PROBLEMS WITH MODALS AND MODAL RELATED PATTERNS

PROBLEMS WITH MODALS AND MODAL RELATED PATTERNS6. Modal + verb wod7. Logical conclusions events in the past8. Logical conclusions events in the present9. Logical conclusions events that repeat10. Knowledge and ability know and know how11. Past caution used to an BE used it12. Advisability had better13. Reference would rather14. Preference for Another would rather15. Negative imperatives

MODALSModals are auxalary verbs. They used with the main verbs to give additional meaning to main verbs. The most common modals are listed below, along with some of the additional meanings that they add to main verbs

CanPossibility , ability, permissionCouldPossibility , ability in the pastMay Probability, permissionMightProbabilityMustNecessity, logical conclusionShallFuture with emphasisShouldAdvise, obligation, predictionWill FuturewouldconditionModal + Verb wordSmodalVerb wordTheymightvisitusExamplesIncorrect : after you show me the way, I can to go by myselfCorrect: after you show me the way, I can go by myselfIncorrect: Our friends might stopping to see us on their way to CaliforniaCorrect: Our friends might stop to see us on their way to CaliforniaIncorect: The flight should to be on timeCorect: The flight should be on timeExercise By the time a baby has reached his first bithday, he should, without the help of an adult ... sit up or even stand upto be able toable toto be ablebe able toMany birds will, in the normal sourse of their migration, flying more than three thousand miles to reach their winter home7. Logical conclusions events in the pastMust followed by the verb word have and a participle expression a logical conclusion based on evidence

ExamplesIncorrect: The street are wet; it should have rained last nightCorrect: The street are wet; it must have rained last night

SMust haveparticiplePast timeMy friendmust havecalledLast nightIncorrect: The ring that I was looking at is gone; someone else must buy itCorrect: The ring that I was looking at is gone; someone else must have bought itIncorrect: I dont see Martha anywhere; she must be left earlyCorrect: I dont see Martha anywhere; she must have left earlyThe theory of Continental Drift assumes that there ... long term climate changes in many areas during the pastmust have beenmust bemust havemustWhen the weather becomes colder we know that the air mass must originated in the Arctic rather than over the Gulf of Mexico8. Logical Conclusions events in The PresentMust followed by be and an ing or an adjective expresses a logical conclusion based on the evidence. The conclusion is about an event that is happening now

SMust be -ingPresent timeMy friend must becallingnowSMust be adjectivePresent timeHe must beupsetnowExamplesIncorrect: The line is busy; someone should be using the telephone nowCorrect: The line is busy; someone must be using the telephone nowIncorrect: Bob is absent; he must have been sick again (now)Correct: Bob is absent; he must be sick again (now)Inccorect: he is taking a walk; he must have felt better nowCorrect: he is taking a walk; he must be filling better nowExercises, The general public ... a large number of computer now, because prices are beginning decrease.must buymust have boughtmust be buyingmust buyingThe American buffalo must be repreduce itself again because it has been removed from the endangered species list.9. Logical Conclusions events that repeatMust followed by a verb word expresses a logical conclusions based on evidence. The conclusion is about an event that happens repeatedly.

SmustVerb wordRepeated timeMy friend mustcalloftenExamplesIncorrect: The light is always out in her room at ten oclock; she must have go to bed early every nightCorrect: The light is always out in her room at ten oclock; she must go to bed early every nightIncorrect: Our neighbors must having a lot of money because they are always taking expensive tripsCorrect: Our neighbors must have a lot of money because they are always taking expensive tripsIncorrect: He can like his job because he seems very happyCorrect: He must like his job because he seems very happyIncorect: Her English is very good; she must spoken if oftenCorrect: Her English is very good; she must speak if often

Exercise :Since more that 50 percent of all marriages in the United States end in divorce about half of the children in America must ... in single-parent homesGrow upTo gow upGrowing upHave grow upSheep must have mate in fall since the young are born in early spring every year10. Knowledge and ability know and know howKnow followed by a noun expresses knowledge

Know how followed by an infinitive expresses ability

S knownounIknowthe answerS knowhowinfinitiveIknow howto answerthe questionExamples Incorrect:If she knew to drive, he would lend her his carCorrect: If she knew how to drive, he would lend her his carIncorrect:I dont know to use the card catalog in the libraryCorrect: I dont know how to use the card catalog in the libraryIncorrect:Until he came to the United State to study, he didnt know to cookCorrect: Until he came to the United State to study, he didnt know how to cook

ExercisesIn a liberal arts curriculum, it is assumed that graduates will ... about English, language, literature, history, and other social science.knowknow howknowledgeknowingThe impressionists like Monet and Manet knew to use color in order to create an image of reality rather than reality itself

11. Past custome used to and be used toUsed to with a verb wod means that a custome in the past has not continued.

BE used to with an ing form means to be accustomed to

SUsed toVerb wordHeused tolive in the countryS BEUsed to-ing formHewasused toliving in the countryExamples Incorrect: I used to was studying at the University of Southern California before I transfered hereCorrect: I used to study at the University of Southern California before I transfered hereIncorrect: She was used to get up earlyCorrect: She was used to getting up earlyExercisesHarvard ... a school for men, but now it is coeducational, serving as many women as menwas usedused to bewas used towas used to beAs TV images of the astronauts showed, even for trained professionals who are used to move about in a lessened gravitatonal field, there are still problems12. Advisability had betterAlthough had appears to be a past, had better expresses advise for the future

S Had betterVerb wordYou had bettertakechemistry 600 this semesterS Had betternotVerb wordYou had betternottakechemistry 600 this semester22ExamplesIncorrect: You had better to hurry if you dont want to miss the busCorrect: You had better hurry if you dont want to miss the busIncorrect: We had better made reservations so that we will be sure of getting a good tableCorrect: We had better make reservations so that we will be sure of getting a good tableIncorect: You had better dont go aloneCorrect: You had better not go aloneExercises To check for acidity, one had better ... litmus paper UseUsingTo useUseful In todays compatative markets, even small businesses had better to advise on TV and Radio in order to gain a share of the market13. Preference would RatherAlthough word athe appears to be a past, it expresses preference in present and future time.

SWould ratherVerb wordIWould rather(not) driveExamplesIncorrect : She told me that shed rather not to serve on the committeeCorrect: She told me that shed rather not serve on the committeeIncorrect: If you dont mind, Id rather not goingCorrect: If you dont mind, Id rather not goIncorrect: Greg would rather has a Pepsi than a beerCorrect : Greg would rather have a Pepsi than a beer

26Exercises

Rhododendons would rather ... in shady places, and so would azaleas.To growGrowingGrownGrow The Amish people, descended from the Germans and Swiss, would rather using horses than machines for transportation and farm work because they believe that a simple life keeps them closer to God

14. Preference for Another Would Rather ThatRemember that when the preference is for another person or thing, would rather that introduce a clause. The other person or thing is the subject of the clause.Although the verb is past tense, the preference is for present or future.

S Would ratherthatS DidntV (past)IWould ratherthatyouDroveIWould ratherthatYouDidntdriveExamplesIncorrect : Id rather that you dont do thatCorrect: Id rather that you didnt do thatIncorrect : The dean would rather that students make appointments instead of dropping byCorrect: The dean would rather that students made appointments instead of dropping byIncorrect : Wed rather that you should come tomorrowCorrect: Wed rather that you came tomorrow

ExercisesA good councelor would rather that patient ... his or her own decisions after being helped to arrive at general understanding of the alternative.makesmakingwill makemadeIt is said that the American flag has five-pointed stars because Betsy Ross told General Washington she would rather that he changing the six pointed ones15. Negative ImperativesRemember that an imperative is expressed by a verb word

Avoid using dont after would you please

Please dontVerb wordPlease donttellanyoneWould you please notVerb wordWould you please nottell anyoneExercisesIncorrect: Would you please dont smokeCorrect: Would you please not smokeorPlease dont smokeIncorrect: Would you please dont be lateCorrect: Please dont be lateorWould you please not be lateExercises Please ... photocopies of copyrighted material without the permission of the publisherno makedont makenot makenot to makePlease dont parking in those spaces that have signs reserving them for the handicapped