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OPERATION-CUM-

TOWER

TECHNICIAN

Sector: TELECOMOccupation: Operation & maintenance


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CONTENT

Obecti!e Intro"uction

T#pe$ o% mobie to'er

(e%inition o% to'er

(i%%erent to'er picture$ Teecom to'er companie$

In In"ia

Roe an" Re$pon$ibiitie$ o% $ite tec)nician

Component$ o% to'er $ite


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Cont… Component$ 'it)in t)e S)eter

Component$ 'it)in t)e "ie$e *enerator

Ceuar net'or+

W)# e,terna ce i$ u$e"

Merit$ an" "emerit$ o% )e,a*ona ce Sectorin* an" proce$$

Mutipe acce$$ tec)niue$

.eneration o% net'or+ /0.1 2.1 3.1 345.1 6.1 645.1 7.1

5.8Mobie picture$ o% eac) *eneration o% net'or+


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Cont…

GSM communication

Introduction to GSM

History of GSM

Why we go for GSM system

GSM architecture

Frequency band of GSM

Uplink and downlink frequency

Forward and reerse

!"tended GSM

GSM architecture description

Handoer# hando$ process

GSM channel and

Single path and multi path


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%rchitecture of &G network

UM'S (G architecture network

)'*)'!

MIM+ system +F,M block diagram

Single carrier

Multi carrier

,i$erent heights of tower

)+-

What are the obstacles to oppose the )+-


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O9ECTI;E

To un"er$tan" "etai$ about mobie to'er$4 To $tu"# about "i%%erent t#pe$ o% mobie to'er4

To $tu"# about S)eter4

To $tu"# about (ie$e .enerator4


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WELCOME & INTRO(UCTION

A cell site or cell tower i$ a ceuar teep)one $ite')ere antennae an" eectronic communication$ euipment are

pace"1 u$ua# on a ra"io ma$t1 to'er or ot)er )i*) pace1 to

create a ce /or a"acent ce$8 in a ceuar net'or+4


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Cont>

T)e $a%et# o% ce p)one to'er$ i$ t)e $ubect o% e,ten$i!e

$cienti%ic "ebate4

T)ere i$ a *ro'in* bo"# o% $cienti%ic e!i"ence t)at t)e

eectroma*netic ra"iation t)e# emit1 e!en at o' e!e$1 i$

"an*erou$ to )uman )eat)4

Ra"iation %rom mobie p)one$ an" to'er$ )a$ become a

$i*ni%icant ri$+ to pubic )eat) in urban )ub$ an" citie$


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HISTOR?


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TYPES OF MOBILE TOWER

1. Lattice Tower It i$ a$o re%erre" to a$ a $e%-

$upportin* to'er4

T)e attice to'er a%%or"$ t)e

*reate$t %e,ibiit# an" i$o%ten u$e" in )ea!# oa"in*

con"ition$4

It i$ t#pica# t)ree or %our

$i"e"1 'it) $imiar $)ape" ba$e$4


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Cont…

2. Monopole Tower

It u$e$ minima $pace an"

re$embe a $in*e tube4

It reuire$ one %oun"ation an"

t#pica# "ont e,cee" 50m4

T)e antenna$ are mounte" on t)ee,terior o% t)e to'er4


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Cont…

3. Guyed Tower

.u#e" to'er$ u$e" to be t)e c)eape$t to'er to

con$truct1 but reuire t)e *reate$t amount o% an"4


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Cont…4. Stealth Tower

Steat) to'er$ are t#pica# reuire"

b# counci$ an" at time$1 o'ner$4

T)e# are a'a#$ more e,pen$i!et)an t)e ot)er t#pe$ o% to'er$4

More o%ten t)an not t)e# reuire

a""itiona materia to Steat) t)eir

appearance an" t#pica# "ont

pro!i"e t)e $ame amount o%

capacit# %or tenant$4


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Cont>Based on Installation Types

•.roun" 9a$e To'er: mo$t o% teecom to'er$ are o% 70 meter$ in Hei*)t4

•Roo% top To'er: Ran*e meter to 60 meterBased on applicability & antenna load

• Stee attice $tructure : up to 600 %eet

• Monopoe: up to 2 %eet

• Conceae" : up to 250 %eet

1 feet = 0.30480 meter & 1 meter = 3 feet


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(E


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Cont>

T)e 'or+in* ran*e o% a ce to'er or ce $ite /t)e ran*e ')ic)

mobie "e!ice$ connect$ reiab# to t)e ce $ite8 i$ not a %i,e"

%i*ure4

It "epen"$ on a number o% %actor$:

Hei*)t o% antenna o!er $urroun"in* terrain /Line-o%-$i*)t propa*ation84

T)e %reuenc# o% $i*na in u$e4

Timin* imitation$ in $ome tec)noo*ie$ /e4*41 .SM i$

imite" to 65 +m1 'it) 0 +m bein* po$$ibe 'it) $peciaeuipment8

T)e tran$mitter$ rate" po'er4


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Cont>T)e reuire" upin+J"o'nin+ "ata rate o% t)e

$ub$criber$ "e!ice4T)e "irectiona c)aracteri$tic$ o% t)e $ite antenna arra#4

Re%ection an" ab$orption o% ra"io ener*# b# bui"in*$ or

!e*etation4

It ma# a$o be imite" b# oca *eo*rap)ica or re*uator#

%actor$ an" 'eat)er con"ition$4


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TELECOM TOWER COMPANIES IN THE

WORLD Wit) a port%oio o% more t)an 21271202 to'er$1 In"u$ i$ t)e ar*e$t teecom to'er

compan# in t)e 'or"4


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IN INDIA ATC In"ia o'n$ or operate$ o!er 231000 to'er $ite$ t)rou*)out t)e countr#4

Airce

American To'er Co In"ia Lt"

9)arti In%rate

9SNL Teecom To'er In%ra$tructure

E$$ar Teecom /ETIPL8

.TL In%ra$tructure

H


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Cont…


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ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF SITE

TECHNICIAN Tower Site Maintenance

Re*uar ;i$it to $ite:

• Proper rea"in*$ %or E91 PIU>

• C)ec+ %or ube oi1 "ie$e e!e1 'ater or cooant e!e in (.4

• (i$tie" 'ater in t)e batter#4

• C)ec+ t)e aarm$ on PIU4

Site !i$it in ca$e o% critica %aut aert:

• Main$ %aiure

• (. %aie" to $tart or $top4

• (. o' %ue e!e

• Recti%ier %aiure• Po'er inter%ace unit reate"

• A $en$or$

• Site (o'n

• Hi*) Temperature4


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COMPONENTES OF TOWER SITE

Tower

Pat%orm Mountin* poe

Antenna /.SM1 C(MA & Micro'a!e8

Li*)tenin* Arre$tor

A!iation Lamp

R<


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Cont…


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Antenna %n antenna /or aerial0 is an electrical deice which

conerts electric power into radio waes1 and iceersa2

It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio

receier2

%n antenna consists of an arrangement ofmetallic conductors1 electrically connect to the

receier or transmitter2

'he 3rst antennas were built in 4555 by Germanphysicist Heinrich Hert62


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Cont… %ccording to their applications and technology aailable1

antennas generally fall in one of two categories7

+mni directional antenna

,irectional antenna


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CELLULAR NETWORK

% cellular network or mobile network isa wireless network distributed oer landareas called cells1 each sered by at leastone 3"ed8location transceier1 known as

a cell site or base station2

In a cellular network1 each cell uses adi$erent set of frequencies fromneighbouring cells1 to aoid interferenceand proide guaranteed bandwidth withineach cell2


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FEATURES OF CELLULAR NETWORK

More capacity than a single large transmitter1since the same frequency can be used formultiple links as long as they are in di$erent cells

Mobile deices use less power than with a singletransmitter or satellite since the cell towers arecloser

)arger coerage area than a single terrestrialtransmitter1 since additional cell towers can beadded inde3nitely and are not limited by thehori6on


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ANTENNA MOUNTING SYSTEMS

Tower Accessories - '89oom Sector Mounts

S%F8' 9oom

Ice Shields

%ntenna Mounting :it*ipe to *ipe Mounting :it

%ntenna *ipes2222and more


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Cont…

Pole Accessories – 'ri8-ollar %ssemblies

Monopole *latform :its

S%F8'8%rm

-hain Mounts %ccess *orts and more22


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Cont… ;ooftop mounts and %ccessories 8

Water 'ank Mounts

'ri8pod Mounts

9allast Frames

;ooftop 9ridge

!quipment ;acks

9'S *latforms and more22

'ransmission line support system8

Waeguide 9ridge

'rape6e :its

*ipe *ost :it

)adder Hardware :it


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Cont… -able hardware and accessories <

Feeder cable

Guy -able Hardware :its

9ird8Flight ,ierter

Galani6ed Hardware =aw8!ye 'urnbuckle

=89olt > U89olt %ssembly


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DIFFERENT CELL STRUCTURES He"agonal

-ircular

Square

'riangular


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FREQUENCY REUSE

'he key characteristic of a cellular networkis the ability to re8use frequencies toincrease both coerage and capacity2

'he ad?acent cells must use di$erentfrequencies1 howeer there is no problemwith two cells su@ciently far apartoperating on the same frequency2 'heelements that determine frequency reuseare the reuse distance and the reusefactor2


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Why hexagonal cells are used ? %oid the gape between the cells2

%oid the oerlap between the cells2

-ell can be easily splitting and sectoring2

More capacity in the cell2

=ust look likes circular in structure2


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Cont…


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ADVANTAGES OF HEXAGONAL CELL

'here is no oerlap between ad?acent cells Ao gap between ad?acent cells

+ne of their features is the e@cientutili6ation of spectrum resources due to

frequency reuse2 In practice1 frequency reuse is a de3ning

characteristic of cellular systems2

It e"ploits the fact that signal power fallsof with distance to reuse the samefrequency spectrum at spatially separatedlocations /cells02


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DISADVANTAGE One "i$a"!anta*e o% a )e,a*ona ce i$ t)at )e,e$ )a!e a"acent

ce$ in on# $i, "irection$ in$tea" o% ei*)t1 a$ in a $uare ce4

Common#1 ce$ 'i %orm continuou$ $trai*)t ine$ up an"

"o'n1 or nort) an" $out)1 in ')ic) ca$e t)e ot)er %our

a"acent ce$ ie nort)-'e$t1 nort)-ea$t1 $out)-'e$t an"

$out)-ea$t4 A$ a re$ut1 no )e, ce )a$ an a"acent )e, ce #in* "irect#

ea$t or 'e$t1 ma+in* mo!ement in a $trai*)t ine ea$t or 'e$t

$ome')at more compicate" t)an on a $uare ce4

In$tea"1 pat)$ in t)e$e "irection$1 an" an# ot)er pat) t)at "oe$ not bi$ect one o% t)e $i, ce e"*e$1 'i Gi*-Ga* $ince no t'o

"irection$ are ort)o*ona1 it i$ impo$$ibe to mo!e %or'ar" in one

"irection 'it)out mo!in* bac+'ar"$ $i*)t# in t)e ot)er4


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CELL SPLITTING Ce $pittin* i$ t)e proce$$ o% $ub"i!i"in* a con*e$te" ce into

$maer ce$ eac) 'it) it$ o'n ba$e $tation an" a

corre$pon"in* re"uction in antenna )ei*)t an" tran$mitter

po'er4

Ce $pittin* i$ "one b# "e%inin* an" in$tain* ne' ce$

')ic) )a!e a $maer ra"iu$ t)an t)e ori*ina ce$ /microce$8

t)e ra"iu$1 R o% e!er# ce 'a$ cut in )a%1 /RJ384

Ce $pittin* increa$e$ t)e capacit# o% a ceuar $#$tem $ince

it increa$e$ t)e number o% time$ t)at c)anne$ are reu$e"4

T)e con$euence o% t)e ce $pittin* i$ t)at t)e %reuenc#

a$$i*nment )a$ to be "one a*ain1 ')ic) a%%ect$ t)e nei*)borin*

ce$4


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CELL SPLITTING & SECTORING


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MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUE In ca$e o% mobie communication1 ')ic) i$ a %orm o% 'iree$$ communication1 t)e on#

re$traint on communication i$ t)e ban"'i"t) re$traint ')ic) mean$ 'e )a!e a imite"%reuenc# ran*e t)at 'e can u$e %or communication4 Hence1 'e mu$t $ome)o'1 ao'

mutipe u$er$ communicate in t)e $ame %reuenc# ran*e4

Mutipe Acce$$ Tec)niue$ are 'a#$ to acce$$ a $in*e c)anne b# mutipe u$er$4 T)e#

pro!i"e mutipe acce$$ to t)e c)anne4 A c)anneF re%er$ to a $#$tem re$ource aocate" to

a *i!en mobie u$er enabin* t)e u$er to e$tabi$) communication 'it) t)e net'or+ /ot)er

u$er$84 9a$e" on t)e t#pe o% c)anne1 'e can u$e a particuar mutipe acce$$ tec)niue %or

communication4

re'(ency )!annels *"M+ , re'(ency "i-ision M(ltiple +ccess -


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FDMA In


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FEATURES Continuou$ tran$mi$$ion:- t)e c)anne$ are u$e" on a non-time-

$)arin* ba$i$4

Narro' ban" 'i"t):- (i*ita


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TDMA

T(MA $#$tem$ "i!i"e t)e c)anne time into %rame$4 Eac)

%rame i$ %urt)er partitione" into time $ot$4 In eac) $ot on#

one u$er i$ ao'e" to eit)er tran$mit or recei!e4

Uni+e


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Features

Mutipe c)anne$ per carrier or R< c)anne$4

S#nc)roniGation nee"e"4

9ur$t tran$mi$$ion $ince c)anne$ are u$e" on a time$)arin* ba$i$4 Tran$mitter can be turne" o%% "urin* i"e perio"$4

Narro' or 'i"e ban"'i"t) = "epen"$ on %actor$ $uc) a$mo"uation $c)eme1 number o% !oice c)anne$ per carrierc)anne4

Hi*) ISI = Hi*)er tran$mi$$ion $#mbo rate1 )ence re$utin* in)i*) ISI4 A"apti!e euaiGer reuire"4


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CDMA In C(MA1 t)e narro'ban" me$$a*e $i*na i$ multiplied b# a !er#

ar*e ban"'i"t) $i*na cae" $prea"in* $i*na /co"e8 be%oremo"uation an" tran$mi$$ion o!er t)e air4 T)i$ i$ cae" $prea"in*4

C(MA i$ a$o cae" (SSS/(irect $euence $prea" $pectrum84

+T2S,

No %reuenc# mana*ement No *uar" time reuire"

Enabe$ $o%t )an"o%%


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CDMA example


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Cont…


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GENERATION (G)

BG re%er$ pre-ceuar mobie teep)on# tec)noo*# in20$4

Tec)noo*# u$e" in 0. are PTT/pu$) to ta+81

MTS/mobie teep)one $#$tem8 & Impro!e-MTS4


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1G TECHNOLOGY

(e!eope" in2@0 in Europe4

9a$e" on anao*

teecommunication $tan"ar"$4

U$e" anao* ra"io $i*na$4

It ao'$ !oice ca$ in one countr#4 Tec)noo*#: AMPS1 CT $erie$

Ran*e:34 +bp$ to 54B +bp$4


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2G TECHNOLOGY

(e!eope" in 20-2 in

U$e" "i*ita ra"io $i*na$ an"

SIM car"4 Ran*e: 25Qbp$ to 70Qbp$4

#SM Ser-ices

Tee-$er!ice$ Suppementar# $er!ice$

9earer $er!ice$


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2.5G TECHNOLOGY

.enera pac+et ratio $er!ice$/.PRS8

(ata rate$-5B+bp$ to225+bp$

Ser-ices,

WAP

MMS an" SMS Searc) an" "irector#


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3.5G TECHNOLOGY

HS,*%/high speed downlink packet access0 isreferred in &2CG2

HS*%D

Speed is up to (5Bkbps2


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4G TECHNOLOGY

Late$t an" %a$te$t *eneration o% mobie p)one

communication4

It i$ +no'n a$ MA.IC $#$tem4

9a$e" on 6. tec)noo*# 'it) impro!ement$ name" a$

LTE4 MIMO1 O


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5G TECHNOLOGY

Started in EB4B2

-omplete wireless communication

with almost no limitations2

It is highly supportable to

wwww/wireless world wide web02 ,ata rates more than 4Gbps2

'echnology7 %danced )'!1 mimo8ofdm


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COMPARISON OF 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G


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