MOBILE COMMUNICATION AND INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES Networking Technologies and Internet of the Future ...

MOBILE COMMUNICATION AND

INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES

Networking Technologies and Internet of the Future

http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/AUT2014/teMCITms/

Courtesy of:Dr. H. E. (Buster) Dunsmore

Purdue Universityand

Google Inc.



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MODULE AIMSThe main aims of this module are to: Explore different networking technologies Discuss future of Internet Inter-Planetary Internet

NETWORKING TECHNOLOGYNETWORKING TECHNOLOGY

Power-Line NetworkingPower-Line Networking

Way to connect computers in home or office using electrical wiring

More convenient than phone lines

Connect computer to network through the outlet that provides power

Data travels through electrical wiring

Requires no new wiring and adds no cost to electric bill

Power-line networking is inexpensive method for connecting computers in different places in home or office

Power-Line NetworkingPower-Line Networking

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NETWORKS – HOME AREA NETWORKS (HAN)

Network within a homeConnects digital devices

HomePLC – electrical lines; cables connect card/USB/parallel port to wall outlet

Phoneline – telephone lines; cables connect NIC/PC card to telephone jack

Network card that plugs into PCI slot and wall outlet for home power-line network

Howstuffworks.com

HomeRF, 802.11b – radio waves; NIC connects to transceiver with antenna or to wireless access point

Ethernet – twisted pair cables; Ethernet NIC cards and cables to connect devices

WIRELESS NETWORKINGWIRELESS NETWORKING

Creates network by sending infrared or radio signals between computers

Better than Power-line networking; some computers are not “plugged in” to electrical outlet

Laptop with wireless network card is completely portable throughout home or office

IrDA (Infrared Direct Access) is standard for devices to communicate using infrared light pulses

Infrared devices must be in direct line of sight with each other (like TV remote… which uses same infrared technology)

Infrared is almost always “one to one” technology

Radio signals better because no line of sight requirement and ability to broadcast to multiple recipients

WIRELESS NETWORKINGWIRELESS NETWORKING

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NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES –

802.11, BLUETOOTH, IRDA IEEE 802.11 (802.11b, g – “WiFi”) Family of standards used with wireless LANs

Used for public Internet access points

Bluetooth Devices contain special chip Short-range radio waves transmit between Bluetooth devices Short distance

IrDA IrDA devices contain IrDA ports Infrared light waves Line-of-sight transmission

BLUETOOTHBLUETOOTH

Bluetooth is new standard being developed by a group of electronics manufacturers

Will allow any sort of electronic equipment to communicate with each other

Can be used among computers, keyboard, mouse, printer, headphone, cell phone

Bluetooth-like radio communications should take place of wires or infrared signals for connecting devices

BLUETOOTHBLUETOOTH

Very small radio module to be built into each device

Wireless: No need for cables or cords to any device

Inexpensive: Should add only about $5-10 to price of product

Simple: Devices find one another and strike up conversation without any work on your part

Why is it called Bluetooth?Harald Bluetooth was king of Denmark around the turn of the last milleniumHe united Denmark and part of Norway into a single kingdom

BLUETOOTHBLUETOOTH

Satellite Internet access already commonplace

Satellites orbit at several hundreds of miles above Earth

Imagine airplane-like device at approximately 60,000 feet

Aircraft will be undisturbed by inclement weather and will be flying well above commercial air traffic

AIRBORNE INTERNETAIRBORNE INTERNET

All satellite benefits without some of the problems

Consumers would get connections comparable to Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

High-speed wireless Internet connection by placing aircraft in fixed pattern over city

Could be lightweight planes (possibly unmanned) or blimps


Airborne Internet will function much like satellite-based Internet access, but without time delay

Cost advantage over satellites – aircraft can be deployed easily – do not have to be launched into space

Airborne Internet could even complement satellite and ground-based networks, not replace them


Impact: Possibility of constant connection to network anywhere, any time

Benefit: Ease of connecting all computers and related devices

Challenges: How to make most efficient use of the computing power, software, and tools always available

How to build the most useful software and tools

IMPACT AND OPPORTUNITY?IMPACT AND OPPORTUNITY?

INTERNET TECHNOLOGYINTERNET TECHNOLOGY

Access over the Internet to applications and services that would otherwise have to be located on one’s own personal computer

Email, text editor, financial modeling software, Computer Aided Design (CAD) software, simulation software,…..

Application Service Provider (ASP)Application Service Provider (ASP)

Centralized data storage, which will increase efficiency and ease of access to information, as well as synchronization of information among users and machines

Wherever you are, that is your computer!

STORAGE SERVICE PROVIDER (SSP)STORAGE SERVICE PROVIDER (SSP)

About 120 universities and 25 corporate sponsors are working on better Internet infrastructure “Internet 2”

THE NEXT GENERATION INTERNETTHE NEXT GENERATION INTERNET

THE NEXT GENERATION INTERNETTHE NEXT GENERATION INTERNET

Larger bandwidth

Faster speeds

Better reliability

Better security

Better compression techniques (smaller files to be transmitted)

Caching – leaving copies around closer to the point of need

All developments will eventually become part of standard internet

INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 6 (IPV6)INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 6 (IPV6)

Today’s Internet uses Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) – approximately 20 years old

Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) (also called IPng) will eventually replace IPv4

IPv6 fixes a number of problems in IPv4, such as limited number of available IPv4 addresses

IPv6 goes from 32 to 128 bits per address

If whole Earth was a beach, more than enough IP addresses for every grain of sand ... hope that will be enough

IPv6 also routes messages better, auto-configures for missing computers, and includes security components for encryption and authentication

INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 6 (IPV6)INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 6 (IPV6)

DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS, EXPERT SYSTEMS


If Internet becomes repository of all knowledge, how best to use it?

If Internet becomes repository of all knowledge, how best to use it?

Decision Support Systems (DSS) access data, sophisticated analytical models, user-friendly interfaces


DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS, EXPERT SYSTEMS Can make repetitive, routine decisions with known algorithms

Can provide alternatives and possible outcomes for more elaborate decisions

Expert Systems (ES) capture decision-making rules used by experts

Interaction with human user and available data evolved toward decision

Neural networks can imitate DSS and ES and learn to make decisions


Impact: Internet will provide fast access to enormous amount of information and tools for using that information

Benefit: Immediate access for all kinds of information in a variety of formats (text, sound, image, video) Ability to make decisions based on “all” available information… not just subset

Decision tools that represent best wisdom of all experts

Challenge: How to sift through enormous quantity of information and tools available to decide what to use in any given situation

Researchers have recently made breakthroughs in developing displays out of polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

Thin, flexible, rugged plastic that you can bend, roll up, fold, or form into practically any shape

CONSUMER COMPUTER TECHNOLOGYCONSUMER COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

Plastic DisplaysPlastic Displays

PLASTIC DISPLAYSPLASTIC DISPLAYS

Mass production of plastic displays is approximately five years away

Applications could include notebook and desktop displays, hand-held appliances

Also, wearable displays sewn into clothing, and paper thin electronic books and newspapers

ELECTRONIC DIGITAL PAPERELECTRONIC DIGITAL PAPER

Developed at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), electronic paper is new kind of display

Somewhere between paper and conventional computer screen


Like paper, it is thin, lightweight, and flexible

Like computer display, it is dynamic and rewritable

Wide range of potential applications, including:Electronic paper newspapers offering breaking news, incoming sports scores, and up to the minute stock quotes, even as paper is being read

Electronic paper magazines that continually update with breaking information and make use of animated images or movie pictures

Electronic paper textbooks, which could be updated as technology changes


Electronic paper utilizes new display technology called gyriconA gyricon sheet is thin layer of transparent plastic in which millions of small beads, like toner particles, are randomly dispersed

Beads are bichromal, with hemispheres of contrasting color

Under influence of voltage applied to surface of sheet, beads rotate to present one colored side or the other to the viewer

Image will persist until new voltage patterns are applied to create new images

POWER PAPERPOWER PAPER Computers and other electronic devices becoming thinner and thinner

Soon laptop computer could be as thin as a sheet of paper

Power supplies must slim down as well

Power Paper, an Israel-based company, has developed paper-thin battery technology

POWER PAPERPOWER PAPER

Power electronic devices, games, greeting cards, smart cards, luggage tags, medical devices

Imagine smart tickets to sporting events to avoid counterfeiting and give directions to seat

Could be very useful in computerized clothing and wearable computers

Power Paper cell will be one-half millimeter thick, and will generate 1.5 volts

PRINTABLE COMPUTERSPRINTABLE COMPUTERS

Researchers developing ink-based, plastic processor

PRINTABLE COMPUTERSPRINTABLE COMPUTERS

Printable computer components not designed to replace silicon (about 100 times slower)

Plastic offers some benefits over silicon Silicon is rigid, while plastic chips are flexible

Will lead to simple computers to give intelligence to everyday objects

Could be integrated into clothes, food labels, simple appliances, toys

WEARABLE COMPUTERSWEARABLE COMPUTERS Obvious applications like hearing aids with sound enhancement software

“Glasses” with multi-informational display about what is being seen, where you are

Wrist computers, PDAs, cell phones

• Next step is computerized clothing• Including computers in standard clothing items like shoes, pants, shirts, jackets, belts…

WEARABLE COMPUTERSWEARABLE COMPUTERS

Uses include….

Health related – monitor blood pressure, pulse rate, blood sugar, useful for life threatening conditions that need continual monitoring

Navigation – directions, maps, airline information, restaurant and hotel information

Safety and security – connections to police, fire, medical, auto towing and repair

Entertainment – music, news, video, sporting events

WEARABLE COMPUTERSWEARABLE COMPUTERS Some of these devices already making their way into consumer market

Working to integrate computers and related devices directly into clothing, so that they are virtually invisible

Interaction via sensors, all fabric keypads, speakers, voice recognition receivers, thin light-emitting diode (LED) monitors, flat screen (plastic) displays, holographic projectors

Another step in making computers and devices portable without having to carry and manipulate plethora of gadgets

COMPUTERS IN EVERY IMAGINABLE ITEMCOMPUTERS IN EVERY IMAGINABLE ITEM

Appliances – Home security, heating/air conditioning, refrigerator, oven, dishwasher, lighting system, entertainment systems, washer, dryer, garage door opener, “watering” systems

Vehicles – cars, bicycles, lawn mowers, snow blowers, chain saws

VOICE RECOGNITIONVOICE RECOGNITION

Many of above will operate via voice commands

Next 3-5 years will bring major advances in speech recognition

Voice is converted into phonemes (basic elements of speech) English language has approximately 50 phonemes

VOICE RECOGNITIONVOICE RECOGNITION

Phonemes compared to dictionary of words stored via phonemesWords then translated into computer commands like “Display nearest gas station?”

Limited vocabulary systems and systems trained to particular person’s speech will be very fast and precise

Voice recognition requires tremendous storage and processing power – no problem


Impact: Every conceivable device can have computer embedded in it

Benefit: Any mundane activity (like monitoring supply of food in refrigerator) or complex activity (like amplifying only specific sound frequencies in hearing aid) can be done by computer

Challenge: How to design most useful cadre of consumer computers to aid without overwhelming us humans

Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM) has potential to store more data, access data faster, use less power than current memory technologies

Could eliminate computer “boot up” sequence

Today’s memory Dynamic RAM (DRAM) needs to be supplied with constant current to store bits of data

COMPUTER PROCESSORS AND STORAGE TECHNOLOGY

COMPUTER PROCESSORS AND STORAGE TECHNOLOGY

Magnetic RamMagnetic Ram

MAGNETIC RAMMAGNETIC RAM

If current turned off, everything has to be stored again

In MRAM, small amount of electricity needed only to switch polarity (1 or 0) of each memory cell on the chip…not to maintain that value

HOLOGRAPHIC STORAGE TECHNOLOGIESHOLOGRAPHIC STORAGE TECHNOLOGIESCDs, DVDs, and magnetic storage all store bits of information on the surface of a recording medium

To increase storage capabilities, new optical storage method, called holographic memory, will go beneath the surface and use volume of recording medium for storage

Could offer more storage in same space

EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET LITHOGRAPHY (EUVL) CHIPSEXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET LITHOGRAPHY (EUVL) CHIPS

Current silicon technology used to make microprocessors has begun to reach its limit since 2005

Other technologies necessary to cram more transistors onto silicon to create more powerful chips

Extreme-ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) – way to extend life of silicon at least until the end of the decade

EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET LITHOGRAPHY (EUVL) CHIPSEXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET LITHOGRAPHY (EUVL) CHIPS

Using extreme-ultraviolet light to carve transistors in silicon wafers will lead to microprocessors as much as 100 times faster than today’s most powerful chips

Memory chips with similar increases in storage capacity

DNA COMPUTERSDNA COMPUTERS

Microprocessors made of silicon will eventually reach their limits of speed and miniaturization

• Chip makers need new material to produce faster computing speeds

• Millions of natural supercomputers exist in living organisms

• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules have potential to perform calculations many times faster than the world’s most powerful human-built supercomputers


DNA might one day be integrated on a computer chip to create a so-called biochip that will push computers even faster

DNA molecules have already been harnessed to perform complex mathematical problems

Large supply of DNA makes it a cheap resource

DNA’s key advantage is that it will make computers smaller, while holding more data, than any computer that has come before


One pound of DNA has the capacity to store more information than all electronic computers ever built

Teardrop-sized DNA computer will be more powerful than world’s current most powerful supercomputer

Unlike conventional computers, DNA computers perform calculations in parallel


Impact: Computers will be smaller, faster, lighter with enormous amounts of storage capacity

Benefit: Any imaginable task can be programmed to be executed in “real time” (like monitoring aspects of nuclear reactor)

Challenge: What is the most cost-effective use of these technologies?

How can we keep the “smaller, faster, lighter” development going?

Research on computer use for vision-impaired leading to touch screens with digitally-controlled raised surfaces

Digital Scent Synthesizer

SOME “FAR OUT” POTENTIAL FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

SOME “FAR OUT” POTENTIAL FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

The Forgotten Senses (Touch, Smell, Taste)The Forgotten Senses (Touch, Smell, Taste)

THE FORGOTTEN SENSES(TOUCH, SMELL, TASTE)THE FORGOTTEN SENSES(TOUCH, SMELL, TASTE)

Indexed thousands of smells based on chemical structure and place on scent spectrum

Each scent is coded and digitized into small file

Digital file is embedded in Web content or email (much like image file)

User may request scent or may be unleashed automatically

Create thousands of everyday scents with small cartridge containing 128 primary odors

Similar research going on in digital taste synthesis

ROBOTICSROBOTICS

Because of advances in processors, memory, decision support systems, expert systems, sensors….

Today’s crude robots will become “thinking” machines, capable of behavior that mimics reason, emotion, common sense, speech, vision, locomotion

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IBM 360/75

#3UCSB

PDP10

SDS 940

#2SRI

#4UTAH

#1UCLA

SDS Sigma 7

The Original ARPANET

Dec 1969

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Internet 1999

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INTERNET - GLOBAL STATISTICS 2008

(approx. 3.5 B mobiles and 1 Billion PCs)

542 Million Hosts

(ISC Jan 2008)

1,464 Million Users(InternetWorldStats.com, June 30, 2008)

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REGIONAL INTERNET STATISTICS 6/30/08Region Internet

Population% penetration

Asia 578.5 Mil. 15.3 %

Europe 384.6 Mil. 48.1 %

North Am. 248.2 Mil. 73.6 %

LATAM/C 139.0 Mil. 24.1 %

Mid-East 41.9 Mil. 21.3 %

Oceania 20.2 Mil. 59.5 %

Africa 51.0 Mil. 5.3 %

TOTAL 1,463.6 Mil. 21.9 %

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INTERNET-ENABLED DEVICES

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InterPlaNetary Internet

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INTERPLANETARY INTERNET:“INTERPLANET” (IPN)

•Planetary internets

•Interplanetary Gateways

•Interplanetary Long-Haul Architecture (RFC 4838) Licklider Transport Protocol (LTP) Bundle Protocol (RFC 5050)

Delayed Binding of Identifiers Email-like behavior

•TDRSS and NASA in-space routing

•Delay and Disruption Tolerant Protocols Tactical Mobile applications (DARPA) Civilian Mobile applications (SameNet!) Deep Impact Testing October/November 2008 Space Station Testing 2009

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•End-to-end information flow across the solar system

•Layered architecture for evolvability and interoperability

•IP-like protocol suite tailored to operate over long round trip light times

•Integrated communications and navigation services

ASSIGNMENT #4

Write note on terms highlighted in Red in this lecture Describe the ARPA NET architecture highlighting the universities and research facilities that shared online the resources of their mainframe servers as shown on slide 54

MOBILE COMMUNICATION AND INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES Networking Technologies and Internet of the Future ...

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