Mobile Networks Evolution
Transcript of Mobile Networks Evolution
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Towards 4G
Gandhar Gokhale
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Commercial Launch in 1970s
Analog service modulation of carrier
Digital connectivity beyond the radio towers
FDMA
Various standards NMT (Nordic), AMPS (US),
TACS (UK), JTACS (Japan) etc
Introduced Cellular system AMPS from Bell Labs
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It was quite successful despite many shortcomings
In every city where mobile telephoneservice was introduced waiting lists
developed, growing every year. By 1976only 545 customers in New York Cityhad Bell System mobiles, with 3,700
customers on the waiting list. Aroundthe country 44,000 Bell subscribers
had AT&T mobiles but 20,000 peoplesat on five to ten year waiting lists.
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A channel is apair of
frequencies.
One frequency totransmit & One to
receive
It makes up acircuit or acomplete
communicationpath
Many radiotowers
User density
Terrestrialconditions
Each towercovering specificgeographic area
Typically with
overlaps
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Backhaul
Connects the radiotowers to the restof the telephone
network
The network consists oftwo parts
Access or terrestrial network
user location and mobility
Core Network
transportation & control of calls
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Very lowcapacities
Nostandardizationacross regions
Quite insecure
analog radiointerface
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Started inFinland in
1991 byRadiolinja
Digitalservice
Increasedcapacity
Airinterface:TDMA or
CDMA
GSM Europe &
~80%
countriesin general
CDMA-USA and
somecountries
in AsiaAddeddata
services
SMS andemail
Enhancedsecurity
andprivacy
Nopacket
dataservice
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BaseStation
BaseStation
Controller
MobileSwitching
Center
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SIM SubscriberIdentification Module Mini 25 mm X 15 mm
Micro 15 mm X 12 mm
IMSI International MobileSubscriber Identity
Stored in the SIM
Radio tranceiver Multiple radio technologies
Micro-SIM with mini-SIM and fullSIM brackets from Telia in Sweden
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Authenticate to
network
Perform securityoperations such
as ciphering
Measure radiosignal qualitycontinuously
Assist in mobility(handover)
Update the
network with thecurrent location
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BTS
Radio Tx/RX
Multiple transceivers for multi-sector
BSC
Controls hundreds of BTSs
Radio channel allocation
Inter-BTS handovers
MSC
Call Switching
Mobility
Connects to PSTN
Connects to HLR/VLR
Connects to 3G nodes
HLR, VLR& AuC
Subscriber information SIM-IMSI
Identification andAuthentication
Roaming
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Same components as for voice call with additional elementsSMSC - Short Message Service Center - relays SMSsSMC G/IW MSC - An MSC capable of supporting SMS
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Authentication
SIM and IMSI Shared secret Ki in SIM
Encryption ofRadio
Communication Algorithms such as
Kasumi and Snow
PhysicalNetwork
Security of corenetwork
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General Packet Radio Service: Sometimes called as 2.5G Speeds up to 56-114 kbps
CDMA counterpart: 1xRTT
Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution: 2.75G Speeds up to 236.8 kbit/s (with end-to-end latency of less
than 150 ms)
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Main support node
Handles routing and mobility
SGSN: Serving GPRS Support Node
Gateway to packet data network
Allocates address for handset
Implements firewall, NAT, Router etc
Validates subscriber details with RADIUS server
GGSN: Gateway GPRS Support Node
Typically Sits at BSC
Connects directly to SGSN
Differentiates between circuit switched data/voice and packet switched
data
PCU: Packet Control Unit
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Access Point Name: Name of the service provider
APN
GPRS Exchange: Connects to GGSN in the homenetwork from the SGSN of the visited network
GRX
SGSN and GGSN tunnel the data packets
between them using GTP
GTP
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E-mail; fax; unified messaging; intranet/Internet access
Communications
Information services; games
Value-added services
Retail; ticket purchasing; banking; financial trading
E-commerce
Navigation; traffic conditions; airline/rail schedules; location finder
Location-based applications
Freight delivery; f leet management; sales-force automation
Vertical applications
Advertising
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Real timevideo calls
HD gaming
Fast browsingand downloads
Live TV onmobile
Real time
streaming ofmusic and videos
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3GPP Release 99: WCDMA Initial spectrum allocated
1885 2025 MHz 2110 - 2200MHz
Later added 2500 2690 MHz 806 900 MHz 1710 1885 MHz
Spread Spectrum, 5 MHz spectrum Circuit Voice and Packet Data (up to 384 Kbps)
Deployed since 2003
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UTRAN UMTS Radio Access Network
Core Network expanded to two components
BTS Node B
BSC RNC
CoreNework
CS
2G 3G
PS
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CS domain: cells are partitioned into Location Areas
(LAs) The LA of the phone is tracked by VLR
PS domain: cells are partitioned into Routing Areas(RAs).
RA is tracked by SGSN In UMTS the RA is further subdivided into UTRAN RAs
(URAs)
During a connection GPRS SGSN tracks the cell of the
phone while UMTS SGSN tracks the URA and cell.
For tracking a handset the cells in the GPRS/UMTS service area are partitioned intogroups . To deliver services to the mobile phone cell group will page the phone
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PMM Detached (Idle)
UE is not reachable
PMM Connected(Ready)
PS signaling connection is established Packet transmission is possible
Cell-based/URA location update is performed
Serving RNC-Id is stored PMM Idle (Standby)
RA-based location update is performed
PS Signaling connection is released
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MM state model in SGSN
RRC state model in UTRAN
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HardHandover
All the old radio links in the UE are removed beforethe new radio links are established.
Seamless hard HO - The HO is not perceptible to theuser
Non-Seamless Hard HO
SoftHandover
The radio links areadded and removed in
a way that the UEalways keeps at leastone radio link to the
UTRAN.
Soft HO is performedby means of macro
diversity, (several radiolinks are active
simultaneously)
Softerhandover
A special case of Soft HO where the radio links thatare added and removed belong to the same Node B
Inter RAT (3G-2G) handovers: No UMTS coverage, UMTS capacity full
and GSM available etc.
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A 3G system derived from the IS-95 CDMA 2G systems
Standardized by 3GPP2
Since 2002
Prevalent in North America and South Korea The latest release EVDO Rev B
offers peak rates of 14.7 mpbs down link.
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HSDPA HighSpeed Downlink
Packet Access Downlink Only; DataOnly
Multiple Codes perSubscriber
Up to 16 QAM, Peak
Rates of 14.4 Mbps Deployed since 2005
HSUPA HighSpeed Uplink PacketAccess
CDMA, SpreadSpectrum, 5 MHz
Uplink Only; Data Only
Multiple Codes perSubscriber
Up to 16 QAM, PeakRates of 4.5 Mbps
Deployed since 2007
HSPA+ -High Speed
Packet AccessUp to 64 QAM,MIMOPeak Rates up to
DL 56 Mbps,UL 22 Mbps
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ITU-R launched the IMT-Advanced (4G) initiative in 2002 High speed
100 Mbps @ speeds upto 250 km/hr 1 Gbps @ stationary/pedestrian speeds
Compatibility of services within IMT and with fixednetworks
Capability of interworking with other radio access systems
High quality mobile services
User equipment suitable for worldwide use User-friendly applications, services and equipment
Worldwide roaming capability
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Clear WiMAX 4G vs 3GCheck out this video on You Tube
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Bj2N1gTunghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Bj2N1gTunghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Bj2N1gTunghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Bj2N1gTunghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Bj2N1gTung -
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Proposed by NTT DoCoMo , Japan Peak data rate:
100Mbps for DL with 20MHz (2 Rx Antenna at UE), 50Mbps for UL with 20MHz
Spectral efficiency: 5bps/Hz for DL 2.5bps/Hz for UL
Improved cell edge performance (in terms of bit rate) 2-4 times Rel 6
Reduced latency 5 30 ms user plane
Mobility Optimized for 0-15 km/hr 15-120 km/hr supported at high performance Max speeds 350-500 km/hr
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Physical (radio) channels DL: OFDM
UL: Single Carrier FDMA
Minimum antenna requirement: 2 at UE
2 at eNodeB
Beamforming
MIMO use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and
receiver to improve communication performance
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All IP Core network : Evolved Packet Core Always On experience
IPsec mandatory for transport
Evolved Radio Access Network: E-UTRAN Evolved NodeB
LTE + E-UTRAN + EPC => SAE (Service ArchitectureEvolution)
Simplified architecture due to reduced network nodes
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End of circuit switched voice All IP network. VoIP.
Voice is just another IP based application
End-to-End QoS To support the media-rich, low latency and real time
services
Policy Management and Enforcement
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Manages user plane mobility
Maintain data paths between eNodeB and PGW
Anchor for local (intra-E-UTRAN) mobility
Mobility interoperation with other 3GPPtechnologies
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Interfaces with packet data networks such as Internet
Policy enforcement
operator defined rules for resource allocation and usage
Packet filtering
Deep packet inspection
Charging support
Per-URL charging
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Signaling and control functions
Manage access to network
Assignment of network resources Mobile states management(tracking/paging/roaming/HOs)
Security procedures
User authentication
Cipher and integrity protection protocol initiation
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Charging support
Per-URL charging
Policy enforcement
operator defined rules for resource allocationand usage
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Worldwide interoperability forMicrowave Access
IEEE 802.16 standard
Originally for last mile access
Lacked mobility before 802.16e-2005
IEEE 802.16m version proposed for 4Gi.e. 1 Gb/s speeds
HTC on Yota networks in Russia HTS on Sprint Nextel
IP based core network WiMAX Base Station
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Version Release Time Info
Phase 1 1992 GSM features
Release 96 1997 Q1 GSM Features, 14.4 kbit/sUser Data Rate,
Release 97 1998 Q1 GSM Features, GPRSRelease 99 2000 Q1 Specified the first UMTS
3G networks,incorporating a CDMA airinterface
Release 4 2001 Q2 Originally called theRelease 2000 - addedfeatures including an all-IP Core Network
Release 5 2002 Q1 IMS & HSDPA
Release 7 2007 Q4 HSPA+, NFC
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Version Release Time Info
Release 8 2008 Q4 LTE, SAE
Release 10 In progress LTE Advanced => IMTAdvanced i.e. 4G
Release 11 & Release 12 In progress Definition and scoping inprogress
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Spectrum as a limited resource => Arbitration Regulation for business malpractices such as
monopoly
FCC of the USA established in 1934 mostly to regulate landline
Included spectrum allocation also
DoT Govt. of India
Policy Making TRAI
Regulate service providers