Model Answers for Islamiyat IGCSE / O Level: by Abu ...

Model Answers for Islamiyat_IGCSE / O Level: by Abu Abdullah Saqib Khan, Al Waha International School

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IGCSE Islamiyat

Course-book

for

Grade 9

Content:

✓ History and Compilation of Qur'an ✓ History and Compilation of Hadith ✓ Legal Thinking (Qur'an, Sunnah, Ijmaa' and Qiyaas) ✓ The Four Rightly Guided Caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali)

Prepared by:

Saqib Khan

Islamic Studies Teacher

Al Waha International School, Jeddah


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Table of Contents History and Compilation of Qur'an ................................................................................................................... 3

A Few Points on the History and Compilation of Quran ................................................................................ 4

Study of Passages from Qur'an (Appendix 1) ................................................................................................. 7

Questions and Answers ................................................................................................................................16

History and Compilation of Ahadith ...............................................................................................................31

A Few Points on the History and Compilation of Ahadith ............................................................................32

Study of Passages of Hadith (Appendix 2) ....................................................................................................38

Questions and Answers ................................................................................................................................48

Legal Thinking ..................................................................................................................................................66

Notes ............................................................................................................................................................67

Questions and Answers ...............................................................................................................................72

The Four Rightly Guided Caliphates ................................................................................................................78

Notes on the Caliphate of Abu Bakr ............................................................................................................79

Notes on the Caliphate of Umar bin Al Khattab ......................................................................................... 84

Notes on the Caliphate of Uthman bin Affaan ............................................................................................89

Notes on the Caliphate of Ali bin Abi Taalib ............................................................................................... 94

Questions and Answers ...............................................................................................................................98


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History,

Importance, and

Compilation of Qur'an


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A few Important Points on History and Compilation of

Qur'an:

1. The Qur'an was with Allah always in the preserved tablet called "Al Lawh Al Mahfoodh". Infact all

the revelations of Allah, including the Tawrah, Injeel, Zaboor and others were with Allah always. Depending

upon the need, situation and conditions that are best known to Allah, he revealed these books upon his

messengers who explained it to the people of their time, and acted upon these to set an example.

2. When the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم was 40 years old, and busy in the remembrance of Allah in the

cave of Hira in Makkah, the angel Jibreel عليه السلام descended upon him and revealed the first five aayaat of

Surah Al Alaq. This marked the Prophethood of Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم.

3. Then there was a pause for sometime, and then the first 3 verses of Surah Al Muddathhir were

revealed which marked the Messenger-ship of Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. The second aayah of this

Soorah "Arise and Warn!" was a command for him to call people towards Islam.

4. Since then, the Qur'an had been revealed upon him for a period of about 23 years. It only stopped

when he died.

5. The Qur'an was revealed upon him in stages. The revelations were either due to the situation, or

due to the questions asked by the polytheists, the people of the book or the Muslims.

6. The Surahs that were revealed before his migration to Madinah, are called as Makki and those that

were revealed after his migration to Madinah are called as Madni. The Makki surahs mostly spoke of

tawheed, the day of resurrection, the examples of previous nations and ancient stories, whereas Madni

surahs dealt with rulings and punishments.

7. The longest Makki Surah is Surah Al-An'aam which is the sixth surah in the Qur'an, and the longest

Madni Surah is Surah Al- Baqara which is the second surah in the Qur'an and also the longest Surah in

Quran with 286 aayaat.

8. The Qur'an was revealed upon the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم on the earth, in the caves, in the sky and

also in between the earth and the sky. Yes you heard it right! The Qur'an was also revealed upon the

Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم in the skies and also in between the earth and the sky. This was on the night of Al-

Israa Wal-Me'raaj. When he was being taken to Jerusalem from Makkah, Qur'an was revealed upon him,

and also when he went above the seven skies to meet Allah, Qur'an was revealed upon him there too.


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9. The whole Qur'an was revealed by Allah through Jibreel عليه السلام except the last two aayaat of

Surah Al Baqara. These two aayaat were directly spoken and revealed by Allah to the Prophet صلى الله عليه

.when he went above the seven skies on the night of Me'raaj وسلم

10. There is a big difference of opinion regarding what was the last aayah of the Qur'an that was

revealed upon the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم. However, closer to being correct is aayah no. 281 of Surah Al

Baqara which was said to be revealed about nine days before his death.

11. As the Qur'an kept revealing upon the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم throughout his life after he became

a Prophet up till this death, and also because Allah abrogated a few aayaat of the Qur'an (which means that

what was once permissible, became impermissible later or what was impermissible earlier, became

permissible later), there was no time for him to compile the Qur'an in his lifetime.

12. After his death, upon the suggestion of Umar bin Al Khattaab, Abu Bakr As-Siddeeq commanded

Zaid bin Thaabit to compile the Qur'an into one Mush-haf. Then, with agreement of all the huffaaz of the

Qur'an present at that time, the Qur'an was successfully compiled. There is a unanimous agreement of the

Sahaaba upon this compilation, leaving no room for any doubt.

13. Then during the caliphate of Uthmaan bin Affaan, when many non-arab countries were brought

under the Islamic Rule, people started to recite Qur'an in many different ways and this alarmed the

sahaaba. So Uthmaan bin Affaan commanded that the Qur'an be compiled over a single dialect which was

the Quraishee dialect, so that all people recite the Qur'an in the same way. This Mush-haf was later known

as Mush-haf Al-Uthmaani, and it is the same Mush-haf which we have today. The Sahaaba have agreed

upon its pronunciation, and the sequencing of the Surahs.

14. There is a great reward for reciting the Qur'an and memorizing it. It is narrated through authentic

sources that Uthmaan bin Affaan use to recite the entire Qur'an every night in his Tahajjud prayer.


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Studying the Passages from Qur'an (Appendix 1 of IGCSE Syllabus)

1. Passage 1 (2:255)

2. Passage 2 (6:101-103)


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3. Passage 3 (41:37)

4. Passage 4 (42: 4-5)


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5. Passage 5 (Surah 112)



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7. Passage 7 (2:21-22)

8. Passage 8 (96:1-5)


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11. Passage 11 (2:30-37)

12. Passage 12 (6:75-79)


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13. Passage 13 (5:110)



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1. (a) Write an account of the ways in which the Qur’an was revealed to the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم between the years 610

and 632.

(b) What does the Prophet’s صلى الله عليه وسلم first experience of revelation tell us about the nature of prophethood in

Islam? (O/N 2009)

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2. (a) Give an account of how the Qur’an was compiled in the years following the Prophet’s صلى الله عليه وسلم death.

(b) Explain why the first community of Muslims thought it was necessary to compile the Qur’an? (M/J 2010)

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3. (a) From the Qur'anic passages you have studied, write about God's relationship with humankind.

(b) Explain the significance of the Qur'an being revealed to humankind. (M/J 2009)

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4. (a) Write about the Prophet’s different experiences of revelation, after the first revelation.

(b) Explain the significance of the Qur’an being revealed over a period of time. (O/N 2012)

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5. (a) Using passages you have studied, write about the main teachings about God in the Qur’an.

(b) How might these teachings affect a Muslim’s life today? . (O/N 2012)

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History,

Importance, and

Compilation of Ahadith


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A few Important Points on History and Compilation of

Ahadith:

Hadith is any statement, action, description or approval which is ascribed to the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم through an

established chain of narrators.

The Qur'an and the authentic Hadith are from Allah. Both were revealed upon the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم through

Jibreel عليه السلام. The only difference between them is that the Qur'an is the word of Allah, whereas the

hadith is narrated in own words by Jibreel, and then the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم, although its meaning is from Allah.

Allah says: Nor does he speak of (his own) desire. It is only an Inspiration (Wahy) that is inspired (53:2-3).

The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said: “Verily I have been given the Qur’an and something similar to it along with it." (As-

Silsilah As-Saheehah 2870)

The Ahadith comprise the Sunnah of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم which was learnt by his companions, then conveyed to

those who came after them, and this way, the Ahadith is the only source to know the Sunnah.

The Structure of the Hadith:

The hadith is made up of two parts, the Sanad (chain of narrators) and the Matn (the main text).

Take a look at the following Hadith:

بن موسى، قال أخبرنا حنظلة بن أبي سف يان، عن عكرمة بن خالد، عن ابن عمر ـ رضى الله حدثنا عبيد الل

دا وأن محم صلى الله عليه وسلم " بني الإسلام على خمس شهادة أن لا إله إلا الل عنهما ـ قال قال رسول الل

، وإقام الصلاة ، وصوم رمضان رسول الل كاة، والحج ، وإيتاء الز

Sanad: (The text that is written in white is the Sanad)

Ubaidullah bin Moosa narrated to us, who said, “Handhalah bin Abi Sufyaan informed us from Ikrimah bin

Khaalid from Ibn Umar who said that the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said……... “

The Prophet of Allah, Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم

The Sahaabi, Abdullah ibn Umar

Ikrimah bin Khaalid

Handhalah bin Abi Sufyaan

Ubaidullah bin Moosa

Imaam Muslim bin Hajjaaj (The Muhaddith)


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Matn:

Allah's Messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم said: Islam is based on (the following) five (principles): To testify that none has the

right to be worshipped but Allah and Muhammad is Allah's Messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم, to offer the (compulsory

congregational) prayers dutifully and perfectly, to pay Zakat (i.e. obligatory charity), to perform Hajj. (i.e.

Pilgrimage to Makah), and to observe fast during the month of Ramadan. (Saheeh Muslim)

Authentic Ahadith are Protected by Allah

He says, "Verily, We have sent down the dhikr (Qur'an and Sunnah) and surely We will guard it." (15:9)

Process of Writing the Ahadtih

Though the Process of writing down the ahadith, compiling them, verifying them and grading them as per

the authenticity, has never ceased to exist, the main process of writing it down is classified into three main

periods. Namely:

1. The First Period of Compilation

2. The Second Period of Compilation

3. The Third Period of Compilation

The First Period of Compilation:

1. This period is of the time of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم when he was alive.

2. In the early part of Prophethood, the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم forbade his companions from writing down the

ahadith. This was due to the fear that they may mistake the ahadith to be a part of the Qur'an and

mix everything together. The newly converted Muslims needed to be well grounded and familiar

with the Qur'an so that they could differentiate between these two types of revelations (The

Qur'an and the Hadith). The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said: Do not take down anything from me, and he who took

down anything from me except the Qur'an, he should efface that and narrate from me (Saheeh

Muslim: 3004)

3. But during the latter part of the Prophethood, this prohibition was no longer existent. A few

companions of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم, wrote down the ahadith during his lifetime, and it was also known to

him. A few of them were: Abdullah bin Amr bin Al Aas, Abdullah bin Umar, Jaabir bin Abdullah,

Anas bin Maalik رضي الله عنهم and so on.

a. Abdullah bin Amr bin Al-Aas ي الله عنهما said: I used to write everything which I heard from the رض

Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم. I intended (by it) to memorise it. The Quraysh prohibited me saying: Do

you write everything that you hear from him while the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم is a human being:

he speaks in anger and pleasure? So I stopped writing, and mentioned it to the Messenger of

Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم. He signaled with his finger to his mouth and said: Write, by Him in Whose hand my

soul lies, only right comes out from it. (Saheeh Abi Dawood, 3646).

b. After the conquest of Makkah, the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم, stood up and delivered a short sermon. There

was a Sahaabi named Abu Shaah who was a Yemeni. He stood up and said “"O Allah's

Messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم! Get it written for me." Allah's Messenger صلى الله عليه وسلم said, "Write it for Abu Shaah.“

(Saheeh Bukhari 2434)

c. Abu Hurairah رضي الله عنه said: There is none among the companions of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم who has

narrated more ahadith than I except Àbdullah bin Àmr (bin Al-Àas) who used to write them

and I never did the same. (Saheeh Bukhari 113)


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The Second Period of Compilation:

1. This was the time when the ahadith were being collected and compiled into different books and

formats with the intention of preserving them. This was first taken place under the supervision of

the then caliph, Umar bin Abdul Azeez. He felt that the Sunnah was being corrupted as people

narrated anything and attributed it to the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم. So he commanded that the Ahadith be

collected and compiled, so that its authenticity could be preserved.

2. Those who were given the responsibility to carry out this task were Imaam Shihaabuddin Az-Zuhri

and Abu Bakr Al Hazm. That is why it is known that Imaam Az-Zuhri (the taabi'ee) was the first

person to collect and compile the ahadith. He used the writings and compilations of the sahaaba

and the other taabi'een that were available to him.

The Third Period of Compilation:

1. This period is known as the Golden-Era for the compilation of the ahadith (this era was the one that

followed the era of Az-Zuhri and his companions).

2. This was the era when a few compilations of ahadith were now present, and there were great

scholars of hadith who could continue with the work of compilation and verification of hadith.

Scholars like Imaam Maalik bin Anas (93-179 AH) of Madinah compiled the very famous Al-

Muwatta, Ali ibn Al Madeeni (161-234 AH) wrote more than a 100 books, Imaam Ahmad ibn

Hanbal (164-241 AH) compiled the very famous Musnad Ahmad, his student Imaam Al Bukhaaree

(194 to 256 AH) compiled the most famous and the most authentic book of Hadith called "Saheeh

Al Bukhaaree", then his student Imaam Muslim (202 or 206 to 261 AH) compiled "Saheeh Al

Muslim", the second most famous and authentic compilation of hadith, Imaam Abu Dawood (202

to 275 AH), the student of Imaam Ahmad, compiled Sunan Abu Dawood, then his student Imaam

At-Tirmidhi (209-279 AH) compiled Jaami' At-Tirmidhi and so on. There were many more that

followed them and aided to the work compiling and verifying the hadith. The six famous

compilations of hadith, collectively known as Sihaah Sitta were compiled in this era.

3. Biographies of the narrators of Hadith were written in this era. These were known as Asmaa Ar-

Rijaal. All the narrators of hadith were thoroughly checked and classified into different categories

depending upon their piety, trustworthiness, soundness of memory and overall condition. This

enabled the scholars to easily trace the narrators and judge the hadith. These biographies also

mentioned the names of their teachers, the places they lived, the cities they travelled and those

from whom they narrated.

Verification of the Hadith

1. Why should the hadith be verified?

a. Allah instructs the Muslims to verify and authenticate any news that reaches them.

He says, "O you who believe! If a rebellious evil person comes to you with a news, verify it, lest

you harm people in ignorance (49:6)

b. The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلمsaid, "It is enough to call a man a liar that he narrates everything he hears"

(Authenticated by Imaam Albanee in Saheeh al-Jaami' 4482 and Jaami' as-Sagheer, 8611)

c. Muhammad bin Sireen (رحمه الله) said, "They (i.e. the scholars of Hadeeth) did not used to ask

about the chain of narration (isnaad). But when the fitnah occurred, they would question by

asking: “Name us your men?” So they would look towards ahlus-Sunnah and take their hadeeth

– and they would look towards ahlul-Bid’ah and not accept their hadeeth.”(Muqaddimah

Saheeh Muslim (1/14)).


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2. How is the hadith verified?

a. As mentioned earlier, the hadith is divided into two parts: the sanad and the matn. In order to

ensure that a hadith is authentic, both the sanad and the matn are verified and authenticated.

b. The first to be scrutinized is the Sanad. If the sanad is correct, then the matn is checked.

c. The Sanad contains the names of those narrators who heard it from someone above them and

then transmitted it to others. So, by using their biographies, it is checked whether all those who

were present in the chain were reliable, trustworthy, and very pious people along with

soundness of memory. Then it is checked whether every narrator is connected with each other

and there are no hidden defects in the chain.

d. After this, the Matn is scrutinized. The Matn is the main text of the hadith. It is checked and

ensured that the Matn of a hadith does not:

(i) contradict a hadith whose narrators are more reliable than this, or are more in number

at every level.

(ii) contradict the Qur'an

(iii) have any hidden or obvious defects such as mentioning an appropriate future date for

an event to occur, or have language errors.

Classification of Hadith

The hadith is basically classified in two ways:

1. According to the level of authenticity

2. According to the way it has reached us (according to the number of narrators)

According to the level of authenticity

Saheeh Hasan Da'eef

This means "Weak" or

"Rejected". The ahadith

classified under this

category are

unacceptable. Maudoo

(Fabricated) is a sub-

category of this category.

Saheeh means "authentic".

This category is the highest

in terms of acceptance of a

hadith. All the ahadith

classified in this category

are fully authentic and fully

acceptable.

Hasan means "Good". This is the

second most reliable form of

hadith after Saheeh. The only

difference between Saheeh and

Hasan is the presence of a

narrator / narrators with a

slightly weaker memory


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A few Important Books of Hadith and the Methods used by their compilers

1. All the compilers of the ahadith used the following five parameters for verifying the hadith. (They

only differed in the details and sub-parameters of the following).

a. Connected Chain of Narrators

b. Integrity of the Narrators (They must be upright in religion and their worldly affairs)

c. Soundness of Memory (Precision in narrating what they heard)

d. Free from contradictions

e. Free from hidden and obvious defects

2. The most important, popular and reliable compilations of ahadith is known as the "Sihaah Sitta"

(The six authentic books of hadith). It must be known that not every book is fully authentic, and the

term "Sihaah Sitta" used in general. These are:

a. Saheeh Al Bukhaaree: It is the most authentic and the most reliable compilation of ahadith.

Imaam Muhammad bin Ismaail Al Bukhaaree (d. 256 AH) was the first Muhaddith to compile all

the saheeh ahadith in one place. Imaam Bukhaaree had collected and memorized more than

600,000 ahadith from which he had compiled only 7000+ ahadith in his saheeh. This was

because the remaining ahadith did not fit into his criteria of scrutiny.

b. Saheeh Al Muslim: This was compiled by Imaam Asaakiruddin Muslim bin Al Hajjaaj Al

Naysaboori. It is the second most authentic and reliable compilation of ahadith after his

teacher's collection, Saheeh Al Bukhaaree. Out of the 300,000 ahadith he scrutinized, he had

According to the number of narrators

Mutawaatir Aahaad

Mashhoor Azeez Ghareeb

Narrated by too

many people

that it cannot be

a lie

Narrated by people

who are not as

many as they are in

Mutawaatir

A hadith that has

three or more

narrators at every

level in the chain

A hadith that has

two narrators at

every level in the

chain

A hadith that has

one narrator at

every level in the

chain


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compiled only 8000+ ahadith in his saheeh. He rejected all the other ahadith as they did not fit

into his criteria of evaluation.

c. Sunan An-Nasaai: It is from the other four compilations of ahadith after Saheeh Bukhaaree and

Saheeh Muslim. It contains 5000+ ahadith. Other than Saheeh Bukhaaree and Saheeh Muslim,

all the other compilations of hadith contain saheeh and da'eef ahadith too. So these ahadith

are to be verified before accepting them as evidence.

d. Sunan Abu Dawood: It is from the other four compilations of ahadith after Saheeh Bukhaaree

and Saheeh Muslim. It contains 5000+ ahadith. Other than Saheeh Bukhaaree and Saheeh

Muslim, all the other compilations of hadith contain saheeh and da'eef ahadith too. So these

ahadith are to be verified before accepting them as evidence.

e. Jaami' At-Tirmidhi: It is from the other four compilations of ahadith after Saheeh Bukhaaree

and Saheeh Muslim. It contains a little lesser than 4000 ahadith. Other than Saheeh Bukhaaree

and Saheeh Muslim, all the other compilations of hadith contain saheeh and da'eef ahadith

too. So these ahadith are to be verified before accepting them as evidence.

f. Sunan Ibn Maajah: It is from the other four compilations of ahadith after Saheeh Bukhaaree

and Saheeh Muslim. It contains 4000+ ahadith. Other than Saheeh Bukhaaree and Saheeh

Muslim, all the other compilations of hadith contain saheeh and da'eef ahadith too. So these

ahadith are to be verified before accepting them as evidence.


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Study of Passages of Hadith (Appendix 2 of IGCSE Syllabus)

1. Hadith 1

2. Hadith 2


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3. Hadith 3

4. Hadith 4


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5. Hadith 5

6. Hadith 6


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7. Hadith 7

8. Hadith 8


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9. Hadith 9

10. Hadith 10


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11. Hadith 11

12. Hadith 12


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13. Hadith 13

14. Hadith 14


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15. Hadith 15

16. Hadith 16


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17. Hadith 17

18. Hadith 18


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19. Hadith 19

20. Hadith 20


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6. (a) What are the different types of Hadiths? How is each Hadith classified into the different types?

(b) Giving one example, explain how the Sunna is important in a Muslim’s life today?

(O/N 2012)

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7. (a) How did the compilers of Hadiths (Muhaddithun) judge between acceptable and unacceptable Hadiths?

(b) How are the Qur’an and Hadith employed in working out Islamic Law?

(M/J 2010)

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8. (a) What rules did the writers of the six authentic books (Sihah Sitta) apply to ensure the authenticity of

the Hadiths?

(b) Giving one example, explain how the Sunna is important in a Muslim’s life today? (M/J 2014)

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9. (a) What role do Hadiths play in Islamic legal thinking?

(b) What is the importance of consensus (Ijmaa’) in Islam? (M/J 2011)

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60

10. (a) Outline the main teachings of the Hadiths you have studied about the importance of Muslim communal

life.

(b) Explain the main difference between Musnad and Musannaf Hadiths? (M/J 2009)

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63

11. (a) How have the hadiths of the Prophet been used as a source of guidance by Muslims?

(b) “Truly, My mercy overcomes My wrath”. This is a Hadith Qudsi. What is special about Hadiths of this

kind? (O/N 2010)

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66

Legal Thinking (Establishment of Islamic (Shari'ah Law))

Pillars of Shari'ah:

1. Qur'an

2. Sunnah

3. Ijmaa'

4. Qiyaas

Primary Pillars

Secondary Pillars


67


68


69


70


71


72

12. (a) The Qur’an is the main source of Islamic Law. Write an account of how it is used with each of the other

three sources

(b) Do you think that both ijma’ and qiyas are equally important for solving present day issues? Give

reasons for your answer (M/J 2016)

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13. (a) The Sunna is often used with the Qur’an as a primary source of Islamic law. Describe the ways in which

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(b) Giving one example, explain how the Sunna is important in a Muslim’s life today? (M/J 2014)

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The Rightly

Guided

Caliphates of

Abu Bakr, Umar,

Uthman and

Ali رضي الله عنهم


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A few important points

regarding the Caliphate of Abu

Bakr As-Siddeeq رضي الله عنه

1. Abu Bakr became the first Caliph of Islam after the death of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم on the same day.

2. Before his death, the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم had prepared an army of 700 soldiers under the leadership of

Usama bin Zaid to fight against the Romans who were disrupting peace and trying to apostatize the

tribes in Quda'ah, Aabil and other areas of Ash-Shaam. This army was stationed at Al-Jurf which

was about five kilometers away from Madinah.

3. After the death of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم, many Arab tribes had apostatized. These apostates posed a

serious threat to the security and peace of Muslims.

4. But before he could give his final orders to march out of Al-Jurf, he صلى الله عليه وسلم passed away. Upon hearing

this, Usama bin Zaid صلى الله عليه وسلم returned to Madinah in the night to meet up with Abu Bakr As-Siddeeq, the

Khalifah of the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم and discuss issues related to their departure.

5. Usama and other prominent Sahaaba including Umar bin Al Khattab were of the opinion that the

army be retained to defend Madinah, the Muslims living in it and the Khalifah. But Abu Bakr was

strong and firm upon his decision that the desire of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم should take precedence over

everything. Hence, Abu Bakr ordered that the army should move ahead upon its mission

6. The apostatized tribes were many in number. Only the Muslims Makkah and Madinah, neighboring

areas of Madinah and a few people amongst the other tribes, most of them had apostatized. Banu

Asad and Banu Ghatfaan had apostatized and with them was Tulayha bin Khuwaylid Al-Asadi, Banu

Kindah and those who followed them and they were with Al-Ash'ath bin Qais Al-Kindi, Banu Mazhaj

and their followers apostatized due to Aswad Al Ansee, Banu Haneefa apostatized due to

Musailimah Al Kadhhaab, Banu Sulaim was apostatized and with them was a traitor called Faja'ah

whose real name was Anas bin Abdullah bin Abdi Yalail, Banu Tameem was apostatized and also

influenced by Sajaah, the false prophetess, and many others had apostatized due to different

reasons.

7. While Usama's army was away in the lands of Shaam, Banu Ghatfaan, Banu Taiyy and others under

the control of Tulayha Al Asadi had sent a delegation to Abu Bakr As-Siddeeq. The delegation raised

the issue of Zakah and said that they would establish prayer but not give Zakah as they believed

that the obligation of giving it has been abrogated with Prophet's صلى الله عليه وسلم death.

8. Abu Bakr had denied this proposal as it was against the fundamentals of Islam. He sensed evil

ambitions from the faces of the delegates. Soon he alerted all the men, took women and children

to safe locations and placed them in secured fortresses, and gathered as much support he could


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get and prepared plans to defend the city. He asked men to sleep in the Masjid so that all of them

could be at one place and could react instantly to any immediate threat. Border guards were

formed by grouping men into army units and these units were headed by war-tested and senior

Sahaaba such as Ali bin Abi Taalib, Saad bin Abi Waqqaas, Abdur Rahman bin Awf, Abdullah bin

Masood and others.

9. Three days after the return of this delegation, the apostates mobilized an army which they camped

at Husaa and from there, a smaller unit was sent towards Madinah as they were informed that

Madinah had weakened and very few people were present in it. The enemy was taken by surprise

as Abu Bakr had made excellent arrangements to defend the city along with the reinforcements

provided by neighborhood tribes. Muslims chased the enemy down till Husaa where the enemy

had its reinforcements. Muslims fought bravely and defeated the army.

10. In the meanwhile, these apostates had asked Banu Abs, Banu Murrah and Banu Dhubyaan to

mobilize their forces towards Madinah, but Muslims got to know about this beforehand and

intercepted them on their way and destroyed them, following this Abu Bakr along with the Muslim

army reached Dhil Qassah and banished Banu Dhubyaan from their lands. Several apostates were

laid to death in these battles.

11. Umar bin Al Khattab and other Sahaba pleaded Abu Bakr to return to Madinah as they all feared for

his life and felt that his presence was really important to guide Muslims in such a situation. He then

appointed Nouman bin Muqarrin, Abdullah bin Muqarrin and Suwaid bin Muqarrin over the army

flanks and returned to Madinah.

12. By now, Usaama's army returned victorious from their expedition after defeating Romans in

Quda'ah and Aabil in a time span of 40 days.

13. Abu Bakr wanted to uproot the disease of apostasy from all the corners and this was a genuinely

needed move. In order to start with convincing the apostates to return to Islam, he sent Adiyy bin

Haatim, Safwaan and Zibriqaan towards their people in order to convince them to return to Islam.

14. Adiyy bin Haatim went to his tribe Banu Taiyy and managed to convince them to return to Islam

just when Khaalid bin Waleed's army had arrived near to them. Thus Adiyy saved his people from

dying as apostates on the hands of the Muslims.

15. Abu Bakr felt that there was a desperate need to go for an all-out war against the apostates

otherwise they would continue with efforts to attack and defeat the Muslims. Hence he marched

with an army to Dhul Qassah and from there, he dispatched 11 people along with units of army

given under them. These were:

a. Khalid bin Waleed was sent towards Tulayha Al Asadee, the false prophet, and he was

instructed that he should move towards Maalikh bin Nuwairah once he accomplishes his

mission, and then move towards Yamaamah to provide reinforcements to Ikrimah bin Abi Jahl

who was sent towards Musailamah

b. Ikrimah bin Abi Jahl was sent towards Musailamah the liar

c. Shurhabeel bin Hasanah was also sent towards Musailamah and was asked to move towards

Banu Quda'ah once he accomplishes his mission

d. Al Muhaajir bin Abi Umayyah was sent towards the armies of Aswad Al Ansee, then towards

Sana'a to confront Qais bin Makshooh.

e. Khalid bin Sa'eed bin Al-Aas was sent towards the raised lands of Shaam


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f. Amr bin Al-Aas was sent towards Quda'ah, Wadee'ah and Al-Haarith tribes

g. Hudhaifa bin Mihsan Al Ghatfaani was sent towards Bani Dabaa ('Ammaan)

h. Arfajah bin Harthamah was sent towards Mahrah

i. Tareefa bin Haajiz was sent towards Banu Sulaim and among them were also Banu Hawaazin

j. Suwaid bin Muqarrin was sent towards Tihaama of Yemen

k. Al-'Alaa bin Al Hadraami was sent towards Bahrain

The False Prophets who threatened the security and peace of the regions:

1. Tulayha bin Khuwaylid As Asadee

2. Al Aswad Al Ansee

3. Sajaah Al Taghleebi

4. Musailamah bin Habeeb Al Hanafee

Tulayha bin Khuwaylid Al Asadi:

Tulayha had visited the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم during the year of delegations (9AH) along with his tribe Banu Asad. He

pretended to embrace Islam and gained knowledge about Islam while he was in Madinah and when he

returned to his people, he not only apostatized but declared himself to be a Prophet and claimed to have a

share in the Prophethood of Mohammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. The Prophet had written to Diraar bin Al-Azwar instructing

him to attack Tulayha, but Tulayha's army was huge and comprised of many tribes. Hence, Diraar lost the

battle. Khalid bin Waleed was sent towards Tulayha bin Khuwaylid bin Nawfaal Al Asadi. While on route to

Banu Asad, Khalid bin Walid received reinforcements from Banu Taiyy who returned to Islam after having

guided by Adiyy bin Haatim. Khalid bin Waleed reached Tulayha's camps and after inviting him to Islam,

they waged a war against him which was known as the Battle of Buzaakhah. When he saw that loss was

imminent in this battle, he fled away to Syria and since then little was known about him. Later he accepted

Islam and performed Umrah and even after knowing about his whereabouts, Abu Bakr didn't punish him

due to his faith. He also detested his previous acts.

Al Aswad Al Ansee:

His real name was Abhalah bin Ka'b. He was known as Al-Aswad (black) due to his skin complexion. He was

from Banu Ans tribe who were the first people to accept his call when he claimed to be a Prophet. Soon

after this many other tribes such as Banu Haarith also accepted his call. He strengthened his position in

Najraan after Banu Haarith had pleaded allegiance to him. Banu Haarith had initially accepted Islam

considering political and military issues but not with sincerity and genuineness and now had joined hands

with Tulayha for the same purpose and became his followers. He raided Sana'a, killed Shahr bin Baadhaan

Al-Faarisi who was its ruler and forcefully married his widow Aazaad Al-Faarisiyyah. Shahr and Aazaad were

firm Muslims and obedient slaves of Allah. When the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم fell ill, he openly started claiming himself

to a prophet while not denying the prophet-hood of Mohammad صلى الله عليه وسلم. The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم sent letters to the

Muslims in and around Yemen to either attack Al Aswad's army or assassinate him. As Al Aswad had a huge

and powerful army, the second option seemed to be more viable. Hence with the help of Aazaad Al-

Faarisiyyah who had joined Muslims in their struggle to eliminate Aswad, the Muslims assassinated him in

his bedroom. He died three days before the death of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم.


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Sajaah bint Al Haarith bint Suwaid Al Taghleebiyyah:

Sajaah belonged to Banu Taghleeb tribe which was a part of Banu Tameem. She was from the Christian

Arabs and claimed herself to be a prophetess. She started calling the people of Banu Tameem towards her

religion and had an army who were mostly comprised of her followers. She found in her followers people

like Maalik bin Nuwairah (an influential person from Banu Tameem who was appointed by the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم

to collect Zakah but later apostatized people instead of following the Sunnah), Utaarid bin Haajib and

others. She wanted to attack Madinah and conquer the Islamic Territories but her advisors suggested that

this was not an achievable target as the Muslims were strong enough to defend themselves from such

attacks. Then she was suggested to move towards Al-Yamaamah where Musailamah- the liar was based.

She moved towards Al-Yamaamah, camped there and started calling people towards her belief.

Musailamah, who was engaged in wars against Muslims, couldn't afford to lose his ground, hence struck a

deal with Sajaah and married her and promised her to give half of the land of Quraish upon conquest and

also one-third of his land in Yamaamah. Sajaah saw that Musailamah could lose his battles against Muslims

and may be killed or captured, so she took the produce of the land given to her in Yamaamah and went

back to her tribe. After that, nothing is known about her. She and her followers were later identified during

the Caliphate of Mu'awiyah bin Abi Sufyaan in Syra who expelled them from there.

Musailamah Al-Kadhhaab

Musailamah bin Thumaamah bin Kabeer bin Habeeb Al Hanafee was from the tribe of Banu Haneefa. The

Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said that he was a liar out of the thirty liars that will appear before the appearance of Dajjaal.

He wrote a letter to the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم telling him that he has a share in his prophethood and the land has two

be divided between them. The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم had warned the Muslims from the Fitnah of Musailamah. After

the death of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم, he started to intensify his call and gained significant control over his people

and the nearby tribes. Abu Bakr As-Siddeeq had dispatched Ikrimah bin Abi Jahl and Shurhabeel bin

Hasanah separately towards Yamaamah to fight against Musailamah and his tribe Banu Haneefa. When

Ikrimah and Shurhabeel couldn't uproot him, he sent Khalid bin Waleed towards him who led a fierce battle

against Musailamah and Banu Haneefa and eventually Musailamah was killed.

Expeditions to Iraq and Syria:

After eliminating Musailamah, Abu Bakr sent Khalid bin Waleed towards Iraq with instructions that he

would enter it through South-Western front and keep moving in while inviting people towards Islam, and if

they fail to accept, then ask them to pay Jizyah and if they fail to agree, then fight against them. He had

also sent Iyaadh bin Ghanaam through the North-Eastern front and both the armies were asked to compete

against each other in reaching Al-Heera (An important hub in Iraq). Then they were to collectively head

towards Al-Madaain, the capital. The Muslims were victorious in all the battles they fought while they

travelled through Iraq. A few battles fought by Khalid bin Waleed were: Dhaat As-Salaasil, Al-Madhaar, Al-

Waljah, Ullyas, Al-Heera, Al-Furaad and others.


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Compilation of Quran:

After the war against Musailamah, Umar bin Al-Khattab approached Abu Bakr and told him that many

huffaaz (memorizers) of the Quran have died during the battle and there are possibilities for further

casualties in the battles to come, so he suggested that the Quran be collected into a single compilation to

protect it from being lost. With initial hesitation, Abu Bakr accepted this suggestion as it was a very noble

and a beneficial cause. Then Abu Bakr appointed Zaid bin Thaabit as incharge of this task who under his

supervision, collected the Quran in a single compilation.

Administrative and Military Developments of Abu Bakr As-Siddeeq

1. Abu Bakr's role was the most important in uniting the Muhaajireen and Ansaar after the death of

the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم when the Ansaar suggested that the idea of having one Ameer from each of them.

2. His love for the Sunnah and to fulfill the desires of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم was the highest among all the

companions. Due to this, he was firm upon his decision to send Usama's army towards the Romans

even though they were needed for the city's defense.

3. His eloquence and ability to convince people which every successful leader needs to possess, made

room in the hearts of the people who changed their opinions willingly following the opinion of As-

Siddeeq.

4. His ability to assess the situation and read the body language of the enemy, saved the city from

being harmed by the apostates as the Muslims were well prepared.

5. Assigning duties and various positions is a very challenging task for any administrator as this

requires knowledge about people and their abilities. Abu Bakr knew his people and their

capabilities well, so he appointed the best people to the positions that were according to their

capabilities.

6. His biggest achievement was the elimination of apostates from all the corners.

7. As a military strategy, it was an excellent decision to go and attack the apostates instead of waiting

for them to build a formidable army and attack the city.

8. Adding to this excellence, his decision to go for an all-out war gave no room or opportunity for the

apostates to create alliances or become vigilant.

9. He didn’t aim at killing people without giving them an opportunity to return to Islam. Hence his

decision to send Adiyy bin Haatim to Bani Taiyy saved the whole tribe from dying as apostates as

they returned to Islam and joined Khalid bin Waleed's army.

10. For a leader, it's a must to have strong communication network between his appointees. Abu Bakr

had an excellent network of communication who would carry letters to and from him and his

commanders swiftly which ensured that he was informed and updated.

11. He constantly motivated his commanders and leaders so that they remain focused and charged up.

12. He didn't avail extra privileges and luxury for himself, nor did he consider himself above all. He was

very much down to earth and ensured that he didn't single out himself for benefits due to him

being the Caliph. This increased him in love, respect and honor in the eyes of his people.

13. Abu Bakr took decisions after consulting the companions of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم who were present

during his time.

14. Altogether, there was mutual trust, belief in each other and people had the common goal of

pleasing Allah upon which they all were united.


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regarding the Caliphate of 'Umar

bin Al-Khattab رضي الله عنه The Administrative and Military Achievements

• Expansion of the Muslim Empire:

I. Persians

II. Romans

III. Babylonians

• Establishing a Shoura council

• Appointing judges (Qadi) in different places to decide over the affairs of the people.

• Division of the Muslim territories into many provinces.

• Construction of many mosques.

• Establishing of Bait al-Mal, from Zakah, Jizyah, war booty, business transactions in

Madinah.

• Pension from the state funds to the poor, old, needy, and people who took part in battles.

• Construction of guesthouses and restrooms on the highway.

• Expansion of the Haramain; Masjid al-Nabwi and Masjid al-Haraam.

• The Madjid Aqsa, the 3rd most important mosque in Islam, was brought under Muslim rule.

• Setting up of garrison towns.

• Establishing the Hijri Calendar.

• He set up refugee camps outside the city of Madinah for the people who migrated to seek

refuge.

• He introduced the mail system.

• Establishing the rights of animals, and ensuring that animals are not tortured.

• His keenness in verifying the hadith and seeking confirmation before accepting anything.

• Carrying out the punishments in public including the leaders of society in order to discipline

the people and fear Allah.

• Streamlining the marketplace and keeping a check on people’s conduct in the market to

ensure that no violations take place.

• Persisting in guiding and educating the people in the basic fundamentals of the religion.

Traders were made to learn the law related to Haraam and Halal.

• Setting up of schools in Madinah, Basrah, Makkah, Kufa, Egypt, and Syria.

• Building roads and setting up means of transportation by land and sea.

• Punishment against witches, execution. Punishing those guilty of consuming alcohol with

80 lashes.

• Joining the people under one imam to perform the Taraweeh prayers in the month of

Ramadan.

• He used to continuously patrol the streets of Madinah even during the night.


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• His military tactics in attacking the Byzantines beforehand served as an excellent method to

protect the Muslim territories from being invaded.

A few important battles fought by Muslims during the time of Umar:

1. Battle of Qaadsiyyah:

• Sa’d bin Abi Waqas was ordered to march to Qaadsiyyah, a little fortress on the western

bank of the Ateeq (a branch of the Euphrates).

• From here, Sa’d bin Abi Waqas sent an envoy to the court of Yazdagird, the Persian

King, with the message of Islam.

• The Persian Emperor insulted the envoy and turned him out of his court.

• To teach the Muslims a lesson, he dispatched a large army of 120,000 men, including

300 war-elephants. This army was commanded by Rustum.

• The Muslim army now numbered 30,000, including 1400 of Muhammad (صلى الله عليه وسلم)’s

Companions and 99 veterans of Badr. The soldiers had also brought their families along,

as they intended to settle on the conquered land.

• Rustum encamped with his army on the opposite bank of the river. He intended to tire

out the Muslims or make them short of supplies before attacking.

• Arab raiding parties, which attacked the fertile Persian fields, forced the Emperor to

order Rustum to commence fighting.

• Rustum and his army crossed the river in the secrecy of the night by building a dam to

check the flow of the water.

• The battle that ensued was very fierce and lasted for 3 days and 4 nights.

• Sa’d bin Abi Waqas directed his forces from his sick bed.

• Eventually, the Persians lost and were killed in large numbers.

• Rustum was killed as he tried to flee the battlefield.

• Losses:

i. Muslims --- 8500 men

ii. Persians --- 30,000 to 40,000 men.

iii. Booty:

iv. 6,000 pieces to every soldier

v. 70,000 pieces from the jewels stripped from the body of Rustum.

vi. 100,000 pieces from the Persian banner made from panther’s skin.

vii. Consequences:

viii. Put an end to the military might of the Persian Empire.

ix. Arab tribes no longer hesitated to fight against Persia and the enemies of Islam.

x. Way to Mada’in opened.

2. Battle of Nahaawand:

• The Muslims had won many battles against the Persians, such as the Battle of

Qadsiyah. Between the 4 year gap of the Battle of Qadsiyah and the Battle of

Nahawand, the Persians faced many losses against the Muslims.

• The governors and emperors were extremely angry and they asked Yazdagird, the

Persian king, for his permission to let the Persians keep fighing against the Muslims.

• The Persian army was numbered at 150,000 soldiers, and the Muslim army had 30,000

soldiers.

• The two armies fought at Nahawand for 2 days. On the 3rd day, the Persians took

refuge in their forts. Nahawand was chosen for the following reasons:


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a. It was well-protected.

b. It was covered by mountains on all sides.

c. The only entrance was through rough and harsh mountain passes.

• By a clever strategy, the enemy was coaxed out of hiding and hand-to-hand fighting took

place.

• The Muslims used Khalid bin Walid’s tactic to act as if the army was withdrawing before

the battle. So, the Muslims divided into groups. One group attacked the walls of the forts,

then another group charged at the enemy face-to-face, but as soon as the Persians

came out of their forts, another Muslim army group came out of started to attack the

Persians from the both sides of the mountains, so when the Persians tried to go back to

their forts, they fell into their own ditches and traps they set up for the Muslims.

• The Persian might was shattered forever and their emperor fled to Isfahan.

• This battle was a decisive one for the whole world, as it signalled the end of Persian

power and the rise of Muslims

3. Battle of Yarmook:

• During Abu Bakr’s caliphate, the Muslims had successfully defeated the Romans on the

Syrian front. So, the Muslims decided to settle in Syria.

• When the Muslims won Damascus from the Christians and the Battle of Fihl, the reports

of the losses were sent to Heraclius.

• Heraclius was determined to capture Palestine for Christian rule, so he decided to

assemble an army from all over his empire.

• Hearing about this, Khalid bin Walid mobilized an army along the River Yarmook.

• The Byzantines offered to pay the Muslims a large sum of money if they left Syria, but

Khalid bin Walid rejected their offer and instead offered them the following:

i. Accept Islam

ii. Pay Jizya

iii. But upon refusal of any of the two things, war was the only option left.

iv. The battle lasted for 6 days.

v. By the afternoon of the 6th day, only 1/3 of the Byzantine army remained.

vi. 3000 Muslims soldiers were martyred and many others were gravely injured.

• Meanwhile, a storm broke out and the fleeing Byzantines were cut down in large

numbers.

• With this battle, the Byzantines lost Syria and Muslim rule was ushered in.

• Heraclius shifted his capital to Constantinople.

• Jerusalem, a city of Syria, was also captured after the Christians surrendered to Umar

bin al-Khattab.

Assassination of Umar: The assassination of ‘Umar took place in 23H, following ‘Umar’s return from Hajj. He was

assassinated by a Persian Majoosi (Fire Worshipper) called Abu Lulu Al Majoosi, who

was in the employment of Al Mughira bin Shu'ba – Allah be pleased with him. ‘Umar

didn’t used to allow war captives to enter Al-Madînah, but Al-Mughira wrote to him

requesting him to allow this worker to be hired for his skills in carpentry and metalwork.

Al Mughira believed people in Al-Madinah could benefit from his skills. Al Mughira taxed

this worker in the conventional manner, but he complained to ‘Umar about the amount.

‘Umar told him that he was not being taxed unfairly for what he was doing. This angered

the Abu Lulu.


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‘Amr bin Maimun (radiallahu anhu) said: The day Umar ibn Al-Khattab was stabbed, I

was standing and there was nobody between me and him except Abdullah bin 'Abbas.

Whenever Umar passed between the two rows, he would say, “Stand in straight lines.”

When he saw no defect (in the rows), he would go forward and start the prayer with

Takbir. He would recite Surat Yusuf or An-Nahl or the like in the first Rak'a so that the

people may have the time to Join the prayer. As soon as he said Takbir, I heard him

saying, “The dog has killed or eaten me,” at the time he (the murderer) stabbed him.

A non-Arab infidel proceeded on carrying a double-edged knife and stabbing all the

persons he passed by on the right and left (till) he stabbed thirteen persons out of whom

seven died. When one of the Muslims saw that, he threw a cloak on him. Realizing that

he had been captured, the non-Arab infidel killed himself, 'Umar held the hand of 'Abdur-

Rahman bin Auf and let him lead the prayer.

Those who were standing by the side of 'Umar saw what I saw, but the people who were

in the other parts of the Mosque did not see anything, but they lost the voice of 'Umar

and they were saying, “Subhan Allah! Subhan Allah! .” Abdur-Rahman bin Auf led the

people a short prayer. When they finished the prayer,

'Umar said, “O Ibn 'Abbas! Find out who attacked me.”

Ibn 'Abbas kept on looking here and there for a short time and came to say. “The slave

of Al Mughira (Abu Lulu, also known as Fairuz).”

'Umar said, “The craftsman?”

Ibn 'Abbas said, “Yes.”

'Umar said, “May Allah curse him. I did not treat him unjustly. All the Praises are for Allah

Who has not caused me to die at the hand of a man who claims himself to be a Muslim.

Then Umar was carried to his house, and we went along with him, and the people were

as if they had never suffered a calamity before. Some said, "Do not worry (he will be

Alright soon).” Some said, “We are afraid (that he will die).” Then an infusion of dates

was brought to him and he drank it but it came out (of the wound) of his belly. Then milk

was brought to him and he drank it, and it also came out of his belly. The people realized

that he would die.

'Umar then said (to 'Abdullah), “Go to 'Aisha (the mother of the believers) and say: 'Umar

is paying his salutation to you.’ But don’t say: 'The chief of the believers,’ because today

I am not the chief of the believers. And say: 'Umar bin Al-Khattab asks the permission to

be buried with his two companions (i.e. the Prophet, and Abu Bakr).’”

Abdullah greeted 'Aisha and asked for the permission for entering, and then entered to

her and found her sitting and weeping. He said to her, “'Umar bin Al-Khattab is paying

his salutations to you, and asks the permission to be buried with his two companions.”

She said, “I had the idea of having this place for myself, but today I prefer Umar to

myself.”

When he returned it was said (to 'Umar), “'Abdullah bin 'Umar has come.”


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'Umar said, “Make me sit up.”

Somebody supported him against his body and

'Umar asked ('Abdullah), “What news do you have?”

He said, “O chief of the believers! It is as you wish. She has given the permission.”

'Umar said, “Praise be to Allah, there was nothing more important to me than this. So

when I die, take me, and greet 'Aisha and say: 'Umar bin Al-Khattab asks the permission

(to be buried with the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم), and if she gives the permission, bury me there, and if

she refuses, then take me to the grave-yard of the Muslims.’” [Saheeh Bukhaari (3700)]

The Shoora Council appointed by Umar to elect the next Caliph:

Before his death, Umar had appointed a Shoora (Committee) to choose the next caliph. This

committee comprised of six members who were: Uthman bin Affan, Ali bin Abi Talib, Abdur

Rahman bin Awf, Az-Zubayr bin Al-Awwam, Sa'd bin Abi Waqqas and Talha bin Ubaidullah رضي الله

This committee was to select a caliph from themselves (not from someone other than these .عنهم

six) and finally it was Uthman who was chosen as the successor to Umar.


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regarding the Caliphate of

'Uthman bin Affaan رضي الله عنه The Legitimacy of his Khilafah:

• The ahadith of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم:

• The hadith of Jubair bin Mutim in which the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم mentioned to a lady to go Abu Bakr if she

doesn’t find the Prophet alive, this hadith mentions the name of Umar, Uthman and Ali in

sequence.

• The praises of Uthman in the ahadith.

• His excellent character and piety.

• He being among the muhajireen and also the 10 blessed companions.

• Umar included him in the 6-member Shoura committee that he formed before his death to elect

the next caliph.

• This committee elected Uthman as the caliph. This means that the best people selected him as a

caliph.

His Life:

• His name is Uthman bin Affan bin Abi Al-Aas bin Umayyah bin Abd Shams bin Abd Munaaf. His

lineage meets that of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم at Abd-Munaaf.

• His mother was Arwa bint Kurayz and her mother was Umm Hakeem Al-Bayda bint Abdul Muttalib

(the aunt of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم).

• His mother accepted Islam and died during his caliphate.

• He was named “Dhun Noorayn” because he was married to two daughters of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم.

• He was born in Makkah six years after the year of the Elephant and was about 5 years younger to

the prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم.

• He was one of the most handsome men during his time.

• He had eight wives, all after accepting Islam. His wives were (radiallahu anhun):

1. Ruqqayah bint Muhammad

2. Umm Kulthoom bin Muhammad

3. Faakitah bint Ghazwan

4. Umm Amr bint Jundub Al-Azdiyyah

5. Faatima bint Al-Waleed bin Abd Shams

6. Umm Al-Baneen bint Uyaynah.

7. Ramla bint Shayba

8. Naa’ila bint Al-Faraafisah

• He had nine sons who were:

1. Abdullah

2. Abdullah

3. Amr

4. Khalid

5. Abaan

6. Umar


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7. Al-Waleed

8. Sa’eed

9. Abd Al-Malik

• He had seven daughters.

• Uthman had three brothers through his mother.

Before Accepting Islam:

• He was considered to be the best of his people, had a high status, was very wealthy, extremely

modest and eloquent in speech.

• He never worshipped any idol nor did he commit any immoral action [including alcohol, songs,

obscenity (zina, adultery) and others]

• He was very knowledgeable in lineages, history and Arabic literature.

• He inherited wealth and business from his father which he reserved and utilized in an excellent

way.

• He was a very noble, highly respected member of the society.

His Acceptance of Islam:

• He accepted Islam by responding to the call of Abu Bakr without any hesitation (he was 34 years

old at that time), so he was considered among the early converts who embraced Islam in the

beginning.

• After accepting Islam, he increased his goodness and was known to be kind. Charitable, generous,

a helper of the weak and oppressed.

• He was married to the Prophet’s صلى الله عليه وسلم daughter Ruqayyah with whom he migrated to Abyssinia and

was considered to be among the first of the migrants along with his wife in the way of Allah after

Lut (alaihi salam)

• He was a very knowledgeable person in terms of understanding and reciting the Qur’an. It was

said by his wife that Uthman would recite the whole Qur’an in one raq’ah while praying the

Qiyam-ul-Lail.

• He returned to the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم from Abyssinia after the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم migrated to Madinah, a little

before the Battle of Badr.

• He couldn’t participate in the Battle of Badr because him wife Ruqayyah was sick and the Prophet

.told Uthman to look after her صلى الله عليه وسلم

• Ruqayyah passed away when the Prophet was in Badr, then Uthman was married to Umm

Kulthoom, he was known as “Dhun Noorayn” for this.

• His son Abdullah passed away when he was 6 years old and it was 4 AH.

• Umm Kulthoom too passed away during the lifetime of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم in 9 AH.

• He participated in other campaigns ordered by the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم fighting against the pagans and also

contributed financial to a great extent wherever needed.

The Praise of The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم For Uthman:

• When Uthman was seeking permission to enter, the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said, “Open the gate for him and

give him the glad tidings of Paradise.”

• Once the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم, Abu Bakr (radiallahu anhu), Umar (radiallahu anhu) and Uthman (radiallahu

anhu) were on the Mount Uhud, and it started to tremble, then the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said: “Be still O’

Uhud for there is none on you but a prophet, a Sideeq and two martyrs.”

• The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said: “Uthman is a shy man, should I not feel shy before whom the angels feel

shy?”

• The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم also said: “The most sincere in modesty in Uthman.”

Appointment of Uthman as 3rd Caliph:

• At the end of Umar’s caliphate, he had formed a Shoura which consisted of 6 people who were:

Ali bin Abi Talib, Uthman bin Affan, Sa’ad Bin Abi Waqas, Abdul Rehman bin Awf, Zubair bin Al-

Awwam and Talha bin Ubaydullah.


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• Umar commanded them to assemble in one place and select one amongst them as the next

caliph.

• The Shoura unanimously agreeing upon Uthman bin Affan as the next caliph. This was further

strengthened by the agreement of all the other people of Madinah.

• After swearing in of the next caliph, he wrote letters to governors commanding them to be easy-

going with the people and be kind and merciful towards them.

• He wrote letters to the commanders of the army to stick to the mission given to them by Umar

bin Al-Khattab.

• Umar declared that the highest authority in the state was the Book of Allah, which is the Qur’an,

and the Sunnah of His Messenger, Muhammad صلى الله عليه وسلم, and the example of the two Sheikhs (Abu Bakr

and Umar).

• Uthman was very keen in inspecting the tasks carried out by his officials and the common people.

He was often seen inspecting the market areas.

Financial Developments during His Caliphate:

• Uthman did not change the financial strategies that have been adopted by Umar, but he allowed

the people to accumulate wealth, build palaces, and own large lands.

• The Baitul-Maal was strengthened due to effective collection of Zakat from people and also due

to other source of funds.

• Uthman didn’t take anything from the Baitul-Maal because he was the wealthiest if the Quraysh,

and he used to spend on his family and those around him, with his own wealth.

• During his time the Kharaaj increased and wealth came to him from all the directions which

boosted the economy.

• He allocated funds to many of the people living in his territory.

• The construction of Masajid took place along with the expansion of the Masjid Al-Nabwi and

Masjid Al-Haram in order to serve the growing population.

• The Baitul-Maal played an important role in the establishment of the first navy in Islam.

• In the 26 AH, Uthman moved the port from Shu’aibah which was the part of Makkah to a new

port in Jeddah.

• Several wells were dug in and around Madinah which were financed by the Baitul-Maal.

• The widows, the elderly, the orphans, and the needy received regular aid from the Baitul-Maal.

Warnings and Punishments during His Time:

• Though Uthman was a very generous and kind man, he did not hesitate to carry out the

punishments ordained by Allah.

• The last case in which Uthman passed judgement was of Ubaydullah bin Umar, who killed the

sister of Abu-Lu’lua, a Christian man called Jufainah, and Al-Hurmuzan, the ruler of Tastar.

• Uthman was ready to execute him, but as the people forgave him, Uthman paid the blood money

for Ubaydullah bin Umar to the families of the people whom he killed.

• He commanded that the thieves that broke into the house of Ibn-al-Hythama be killed.

• The people who practiced witchcraft were handed death penalty.

• He judged that if a person who sits next to a blind man is unintentionally harmed by him, then the

blind man isn’t liable for punishment.

• If harm was inflicted upon animals, Uthman made the person pay the estimated value of the

animal. For example, he made a man pay the penalty of 20 camels for killing a dog.

• The one who slanders and causes harm to a person’s honour was flogged.

• Uthman had a great number of policemen to look after the security and honour of the people.

Conquests by Uthman:

• His predecessor had done a good deal of damage to the enemies of Islam, he conquered several

lands and brought them to the Muslim Empire.


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• At the time of Uthman, the Byzantines assembled in Alexandria and started to look for means to

take back their lands by breaching the treaty by seeking help from the Byzantine navy. Uthman

had to employ different strategies and mobilize the Muslim army from different regions where

they finally managed to suppress the treacherous efforts of the enemies and established peace.

• In the year 24 AH, Azerbaijan was conquered when the people of Azerbaijan broke the treaty and

rebelled against the Muslims.

• In the year 30 AH, Tabaristan was conquered by the Muslims under the leadership of Saeed ibn-

Al-Aas.

• In the year 31 AH, the Persian king, Yazdagird was killed and this made the Christians vulnerable,

confused and saddened.

• In the same year, Abdullah bin Amir, won many battles which included Persia, Khurasan and a few

others were conquered in the next two years.

• The other conquests were of Cyprus, North Africa, and Nubia.

A few important lessons from the conquests of Uthman are:

a. Fulfilment of Allah’s promise to the believers that he will give dominion of vast lands of the

world.

b. Developments in arts of war and politics.

c. Establishing peace treaties whenever needed.

d. Excellent leadership skills of the caliph.

Compilation of the Quran:

• The first Mushaf was compiled during the time of Abu Bakr.

• During the caliphate of Uthman, many non-Arab territories such as Armenia and Azerbaijan were

conquered.

• Hudhayfah bin Al-Yamaan (radiallahu anhu) approached Uthman and said the Qur’an is being

recited in many different dialects in the newly conquered territories and he urged Uthman to

gather the Qur’an from one dialect and pronunciation in order to avoid dispute and confession

among the people.

• The Qur’an was revealed upon 7 letters which means one can recite it in seven different ways. But

everyone was not well-versed with all the seven ways. Hence the new converts recited it in many

other ways. This was a threat upon the authenticity of the Qur’an.

• Uthman appointed Zaid bin Thaabit, Abdullah bin Az-Zubair and Sa’d bin Al-Aas to compile the

Qur’an upon the Quraiyshi dialect. He ordered them to use the Mushaf Hafsa to check for the

authenticity.

• The Mushaf was agreed upon by the Sahaba regarding the dialect and the sequence of the

chapters of the Qur’an. The Mushaf we have today is this one.

The Assassination of Uthman bin Affaan:

• During the life of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم, the people came to know about the martyrdom of Uthman

through the words if the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم. When the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم ascended Mount Uhud and was

accompanied by Abu Bake, Umar and Uthman, the mountain shook beneath them. The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم

hit it with his foot and said, “O Uhud! Be firm! For on you there is none but a Prophet, a Sideeq

and two martyrs.”

• The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said, “O Uthman, Allah will give you a garment to wear (the Caliphate), so if the

hypocrites want you to shed it, do not shed it until you meet me (When you will die). “ This was

repeated three times.

• The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم mentioned a fitnah and gave the impression that it would soon come, then he

said, “On that day, this man will be following right guidance.” The narrator of the hadith Ka’b bin

Ujrah said, “I leapt up and took hold of Uthman’s arms and then I turned to the messenger of

Allah and said this man? He replied: This man.”


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• He did not call the people to leave Islam but rather began his mission by trying to make a hizb

(Partisanship) and claiming that Ali bin Talib was the right inheritor of the Caliphate after the

Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم.

• He (Abdullah bin Saba) made several allegations upon Uthman in order to prove that he was an

incompetent and unjust ruler and demanded that he steps down.

• He (Abdullah bin Saba) found his group of followers in Egypt who were ready to rebel against the

caliph hence emerging as the first group of the Khawarij (Kharijites).

• People like al-Ghafiqi Al-Misri, Kinaana bin Bishr, Sawdan bin Hamran, Abdullah bin Budayl,

Hukaym bin Jabala, Malik bin Harith Al-Ashtar and others, who were the heads of tribes and

influential leaders fell into the trap of Abdullah bin Saba due to their weakness in faith and desire

for power. So they also became recruiters for him and gathered hundreds of people.

• To emotionally target the people and win more of them, these Khawarij wrote forged letters and

ascribed them to the mothers of the believers and the other senior Sahaba. These letters were

full of complains against Uthman and were read in the Masajid.

• In the month if Dhil Haj, pretending to go for pilgrimage, the Khawarij dividing themselves in 6

groups, move towards Madinah with the intention of forcing Uthman to step down.

• Once they reached Madinah, they put their allegations in front of the caliph who convincingly

responded to all of them which led their departure back home.

• But a few of them did not want this to happen. Hence they wrote a forget letter as if Uthman had

written it to the governor of Egypt, Abdullah bin Sa’d.

• This letter was intercepted by the Khawaraj who came to know from the letter that Uthman had

commanded that one of their leaders Muhammed bin Abi Bakr and the Khawarij be killed upon

their arrival.

• The rebels came back four days later as they were fierce and angry over the letter. Though

Uthman swore that he didn't write this letter and demanded that two witnesses be presented for

this allegation.

• The rebels demanded that he steps down or else he would be forced out of his position. Uthman

followed the advice of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم and refused to step down.

• The rebels laid a siege around the house of Uthman which lasted for many days which ended with

killing of Uthman

• Abdullah bin Umar, Hasan bin Ali, Abdullah bin Az-Zubayr and others came to protect and defend

the Caliph but he refused to accept it as he feared bloodshed in protecting him.

• The rebels jumped into the house and found him reciting the Qur'an. They jumped on him and

stabbed him several times till he died. His wife Naila tried to shield him and lost her fingers while

dodging a sword.

• He died on the 18th of Dhil Hijjah in 35 AH


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regarding the Caliphate of 'Ali

bin Abu Taalib رضي الله عنه


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14. (a) Describe Abu Bakr's activities against the false Prophets and apostate tribes.

(b) Why is Abu Bakr called the Savior of Islam. (O/N 2009)

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15. (a) Write a detailed account of the administrative measures put in place by 'Umar during his caliphate. (b) "Umar's caliphate is regarded as the golden period of early Islamic history". Discuss (M/J 2011) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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16. (a) What major events took place during the caliphate of 'Uthman? (M/J 2010)

(b) Explain why 'Uthman encountered difficulties in the later years of his caliphate and was assassinated.

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18. (a) Describe the main events of the caliphate of 'Ali. (b) Explain why Talha and Zubayr opposed 'Ali. (M/J 2009) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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