Mod 1 – The History and Scope of Psychology
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Transcript of Mod 1 – The History and Scope of Psychology
Mod 1 The History and Scope of Psychology Inner sensations-
mental processes
Psychology What does it mean? Inner sensations- mental processes
Observable behavior Prologue: The Story of Psychology
Psychologys Roots Prescientific Psychology Psychological Science is
Born Psychological Science Develops OBJECTIVE 1| Define
psychology.To questions like, Who are we? From where come our
thoughts? Our feelings? Our actions? Discipline of psychology comes
to our aid. This discipline of psychology is defined as the
scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Prologue: The
Story of Psychology
Contemporary Psychology Psychologys Big Debate Psychologys Three
Main Levels of Analysis Psychologys Subfields OBJECTIVE 1| Define
psychology.To questions like, Who are we? From where come our
thoughts? Our feelings? Our actions? Discipline of psychology comes
to our aid. This discipline of psychology is defined as the
scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Prescientific
Psychology
Psychologys Roots Prescientific Psychology OBJECTIVE 2| Trace
psychologys prescientific roots from, from early understandings of
mind and body to the beginnings of modern science. Through out
human history thinkers have wondered: How do our minds work? How do
our bodies relate to our minds? How much of what we know comes
built in? How much is acquired through experience? In India, Buddha
wondered how sensations and perceptions combined to form ideas.
Prescientific Psychology
Confucius ( B.C.) home.tiscali.be/alain.ernotte/livre/confucius.jpg
In China, Confucius stressed the power of ideas and the importance
of an educated mind. Prescientific Psychology
Hebrew Scriptures Hebrew scriptures linked mind and emotion to the
body. Prescientific Psychology
Socrates ( B.C.) and Plato ( B.C.) Plato Socrates Socrates and his
student Plato believed the mind was separate from the body, the
mind continued to exist after death, and ideas were innate.
Prescientific Psychology
Aristotle( B.C.) The soul is not separable from the body, and the
same holds good of particular parts of the soul. Aristotle, De
Anima, 350 B.C. Aristotle suggested that the soul is not separable
from the body and that knowledge (ideas) grow from experience.
Theorized about learning, memory, motivation, emotion, perception
& personality Prescientific Psychology
Rene Descartes ( ) Descartes like Plato believed the immaterial
mind and physical body were separate but communicated in the brain
at pineal gland. Animal spirits moved from the brain to act on the
muscles and experiences lead the nerves to open up pores in the
brain to form memories. Descartes was right about the nerves
connecting the inside and the outside worlds but had no notion of
how these nerves functioned. Descartes, like Plato, believed in
soul (mind)-body separation, but wondered how the immaterial mind
and physical body communicated. Prescientific Psychology
Francis Bacon ( ) Bacon is one of the founders of modern
science,particularly the experimental method. Prescientific
Psychology
John Locke ( ) biografieonline.it/img/bio/John_Locke.jpg Locke held
that the mind was a tabula rasa, or blank sheet, at birth, and
experiences wrote on it. Prescientific Psychology
What is the relation of mind to the body? Mind and body are
connected Mind and body are distinct The Hebrews Socrates Aristotle
Plato Augustine Descartes Prescientific Psychology
How are ideas formed? Some ideas are inborn The mind is a blank
slate Socrates Aristotle Plato Locke Psychology: A Definition
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Structuralism vs Functionalism
Psychological Science is Born
Structuralism Titchner ( ) Wundt ( ) OBJECTIVE 3| Explain how early
psychologists sought to understand the minds structure and
functions, and identify some of the leading psychologists who
worked in these areas. Structuralism:Wundt and his student Titchner
focused on the elements of mind, and studied it by using
introspection (self-reflection). Wundt established the first
laboratory of psychology in 1879 at Leipzig, Germany, and wrote the
first textbook of psychology. Wundt and Titchener studied the
elements (atoms) of the mind by conducting experiments at Leipzig,
Germany, in 1879. Psychological Science is Born
Functionalism James ( ) Mary Calkins Functionalism: James suggested
that it would be more fruitful to consider the evolved functions of
our thoughts and feelings than simply studying the elements of
mind. Based on the theory of evolution, he suggested that the
function of these thoughts and feelings was adaptive. James
admitted the first woman student Mary Calkins to Harvard and
tutored her. Despite his efforts she was not able to attain her PhD
from Harvard. Influenced by Darwin, William James established the
school of functionalism, which opposed structuralism. Psychological
Science is Born
The Unconscious Mind Freud ( ) Sigmund Freud and his followers
emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects
on human behavior. Psychological Science Develops
Behaviorism Skinner ( ) Watson ( ) OBJECTIVE 4| Describe the
evolution of psychology as defined from 1920s to through today.
Ivan Pavlov a Russian Physiologist, James Watson and Skinner were
all instrumental in developing the science of psychology and
emphasized behavior instead of mind or mental thoughts. From 1920
to 1960, psychology in the US was heavily oriented towards
behaviorism. Watson (1913) and later Skinner emphasized the study
of overt behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology.
Psychological Science Develops
Humanistic Psychology Maslow ( ) Rogers ( ) Maslow and Rogers
emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential
and our need for love and acceptance. Psychologys Big Issues
Stability v. Change Continuity v. Discontinuity Nature v. Nurture
Stability v. Change As the years pass, do we change or remain the
same? Do we become adults or are we always just big kids?
Personality traits, physical appearance, sense of humor, tastes,
etc Continuity v. Discontinuity
Does growth occur gradually or in stages? Nature v. Nurture
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJAB7OS4fXg
Biology versus Experience Am I the way I am because I was born that
way or because of my surroundings? Can I ever be like these people,
or does nature give me limitations? Survey Take the test What are
your results?
So, What type of psychology careers study these? Choose 2
Careers/Computer lab
1. what do they do? 2. 1 positive comment and 1 negative comment
about this job 3. Type your name/period/submit stapled with all
papers Figure 1Biopsychosocial approach Myers: Psychology, Eighth
Edition Copyright 2007 by Worth Publishers Psychologys
Perspectives
The Big Seven Neuroscience/Biological Perspective
Focus on how the physical body and brain creates our emotions,
memories and sensory experiences. If you could not remember the
names of your parents andwent to a psychologist who adheres to the
neuroscience perspective, what might they say? Criticism:
Anatomy/biology solely responsible for human behavior. Ignores
mental processes. Explains too little of human behavior, rejects
environmental influences Evolutionary Perspective http://www.
pbs
Evolutionary PerspectiveDid humans evolve? Focuses on Darwinism.
Behavior due to inheritance. Behaviors ensures ours and ancestors
survival. Criticism: gives too little emphasis to social
influences, and tries to understand your behavior from looking in
your past to present only. Does not look at where you are now. How
could this behavior ensured Homers ancestors survival?
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic Perspective
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m4b2E38g9a0
Fathered by Sigmund Freud. Our behavior comes from unconscious
drives. Usually stemming from our childhood. What might a
psychoanalyst say is the reason someone always needs to be chewing
gum? Criticism: Does not focus on observable behavior, negative
viewpoint of mankind because actions are provoked by unconscious
thoughts, cannot be scientifically proven or disproven. Ignores
political and social explanations of peoples problems. Behavioral
Perspective http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMnhyGozLyE
Focuses on our OBSERVABLE behaviors. Only cares about the behaviors
that impair our living, and attempts to change them. Criticism:
Excludes all behaviors that cannot be seen. All behavior cannot be
explained by rewards and punishments. Treats people like robots as
if they have no free-well If you bit your fingernails when you were
nervous, a behaviorist would not focus on calming you down, but
rather focus on how to stop you from biting your nails. Cognitive
Perspective
Focuses on how we think (or encode information) How do we see the
world? How did we learn to act to sad or happy events? Cognitive
Therapist attempt to change the way you think. Criticism: Downplays
emotion, too mentalistic, hard to decide between competing
cognitive explanations. Strong approach today though. Meet girl Get
Rejected by girl Or get back on the horse Did you learn to be
depressed Social-Cultural Perspective
Focus on how your culture, gender, political, social, and religious
beliefs effects your behavior. Even in the same high school,
behaviors can change in accordance to the various subcultures.
Criticism: Makes broad generalizations about ethnic groups and
cultures. Overestimates social influences on our behavior.
Humanistic Perspective
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tzQ9vrvTAtk
Focuses on positive growth Attempt to seek self-actualization
Therapists use active listening and unconditional positive
regard.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iucf76E-R2s Criticism:
Believes all people are good and that people have the ability to
heal themselves. Too vague, more of a philosophy for life than a
psychology Mr. Rogers would have made a great Humanistic Therapist!
Psychologys Current Perspectives
Focus Sample Questions Neuroscience How the body and brain enables
emotions? How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood
chemistry linked with moods and motives? Evolutionary How the
natural selection of traits the promotes the perpetuationof ones
genes? How does evolution influence behavior tendencies? Behavior
genetics How much our genes and our environments influence our
individual differences? To what extent are psychological traits
such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and
vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our
environment? Although debates arise among the psychologists working
from differing perspectives, each point of view addresses important
questions. Psychologys Current Perspectives
Focus Sample Questions Psychodynamic How behavior springs from
unconscious drives and conflicts? How can someones personality
traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive
drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood
traumas? Behavioral How we learn observable responses? How do we
learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most
effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit
smoking? Psychologys Current Perspectives
Focus Sample Questions Cognitive How we encode, process, store and
retrieve information? How do we use information in remembering?
Reasoning? Problem solving? Social-cultural How behavior and
thinking vary across situations and cultures? How are we as
Africans, Asians, Australians or North Americans alike as members
of human family? As products of different environmental contexts,
how do we differ? http://www. youtube. com/watch
Lecture review of Perspectives Psychologys Subfields:
Research
Psychologist What she does Biological Explore the links between
brain and mind. Developmental Study changing abilities from womb to
tomb. Cognitive Study how we perceive, think, and solve problems.
Personality Investigate our persistent traits. Social Explore how
we view and affect one another. OBJECTIVE 7| Identify some of the
psychologys subfields, and explain the difference between clinical
psychology and psychiatry. Psychologys Subfields: Research
Data: APA 1997 Psychologys Subfields: Applied
Psychologist What she does Clinical Studies, assesses, and treats
people with psychological disorders Counseling Helps people cope
with academic, vocational, and marital challenges. Educational
Studies and helps individuals in school and educational settings
Industrial/ Organizational Studies and advises on behavior in the
workplace. Psychologys Subfields: Applied
Data: APA 1997 Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry
A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats
troubled people with psychotherapy. Psychiatrists on the other hand
are medical professionals (M.D.) who use treatments like drugs and
psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients. Table 1
Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright 2007 by Worth
Publishers Psychologys Subfields Gestalt Psychology Grew from a
joint research; Wertheimer, Kohlberg, Koffka is a school of thought
that looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole. Originating
in the work of Max Wertheimer, Gestalt psychology formed partially
as a response to the structuralism of Wilhelm Wundt. In Sum
Psychology today is a discipline that connects with a diversity of
other fields.