.2
.1
Gen
eral
(1
) Th
e ap
pare
nt d
iffus
ion
coef
ficie
nt D
app,
C is
sub
ject
to
cons
ider
able
sc
atte
r and
tend
s to
redu
ce w
ith in
crea
sing
exp
osur
e tim
e.
(2)
Taki
ng t
his
into
acc
ount
whe
n m
odel
ling
the
initi
atio
n pr
oces
s, a
trans
fer
para
met
er k
t in
com
bina
tion
with
a s
o-ca
lled
agei
ng e
xpon
ent
a ha
s be
en in
trodu
ced.
B2.2
.2.2
Q
uant
ifica
tion
of a
, kt a
nd t 0
Th
e st
atis
tical
qua
ntiti
es o
f th
e ag
eing
exp
onen
t w
ere
dete
rmin
ed a
s fo
llow
s, fo
r exa
mpl
e fo
r Por
tland
cem
ent c
oncr
etes
:
1. P
ublis
hed
chlo
ride
prof
iling
dat
a (D
app,
C(t i)
) of e
xist
ing
Portl
and
cem
ent
conc
rete
stru
ctur
es (c
ompa
rabl
e w
/c ra
tio, e
. g. 0
.40 ≤
w/c
≤ 0
.60)
exp
osed
in
cond
ition
s su
bmer
ged/
spla
sh/ti
dal w
ere
colle
cted
(am
ong
othe
rs a
lso
data
of
[6])
an
d pl
otte
d vs
. ex
posu
re
time
(tem
pera
ture
ad
just
ed
to
refe
renc
e te
mpe
ratu
re: T
= 2
0 °C
)
2. N
ew c
oncr
ete
mix
es (
Portl
and
cem
ent,
0.40
≤ w
/c ≤
0.6
0) o
f co
m-
para
ble
qual
ity w
ere
test
ed w
ith th
e R
CM
-met
hod
at th
e re
fere
nce
time
t 0.
3. T
he s
prea
d of
the
RC
M-te
st-r
esul
ts a
t the
age
t 0 w
as d
eter
min
ed, R
CM
-re
sults
wer
e pl
otte
d in
to th
e di
agra
mm
e of
pub
lishe
d re
sults
. 4.
A r
egre
ssio
n an
alys
is w
as p
erfo
rmed
. Th
e re
gres
sion
lin
e w
as f
orce
d (b
ound
ary)
thro
ugh
the
data
of n
ew c
oncr
etes
, det
erm
ined
at t
ime
t 0.
(1
) Th
e fu
nctio
nal r
elat
ions
hip
betw
een
expo
sure
per
iod
t and
diff
usio
n co
effic
ient
Dap
p,C
for t
hree
diff
eren
t typ
es o
f cem
ent i
s ill
ustra
ted
in
Tabl
e B
2-2.
Tab
le B
2-2
was
der
ived
for
the
exp
osur
e co
nditi
ons
”spl
ash
zone
”, ”
tidal
zon
e” a
nd ”
subm
erge
d zo
ne”,
but
as
an
assu
mpt
ion
on th
e sa
fe s
ide
it ca
n al
so b
e ap
plie
d fo
r “sp
ray
zone
” an
d “a
tmos
pher
ic z
one”
exp
osur
e, [5
].
– 64
–
Anne
x B:
Ful
l pro
babi
listic
des
ign
met
hods
The
agei
ng e
xpon
ent a
cor
resp
ondi
ng to
Equ
atio
n B
2.1-
4 an
d Ta
ble
B2-
4 ca
nnot
be
mea
sure
d by
the
rapi
d te
st m
etho
d R
CM
. RC
M re
sults
of c
oncr
etes
te
sted
at
diff
eren
t ag
es w
ill g
ive
an a
gein
g ex
pone
nt w
hich
do
not
fit t
o Eq
uatio
n 2.
1-4
and
Tabl
e B
2-4,
cp.
[11
]. A
gein
g de
term
ined
with
the
RC
M
met
hod
repr
esen
ts o
nly
a ce
rtain
por
tion
of t
he t
otal
eff
ect
(incr
ease
of
chlo
ride
pene
tratio
n re
sist
ance
due
to o
ngoi
ng h
ydra
tion
of c
oncr
ete)
Tabl
e B2
-2:
Resu
lt of
the
stat
istic
al q
uant
ifica
tion
of th
e va
riab
le a
co
ncre
te
agei
ng e
xpon
ent a
5 [-]
Port
land
cem
ent c
oncr
ete
CEM
I; 0
.40 ≤
w/c
≤ 0
.60
Bet
a (m
1 =0.3
0; s2 =
0.12
; a3 =
0.0;
b4 =
1.0)
Port
land
fly
ash
cem
ent c
oncr
ete
f ≥ 0
.20
· z; k
= 0
.50;
0.4
0 ≤
w/c
eqv. ≤
0.6
2 B
eta
(m1 =0
.60;
s2 = 0.
15; a
3 = 0.
0; b
4 = 1.
0)
Blas
t fur
nace
slag
cem
ent c
oncr
ete
CEM
III/B
; 0.4
0 ≤
w/c
≤ 0
.60
Bet
a (m
1 =0.4
5; s2 =
0.20
; a3 =
0.0;
b4 =
1.0)
1 m: m
ean
valu
e 2 s
: sta
ndar
d de
viat
ion
3 a: l
ower
bou
nd
4 b: u
pper
bou
nd
5 qua
ntifi
catio
n ca
n be
app
lied
for t
he e
xpos
ure
clas
ses:
spl
ash
zone
, tid
al z
one
and
subm
erge
d zo
ne
(2)
To c
arry
out
the
quan
tific
atio
n of
a, t
he tr
ansf
er v
aria
ble
k t w
as s
et to
k t
= 1
:
k t [-
]: co
nsta
nt, v
alue
: 1
Mat
eria
l pe
rfor
man
ce c
an a
dditi
onat
ely
be t
este
d at
a h
ighe
r de
gree
of
mat
urity
(i.e
. t 0
= 56
d o
r t 0
= 90
d)
to v
erify
the
pos
itive
age
eff
ect
of
puzz
olan
ic a
dditi
ons
on t
he p
enet
ratio
n re
sist
ance
of
conc
rete
. One
hav
e to
ke
ep in
min
d, th
at th
e tim
e de
pend
ent d
ecre
ase
of D
RC
M w
ill o
nly
repr
esen
t a
certa
in p
ortio
n (h
ydra
tion)
of t
he to
tal a
gein
g ef
fect
.
(3
) Th
e re
fere
nce
poin
t of
tim
e w
as c
hose
n to
be
t 0 =
0.07
67 y
ears
(t
0 = 2
8 d)
. t 0
[yea
rs]:
cons
tant
, val
ue: 0
.076
7
B2.
2.3
Env
iron
men
tal t
rans
fer
vari
able
ke
B2.2
.3.1
G
ener
al
(1)
The
envi
ronm
enta
l tra
nsfe
r va
riabl
e k e
has
bee
n in
trodu
ced
in o
rder
to
take
the
influ
ence
of
T rea
l on
the
diff
usio
n co
effic
ient
DEf
f,C in
to a
ccou
nt. T
he
influ
ence
of
T rea
l on
the
chl
orid
e di
ffus
ion
coef
ficie
nt i
s de
scrib
ed b
y th
e A
rrhe
nius
-equ
atio
n (E
quat
ion
B2.
2-7)
, cp.
[5]
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
Cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 65
–
)T1
T1(
bex
p(k
real
ref
ee
!=
(2
.2-2
)
k e:
envi
ronm
enta
l tra
nsfe
r var
iabl
e [-
] b e
: re
gres
sion
var
iabl
e [K
] T r
ef:
refe
renc
e te
mpe
ratu
re [K
] T r
eal:
tem
pera
ture
of t
he st
ruct
ural
ele
men
t or t
he a
mbi
ent a
ir [K
]
(2)
In
orde
r to
de
term
ine
the
envi
ronm
enta
l tra
nsfe
r va
riabl
e k e
m
athe
mat
ical
ly
acco
rdin
g to
Eq
uatio
n B
2.2-
7,
T rea
l, T r
ef
(sta
ndar
d te
st
tem
pera
ture
, Tre
f = 2
93 K
(20°
C))
and
the
para
met
er b
e ha
ve to
be
dete
rmin
ed.
B2.2
.3.2
R
egre
ssio
n va
riab
le b
e D
ata
was
take
n fr
om P
age
[14]
to q
uant
ify th
e re
gres
sion
var
iabl
e b e
.
(1)
The
valu
es o
f th
e re
gres
sion
var
ible
be
vary
bet
wee
n b e
= 3
500
K a
nd
b e =
550
0 K
. be c
an b
e de
scrib
ed a
s fo
llow
s, c
p. [5
]: b e
[K
]: no
rmal
dis
tribu
tion,
m
= 4
800
s =
700
B2
.2.3
.3
Tem
pera
ture
Tre
al
(1) T
he te
mpe
ratu
re o
f the
stru
ctur
al e
lem
ent o
r the
am
bien
t air
is d
escr
ibed
by
mea
ns o
f th
e va
riabl
e T r
eal.
T rea
l can
be
dete
rmin
ed b
y us
ing
avai
labl
e da
ta
from
a w
eath
er st
atio
n ne
arby
.
T rea
l [K
]: no
rmal
dis
tribu
tion,
m
=
eval
uate
d w
eath
er st
atio
n da
ta
s =
eval
uate
d w
eath
er st
atio
n da
ta
B2.2
.3.4
St
anda
rd te
st te
mpe
ratu
re T
ref
(1)
The
stan
dard
test
tem
pera
ture
Tre
f has
bee
n de
fined
as
293
K (
= 20
°C)
and
can
be c
onsi
dere
d as
con
stan
t. T r
ef [K
]: co
nsta
nt p
aram
eter
, val
ue:
293
B2.
2.4
Initi
al c
hlor
ide
cont
ent o
f the
con
cret
e C
0
(1
) Th
e ch
lorid
e co
nten
t in
the
con
cret
e is
not
onl
y ca
used
by
chlo
ride
ingr
ess
from
the
sur
face
, bu
t ca
n al
so b
e du
e to
chl
orid
e co
ntam
inat
ed
aggr
egat
es,
cem
ents
or
wat
er u
sed
for
the
conc
rete
pro
duct
ion.
Esp
ecia
lly
– 66
–
Anne
x B:
Ful
l pro
babi
listic
des
ign
met
hods
whe
n bu
ildin
g in
mar
ine
envi
ronm
ent,
the
chlo
ride
cont
ent o
f fin
e an
d co
arse
ag
greg
ates
and
wat
er c
an b
e co
nsid
erab
le.
(2) I
n co
ntra
st to
the
chlo
ride
prof
iles
resu
lting
from
chl
orid
e in
gres
s fr
om
the
surf
ace,
the
dist
ribut
ion
of th
e in
itial
chl
orid
e co
nten
t can
be
assu
med
to b
e un
iform
ove
r the
who
le c
ross
sect
ion
B2.
2.5
Con
tent
of c
hlor
ides
at t
he su
bstit
ute
surf
ace
Cs, Δ
x
B2
.2.5
.1
Gen
eral
W
hen
asse
ssin
g ex
istin
g st
ruct
ures
ex
pose
d to
a
chlo
ride
rich
envi
ronm
ent,
the
chlo
ride
conc
entra
tion
on t
he s
urfa
ce (
or t
he s
ubst
itute
su
rfac
e) m
ight
be
deriv
ed d
irect
ly fr
om c
hlor
ide
prof
iles f
rom
the
stru
ctur
e.
(1
) The
chl
orid
e co
nten
t CS
at th
e co
ncre
te s
urfa
ce a
s w
ell a
s th
e su
bstit
ute
surf
ace
cont
ent
CS,Δ
x at
a d
epth
Δx
are
varia
bles
tha
t de
pend
on
mat
eria
l pr
oper
ties a
nd o
n ge
omet
rical
and
env
ironm
enta
l con
ditio
ns.
(2)
Mat
eria
l pro
perti
es th
at n
eed
to b
e ta
ken
into
acc
ount
are
prim
arily
the
type
of b
inde
r and
the
conc
rete
com
posi
tion
itsel
f. In
con
sequ
ence
the
chlo
ride
cont
ent C
S at
the
conc
rete
sur
face
as
wel
l as
the
subs
titut
e su
rfac
e ch
lorid
e co
nten
t C
S,Δ
x ar
e tim
e de
pend
ent
as w
ell.
How
ever
ther
e ar
e in
dica
tions
that
thes
e bu
ilt-u
p pe
riods
are
ofte
n re
lativ
ely
shor
t. Fo
r lon
g te
rm p
redi
ctio
ns th
is ti
me
depe
nden
cy is
for p
ract
ical
reas
ons
not i
nclu
ded.
(3
) The
mos
t im
porta
nt v
aria
ble
desc
ribin
g th
e en
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
ct is
the
equi
vale
nt
chlo
ride
conc
entra
tion
of
the
ambi
ent
solu
tion.
B
esid
es,
the
geom
etry
of t
he s
truct
ural
ele
men
t and
the
dist
ance
to th
e ch
lorid
e so
urce
can
be
of s
igni
fican
ce.
(4)
All
the
varia
bles
men
tione
d ab
ove
have
a d
irect
impa
ct o
n th
e ch
lorid
e co
nten
t at t
he c
oncr
ete
surf
ace
and
on th
e su
bstit
ute
surf
ace
cont
ent C
S,Δ
x. Th
e in
form
atio
n ne
eded
to
dete
rmin
e C
S an
d C
S,Δ
x is
illu
stra
ted
in t
he f
low
cha
rt gi
ven
in F
igur
e B
2.2-
1, c
p. [5
].
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
Cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 67
–
Envi
ronm
enta
l par
amet
er(E
P)-C
eqv
Mat
eria
l par
amet
ers
(MP)
-Con
cret
e C
ompo
sitio
n-c
hlor
ide
-ads
orpt
ion
-isot
herm
es
Func
tiona
l cor
rela
tion
betw
een
EP a
nd M
P
Chl
orid
e sa
tura
tion
conc
entra
tion
CS,
0
Tran
sfer
func
tions
con
side
ring
the
elem
ent
‘sge
omet
ryan
dex
posu
re c
ondi
tions
-C
hlor
ide
conc
entra
tion
at th
e co
ncre
te s
urfa
ce C
S-
subs
titut
e ch
lorid
e su
rface
con
cent
ratio
n C
S,Äx
4312
Fi
gure
B2.
2-1:
Inf
orm
atio
n ne
eded
to
dete
rmin
e th
e va
riab
les
CS
and
CS,Δ
x
B2.2
.5.2
Po
tent
ial c
hlor
ide
impa
ct C
eqv
(1)
The
pote
ntia
l ch
lorid
e im
pact
dep
ends
on
the
chlo
ride
cont
ent
of t
he
chlo
ride
sour
ce.
For
mar
ine
or c
oast
al s
truc
ture
s th
e po
tent
ial
chlo
ride
impa
ct C
eqv i
s id
entic
al w
ith th
e na
tura
l chl
orid
e co
nten
t of s
ea w
ater
C0,
M, c
p.
Equa
tion
B2.
2-3.
C
eqv =
C0,
M
(B2.
2-3)
Ceq
v: po
tent
ial c
hlor
ide
impa
ct [g
/l]
C0,
M:
natu
ral c
hlor
ide
cont
ent o
f sea
wat
er [g
/l]
– 68
–
Anne
x B:
Ful
l pro
babi
listic
des
ign
met
hods
(2)
The
chlo
ride
conc
entra
tion
of c
hlor
ide
cont
amin
ated
wat
er d
ue t
o de
-ic
ing
salt
C0,
R pr
esen
ts a
sig
nific
antly
lar
ger
varia
tion
than
sea
wat
er w
ith a
co
mpa
rabl
e na
tura
l ch
lorid
e co
nten
t C
0,M
. An
adeq
uate
qua
ntifi
catio
n of
Ceq
v tu
rns
out
to b
e ve
ry c
ompl
ex, a
s fo
r st
ruct
ures
tha
t ar
e su
bjec
ted
to c
hlor
ide
impa
ct d
ue to
de-
icin
g sa
lt, th
e va
riabl
es d
escr
ibin
g th
e am
ount
of d
e-ic
ing
salt
appl
ied
are
hard
to q
uant
ify, c
p. E
quat
ion
B2.
2-4.
i,S
i,R
R,0eq
vhc
nC
C!
==
(B
2.2-
4)
C0,
R:
aver
age
chlo
ride
cont
ent o
f the
chl
orid
e co
ntam
inat
ed w
ater
[g/l]
n:
av
erag
e nu
mbe
r of s
altin
g ev
ents
per
yea
r [-]
c R,i:
aver
age
amou
nt o
f chl
orid
e sp
read
with
in o
ne sp
read
ing
even
t [g/
m²]
h S,i:
amou
nt o
f w
ater
fro
m r
ain
and
mel
ted
snow
per
spr
eadi
ng p
erio
d [l/
m²]
B2.2
.5.3
M
ater
ial p
aram
eter
s
(1
) The
follo
win
g m
ater
ial c
hara
cter
istic
s ha
ve to
be
dete
rmin
ed i
n or
der t
o ca
lcul
ate
the
chlo
ride
satu
ratio
n co
nten
t CS,
0: –
chlo
ride
adso
rptio
n is
othe
rms f
or th
e ty
pe o
f cem
ent t
o be
use
d
– co
ncre
te c
ompo
sitio
n
(2
) The
se c
hara
cter
istic
s ha
ve a
pro
noun
ced
influ
ence
on
both
the
phys
ical
an
d th
e ch
emic
al b
indi
ng c
apac
ity o
f the
mat
eria
l and
the
pore
vol
ume
that
has
to
be
satu
rate
d to
the
poi
nt w
here
the
chl
orid
e co
ncen
tratio
n in
the
por
e so
lutio
n is
bal
ance
d w
ith th
e ex
posu
re e
nviro
nmen
t.
B2.2
.5.4
C
hlor
ide
satu
ratio
n co
ncen
trat
ion
CS,
0 C
alcu
latio
n is
acc
ordi
ng T
ang
[10]
.
(1)
Onc
e th
e bi
nder
-spe
cific
chl
orid
e-ad
sorp
tion-
isot
herm
s, t
he c
oncr
ete
com
posi
tion
and
the
orde
r of m
agni
tude
of t
he im
pact
leve
l (po
tent
ial c
hlor
ide
impa
ct C
eqv. [g
/l]) a
re k
now
n, th
e ch
lorid
e sa
tura
tion
conc
entra
tion
CS,
0 can
be
calc
ulat
ed.
(2) F
igur
e B
2.2-
2 sh
ows
the
corr
elat
ion
betw
een
CS,
0 and
Ceq
v for
a P
ortla
nd
cem
ent
conc
rete
(c
= 30
0 kg
/m³,
w/c
= 0
.50)
. Fo
r C
eqv =
30
g/l,
the
chlo
ride
satu
ratio
n co
ncen
tratio
n C
S,0 w
as d
eter
min
ed to
be
CS,
0 = 2
.78
wt.-
%/c
emen
t.
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
Cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 69
–
Fi
gure
B2.
2-2:
Sur
face
chl
orid
e co
ncen
trat
ion
CS,
0 in
dep
ende
ncy
on
Ceq
v for
a P
ortla
nd c
emen
t con
cret
e Es
peci
ally
in
expo
sure
env
ironm
ents
whe
re c
hlor
ides
are
not
con
tinuo
usly
af
fect
ing
the
stru
ctur
e tim
e de
pend
enci
es o
f C
S ar
e ob
serv
ed. T
o ge
t a
non
real
istic
vie
w,
a co
nsid
erat
ion
of a
tim
e de
pend
ent
varia
ble
CS
may
be
appr
opria
te a
s so
on a
s th
e co
rres
pond
ing
mod
ellin
g an
d qu
antif
icat
ion
is va
lidat
ed.
(3
) U
nder
a c
ontin
uous
chl
orid
e im
pact
of
cons
tant
con
cent
ratio
n, t
he
chlo
ride
satu
ratio
n co
ncen
tratio
n C
S,0
on th
e co
ncre
te s
urfa
ce is
rea
ched
ofte
n in
rel
ativ
e sh
ort
time
perio
ds c
ompa
red
to t
he d
esig
n se
rvic
e lif
e (C
S,0 =
CS)
se
e fo
r ex
ampl
e [2
2].
Bas
ed o
n th
ese
resu
lts,
the
sim
plifi
catio
n th
at t
he
varia
ble
CS i
s fr
om th
e be
ginn
ing
cons
tant
with
tim
e ca
n be
con
clud
ed e
. g. f
or
conc
rete
con
tinuo
usly
exp
osed
to s
ea w
ater
. Thi
s si
mpl
ifica
tion
is o
n th
e sa
fe
side
.
B2
.2.5
.5
Tran
sfer
func
tion Δ
x
(1
) If
stru
ctur
al e
lem
ents
are
int
erm
itten
tly e
xpos
ed t
o a
solu
tion
of
cons
tant
or
vary
ing
chlo
ride
conc
entra
tion,
tra
nsfe
r fu
nctio
ns h
ave
to b
e fo
rmul
ated
. A
st
ruct
ural
el
emen
t w
hich
is
in
term
itten
tly
load
ed
with
a
chlo
ride-
cont
amin
ated
sol
utio
n, i
nter
rupt
ed b
y dr
y pe
riods
of
air
stor
age
durin
g w
hich
the
wat
er i
n th
e co
ncre
te c
lose
to
the
surf
ace
evap
orat
es,
any
– 70
–
Anne
x B:
Ful
l pro
babi
listic
des
ign
met
hods
subs
eque
nt r
e-w
ettin
g pr
ovok
es a
pro
cess
of
capi
llary
suc
tion.
Com
pare
d to
di
ffus
ion
proc
esse
s, ca
pilla
ry a
ctio
n le
ads
to a
rapi
d tra
nspo
rt of
chl
orid
es in
to
the
conc
rete
up
to a
dep
th Δ
x w
here
the
chl
orid
es c
an a
ccum
ulat
e w
ith t
ime
until
they
cre
ate
a sa
tura
tion
conc
entra
tion
CS,Δ
x = C
S,0.
(2)
The
varia
ble Δ
x ca
n be
des
crib
ed b
y a
beta
-dis
tribu
tion.
Und
er s
plas
h-co
nditi
ons,
the
aver
age
dept
h Δ
x up
to w
hich
chl
orid
es c
an r
apid
ly p
enet
rate
ca
n be
lim
ited
to 6
.0 m
m ≤
Δx ≤
11.0
mm
.
(3)
In a
dis
tanc
e to
the
roa
d su
rfac
e la
rger
tha
n 1.
5 m
(sp
ray
zone
) th
e fo
rmat
ion
of a
con
vect
ion
zone
can
not b
e de
tect
ed a
ny m
ore,
Δx
= 0.
(4)
For
parts
of
a st
ruct
ure
whi
ch a
re c
onst
antly
sub
mer
ged
the
chlo
ride
surf
ace
conc
entra
tion
CS
is
equa
l to
the
chl
orid
e sa
tura
tion
conc
entra
tion
whi
ch is
dev
elop
ed ra
ther
spo
ntan
eous
ly. T
hus,
for t
his
spec
ial c
ase
no tr
ansf
er
func
tion
or t
rans
fer
para
met
er i
s ne
eded
. In
case
the
stru
ctur
e is
exp
osed
to
tidal
con
ditio
ns,
the
dept
h Δ
x up
to
whi
ch a
dev
iatio
n fr
om t
he d
iffus
ion
beha
viou
r acc
ordi
ng to
Fic
k’s s
olut
ion
exis
ts h
as to
be
quan
tifie
d.
(5) T
o su
mm
aris
e, fo
r the
diff
eren
t typ
es o
f exp
osur
e co
nditi
ons Δ
x ca
n be
qu
antif
ied
as fo
llow
s:
Δx
[mm
]:
beta
dis
tribu
ted
s = 5
.6
- for
spla
sh c
ondi
tions
m
= 8
.9
(spl
ash
road
env
ironm
ent,
a =
0.0
spla
sh m
arin
e en
viro
nmen
t) b
= 50
.0
Δx
[mm
]: co
nsta
nt p
aram
eter
, val
ue: 0
- f
or su
bmer
ged
mar
ine
stru
ctur
es
- for
leak
age
due
to se
awat
er
and
cons
tant
gro
und
wat
er le
vel
- for
spra
y co
nditi
ons
(spr
ay r
oad
envi
ronm
ent,
spra
y m
arin
e en
viro
nmen
t)
Δx
[mm
]:
beta
dis
tribu
ted,
m, s
, a a
nd
- for
leak
age
due
to
b to
be
dete
rmin
ed
vary
ing
grou
ndw
ater
leve
l
- for
tida
l con
ditio
ns
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
Cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 71
–
B2.2
.5.6
C
hlor
ide
surf
ace
cont
ent C
S res
p. su
bstit
ute
chlo
ride
su
rfac
e co
nten
t CS,Δ
x
(1
) The
chl
orid
e co
ntam
inat
ion
of a
stru
ctur
al e
lem
ent i
n th
e sp
lash
zon
e or
in
the
spr
ay z
one
incr
ease
s w
ith d
ecre
asin
g di
stan
ce t
o th
e ch
lorid
e so
urce
. Th
is h
as b
een
verif
ied
for b
oth
horiz
onta
l and
ver
tical
dis
tanc
es.
(2)
Alth
ough
C
S,Δ
x(t)
theo
retic
ally
is
a
time-
depe
nden
t va
riabl
e,
for
sim
plifi
catio
n pu
rpos
es it
is g
oing
to b
e co
nsid
ered
as
time
inde
pend
ent.
(3) F
or a
stru
ctur
e of
the
follo
win
g ch
arac
teris
tics,
– lo
catio
n: u
rban
and
rura
l are
as in
Ger
man
y
– tim
e of
exp
osur
e of
the
cons
ider
ed st
ruct
ure:
5-4
0 ye
ars
– co
ncre
te: C
EM I,
w/c
= 0
.45
up to
w/c
= 0
.60,
th
e m
axim
um c
hlor
ide
cont
ent
in t
he c
oncr
ete
Cm
ax c
an b
e de
term
ined
ac
cord
ing
to E
quat
ion
B2.
2-5,
cp.
[15]
:
()
h18
7.0
aa
ha
max
x)1
x(00
065
.0)1
xln
(05
1.0
465
.0)
x,x(
C!
+!
"+
!"
="
(B
2.2-
5)
Cm
ax:
max
imum
con
tent
of
chlo
rides
w
ithin
the
chl
orid
e pr
ofile
, [w
t.-%
/con
cret
e]
x a:
horiz
onta
l dis
tanc
e fr
om th
e ro
adsi
de [c
m]
x h:
heig
ht a
bove
road
surf
ace
[cm
]
(4)
Equa
tion
B2.
2-5
was
der
ived
em
piric
ally
for
the
con
ditio
ns g
iven
ab
ove.
For
stru
ctur
es o
f di
ffer
ent
expo
sure
or
conc
rete
mix
es,
an e
quiv
alen
t eq
uatio
n ha
s to
be d
eter
min
ed.
(5) F
or s
truct
ures
und
er s
plas
h co
nditi
ons,
CS,Δ
x is
defin
ed a
s th
e m
axim
um
chlo
ride
cont
ent
Cm
ax. A
s te
sts
yiel
ded
that
for
con
cret
e at
a h
eigh
t of
mor
e th
an 1
.50
m a
bove
the
roa
d (s
pray
zon
e) n
o Δ
x de
velo
ps,
Cm
ax e
qual
s th
e ch
lorid
e co
nten
t at t
he c
oncr
ete
surf
ace
CS.
For t
hese
exp
osur
es C
S,Δ
x res
p. C
S ca
n be
qua
ntifi
ed a
s fo
llow
s:
CS,Δ
x res
p. C
S [w
t.-%
/cem
ent]:
no
rmal
dis
tribu
tion,
m =
cp.
Equ
atio
n B
2.2-
10 o
r equ
ival
ent
s = 0
.75
m
– 72
–
Anne
x B:
Ful
l pro
babi
listic
des
ign
met
hods
For
subm
erge
d st
ruct
ures
, the
sur
face
con
tent
CS
is e
qual
to
the
chlo
ride
satu
ratio
n co
nten
t CS,
0
B
2.2.
6 C
ritic
al c
hlor
ide
cont
ent C
crit
(1) I
n th
is c
onte
xt, t
he c
ritic
al c
hlor
ide
cont
ent C
crit i
s def
ined
as
follo
ws:
“The
to
tal
chlo
ride
cont
ent
whi
ch
lead
s to
the
de
pass
ivat
ion
of
the
rein
forc
emen
t sur
face
and
initi
atio
n of
iron
dis
solu
tion,
irre
spec
tive
of w
heth
er
it le
ads t
o vi
sibl
e co
rros
ion
dam
age
on th
e co
ncre
te su
rfac
e.”
This
val
ue is
reco
mm
ende
d fo
r ord
inar
y m
ild s
teel
. If a
noth
er s
teel
qua
lity
is u
sed
(e. g
. sta
inle
ss s
teel
), m
ean
valu
e, s
tand
ard
devi
atio
n, lo
wer
and
upp
er
boun
dary
of C
crit u
sual
ly a
re o
n a
high
er le
vel.
(2
) The
low
er b
ound
ary
of th
e va
riabl
e C
crit
has
been
spe
cifie
d as
CCr
it,m
in =
0.
20 w
t.-%
/cem
ent.
As
the
low
er b
ound
ary
is k
now
n an
d di
ffer
s fro
m 0
, it
seem
s ad
visa
ble
to u
se a
rest
ricte
d di
strib
utio
n fo
r the
des
crip
tion
of th
e cr
itica
l ch
lorid
e co
nten
t cau
sing
cor
rosio
n. A
bet
a-di
strib
utio
n w
ith a
low
er b
ound
ary
of
CCr
it,m
in =
0.2
0 w
t.-%
/cem
ent
yiel
ds a
suf
ficie
ntly
goo
d de
scrip
tion
of t
he t
est
resu
lts, c
p. [1
6]. T
he m
ean
valu
e of
Ccr
it. w
as s
et to
CCr
it,m
= 0
.60
wt.-
%/c
.
(3) T
he c
ritic
al c
hlor
ide
cont
ent C
Crit.
can
be
quan
tifie
d as
follo
ws:
C
Crit
[wt.-
%/c
emen
t]:
beta
dis
tribu
ted,
m
=
0.6
s =
0.15
a
= 0.
2 b
= 2.
0
B3
Full
prob
abili
stic
des
ign
met
hod
for
fros
t ind
uced
inte
rnal
dam
age
– un
crac
ked
conc
rete
B
3.1
Lim
it st
ate
equa
tion
for
the
fros
t dam
age
of a
uni
t cel
l
(1
) A
ful
l pro
babi
listic
des
ign
appr
oach
for
the
mod
ellin
g of
fro
st in
duce
d in
tern
al d
amag
e of
unc
rack
ed c
oncr
ete
has
been
dev
elop
ed w
ithin
a s
erie
s of
re
sear
ch p
roje
ct. I
t is
bas
ed o
n th
e lim
it-st
ate
Equa
tion
B3.
1-1,
in
whi
ch t
he
criti
cal d
egre
e of
sat
urat
ion
S CR
is c
ompa
red
to th
e ac
tual
deg
ree
of s
atur
atio
n S A
CT(t)
at a
cer
tain
poi
nt o
f tim
e t,
durin
g a
certa
in ta
rget
serv
ice
life
t SL.
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
Cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 73
–
()
)t
(tS
S)
t(t
S,S
gSL
AC
TC
RSL
AC
TC
R<
!=
<
(B3.
1-1)
S CR:
cr
itica
l deg
ree
of sa
tura
tion
[-],
cp. B
3.2.
1 t SL
: de
sign
serv
ice
life
[yea
rs],
cp. B
3.2.
2
S ACT
(t):
actu
al d
egre
e of
satu
ratio
n at
the
time
t [-]
, cp.
B3.
2.3
t: tim
e [y
ears
]
(2)
Equa
tion
B3.
1-1
is b
ased
on
wat
er a
bsor
ptio
n in
to th
e ai
r-vo
id s
yste
m
as th
e pr
evai
ling
trans
port
mec
hani
sm w
ithin
the
conc
rete
. It i
s as
sum
ed th
at
the
criti
cal
degr
ee o
f sa
tura
tion
thro
ugh
the
mat
eria
l is
a c
onst
ant
mat
eria
l pr
oper
ty,
alth
ough
the
crit
ical
deg
ree
of s
atur
atio
n fo
r a
conc
rete
dur
ing
serv
ice
life
may
be
a fu
nctio
n of
num
erou
s var
iabl
es.
B3.
2 Q
uant
ifica
tion
of p
aram
eter
s
B
3.2.
1 C
ritic
al d
egre
e of
satu
ratio
n S C
R
B3.2
.1.1
G
ener
al
The
criti
cal
degr
ee o
f sa
tura
tion
S CR
for
a pa
rticu
lar
conc
rete
can
not
be
estim
ated
fro
m S
CR f
or a
noth
er c
oncr
ete.
The
abs
olut
e le
vels
of
S CR
for
diff
eren
t co
ncre
te c
anno
t be
com
pare
d. S
CR c
an o
nly
be c
ompa
red
to t
he
actu
al d
egre
e of
satu
ratio
n S A
CT fo
r the
sam
e co
ncre
te.
(1
) The
crit
ical
deg
ree
of s
atur
atio
n S C
R is
det
erm
ined
from
a la
bora
tory
test
fo
r the
act
ual c
oncr
ete
In th
e te
st a
ser
ies
of s
peci
men
s ar
e va
cuum
sat
urat
ed a
nd d
ried
to v
ario
us
degr
ees
of s
atur
atio
n be
twee
n 0.
7 an
d 1.
0. T
he s
peci
men
s ar
e se
aled
and
fr
ozen
, on
ce o
r w
ith s
ever
al f
reez
e-th
aw c
ycle
s. T
he d
ynam
ic E
-mod
ulus
is
dete
rmin
ed
for
each
sp
ecim
en
befo
re
and
afte
r th
e fr
eeze
-thaw
cy
cles
. A
ltern
ativ
ely,
the
dila
tatio
n du
ring
one
free
ze-th
aw c
ycle
is m
easu
red
for
the
serie
s of
spe
cim
ens
with
diff
eren
t deg
rees
of
satu
ratio
n. F
rom
the
chan
ges
in
E-m
odul
us o
r di
lata
tion
as a
fun
ctio
n of
deg
ree
of s
atur
atio
n, t
he c
ritic
al
degr
ee o
f sa
tura
tion
is d
eter
min
ed, w
here
the
fros
t dam
age
star
ts to
occ
ur, c
p.
Figu
re B
3.2-
1.
– 74
–
Anne
x B:
Ful
l pro
babi
listic
des
ign
met
hods
Fi
gure
B3.
2-1:
Exa
mpl
e of
det
erm
inat
ion
of t
he c
ritic
al d
egre
e of
sa
tura
tion
by
mea
suri
ng
the
chan
ge
in
dyna
mic
E-
mod
ulus
afte
r 7 o
r 76
free
ze-th
aw c
ycle
s,[1
7]
(2)
The
conc
rete
com
posi
tion,
inc
ludi
ng t
he a
ir-vo
id s
yste
m,
is c
hose
n du
ring
the
desi
gn p
hase
. D
ue t
o co
nstru
ctio
n pr
actic
es t
he a
ctua
l co
ncre
te
com
posi
tion
does
var
y an
d th
eref
ore
has
to b
e co
nsid
ered
as
a st
ocha
stic
va
riabl
e ra
ther
tha
n a
cons
tant
val
ue. T
he f
ollo
win
g di
strib
utio
n ty
pes
are
in
prin
cipl
e ap
prop
riate
for t
he d
escr
iptio
n of
the
crit
ical
deg
ree
of s
atur
atio
n an
d its
var
iabi
lity:
–
Nor
mal
dis
tribu
tion
– B
eta-
dist
ribut
ion
– W
eibu
ll(m
in)-
dist
ribut
ion
– Lo
gnor
mal
dis
tribu
tion
– N
evill
e di
strib
utio
n
B3.2
.1.2
Q
uant
ifica
tion
of S
CR
(1) d
istri
butio
n fu
nctio
n:
Nor
mal
dis
tribu
tion
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
Cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 75
–
See
Cha
pter
B1.
2.2.
B3.
2.2
Des
ign
serv
ice
life
t SL
B3.
2.3
Act
ual d
egre
e of
satu
ratio
n S A
CT
B3.2
.3.1
G
ener
al
(1)
The
envi
ronm
enta
l ac
tion
S ACT
con
side
rs t
he w
ater
abs
orpt
ion
of t
he
conc
rete
, inc
ludi
ng th
e w
ater
abs
orpt
ion
in th
e ai
r-vo
id s
yste
m.
(2) T
he e
nviro
nmen
tal a
ctio
n S A
CT c
an b
e de
scrib
ed b
y m
eans
of E
quat
ion
B3.
2-1:
d eq
nSL
ACT
te
S)
t(t
S!
+=
<
(B3.
2-1)
t eq:
equi
vale
nt ti
me
of w
etne
ss [d
ays]
, cf.
B3.
2.3.
2
S n, e
, d:
mat
eria
l par
amet
ers,
expo
nent
s, re
spec
tivel
y, c
p. B
3.2.
3.3
B3.2
.3.2
Eq
uiva
lent
tim
e of
suct
ion
t eq
(1)
The
equi
vale
nt t
ime
of s
uctio
n is
com
plet
ely
depe
nden
t on
the
mic
ro
clim
ate
at th
e co
ncre
te s
urfa
ce, s
ee F
igur
e 3.
2-2.
Dec
isiv
e pa
ram
eter
s ar
e ho
w
the
surf
ace
is e
xpos
ed t
o ra
in o
r sp
lash
, the
fre
quen
cy a
nd d
urat
ion
and
the
cond
ition
s fo
r dry
ing.
Tab
le B
3-1
give
s pr
ovis
iona
l tim
es o
f w
etne
ss fo
r som
e im
porta
nt c
ases
. Ta
ble
B3-1
: Pr
ovis
iona
l equ
ival
ent t
imes
of w
etne
ss, [
17]
Expo
sure
Eq
uiva
lent
tim
e of
wet
ness
C
omm
ents
Subm
erge
d su
rfac
e t SL
Hor
izon
tal s
urfa
ce
4 m
onth
s Su
rfac
es, w
et d
urin
g a
win
ter
Ver
tical
surf
ace1
1 w
eek
Rai
n ex
pose
d su
rfac
es th
at c
an d
ry o
ut
1 Orie
ntat
ion
agai
nst p
reva
iling
driv
ing
rain
dire
ctio
n an
d su
nshi
ne m
ust b
e co
nsid
ered
.
– 76
–
Anne
x B:
Ful
l pro
babi
listic
des
ign
met
hods
(2)
Fi
gure
B3.
2-2:
The
ac
tual
m
oist
ure
leve
l in
un
it ce
lls
with
in
the
stru
ctur
e is
diff
eren
t in
diff
eren
t ce
lls d
epen
ding
on
thei
r lo
catio
n an
d it
vari
es o
ver
time.
(a)
Hyd
raul
ic
stru
ctur
e co
nsta
ntly
suc
king
wat
er. (
b) F
açad
e el
emen
t pe
riod
ical
ly e
xpos
ed to
rain
, [17
]
B3.2
.3.3
M
ater
ial p
aram
eter
s Sn,
e an
d d
(1)
The
mat
eria
l pa
ram
eter
s S n
, e
and
d de
scrib
es t
he w
ater
abs
orpt
ion
char
acte
ristic
s of
the
con
cret
e w
hen
expo
sed
to w
ater
. Th
e pa
ram
eter
s ar
e de
term
ined
for t
he a
ctua
l con
cret
e w
ith a
long
term
cap
illar
y su
ctio
n te
st
S n is
the
degr
ee o
f sat
urat
ion
at th
e kn
ick
poin
t in
a √t
-sca
le d
iagr
am.
Para
met
ers
e an
d d
desc
ribes
the
slo
pe o
f th
e w
ater
abs
orpt
ion
afte
r th
e kn
ick
poin
t, in
a lo
g-sc
ale
diag
ram
.
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
Cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 77
–
Fi
gure
B3.
2-3:
Res
ults
fr
om
a te
st
of
shor
t an
d lo
ng
term
w
ater
ab
sorp
tion,
[17]
B3.
2.4
Los
s of m
echa
nica
l pro
pert
ies d
ue to
inte
rnal
fr
ost d
amag
e
B3
.2.4
.1
Gen
eral
(1
) Fo
r th
e m
odel
intro
duce
d ab
ove,
the
cons
eque
nces
of
inte
rnal
fro
st
dam
age
is i
nclu
ded
in th
e tra
ditio
nal
desi
gn p
roce
ss, w
ith c
hang
es
of m
echa
nica
l mat
eria
l pro
perti
es, s
uch
as e
last
ic m
odul
us, s
treng
th
and
bond
stre
ngth
bet
wee
n co
ncre
te a
nd re
info
rcem
ent.
– 78
–
Anne
x B:
Ful
l pro
babi
listic
des
ign
met
hods
B4
Full
prob
abili
stic
des
ign
met
hod
for
salt-
fros
t ind
uced
surf
ace
scal
ing
– un
crac
ked
conc
rete
B
4.1
Lim
it st
ate
equa
tion
for
the
salt-
fros
t in
duce
d su
rfac
e sc
alin
g
(1
) A
ful
l pr
obab
ilist
ic d
esig
n ap
proa
ch f
or t
he m
odel
ling
of s
alt-f
rost
in
duce
d su
rfac
e sc
alin
g of
unc
rack
ed c
oncr
ete
is b
ased
on
the
limit-
stat
e Eq
uatio
n B
4.1-
1, i
n w
hich
the
con
cret
e te
mpe
ratu
re T
(t) i
s co
mpa
red
to t
he
scal
ing
resi
stan
ce T
R(t)
at a
cer
tain
poi
nt o
f tim
e t,
durin
g a
certa
in d
esig
n se
rvic
e lif
e t SL
.
()
),..)
t(T),T(
RH
(T
)C
l,
tt(T
)t
(tT,T
gR
SLSL
R!
"=
<
(B4.
1-1)
T(t):
co
ncre
te te
mpe
ratu
re [K
], cp
. B4.
2.1
t SL:
desi
gn se
rvic
e lif
e [y
ears
], cp
. B4.
2.2
T R(t)
: cr
itica
l fre
ezin
g te
mpe
ratu
re f
or s
calin
g to
occ
ur a
t the
tim
e t [
-],
cp. B
4.2.
3
t tim
e [y
ears
]
(2
) Eq
uatio
n B
4.1-
1 is
bas
ed o
n th
e as
sum
ptio
n th
at s
calin
g oc
curs
in th
e sa
me
mom
ent a
s th
e co
ncre
te s
urfa
ce te
mpe
ratu
re fa
lls b
elow
a c
erta
in, c
ritic
al
leve
l, th
e sc
alin
g re
sist
ance
TR.
It i
s as
sum
ed th
at th
is c
ritic
al le
vel o
f sc
alin
g re
sist
ance
cha
nges
with
age
, dep
endi
ng o
n ex
posu
re a
nd ty
pe o
f con
cret
e.
B
4.2
Qua
ntifi
catio
n of
par
amet
ers
B4.
2.1
Scal
ing
resi
stan
ce T
R (T
he c
ritic
al fr
eezi
ng
tem
pera
ture
for
scal
ing
to o
ccur
) Th
e sc
alin
g te
st is
per
form
ed a
t thr
ee te
mpe
ratu
re le
vels
.
(1)
The
criti
cal
free
zing
tem
pera
ture
for
sca
ling
to o
ccur
, th
e sc
alin
g re
sist
ance
TR,
is d
eter
min
ed fr
om a
labo
rato
ry te
st fo
r the
act
ual c
oncr
ete,
at a
n ag
e of
28
days
. The
acc
epte
d de
gree
of s
calin
g m
ust b
e de
fined
bef
ore
the
test
.
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
Cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 79
–
(2)
The
conc
rete
com
posi
tion,
inc
ludi
ng t
he a
ir-vo
id s
yste
m,
is
chos
en
durin
g th
e de
sign
pha
se.
Due
to
cons
truct
ion
prac
tices
the
act
ual
conc
rete
co
mpo
sitio
n do
es v
ary
and
ther
efor
e ha
s to
be
cons
ider
ed a
s a
stoc
hast
ic
varia
ble
rath
er t
han
a co
nsta
nt v
alue
. The
fol
low
ing
dist
ribut
ion
type
s ar
e in
pr
inci
ple
appr
opria
te f
or t
he d
escr
iptio
n of
th
e sc
alin
g re
sist
ance
and
its
va
riabi
lity:
–
Nor
mal
dis
tribu
tion
– B
eta-
dist
ribut
ion
– W
eibu
ll(m
in)-
dist
ribut
ion
– Lo
gnor
mal
dis
tribu
tion
– N
evill
e di
strib
utio
n
The
scal
ing
resi
stan
ce T
R w
ill c
hang
e w
ith a
ge a
nd e
xpos
ure.
Thi
s ch
ange
w
ith ti
me
will
be
diff
eren
t for
diff
eren
t typ
es o
f con
cret
e, c
p. F
igur
e B
4.2-
1.
Fi
gure
B4.
2-1:
Pri
ncip
le s
ketc
h of
the
con
cret
e te
mpe
ratu
re (
“loa
d”),
vert
ical
sc
ale
with
ne
gativ
e te
mpe
ratu
res
upw
ards
, du
ring
thr
ee w
inte
rs,
com
pare
d to
the
tru
e sc
alin
g re
sist
ance
(“re
sist
ance
”) a
s a
func
tion
of ti
me
for
thre
e di
ffere
nt c
oncr
etes
, [18
]
– 80
–
Anne
x B:
Ful
l pro
babi
listic
des
ign
met
hods
See
Cha
pter
B1.
2.2.
B4.
2.2
Des
ign
serv
ice
life
t SL
B4.
2.3
Act
ual c
oncr
ete
tem
pera
ture
T(t
)
B4
.2.3
.1
Gen
eral
(1
) Th
e en
viro
nmen
tal a
ctio
n T(
t), th
e ac
tual
con
cret
e te
mpe
ratu
re m
ainl
y du
ring
clea
r w
inte
r ni
ghts
, co
nsid
ers
the
air
tem
pera
ture
, co
nvec
tion
due
to
win
d an
d th
e lo
ng w
ave
radi
atio
n du
ring
clea
r ni
ghts
. The
dec
isiv
e co
ncre
te
tem
pera
ture
is fo
r nig
hts o
nly
whe
n sa
lt is
pre
sent
at t
he c
oncr
ete
surf
ace.
(2)
The
envi
ronm
enta
l act
ion,
the
conc
rete
sur
face
tem
pera
ture
T(t)
can
be
desc
ribed
by
mea
ns o
f Equ
atio
n B
4.2-
1:
()
air
sky
cvr
rai
rSL
TT
T)
tT(
t!
"+
"
"+
=<
(B
4.2-
1)
T air:
ai
r tem
pera
ture
[K],
cp. B
4.2.
3.2
αr:
surf
ace
heat
co
nduc
tanc
e du
e to
ra
diat
ion
[W/(m
2 K)]
, cp
. B
4.2.
3.3
αcv
: su
rfac
e he
at
cond
ucta
nce
due
to
conv
ectio
n[W
/(m2 K
)],
cp.
B4.
2.3.
3
T sky
: co
rres
pond
ing
tem
pera
ture
of s
pace
[K],
cp. B
4.2.
3.4
B4.2
.3.2
A
ir te
mpe
ratu
re T
air
(1) D
ata
of th
e ne
ares
t wea
ther
sta
tion
may
be
used
as
an in
put f
or T
air.
For
quan
tific
atio
n, th
e ex
trem
e w
eath
er s
tatio
n da
ta (c
old,
cle
ar w
inte
r nig
hts)
has
to
be
eval
uate
d.
(2)
For
Euro
pean
clim
ate
cond
ition
s, a
norm
al d
istri
butio
n is
in
gene
ral
appr
opria
te to
des
crib
e T a
ir.
B4.2
.3.3
Su
rfac
e he
at c
ondu
ctan
ce α
r and
αcv
(1
) Th
e su
rfac
e he
at c
ondu
ctan
ce α
r for
rad
iatio
n de
pend
s on
the
conc
rete
su
rfac
e te
mpe
ratu
re a
nd t
he c
orre
spon
ding
tem
pera
ture
of
spac
e an
d th
e em
issi
vity
ε o
f the
con
cret
e su
rfac
e.
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
Cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 81
–
()
2TT
43
air
sky
r
!"#
$#=
%
[
W/(m
2 K)]
(B
4.2-
2)
whe
re σ
=
5.67
·10-8
[W/(m
2 K4 )]
(th
e St
efan
-Bol
zman
n nu
mbe
r).
For
conc
rete
the
emis
sivi
ty ε
= 0
.9
(2)
The
surf
ace
heat
con
duct
ance
αcv
for
con
vect
ion
depe
nds
on th
e w
ind
velo
city
clo
se t
o th
e co
ncre
te s
urfa
ce. F
or c
ases
with
win
d sp
eed
u be
low
5
m/s
, a v
alue
can
be
αcv
= 6
+ 4
·u
[W
/(m2 K
)]
(B4.
2-3)
B4
.2.3
.4
Cor
resp
ondi
ng sk
y te
mpe
ratu
re T
sky
(1)
The
corr
espo
ndin
g te
mpe
ratu
re o
f th
e sk
y fo
r th
e lo
ng-w
ave
radi
atio
n fr
om a
con
cret
e su
rfac
e de
pend
s on
the
orie
ntat
ion
of th
e su
rfac
e, c
loud
ines
s an
d “s
hado
ws”
from
oth
er b
uild
ings
, cp.
Fig
ure
B4.
2-2.
– 82
–
Anne
x B:
Ful
l pro
babi
listic
des
ign
met
hods
Fi
gure
B4.
2-2:
The
cor
resp
ondi
ng sk
y te
mpe
ratu
re fo
r diff
eren
t su
rfac
es, d
epen
ding
on
the
air t
empe
ratu
re.
(2
) Th
e co
rres
pond
ing
tem
pera
ture
of
the
sky
for
the
long
-wav
e ra
diat
ion
from
a
conc
rete
su
rfac
e in
Fi
gure
B
4.2-
2 ca
n be
es
timat
ed
from
Eq
uatio
n B
4.2-
4.
! "! #$
%%
&
%%
&
=
sky
clou
dya
for
Tsk
ycl
ear
surf
aces
verti
cal
for
5T
1.1sk
ycl
ear
surf
aces
horiz
onta
lfo
r14
T2.1
T
air
airair
sky
(B
4.2-
4)
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 83
–
Ann
ex C
(inf
orm
ativ
e)
Part
ial f
acto
r m
etho
ds
C
1 Pa
rtia
l fac
tor
met
hod
for
carb
onat
ion
indu
ced
corr
osio
n - u
ncra
cked
con
cret
e
C1.
1 L
imit
stat
e eq
uatio
n in
clud
ing
part
ial f
acto
rs
for
the
depa
ssiv
atio
n of
the
rein
forc
emen
t sy
mbo
ls u
sed
for
part
ial f
acto
r met
hod
desi
gnsy
mbo
ls u
sed
in
curr
ent p
ract
ice
min
c
!c
nom
cca
rbon
atio
n de
pth
x c,m
(t)x c
,d(t)
, ad
!a
nom
a
rein
forc
emen
t ste
elconc
rete
sur
face
5% fr
actil
e
Fi
gure
C1.
1-1:
Sym
bols
use
d in
cur
rent
pra
ctic
e (le
ft ha
nd si
de) a
nd
used
with
in th
e pa
rtia
l fac
tor m
etho
d de
sign
(rig
ht
hand
side
)
min
c:
min
imum
con
cret
e co
ver [
mm
] no
m c
: no
min
al c
oncr
ete
cove
r [m
m]
Δc:
m
argi
n be
twee
n m
inim
um a
nd n
omin
al c
oncr
ete
cove
r [m
m]
x c,m
(t)
mea
n va
lue
of th
e ca
rbon
atio
n de
pth
at th
e tim
e t [
mm
] x c
,d(t)
de
sign
val
ue o
f the
car
bona
tion
dept
h at
the
time
t [m
m]
(1
) Th
e pa
rtial
fac
tor
met
hod
for
carb
onat
ion
indu
ced
corr
osio
n in
un
crac
ked
conc
rete
in
trodu
ced
in
this
ch
apte
r is
ba
sed
on
the
full
prob
abili
stic
des
ign
appr
oach
pre
sent
ed in
Cha
pter
B1,
Ann
ex B
.
– 84
–
Anne
x C
: Pa
rtial
fact
or m
etho
ds
a d:
desi
gn v
alue
of t
he c
oncr
ete
cove
r [m
m]
Δa:
sa
fety
mar
gin
of th
e co
ncre
te c
over
[mm
] no
m a
: no
min
al c
oncr
ete
cove
r [m
m]
(2
) The
aim
of t
he p
artia
l fac
tor m
etho
d is
to e
nabl
e a
dura
bilit
y de
sign
for
carb
onat
ion
indu
ced
corr
osio
n th
at c
an b
e ca
rrie
d ou
t as
a si
mpl
e ca
lcul
atio
n w
ithou
t add
ition
al c
onsi
dera
tions
con
cern
ing
the
prob
abili
stic
dis
tribu
tions
of
inpu
t par
amet
ers.
To d
eter
min
e th
e pa
rtial
saf
ety
fact
ors
acco
rdin
g IS
O 2
394
the
gove
rnin
g va
riabl
es h
ave
to d
eter
min
ed.
For
this
rea
son
a pa
ram
eter
stu
dy i
nclu
ding
th
ree
diff
eren
t de
sign
exa
mpl
es w
as c
arrie
d ou
t by
mea
ns o
f th
e so
ftwar
e pa
ckag
e ST
RU
REL
, [1
2].
The
influ
ence
of
all
varia
bles
on
the
calc
ulat
ed
relia
bilit
y fo
r car
bona
tion
indu
ced
corr
osio
n is
giv
en b
y th
e co
rres
pond
ing α
i va
lue.
Fig
ure
C1.
1-2
show
s th
e re
sult.
Det
erm
inat
ion
of
Par
tial
Saf
ety
Fac
tors
acc
. IS
O 2
394:
-d
eter
min
e g
ove
rnin
g lo
ad a
nd
res
ista
nce
var
iab
les
for
dif
fere
nt
exp
osu
res:
1) a
= 4
0 m
m, R
AC
C,0
-1=
6 00
0R
Hre
al=
75%
, tc
= 4d
2)a
= 60
mm
, RA
CC
,0-1
= 14
000
RH
real
= 65
%, t
c=
4d3)
a =
50 m
m, R
AC
C,0
-1=
12 0
00R
Hre
al=
70%
, tc
= 7d
RH
real
aR
Hre
alR
Hre
al
RA
CC
,0-1
RA
CC
,0-1
RA
CC
,0-1
k t
k tk t
CS
CS
CS
aa
RH
real
aR
Hre
alR
Hre
al
RA
CC
,0-1
RA
CC
,0-1
RA
CC
,0-1
k t
k tk t
CS
CS
CS
aa
Fi
gure
C1.
1-2:
αi v
alue
s for
the
vari
able
s to
calc
ulat
e th
e lim
it st
ate
of
depa
ssiv
atio
n du
e to
car
bona
tion
(3
) A
stru
ctur
al e
lem
ent m
eets
the
requ
irem
ents
con
cern
ing
its d
urab
ility
w
ith re
spec
t to
carb
onat
ion
indu
ced
corr
osio
n if
limit
stat
e Eq
uatio
n C
1.1-
1 is
fu
lfille
d:
a d –
xc,
d(t SL
) ≥ 0
(C
1.1-
1)
()
SLSL
dS,
dt,R
1k
AC
C,0
,dt,
dc,
de,
dc,
tW
tC
)å
ãR
(kk
k2
)(
x!
!!
+!
!!
!!
="
SLt
(C1.
1-2)
a d
: de
sign
val
ue o
f the
con
cret
e co
ver [
mm
], cp
. Cha
pter
B1.
2.1
a d =
nom
a - Δ
a =
nom
c - Δ
a (C
1.1-
3)
nom
c: n
omin
al c
oncr
ete
cove
r [m
m]
nom
a: n
omin
al c
oncr
ete
cove
r [m
m]
Δa:
sa
fety
mar
gin
of th
e co
ncre
te c
over
[mm
]
Δa
= 10
mm
t SL:
desi
gn se
rvic
e lif
e [y
ears
], cp
. Cha
pter
B1.
2.2
x c,d(t S
L) d
esig
n va
lue
of th
e ca
rbon
atio
n de
pth
at th
e tim
e t SL
[mm
]
k e,d:
desi
gn v
alue
of t
he e
nviro
nmen
tal f
unct
ion
[-],
cp. C
hapt
er B
1.2.
3
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 85
–
It ca
n be
see
n th
at th
e th
ree
gove
rnin
g pa
ram
eter
s of
Equ
atio
n B
1.1-
2 ar
e th
e fo
llow
ing:
1. R
Hre
al (k
e) 2.
a
3. R
ACC
,0-1
Fo
r th
ese
thre
e pa
ram
eter
s pa
rtial
saf
ety
fact
ors γ R
H, γ R
and
the
saf
ety
mar
gin Δ
a ar
e in
trodu
ced.
The
parti
al s
afet
y fa
ctor
s gi
ven
in th
is p
arag
raph
are
to b
e co
nsid
ered
as
prel
imin
ary
and
will
pro
babl
y be
cha
nged
. The
y ar
e lin
ked
to a
ser
vice
life
of
t SL =
50
year
s and
to a
relia
bilit
y in
dex
of β
= 1
.3.
ee
e
gf
f
ref
RH
k re
al,
de
,
10
0
RH
1
10
0
RH
1
k
!!!!!! "#
$$$$$$ %&
! "#$ %&
'
!! "#$$ %&
()
'
=
(C1.
1-4)
RH
real
,k: c
hara
cter
istic
val
ue o
f re
lativ
e hu
mid
ity o
f th
e ca
rbon
ated
lay
er
[%],
cp. C
hapt
er B
1.2.
3, h
ere:
mea
n va
lue
of R
Hre
al
RH
ref:
refe
renc
e re
lativ
e hu
mid
ity [%
], cp
. Cha
pter
B1.
2.3
RH
ref =
65
%
f e:
expo
nent
[-],c
p. C
hapt
er B
1.2.
3 f e
= 5.
0
g e:
expo
nent
[-],c
p. C
hapt
er B
1.2.
3
g e =
2.5
γ RH:
parti
al sa
fety
fact
or fo
r the
rela
tive
hum
idity
RH
real
[-],
γ R
H =
1.3
k c,d:
desi
gn v
alue
of
the
exec
utio
n tra
nsfe
r pa
ram
eter
[-]
, cp.
Cha
pter
B
1.2.
4 an
d Ta
ble
C1-
1, h
ere:
mea
n va
lue
of k
c
Tabl
e C
1-1:
Ex
ecut
ion
tran
sfer
par
amet
er k
c,d f
or d
iffer
ent c
urin
g pe
riod
s tc
curin
g pe
riod
d c [d
] 1
2 3
4 5
6 7
8 9
10
11
12
13
14
k c,d
3.
00
2.03
1.
61
1.37
1.
20
1.09
1.
00
0.92
0.
86
0.81
0.
77
0.73
0.
70
0.67
k t,d:
desi
gn v
alue
of
the
regr
essi
on p
aram
eter
[-]
, cp
. C
hapt
er
B1.
2.5,
her
e: m
ean
valu
e of
kt;
k t,d =
1.2
5
RA
CC,
0,k-1
: ch
arac
teris
tic
valu
e of
th
e in
vers
e ef
fect
ive
carb
onat
ion
resi
stan
ce
of
conc
rete
[(
mm²/y
ears
)/(kg
/m³)]
, cp
. C
hapt
er B
1.2.
5; h
ere:
mea
n va
lue
of R
AC
C,0-1
– 86
–
Anne
x C
: Pa
rtial
fact
or m
etho
ds
γ R:
parti
al s
afet
y fa
ctor
for
the
inv
erse
car
bona
tion
resi
stan
ce o
f co
ncre
te R
ACC
,0,k
-1 [-
] γ R
= 1
.5
ε t,d:
desi
gn v
alue
of t
he e
rror
term
, cp.
Cha
pter
B1.
2.5,
her
e: m
ean
valu
e of
εt, ε t
,d =
315
.5
CS,
d: de
sign
val
ue o
f th
e C
O2-
conc
entra
tion
[kg/
m³],
cp.
B1.
2.6,
he
re: m
ean
valu
e of
CS;
CS,
d = 0
.000
82
W(t)
: w
eath
er fu
nctio
n [-
], cp
. Cha
pter
B1.
2.7
and
Equa
tion
C1.
1-4
2To
W)
(p
0
dw
,b
SR
ttW
!
" #$% &'
=
(C1.
1-5)
t 0:
time
of re
fere
nce
[yea
rs],
t 0 =
0.07
67
ToW
tim
e of
wet
ness
[-],
cp. E
quat
ion
C1.
1-5
days
with
rain
fall
h Nd ≥
2.5
mm
per
yea
r To
W =
36
5 (C
1.1-
6)
p SR:
pr
obab
ility
of d
rivin
g ra
in [-
] b w
,d:
desi
gn v
alue
of t
he e
xpon
ent o
f reg
ress
ion
[-],
here
: mea
n va
lue
of b
W; b
W,d =
0.4
46
As s
oon
as u
ltim
ate
limit
stat
es (U
LS) a
re a
sses
sed,
the
prop
agat
ion
perio
d ha
s to
be
take
n in
to a
ccou
nt,
othe
r re
sist
ance
var
iabl
es b
ecom
e do
min
ant,
e. g
. an
add
ed s
acrif
icia
l cr
oss
sect
ion
and
a hi
gher
rel
iabi
lity
is r
equi
red
(ULS
-leve
l).
(5
) Th
e pa
rtial
saf
ety
fact
ors γ R
and
γRH
and
the
saf
ety
mar
gin Δ
a ha
ve
been
qua
ntifi
ed fo
r a
SLS
relia
bilit
y of
β =
1.3
with
resp
ect t
o th
e lim
it st
ate
“dep
assi
vatio
n of
rei
nfor
cem
ent d
ue to
car
bona
tion,
SLS
”. I
f a
high
er r
elia
-bi
lity
is d
esire
d, th
e pa
rtial
saf
ety
fact
ors h
ave
to b
e m
odifi
ed a
ccor
ding
ly.
(6)
The
parti
al
fact
or
met
hod
incl
udes
si
mpl
ifica
tions
of
th
e fu
ll pr
obab
ilist
ic a
ppro
ach
on t
he s
afe
side
. Th
eref
ore,
the
use
of
the
full
prob
abili
stic
met
hod
can
lead
to
mor
e ec
onom
ical
sol
utio
ns, b
ut i
t re
quire
s co
nsid
erab
ly l
arge
r ex
pens
es f
or t
he q
uant
ifica
tion
of t
he i
nput
par
amet
ers
and
the
calc
ulat
ion
itsel
f.
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 87
–
C1.
2 E
xam
ple
The
follo
win
g in
put
data
with
reg
ard
to e
nviro
nmen
t, co
ncre
te d
iffus
ion
char
acte
ristic
s, an
d cu
ring
was
col
lect
ed.
Tabl
e C
1-2:
In
put d
ata,
par
tial s
afet
y fa
ctor
app
roac
h
W
ith th
ese
data
, equ
atio
n (C
1.1-
2) c
an b
e so
lved
:
()
()
227.01.0
SLSL
4
2.5
5
5
SLd,c
0.44
6
t0.
0767
t10
2.831
5.5
4500
5.11.
2561.1
100
65-1
100
3.180
-12
)(t
x
!
"
## $%&& '( !
!
###### $%
&&&&&& '(
!!
+!
!!
!
##### $%
&&&&& '(
# $%& '(
## $%&& '(
!!
=
W
ith th
e tim
e de
pend
ent d
esig
n va
lue
of th
e ca
rbon
atio
n de
pth
x c,d(t S
L) th
e no
min
al c
oncr
ete
cove
r nom
a c
an b
e ca
lcul
ated
, cp.
Fig
ure
C1.
2-1.
Para
met
er
Uni
t In
put d
ata
RH
real
,k
[% re
l. hu
mid
ity]
80
! RH
[-]
1.3
k c,d
[-
] 1.
61
RA
CC
,0,k
-1
[(m
m?/y
ear)
/(kg/
m?)]
45
00
! R
[-]
1.5
CS,
d [k
g/m
?] 8.
2 " 1
0-4
t SL
[yea
rs]
1-50
(par
amet
er st
udy)
p S
R
[-]
0.1
ToW
[-
] 0.
27
#a
[mm
] 10
– 88
–
Anne
x C
: Pa
rtial
fact
or m
etho
ds
0
10
20
30
40
50
01
02
03
04
05
0
Tim
e of
exp
osur
e in
[yea
rs]
Required nominal cover nom a in [mm]
Figu
re C
1.2-
1: R
equi
red
nom
inal
con
cret
e co
ver
nom
a w
ith ti
me
of
expo
sure
, exp
osur
e ca
rbon
atio
n, m
iddl
e Eu
rope
an
clim
ate,
cyc
lic w
et a
nd d
ry, e
xpos
ed to
dri
ving
rain
(v
ertic
al re
info
rced
con
cret
e fa
ssad
e), C
EM I
-co
ncre
te, w
/c =
0.6
0
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 89
–
C2
Part
ial f
acto
r m
etho
d fo
r fr
ost i
nduc
ed
dam
age
- unc
rack
ed c
oncr
ete
(1)
The
parti
al f
acto
r m
etho
d fo
r fr
ost
indu
ced
dam
age
in u
ncra
cked
co
ncre
te i
ntro
duce
d in
thi
s ch
apte
r is
bas
ed o
n th
e fu
ll pr
obab
ilist
ic d
esig
n ap
proa
ch p
rese
nted
in C
hapt
er B
3, A
nnex
B.
(2) T
he a
im o
f the
par
tial f
acto
r met
hod
is to
ena
ble
a du
rabi
lity
desi
gn fo
r fr
ost i
nduc
ed d
amag
e th
at c
an b
e ca
rrie
d ou
t as
a si
mpl
e ca
lcul
atio
n w
ithou
t ad
ditio
nal
cons
ider
atio
ns c
once
rnin
g th
e pr
obab
ilist
ic d
istri
butio
ns o
f in
put
para
met
ers.
(2) T
he fo
llow
ing
limit
stat
e fu
nctio
n ne
eds t
o be
fulfi
lled:
()
0)
St
tS(
SS
ACT
SLd,
ACT
crd,
CR!
"+
<#
"#
(C
1.2-
1)
S CR
,d:
desi
gn v
alue
of t
he c
ritic
al d
egre
e of
satu
ratio
n [-
]
S ACT
,d(t
< t SL
): de
sign
val
ue o
f the
act
ual d
egre
e of
satu
ratio
n at
tim
e t [
-]
t SL:
serv
ice
life
[yea
rs]
ΔS C
R:
mar
gin
of th
e cr
itica
l deg
ree
of sa
tura
tion
[-]
ΔS A
CT:
mar
gin
of th
e cr
itica
l deg
ree
of sa
tura
tion
[-]
– 90
–
Anne
x R:
Rel
iabi
lity
man
agem
ent:
from
SLS
to U
LS
Ann
ex R
(inf
orm
ativ
e)
Rel
iabi
lity
man
agem
ent:
from
SL
S to
UL
S
R1
Gen
eral
R
1.1
Acc
ordi
ng t
o Tu
utti
[19]
the
pro
cess
of
rein
forc
emen
t co
rros
ion
can
be
roug
hly
divi
ded
into
two
time
perio
ds, c
p. F
igur
e R
1.1-
1:
– In
itiat
ion
perio
d –
Prop
agat
ion
perio
d
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 91
–
Fi
gure
R1.
1-1:
Det
erio
ratio
n pr
oces
s of
rei
nfor
cem
ent
corr
osio
n an
d de
finiti
on o
f lim
it st
ates
for
basi
c sc
hem
e of
the
serv
ice
life
desi
gn
– 92
–
Anne
x R:
Rel
iabi
lity
man
agem
ent:
from
SLS
to U
LS
The
initi
atio
n pe
riod
is d
efin
ed a
s th
e tim
e un
til t
he r
einf
orce
men
t be
com
es d
epas
siva
ted
eith
er b
y ca
rbon
atio
n or
by
pene
tratio
n of
chl
orid
es.
This
per
iod
does
not
har
m t
he c
oncr
ete
and/
or t
he r
einf
orce
men
t its
elf.
As
soon
as
the
conc
rete
at t
he d
epth
of s
teel
(out
er r
einf
orce
men
t) is
car
bona
ted
or c
onta
inin
g a
certa
in a
mou
nt o
f fr
ee c
hlor
ides
the
rei
nfor
cem
ent
beco
mes
de
pass
ivat
ed. T
he e
nd o
f the
initi
atio
n pe
riod
is re
ache
d an
d co
rros
ion
(und
er
certa
in c
ircum
stan
ces)
is p
ossi
ble,
cp.
Fig
ure
R1.
1-1.
Dur
ing
the
prop
agat
ion
perio
d th
e re
info
rcem
ent
itsel
f is
aff
ecte
d w
hich
m
ay l
ead
to d
eter
iora
tion
of t
he c
oncr
ete
as w
ell.
In c
ase
of e
xpan
ding
co
rros
ion
prod
ucts
of t
he re
info
rcem
ent c
rack
s al
ong
the
rein
forc
ing
elem
ent
are
prov
oked
whi
ch s
ubse
quen
tly l
eads
to
spal
ling
of t
he c
oncr
ete
cove
r. Fi
nally
the
loss
of c
ross
sec
tion
of th
e re
info
rcem
ent m
ay le
ad to
redu
ctio
n of
th
e lo
ad b
earin
g ca
paci
ty. U
LS is
def
ined
by
the
rele
vant
failu
re m
ode
of th
e se
ctio
n an
d m
ay b
e re
ache
d by
cra
ckin
g or
spa
lling
(fai
lure
of a
ncho
rage
) or
by in
adm
issi
ble
loss
of c
ross
sec
tion.
Thi
s ha
s be
en a
lso
illus
trate
d rig
ht h
and
side
in F
igur
e R
1.1-
1.
For
the
asse
ssm
ent o
f a
stru
ctur
e to
war
ds a
cer
tain
eve
nt (
limit
stat
e) th
e re
spec
tive
time
perio
ds c
an b
e ad
ded
up a
nd c
ompa
red
with
the
time
perio
d of
inte
rest
, whi
ch is
in m
ost c
ases
the
serv
ice
life
t SL, c
p. E
quat
ion
R1.
1-1.
t SL
= t i
ni +
t pro
p,i
(R1.
1-1)
t SL:
serv
ice
life
[yea
rs]
t ini:
time
perio
d of
initi
atio
n [y
ears
] t pr
op,i:
time
perio
d of
pro
paga
tion
till
the
treat
ed e
vent
i(c
rack
ing,
sp
allin
g, c
olla
pse)
occ
urs [
year
s]
R
2 R
elia
bilit
y m
anag
emen
t
It
is a
ssum
ed,
that
the
usu
al d
esig
n of
rei
nfor
ced
and
pre-
stre
ssed
st
ruct
ures
is m
ade
in th
at w
ay, t
hat t
he U
LS re
quire
men
ts o
f Ann
ex A
, Tab
le
A2-
2 ar
e fu
lfille
d ex
actly
. C
orro
sion
of
rein
forc
emen
t (p
re-s
tress
ing
stee
l)
and/
or d
eter
iora
tion
of c
oncr
ete
(bon
d fa
ilure
, lac
k of
suf
ficie
nt c
ompr
essi
ve
cros
s sec
tion,
will
dec
reas
e th
e re
liabi
lity.
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 93
–
Fi
gure
R1.
1-1:
Den
sity
fu
nctio
n of
in
itial
an
d re
sidu
al
(afte
r co
rros
ion)
rein
forc
emen
t cro
ss se
ctio
n
If c
orro
sion
of r
einf
orce
men
t can
not
be
excl
uded
at a
ULS
relia
bilit
y an
d in
spec
tion/
mai
nten
ance
/repa
ir th
at m
eans
“in
terv
entio
n” c
an n
ot b
e ex
ecut
ed,
in e
very
cas
e th
is w
ill l
ead
to t
he n
eed
of e
xtra
rei
nfor
cem
ent
(sac
rific
ial
cros
s se
ctio
n) a
nd, d
epen
ding
on
the
expe
cted
failu
re m
ode,
spe
cial
det
ailin
g in
ord
er to
avo
id b
ond
failu
re w
ithin
the
bond
ing
zone
.
The
dim
ensi
on o
f th
is e
xtra
cro
ss s
ectio
n w
hich
influ
ence
s th
e le
ngth
of
the
prop
agat
ion
perio
d de
cisi
vely
hi
ghly
de
pend
s on
th
e re
liabi
lity
depa
ssiv
atio
n is
ex
clud
ed.
The
leng
th
of
the
perio
d un
til
the
even
t de
pass
ivat
ion
occu
rs
(initi
atio
n pe
riod)
is
de
cisi
vely
in
fluen
ced
by
the
conc
rete
qua
lity
and
the
mag
nitu
de o
f co
ncre
te c
over
. A
s bo
th p
erio
ds
parti
cipa
tes
to th
e se
rvic
e lif
e bo
th in
fluen
cing
var
iabl
es (e
xtra
rein
forc
emen
t on
the
one
han
d si
de a
nd c
oncr
ete
qual
ity a
nd c
oncr
ete
cove
r on
the
oth
er
side
) ca
n be
trad
ed o
ff. T
hat m
eans
, the
hig
her
the
relia
bilit
y w
ith r
egar
d to
de
pass
ivat
ion
the
low
er th
e ne
ed o
f ext
ra re
info
rcem
ent.
– 94
–
Anne
x R:
Rel
iabi
lity
man
agem
ent:
from
SLS
to U
LS
In e
very
cas
e, w
ithou
t any
exc
eptio
n, to
bal
ance
the
effe
ct o
f cor
rosi
on th
e ex
tra c
ross
sec
tion
is e
qual
to th
e co
rrod
ed p
art o
f the
initi
al c
ross
sec
tion,
cp.
Fi
gure
R1.
1-1,
ΔA
S,Co
rr.
How
ever
in
som
e ca
ses
it is
not
suf
ficie
nt t
o ba
lanc
e on
ly t
he e
ffec
t of
co
rros
ion.
If s
palli
ng is
con
side
red
as a
n U
LS (A
nnex
A, T
able
A3-
1, R
OC
1),
besi
de b
alan
cing
the
eff
ect
of c
orro
sion
spa
lling
hav
e to
be
avoi
ded.
Thi
s ha
ve to
be
done
by
rest
rictin
g th
e al
low
able
tota
l los
s of
cro
ss s
ectio
n an
d th
e pe
rmis
sibl
e m
axim
um e
xtra
cro
ss s
ectio
n, r
espe
ctiv
ely.
Thi
s in
evita
bly
lead
s to
a r
estri
ctio
n of
the
prop
agat
ion
perio
d. C
onse
quen
tly th
e in
itiat
ion
perio
d ha
ve t
o be
pro
long
ed,
that
mea
ns d
epas
siva
tion
have
to
be a
void
ed o
n a
high
er re
liabi
lity
leve
l to
avoi
d U
LS a
t the
requ
ired
relia
bilit
y.
In th
e fo
llow
ing
a pr
oced
ure
is d
escr
ibed
how
to q
uant
ify th
e ne
eded
ext
ra
rein
forc
emen
t.
The
proc
edur
e is
as f
ollo
ws:
In
a f
irst s
tep
the
leng
th o
f an
initi
atio
n pe
riod
is c
alcu
late
d on
bas
is o
f a
spec
ific
data
set
. Th
e in
itiat
ion
perio
d w
as s
et t
o be
ove
r as
soo
n th
e m
inim
um S
LS re
liabi
lity
of A
nnex
A, T
able
A2-
2 is
not
fulfi
lled
anym
ore.
C
omm
on a
gree
d m
odel
s to
des
crib
e th
e pr
opag
atio
n pe
riod
do n
ot e
xist
. To
gap
this
pro
blem
a D
elph
ic ro
und
was
org
aniz
ed b
y th
e Ta
skgr
oup
5.6
and
expe
rts a
ll ov
er th
e w
orld
gav
e th
eir
opin
ion
on e
xpec
ted
pene
tratio
n de
pths
an
d pr
opag
atio
n pe
riods
in a
spec
ific
carb
onat
ion
envi
ronm
ent.
This
dat
a w
as e
valu
ated
in a
sec
ond
step
. In
a th
ird s
tep
the
need
ed e
xtra
cr
oss
sect
ion
was
det
erm
ined
whi
ch i
s ne
eded
to
ensu
re t
he r
equi
red
ULS
re
liabi
lity
(her
e: fa
ilure
mod
e ac
cord
ing
to A
nnex
A, T
able
A3-
1, R
OC
3).
R
3 In
itiat
ion
Peri
od
R3.
1 M
odel
to c
alcu
late
the
initi
atio
n pe
riod
t ini
(E
xpos
ition
XC
4)
The
pred
icte
d de
pth
of c
arbo
natio
n at
the
end
of s
ervi
ce li
fe x
c(tSL
) has
to
be c
ompa
red
with
the
conc
rete
cov
er a
in o
rder
to o
btai
n a
pred
ictio
n ab
out
the
relia
bilit
y in
cas
e of
car
bona
tion
indu
ced
corr
osio
n. T
his
lead
s to
the
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 95
– fo
llow
ing
limit
stat
e eq
uatio
n fo
r the
initi
atio
n pe
riod:
Firs
t Not
atio
n fo
r L
imit
Stat
e: D
epas
siva
tion
()
()
SLc
SLc
tx
a)
tx
g(a,
!=
(R
3.1-
1)
()
SLSL
St
1 AC
C,0
tc
et
Wt
C)
åR
(kk
k2
a!
!!
+!
!!
!"
="
a:
conc
rete
cov
er [m
m]
x c(t S
L):
carb
onat
ion
dept
h at
the
end
of se
rvic
e lif
e t SL
[mm
]
By
conv
ertin
g Eq
uatio
n R
3.1-
1 to
com
pare
the
tim
e pe
riod
of i
nitia
tion
with
the
serv
ice
life
acco
rdin
g to
Equ
atio
n R
1.1-
1 th
e fo
llow
ing
nota
tion
can
be u
sed,
cp.
Eq
uatio
n R
3.1-
2.
(The
firs
t an
d th
e se
cond
not
atio
n ar
e eq
uiva
lent
.) Se
cond
Not
atio
n fo
r L
imit
Stat
e: D
epas
siva
tion
()
SLin
iSL
ini
tt
t,t
g!
=
(R3.
1-2)
()
SL
1w
21
w2 0
2S
t1
AC
C,0
tc
et
ta
Cå
Rk
kk
2!
"" #$
%% &'(
(+
((
((
="" #$
%% &'
!(
(!
t ini:
time
perio
d of
initi
atio
n du
e to
car
bona
tion
[yea
rs]
t SL:
serv
ice
life
[yea
rs]
R3.
2 E
valu
atio
n of
the
initi
atio
n pe
riod
t ini
(E
xpos
ition
XC
4)
To c
alcu
late
the
rel
iabi
lity
agai
nst
depa
ssiv
atio
n of
rei
nfor
cem
ent
for
chos
en e
nviro
nmen
tal c
ondi
tions
and
mat
eria
l pro
perti
es (R
AC
C,0-1
; a) t
he li
mit
stat
e (e
ither
Equ
atio
n R
3.1-
1 or
Equ
atio
n R
3.1-
2) h
as to
be
eval
uate
d. H
ereb
y th
e va
riabl
es d
escr
ibin
g th
e en
viro
nmen
tal c
ondi
tions
hav
e be
en q
uant
ified
in
acco
rdan
ce t
o th
e ex
posi
tion
clas
s X
C4.
The
mat
eria
l pr
oper
ties
have
bee
n ch
osen
in s
uch
a w
ay, t
hat t
he re
liabi
lity
inde
x lin
ked
to d
epas
siva
tion
of th
e re
info
rcem
ent
afte
r 50
ye
ars
of
expo
sure
re
ache
s β d
epas
sivat
ion =
1.3
. A
n
– 96
–
Anne
x R:
Rel
iabi
lity
man
agem
ent:
from
SLS
to U
LS
illus
trativ
e ov
ervi
ew o
f al
l qu
antif
ied
varia
bles
is
give
n in
Tab
le R
3-1.
The
ev
alua
tion
of t
he l
imit
stat
e fu
nctio
n ca
n be
car
ried
out
with
com
pute
r pr
ogra
ms
like
e.g.
[12]
.
Tabl
e R3
-1:
Ove
rvie
w
of
quan
tifie
d va
riab
les
to
desc
ribe
th
e du
ratio
n of
the
initi
atio
n pe
riod
for t
he e
xpos
ition
XC
4
Var
iabl
e U
nit
Dis
tribu
tion
Mea
n V
alue
St
anda
rd
Dev
iatio
n R
Hre
al (k
c) [%
] be
ta d
istri
butio
n m
= 8
0; s
= 1
0 a
= 40
; b =
100
R
h ref
(kc)
[%]
cons
tant
65
-
[-
] co
nsta
nt
2.5
-
1
[-
] co
nsta
nt
5.0
- b c
(kc)
[-]
norm
al d
istri
butio
n -0
.567
0.
024
2 t c
(kc)
[d]
norm
al d
istri
butio
n 4
- 3
k t
[-]
norm
al d
istri
butio
n 1.
25
0.35
4 R
AC
C,0
-1
[(m²/s
)/(kg
/m³)]
([
(mm²/y
ears
)/(kg
/m³)]
) no
rmal
dis
tribu
tion
23 ·
10-1
1
(7,3
00)
8 · 1
0-11
(2,5
00)
5 ε t
[(m²/s
)/(kg
/m³)]
([
(mm²/y
ears
)/(kg
/m³)]
) no
rmal
dis
tribu
tion
1.0
· 10-1
1
(315
.5)
0.15
· 10
-11
(48)
6
Cs
[kg/
m³]
norm
al d
istri
butio
n 8.
2 · 1
0-4
1.0
· 10-4
7
t [y
ears
] co
nsta
nt
50
- To
W (W
) [-
] co
nsta
nt
0.2
[-]
b w (W
) [-
] no
rmal
dis
tribu
tion
0.44
6 0.
163
p SR (W
) [-
] co
nsta
nt
0.1
-
8
t 0 (W
) [y
ears
] co
nsta
nt
0.07
67
- 9
a [m
m]
norm
al d
istri
butio
n 25
8
Furth
erm
ore
for
dem
onst
ratio
n re
ason
s al
so a
par
amet
er s
tudy
ove
r th
e in
itiat
ion
perio
d t in
i, w
ith q
uant
ities
for
the
req
uire
d va
riabl
es a
s gi
ven
in
Tabl
e R
3-1
has
been
car
ried
out
with
[12
]. Th
e pa
ram
eter
stu
dy o
ver
the
varia
ble
t ini c
ame
up w
ith th
e re
sult
as o
utlin
ed in
Fig
ure
R3.
2-1.
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 97
–
Fi
gure
R3.
2-1:
Cum
ulat
ive
freq
uenc
y of
t in
i as
a
resu
lt of
th
e pa
ram
eter
stu
dy o
ver
the
dura
tion
of t
he i
nitia
tion
peri
od (v
aria
bles
acc
ordi
ng to
Tab
le R
3-1)
R4
Prop
agat
ion
Peri
od
R4.
1 L
imit
Stat
e
To
des
crib
e th
e lim
it st
ates
link
ed to
the
prop
agat
ion
perio
d ac
cord
ing
to
Equa
tion
R1.
1-1
the
follo
win
g Eq
uatio
n R
4.1-
1 ca
n be
eva
luat
ed in
term
s of
g
(…) <
0.
Lim
it St
ate
Equ
atio
n B
ased
on
Seco
nd N
otat
ion
()
SLi
prop
,in
iSL
ipr
op,
ini
tt
tt,
t,t
g!
+=
(R
4.1-
1)
– 98
–
Anne
x R:
Rel
iabi
lity
man
agem
ent:
from
SLS
to U
LS
with
:
()
!! "#$$ %&
'(
('
!! "#
$$ %&(
(+
((
((
=1
w2
1
w2 0
2S
t1
AC
C,0
tc
ein
it
aC
åR
kk
k2
t
t ini:
dura
tion
of in
itiat
ion
perio
d du
e to
car
bona
tion
[yea
rs]
t prop
,i: du
ratio
n of
pro
paga
tion
perio
d til
l the
trea
ted
even
t i (s
palli
ng,
crac
king
, col
laps
e) o
ccur
s [y
ears
]
t SL:
serv
ice
life
[yea
rs]
R
4.2
Eva
luat
ion
of t p
rop,
crac
k an
d t p
rop,
spal
l
W
ithin
a c
arrie
d ou
t “D
elph
ic O
racl
e” e
xper
ts g
ave
expe
rienc
e ba
sed
estim
atio
ns a
bout
the
dura
tion
of th
e of
pro
paga
tion
perio
d til
l the
eve
nt o
f cr
acki
ng a
nd s
palli
ng w
ithin
giv
en e
xpos
ure
cond
ition
s. W
here
as th
e st
art o
f th
e es
timat
ed p
ropa
gatio
n pe
riod
has
been
def
ined
as
the
poin
t in
tim
e in
w
hich
the
rei
nfor
cem
ent
beco
mes
dep
assi
vate
d. F
urth
erm
ore
the
follo
win
g co
nditi
ons h
ad to
be
cons
ider
ed:
–ex
posu
re c
lass
acc
ordi
ng to
the
defin
ition
of E
N 2
06, p
rEN
199
2-1-
1 –
conc
rete
cov
er a
ccor
ding
to p
rEN
199
2-1-
1, T
able
4.4
, stru
ctur
al c
lass
3.
A
s th
e av
erag
e ye
arly
tem
pera
ture
diff
ered
on
whi
ch th
e es
timat
ions
hav
e be
en b
ased
the
raw
dat
a ha
d to
be
adap
ted.
In th
e pr
esen
ted
case
all
data
has
be
en tr
ansf
orm
ed to
a re
fere
nce
tem
pera
ture
of T
ref =
20°
C =
293
K u
sing
the
Arr
heni
us-e
quat
ion
in c
orre
spon
denc
e to
[20]
, cp.
Equ
atio
n R
4.2-
1.
()
()
iT
iPr
opre
fPr
opk
Tt
Tt
=
(R4.
2-1)
!! "#$$ %&
'(
=
ire
f
i
T1T1
bT
e
1k
t prop
(Tre
f):
dura
tion
of p
ropa
gatio
n pe
riod
till
the
treat
ed e
vent
ba
sed
on re
fere
nce
tem
pera
ture
Tre
f [ye
ars]
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 99
–
t prop
(Ti):
du
ratio
n of
pro
paga
tion
perio
d til
l th
e tre
ated
eve
nt
base
d on
tem
pera
ture
Ti [
year
s]
k Ti:
trans
fer v
aria
ble
to c
onsi
der t
he in
fluen
ce o
f tem
pera
ture
on
the
dura
tion
prop
agat
ion
perio
d [-
]
T ref
: re
fere
nce
tem
pera
ture
, her
e: 2
93 [K
] T i
: te
mpe
ratu
re
on
whi
ch
the
estim
atio
n ab
out
the
prop
agat
ion
perio
d ha
s bee
n ba
sed
[K]
b:
regr
essi
on p
aram
eter
, her
e: 4
300
[K]
By
treat
ing
the
estim
ated
min
imum
val
ues
of th
e ex
perts
as
1 %
qua
ntile
s, th
e m
ean
valu
es a
s 50
% q
uant
iles
and
the
max
imum
val
ues
as 9
9 %
qu
antil
es th
e fo
llow
ing
cum
ulat
ive
freq
uenc
ies
for t
he e
stim
ated
pro
paga
tion
perio
ds c
an b
e dr
awn,
cp.
Fig
ure
R4.
2-1.
The
cum
ulat
ive
freq
uenc
ies
in
Figu
re R
4.2-
1 ta
ke th
e pr
opag
atio
n pe
riod
base
d on
the
refe
renc
e te
mpe
ratu
re
of T
= 2
93 K
(20°
C) i
nto
acco
unt.
– 10
0 –
Anne
x R:
Rel
iabi
lity
man
agem
ent:
from
SLS
to U
LS
Figu
re R
4.2-
1: C
umul
ativ
e fr
eque
ncie
s of
the
est
imat
ed p
ropa
gatio
n pe
riod
link
ed to
the
even
t of c
rack
ing
and
spal
ling
Th
e ev
alua
tion
base
d on
mea
n va
lues
for e
ach
of th
e tre
ated
qua
ntile
(cp.
Fi
gure
R4.
2-1)
cam
e to
the
follo
win
g re
sult
for a
qua
ntifi
catio
n of
t pro
p,i li
nked
to
the
even
ts o
f cra
ckin
g an
d sp
allin
g, c
p. F
igur
e R
4.2-
2.
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 10
1 –
Fi
gure
R4.
2-2:
Cum
ulat
ive
freq
uenc
y of
the
eva
luat
ed v
aria
bles
tpr
op,i
linke
d to
th
e ev
ent
of
crac
king
an
d sp
allin
g (T
= 2
93 K
)
R4.
3 E
valu
atio
n of
tpr
op,c
olla
pse
(Rec
alcu
latio
n of
V
Cor
r)
C
orro
sion
of
rein
forc
emen
t be
com
es c
ritic
al,
if re
quire
d U
LS r
elia
bilit
y ca
n no
t be
verif
ied
at a
leve
l, w
hich
is r
equi
red
acco
rdin
g to
Tab
le A
2-2
of
Ann
ex
A.
Ass
umed
, th
at
the
stru
ctur
al
desi
gn
of
rein
forc
ed
conc
rete
st
ruct
ures
is
mad
e m
ore
or l
ess
exac
tly o
n a
ULS
rel
iabi
lity,
cor
rosi
on o
f re
info
rcem
ent w
ill re
duce
a s
uffic
ient
ULS
-rel
iabi
lity
to a
n in
suff
icie
nt le
vel.
In c
ase
of n
o in
spec
tion/
mai
nten
ance
/repa
ir ex
tra r
einf
orce
men
t is
req
uire
d w
hich
can
cor
rode
. Th
is e
xtra
cro
ss s
ectio
n ha
s to
be
deriv
ed f
rom
the
co
rros
ion
pene
tratio
n de
pth
one
have
to e
xpec
t dur
ing
serv
ice
life.
In
ord
er to
ver
ify th
e re
quire
d re
liabi
lity
for t
he e
vent
of c
olla
pse
the
limit
– 10
2 –
Anne
x R:
Rel
iabi
lity
man
agem
ent:
from
SLS
to U
LS
stat
e as
gi
ven
in
Equa
tion
R4.
1-1
has
to
be
eval
uate
d fo
r th
e ev
ent
i = c
olla
pse.
Fo
llow
ing
the
appr
oach
des
crib
ed a
bove
the
dur
atio
n of
the
pro
paga
tion
perio
d lin
ked
to th
e ev
ent o
f co
llaps
e ha
s to
be
dete
rmin
ed. T
he c
alcu
latio
n ha
s be
en c
arrie
d ou
t by
usi
ng t
he f
ollo
win
g si
mpl
ified
mod
el, c
p. E
quat
ion
R4.
3-1.
corr
colla
pse
crit,
colla
pse
prop
,v
xt
=
(R4.
3-1)
t prop
,col
laps
e: du
ratio
n of
pro
paga
tion
perio
d til
l th
e ev
ent
of c
olla
pse
[yea
rs]
x crit
,col
laps
e: pe
netra
tion
dept
h of
the
rei
nfor
cem
ent
linke
d to
cor
rosi
on
lead
ing
to c
olla
pse
[µm
]
v cor
r: co
rros
ion
rate
[µm
/yea
rs]
By
usin
g th
e in
form
atio
n of
the
“Del
phic
Ora
cle”
(es
timat
ed m
ean
valu
e of
pen
etra
tion
dept
h til
l the
trea
ted
even
t and
the
resp
ectiv
e m
ean
valu
e of
the
dura
tion
of t
he p
ropa
gatio
n pe
riod)
an
appr
oxim
ate
valu
e fo
r th
e co
rros
ion
rate
can
be
deriv
ed in
a s
imila
r w
ay a
s in
dica
ted
by E
quat
ion
R4.
3-1.
In
the
cons
ider
ed c
ase
the
mea
n va
lue
of c
alcu
late
d co
rros
ion
rate
s lin
ked
to t
he
even
t of
cra
ckin
g an
d sp
allin
g ha
s be
en c
alcu
late
d (3
8 µ
m/a
) by
tak
ing
a te
mpe
ratu
re o
f T
= 29
3 K
(20
°C)
into
acc
ount
. Fu
rther
mor
e it
has
been
as
sum
ed t
hat
the
corr
osio
n de
pth
is a
log
norm
al d
istri
bute
d va
riabl
e w
ith a
va
riatio
n of
app
roxi
mat
ely
50 %
.
In
adv
ance
pen
etra
tion
dept
hs x
crit,
colla
pse
(in m
agni
tude
of
25 %
los
s of
cr
oss
sect
ion,
cp.
Ann
ex A
, Ta
ble
A3-
1, R
OC
3) h
ave
been
set
as
cons
tant
pa
ram
eter
s in
dep
ende
ncy
of t
he r
einf
orce
men
t di
amet
er a
s 1,
000
µm
(fo
r di
amet
er 1
2 m
m)
or 2
,000
µm
(fo
r di
amet
er 2
5 m
m).
This
was
mad
e to
en
able
a c
alcu
latio
n of
cor
resp
ondi
ng p
ropa
gatio
n pe
riods
(tpr
op,co
llaps
e).
A p
aram
eter
stu
dy o
ver
the
varia
ble
t prop
,col
laps
e (pr
opag
atio
n pe
riod
till t
he
even
t of c
olla
pse)
has
bee
n ca
rrie
d ou
t with
the
with
Com
rel a
nd S
tatre
l, bo
th
belo
ngin
g to
the
softw
are
pack
age
Stru
rel [
12].
The
resu
lt of
this
eva
luat
ion
is o
utlin
ed in
Fig
ure
R4.
3-1,
her
eby
cons
ider
ing
a cr
itica
l pen
etra
tion
dept
h of
1,0
00 µ
m a
nd 2
,000
µm
.
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 10
3 –
Fi
gure
R4.
3-1:
Par
amet
er
stud
y ov
er
t prop
,col
laps
e (d
urat
ion
of
the
prop
agat
ion
peri
od t
ill t
he e
vent
of
colla
pse)
for
a
pene
trat
ion
dept
h of
x c
rit,c
olla
pse =
1,0
00
µm
an
d x c
rit,c
olla
pse =
2,0
00 µ
m
– 10
4 –
Anne
x R:
Rel
iabi
lity
man
agem
ent:
from
SLS
to U
LS
R5
Eva
luat
ion
of L
imit
Stat
es
Cal
cula
tion
no. 1
(“D
elph
ic O
racl
e”, T
= 2
93°K
, βde
pass
ivat
ion =
1.3
)
With
ass
umpt
ions
for
the
inp
ut d
ata
to m
odel
the
ini
tiatio
n pe
riod
acco
rdin
g to
Tab
le R
3-1
and
info
rmat
ion
conc
erni
ng th
e pr
opag
atio
n pe
riod
deriv
ed fr
om th
e “D
elph
ic O
racl
e” th
e fo
llow
ing
relia
bilit
ies
afte
r 50
year
s of
ex
posu
re (
targ
et s
ervi
ce l
ife)
have
bee
n ca
lcul
ated
by
eval
uatio
n of
the
re
spec
tive
limit
stat
e eq
uatio
ns a
nd ta
king
a te
mpe
ratu
re o
f T =
293
K (2
0°C
) in
to a
ccou
nt, c
p. T
able
R5-
1.
Tabl
e R5
-1:
Eval
uate
d re
liabi
lity
indi
ces
for
the
expo
sitio
n XC
4,
star
ting
from
a r
elia
bilit
y in
dex
of β
depa
ssiv
atio
n = 1
.3
(ref
eren
ce te
mpe
ratu
re o
f T =
293
K)
Lim
it St
ate
resp
ectiv
e tim
e pe
riod
for t
he
treat
ed e
vent
dist
r. m
[y
ears
] s
[yea
rs]
Info
rmat
ion
deriv
ed fr
om β
for
t SL =
50
year
s
depa
ssiv
atio
n of
re
info
rcem
ent
t ini
LogN
57
0 11
50
Mod
el w
ith q
uant
ified
in
put v
aria
bles
acc
ordi
ng
to T
able
1
1.3*
crac
king
of
conc
rete
t pr
op,c
rack
Lo
gN
4.5
1.5
Del
phic
Ora
cle
1.4
spal
ling
of
conc
rete
t pr
op,sp
all
LogN
9.
0 2.
5 D
elph
ic O
racl
e 1.
4
t prop
,col
laps
e 32
16
1.
8 co
llaps
e of
the
stru
ctur
al p
arts
t pr
op,c
olla
pse
LogN
52
20
corr
osio
n ra
te c
alcu
late
d ba
sed
on in
form
atio
n fr
om D
elph
ic O
racl
e an
d es
timat
ion
for x
crit,
colla
pse
2.4
*ini
tial r
elia
bilit
y in
dex
( mat
eria
l var
iabl
es h
ave
been
qua
ntifi
ed w
ith th
e ai
m to
reac
h th
is re
liabi
lity
inde
x) Acc
ordi
ng to
ISO
239
4 a
min
imum
targ
et re
liabi
lity
inde
x fo
r an
ultim
ate
limit
stat
e, s
uch
as c
olla
pse,
of β c
olla
pse =
3.1
is
requ
ired,
in
othe
r st
anda
rds
relia
bilit
ies
betw
een
3.7
and
4.4,
cp.
Ann
ex A
, Tab
le A
2-2
are
requ
ired.
As
the
corr
osio
n in
duce
d re
duct
ion
of r
einf
orce
men
t is
one
of v
ario
us u
ncer
tain
re
sist
ance
var
iabl
es, p
roba
bly
the
mos
t dom
inan
t res
ista
nce
varia
ble,
the
extra
de
pth
has t
o be
des
igne
d on
a re
liabi
lity
leve
l of a
ppro
x. β
ULS
,cor
r = 0
.8⋅β
colla
pse.
For
the
befo
reha
nd a
ssum
ed e
xtra
dep
ths
x crit
= 1
,000
µm
(re
info
rcem
ent
diam
eter
12
mm
) an
d 2,
000
µm
(f
or
diam
eter
25
mm
) th
e ca
lcul
ated
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 10
5 – re
liabi
litie
s w
ere
1.8
and
2.4
resp
ectiv
ely.
The
cal
cula
ted
relia
bilit
ies
of
β ULS
,cor
r = 2
.4
(cor
resp
onds
to
β c
olla
pse =
3.0
), an
d 1.
8 (c
orre
spon
ds
to
β col
laps
e = 2
.3) a
re n
ot su
ffic
ient
, cp.
Tab
le R
3-1.
Cal
cula
tion
no. 2
(“D
elph
ic O
racl
e”, T
= 2
93°K
, βU
LS,
corr
= 3
.1)
In o
rder
to
mee
t th
e Ta
ble
A2-
2 re
quire
men
ts (
RC
1: β
colla
pse =
3.7
, RC
2:
β col
laps
e = 4
.2)
a re
liabi
lity
of β U
LS,c
orr =
0.8⋅β
colla
pse o
f ap
prox
imat
ely
β ULS
,cor
r = 3
.1 h
ave
to b
e co
nfirm
ed.
Due
to
the
calc
ulat
ed r
elia
bilit
y in
dex
with
in “
calc
ulat
ion
no. 1
” w
hich
wer
e as
sess
ed t
o be
not
suf
ficie
nt, f
urth
er
calc
ulat
ions
hav
e be
en c
arrie
d ou
t ai
min
g to
mee
t th
e re
quire
men
t fo
r th
e ev
ent o
f col
laps
e. T
his
mea
ns, f
or th
ese
calc
ulat
ions
the
mat
eria
l var
iabl
es (a
, R
AC
C,0-1
, cp.
Tab
le R
5-2)
hav
e be
en q
uant
ified
in s
uch
a w
ay, t
hat a
t the
end
of
serv
ice
life
the
calc
ulat
ed re
liabi
lity
inde
x β c
olla
pse fu
lfills
the
requ
irem
ent.
Tabl
e R5
-2:
Ove
rvie
w o
f cha
nged
mat
eria
l var
iabl
es c
ompa
red
to T
able
R3
-1 q
uant
ified
var
iabl
es (a
ll ot
her v
aria
bles
are
unv
arie
d)
Var
iabl
e U
nit
Dis
tribu
tion
Mea
n V
alue
St
anda
rd
Dev
iatio
n
4 R
AC
C,0
-1
[(m²/s
)/(kg
/m³)]
([(
mm²/y
ears
)/(kg
/m³)]
) no
rmal
dis
tribu
tion
13 ·
10-1
1
(4,1
00)
5 · 1
0-11
(1,6
00)
9 a
[mm
] no
rmal
dis
tribu
tion
30
8
The
eval
uatio
n of
lim
it st
ate
base
d re
liabi
lity
indi
ces
show
s, th
at b
y ch
oosi
ng th
e m
ater
ial p
rope
rties
is s
uch
a w
ay, t
hat a
t the
end
of s
ervi
ce li
fe a
re
liabi
lity
inde
x lin
ked
to t
he e
vent
of
colla
pse
of β
ULS
,cor
r = 3
.1 i
s re
ache
d w
ithin
a c
limat
e w
ith a
mea
n te
mpe
ratu
re o
f T
= 20
°C,
the
subs
eque
nt
relia
bilit
y ag
ains
t dep
assi
vatio
n is
βde
pass
ivat
ion =
2.2
, cp.
Fig
ure
R6-
1.
Cal
cula
tion
no. 3
(“D
elph
ic O
racl
e” T
= 2
83°K
, βde
pass
ivat
ion =
1.3
)
In o
rder
to d
emon
stra
te th
e in
fluen
ce o
f th
e te
mpe
ratu
re o
n th
e co
rros
ion
rate
and
hen
ce o
n th
e ca
lcul
ated
rel
iabi
lity
indi
ces
furth
er c
alcu
latio
ns h
ave
been
car
ried
out t
akin
g a
mea
n te
mpe
ratu
re o
f T =
283
K (1
0°C
) int
o ac
coun
t, w
hich
is a
goo
d es
timat
ion
for
the
mea
n te
mpe
ratu
re f
or e
.g. G
erm
any.
The
m
ater
ial p
rope
rties
hav
e be
en c
hose
n in
suc
h a
way
, tha
t the
relia
bilit
y in
dex
linke
d to
dep
assi
vatio
n of
the
rei
nfor
cem
ent
afte
r 50
yea
rs o
f ex
posu
re
reac
hes β
depa
ssiv
atio
n = 1
.3, c
p. T
able
R3-
1.
– 10
6 –
Anne
x R:
Rel
iabi
lity
man
agem
ent:
from
SLS
to U
LS
The
eval
uatio
n of
lim
it st
ate
base
d re
liabi
lity
indi
ces
show
a s
igni
fican
t in
crea
se o
f rel
iabi
lity
indi
ces
com
pare
d to
the
corr
espo
ndin
g ca
lcul
atio
n w
ith
a te
mpe
ratu
re o
f T =
293
K. B
y st
artin
g w
ith a
lim
it st
ate
base
d re
liabi
lity
for
the
even
t of
dep
assi
vatio
n of
βde
pass
ivat
ion =
1.3
and
tak
ing
the
low
er m
ean
tem
pera
ture
int
o ac
coun
t fo
r th
e ev
ent
of c
olla
pse
a re
liabi
lity
inde
x of
β U
LS,c
orr =
3.1
(xcr
it,co
llaps
e = 2
,000
µm
) has
bee
n ca
lcul
ated
, cp.
Fig
ure
R6-
1
Cal
cula
tion
no. 4
(Dur
aCre
te, T
= 2
93°K
, βde
pass
ivat
ion =
1.3
)
For
orie
ntat
ion
purp
oses
add
ition
al c
alcu
latio
n ha
ve b
een
carr
ied
out
base
d on
cor
rosi
on r
ates
as
give
n w
ithin
[6]
. The
se e
xpos
ure
base
d da
ta h
as
been
co
llect
ed
in
sout
hern
Eu
rope
w
ithin
in
in
situ
co
nditi
ons
(mea
n te
mpe
ratu
re o
f app
roxi
mat
ely
20°C
). Th
e tim
e pe
riod
linke
d to
the
eve
nt o
f co
llaps
e ha
s be
en m
odel
led
acco
rdin
g to
Equ
atio
n R
4.3-
1, w
here
at t
he s
ame
estim
atio
n fo
r th
e cr
itica
l pe
netra
tion
dept
h as
in
the
othe
r ca
lcul
atio
n ex
ampl
es h
as b
een
used
(x
crit,
colla
pse =
2,00
0 µ
m).
By
usin
g th
is i
nfor
mat
ion
the
resp
ectiv
e re
liabi
lity
inde
x lin
ked
to t
he
even
t of
col
laps
e ca
n be
eva
luat
ed a
ccor
ding
to.
Equ
atio
n R
4.1-
1, h
ereb
y ta
king
the
mat
eria
l and
env
ironm
enta
l var
iabl
es fr
om T
able
R3-
1 in
to a
ccou
nt
to d
escr
ibe
the
initi
atio
n pe
riod.
By
star
ting
with
a li
mit
stat
e ba
sed
relia
bilit
y fo
r th
e ev
ent
of d
epas
siva
tion
of β
depa
ssiv
atio
n = 1
.3 a
nd t
akin
g th
e ex
posu
re
base
d co
rros
ion
rate
acc
ordi
ng [3
] int
o ac
coun
t the
cal
cula
ted
relia
bilit
y in
dex
β ULS
,cor
r sig
nific
antly
incr
ease
d (β
ULS
,cor
r = 3
.8),
cp. F
igur
e R
6- 1
.
R6
Con
clus
ions
St
arte
d w
ith
a gi
ven
relia
bilit
y β S
LS =
1.3
, th
e ev
alua
tion
of
the
corr
espo
ndin
g re
liabi
lity
indi
ces β S
LS to
βU
LS is
bas
ed o
n in
form
atio
n fr
om th
e “D
elph
ic O
racl
e” c
onsi
derin
g un
favo
urab
le c
ondi
tions
(sm
all c
oncr
ete
cove
r)
linke
d to
det
erio
ratio
n of
rein
forc
emen
t cau
sed
by c
orro
sion
.
The
calc
ulat
ed r
elia
bilit
ies
for
the
even
ts c
rack
ing
and
spal
ling
are
in th
e ra
nge
of 1
.3 to
1.8
(cp.
Fig
ure
R6-
1),
depe
ndin
g on
the
tem
pera
ture
reg
ime,
th
e in
fluen
ce o
f VCo
rr is
from
min
or im
porta
nce.
The
calc
ulat
ed r
elia
bilit
ies
of β
ULS
are
in
the
rang
e of
2.2
and
3.8
(cp
.
fib B
ulle
tin 3
4: M
odel
cod
e fo
r Ser
vice
Life
Des
ign
– 10
7 – Fi
gure
R6-
1),
tem
pera
ture
and
cor
rosi
on ra
te V
Corr a
re fr
om h
igh
impo
rtanc
e.
Fi
gure
R6-
1:
Eval
uate
d re
liabi
lity
indi
ces a
t the
end
of s
ervi
ce li
fe
linke
d to
the
limit
stat
es o
f dep
assi
vatio
n of
re
info
rcem
ent,
crac
king
and
spal
ling
of c
oncr
ete
cove
r an
d co
llaps
e of
the
stru
ctur
e. 4
cal
cula
tions
hav
e be
en
carr
ied
out c
onsi
deri
ng d
iffer
ent b
ound
ary
cond
ition
s (x
crit,
colla
pse
has
bee
n co
nsid
ered
as 2
,000
µm
)
Th
at
mea
ns,
a st
ruct
ure
of
robu
stne
ss
clas
s 3
(RO
C3)
ex
pose
d to
ca
rbon
atio
n an
d m
iddl
e Eu
rope
an a
vera
ge te
mpe
ratu
res
may
als
o be
ass
esse
d as
suf
ficie
nt d
urab
le w
ith r
egar
d to
ULS
-eve
nts
if m
inim
um r
equi
rem
ents
w
ith r
egar
d to
SLS
(de
pass
ivat
ion)
are
ful
fille
d. A
s so
on a
s th
e st
ruct
ure
is
clas
sifie
d to
RO
C2
or R
OC
1 an
d/or
the
stru
ctur
e is
exp
osed
to
high
er
tem
pera
ture
s (e
.g. s
outh
Eur
ope)
, hig
her
relia
bilit
ies
with
rega
rd to
the
even
t de
pass
ivat
ion
shou
ld b
e re
quire
d.
fib Bulletin 34: Model code for Service Life Design 109
References
[1] Baroghel-Bouny, V. et al.: Concrete design for structures with predefined service life – Durability control with respect to reinforcement corrosion and alkali-silica reaction. State-of-the-art and guide for the implementation of a performance-type and predictive approach based upon durability indicators (in French), Documents Scientifiques et Techniques de l’Association Francaise de Génie Civil (AFGC, Paris, July 2004), 252 p.
[2] www.duranetwork.com
[3] DuraCrete – Probabilistic Performance Based Durability Design of Concrete Structures: Statistical Quantification of the Variables in the Limit State Functions. Report No.: BE 95-1347, pp. 62-63, 2000.
[4] DARTS – Durable and Reliable Tunnel Structures: Deterioration Modelling, European Commission, Growths 2000, Contract G1RD-CT-2000-00467, Project GrD1-25633, 2004.
[5] DARTS – Durable and Reliable Tunnel Structures: Data, European Commission, Growths 2000, Contract G1RD-CT-2000-00467, Project GrD1-25633, 2004.
[6] Bamforth P. B.: “Enhancing reinforced concrete durability”, Technical Report no 61: 2004, published by the Concrete Society, www.concrete.org.uk.
[7] Ehrenberg, A.; Geiseler, J.: Ökologische Eigenschaften von Hochofenzement : Lebenswegphase Produktion: Energiebedarf, CO2-Emission und Treibhauseffekt. - In: Beton-Informationen 37 (1997), Nr. 4, S. 51-63 (in German).
[8] Collepardi M.; Marcialis, A.; Turriziani, R.: 1972, Penetration of Chloride Ions into Cement Pastes and Concretes, J.Am.Cer.Soc., Vol.55, 534-535.
[9] Maage M., Helland S.; Poulsen E.; Vennesland Ø. and Carlsen J.E.: "Service Life Prediction of Existing Concrete Structures Exposed to Marine Environment." ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 93, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 1996.
[10] Tang, L.: Chloride Penetration Profiles and Diffusivity in Concrete under Different Exposure Conditions. Gothenburg: Chalmers University of Technology, 1997. - Publication P-97:3.
[11] Nilsson, L.-O.; Carcasses, M.: "Models for chloride ingress into concrete-a critical analysis". Report on task 4.1, EU project "ChlorTest" G6RD-CT-2002-0085, Building Materials, Lund Institute of Technology.
[12] RCP Consulting: STRUREL, A Structural Reliability Analysis Program System. RCP Consulting, Munich, 1995.
[13] Tang, L.: Final evaluation of test methods, WP 5 report, EU Project “ChlorTest”: Resistance of concrete to chloride ingress – From laboratory tests to in-field performance. G6RD-CT-2002-0085, 2005.
[14] Page, C.L. ; Short, N.R. ; El Tarras, A.: Diffusion of Chloride Ions in Hardened Cement Pastes. In: Cement and Concrete Research 11 (1981), No. 3, pp. 395-406.
[15] Lay, S.: Abschätzung der Wahrscheinlichkeit tausalzinduzierter Bewehrungskorrosion - Baustein eines Systems zum Lebenszyklusmanagement von Stahlbetonbauwerken, Link: http://mediatum.ub.tum.de/mediatum/content/below/index.xml, Dissertation, TU München, 2006 (in German).
[16] Breit, W.: Untersuchungen zum kritischen korrosionsauslösenden Chloridgehalt für Stahl in Beton. In: Schriftenreihe Aachener Beiträge zur Bauforschung, Institut für Bauforschung der RWTH Aachen, Nr. 8, Dissertation, 1997 (in German).
[17] Fagerlund, G.: (2004) A service life model for internal frost damage in concrete, report TVBM-3119, Div of Building Materials, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund, Sweden.
110 References
[18] Petersson, P.-E.: (2004) A service life model for scaling resistance of concrete – reflections. Contribution to fib task group 5.6, Lund, October 2004.
[19] Tuutti, K.: Corrosion of Steel in Concrete. Stockholm: Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute. In: CBI Research No. Fo 4:82, 1982.
[20] Raupach, M.: Zur chloridinduzierten Makroelementkorrosion von Stahl in Beton. Heft 433 der Schriftenreihe des DAfStb, Beuth Verlag, 1992, Dissertation (in German).
[21] NT Build 492 11.99. Concrete, Mortar and Cement-Based Repair Materials: Chloride Migration Coefficient from Non-Steady-State Migration Experiments.
[22] Polder, R.B.; Rooij, M.R. de: Durability of marine concrete structures – field investigations and modelling, HERON, Vol. 50 (3), 133-143, 2005.
fib Bulletins published since 1998 N° Title 1 Structural Concrete
Textbook on Behaviour, Design and Performance Vol. 1: Introduction - Design Process – Materials Manual - textbook (244 pages, ISBN 2-88394-041-X, July 1999)
2 Structural Concrete Textbook on Behaviour, Design and Performance Vol. 2: Basis of Design Manual - textbook (324 pages, ISBN 2-88394-042-8, July 1999)
3 Structural Concrete Textbook on Behaviour, Design and Performance Vol. 3: Durability - Design for Fire Resistance - Member Design - Maintenance, Assessment and Repair - Practical aspects Manual - textbook (292 pages, ISBN 2-88394-043-6, December 1999)
4 Lightweight aggregate concrete: Extracts from codes and standards State-of-the-art report (46 pages, ISBN 2-88394-044-4, August 1999) Original edition out-of-print; available as photocopy only
5 Protective systems against hazards: Nature and extent of the problem Technical report (64 pages, ISBN 2-88394-045-2, October 1999)
6 Special design considerations for precast prestressed hollow core floors Guide to good practice (180 pages, ISBN 2-88394-046-0, January 2000)
7 Corrugated plastic ducts for internal bonded post-tensioning Technical report (50 pages, ISBN 2-88394-047-9, January 2000)
8 Lightweight aggregate concrete Part 1 – Recommended extensions to Model Code 90 Part 2 – Identification of research needs Part 3 – Application of lightweight aggregate concrete Guide (part 1), technical report (part 2) and state-of-the-art report (part 3) (118 pages, ISBN 2-88394-048-7, May 2000)
9 Guidance for good bridge design Part 1 – Introduction Part 2 – Design and construction aspects Guide to good practice (190 pages, ISBN 2-88394-049-5, July 2000)
10 Bond of reinforcement in concrete State-of-art report (434 pages, ISBN 2-88394-050-9, August 2000)
11 Factory applied corrosion protection of prestressing steel State-of-art report (20 pages, ISBN 2-88394-051-7, January 2001)
12 Punching of structural concrete slabs Technical report (314 pages, ISBN 2-88394-052-5, August 2001)
13 Nuclear containments State-of-art report (130 pages, 1 CD, ISBN 2-88394-053-3, September 2001)
14 Externally bonded FRP reinforcement for RC structures Technical report (138 pages, ISBN 2-88394-054-1, October 2001)
15 Durability of post-tensioning tendons Technical report (284 pages, ISBN 2-88394-055-X, November 2001)
N° Title 16 Design Examples
for the 1996 FIP recommendations Practical design of structural concrete Technical report (198 pages, ISBN 2-88394-056-8, January 2002)
17 Management, maintenance and strengthening of concrete structures Technical report (180 pages, ISBN 2-88394-057-6, April 2002)
18 Recycling of offshore concrete structures State-of-art report (33 pages, ISBN 2-88394-058-4, April 2002)
19 Precast concrete in mixed construction State-of-art report (68 pages, ISBN 2-88394-059-2, April 2002)
20 Grouting of tendons in prestressed concrete Guide to good practice (52 pages, ISBN 2-88394-060-6, July 2002)
21 Environmental issues in prefabrication State-of-art report (56 pages, ISBN 2-88394-061-4, March 2003)
22 Monitoring and safety evaluation of existing concrete structures State-of-art report (304 pages, ISBN 2-88394-062-2, May 2003)
23 Environmental effects of concrete State-of-art report (68 pages, ISBN 2-88394-063-0, June 2003)
24 Seismic assessment and retrofit of reinforced concrete buildings State-of-art report (312 pages, ISBN 2-88394-064-9, August 2003)
25 Displacement-based seismic design of reinforced concrete buildings State-of-art report (196 pages, ISBN 2-88394-065-7, August 2003)
26 Influence of material and processing on stress corrosion cracking of prestressing steel - case studies Technical report (44 pages, ISBN 2-88394-066-5, October 2003)
27 Seismic design of precast concrete building structures State-of-art report (262 pages, ISBN 2-88394-067-3, January 2004)
28 Environmental design State-of-art report (86 pages, ISBN 2-88394-068-1, February 2004)
Directory 2004 (132 pages, July 2004)
29 Precast concrete bridges State-of-art report (83 pages, ISBN 2-88394-069-X, November 2004)
30 Acceptance of stay cable systems using prestressing steels Recommendation (80 pages, ISBN 2-88394-070-3, January 2005)
31 Post-tensioning in buildings Technical report (116 pages, ISBN 2-88394-071-1, February 2005)
32 Guidelines for the design of footbridges Guide to good practice (160 pages, ISBN 2-88394-072-X, November 2005)
33 Durability of post-tensioning tendons Recommendation (74 pages, ISBN 2-88394-073-8, December 2005)
34 Model Code for Service Life Design Model Code (116 pages, ISBN 2-88394-074-6, February 2006)
Abstracts for fib Bulletins, lists of available CEB Bulletins and FIP Reports, and a publications order
form are given on the fib website at www.fib-international.org/publications.
