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Transcript of Mobile cities
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Mobile Cities
Prof. Stephen Graham Newcastle University
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Introduction: Cities are Engines of Mobility and Circulation
• Intensity of urban life sustained by many simultaneous flows, mobilities and circulations operating at wide variety of scales: from the body to the transnational
• Such flows within and between cities help to constitute processes of urbanisation and neoliberal globalisation at same time
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Mobility, Modernity & Urban ‘Progress’
• Speeding-up and improving transport and communications long been seen by urban planning and urban imaginaries as means of instilling ‘progress’ and ‘modernity’ to benefit all and create a better or utopian urban future
• Modernity = sense of perpetual transformation through new technology, mobility, innovation etc
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Modern Planning Utopias Stressed Progress Through Emancipatory and Transformative Mobilities
(e.g.Le Corbusier's 1925 Plan Voisin for central Paris)
Implications for notions of order, security, scale & politics of city?
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• New systems of mobility, transport, communication and circulation allow cities and urban life to become increasingly interconnected and globalised
• “time-space compression”
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‘Time-Space Compression’ • New transport and communications advantages
accelerate the flows between cities • Space and time barriers ‘compressed’ • Economic globalisation (finance, capital,
investment, trade, labour) • Social globalisation: migration, tourism, people
trafficking • Also cultural globalisation (e.g. global media
events moving around between cities) • Cities at the heart of all these: Urban everyday life
involves constant links to far-off cities and places • Need to look at multiple scales at the same time:
From body to Globe
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Parallel Growth of Physical and Electronic Mobilities
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Similar global geographies of both (Internet flows top, BA’s air network bottom)
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• Seeing cities as processes of mobility and circulation helps in ‘grounding’ discussions about globalization
• A dynamic, material urban process emerges based on role of cities as hubs of flows of people, capital, finance, technology, information, waste, energy, water, and so on
• Right: container port
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‘Mobilities Turn” in Urban Studies
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1990s Neoliberal Idea of Globalization Centred on
the Myths of the ‘Friction Free
Capitalism,’ the ‘End of Geography,’ or the ‘Death of Distance’
i.e. a ‘flat world’ becoming more
homogenous and egalitarian
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But this is a Myth!: Real Situation Marked by Extremes of Uneven Development Within International Divisions of
Wealth and Labour • Far from overcoming geographical
unevenness, they help dominant firms to exploit differences between places
• Connective infrastructures and the flows they sustain vital in supporting what is known as the new international division of labour of globalized capitalism within which cities are key hubs
• People and places are in starkly different positions to burgeoning mobility.
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An ‘Archipeligo’ Economy with Extended ‘Divisions of Labour’
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In Control: Global Socioeconomic Elites are also ‘Kinetic Elites’ who gain their
power from hypermobility
“Global Capitalist Classes”
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Global Airports are Key Nodes
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Explosion & Congestion in Transnational Mobilities (Heathrow Tracks)
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Transnational Lives
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Benefit from new ‘premium’ urban
transport emerging with
splintering urbanism
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Seamless, Synchronised, Coordination
‘Just-In-Time’
Flows
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Export Processing and Free Trade Zones: Spaces of ‘Glocal’ Mobilities
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‘Global Cities’ are Key Mobility Hubs: Loughborough University’s Inventory of World Cities
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These also act as Cosmopolitan Hubs of ‘Diasporic’ Migration Networks
• Dominant or ‘Alpha’ Global Cities mostly in Global North: London, New York, Tokyo
• Status as economic power-houses makes them extremely ‘cosmopolitan’ cities
• Central hubs in hundreds of international migration and cultural networks sustaining countless ‘disporas’ of communities from all over the world (Pakistani Diaspora and London street; next: London)
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Such Cities are also Central Hubs on Global Airline Networks…(BA)
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Airport the Iconic Site
of Globalizing Urbanism
Key Nodes Demarcated
Through Signature
Architectures
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..Such cities are also key hubs on Transnational Optic Fibre Grids
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New types of automobile
culture Local
Bypass ‘Smart’
Highways use price to speed-up
and remove congestion
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Decongestion Through Commodified Roadspace
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Tourist Cities • Increasingly important:
cities constructed or repackaged as fantasy landscapes of escape
• Primarily or exclusively for visitors but rely on massive cheap, local or imported labour forces
• Las Vegas, Cancun (Mexico)
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Good Example of How Internet Technology Supports New Types of Physical Mobility
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Those Not in Control: Also large ‘kinetic underclass’: Poverty and powerlessness increasingly shaped by immobility, dangerous
mobility, or lack of control over one’s mobilities (beggar, Indonesian public transport, African on Spanish beach, Mexican jumping US border)
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Neoliberal Capitalism relies on labour being a lot less mobile than capital: Many attempts to cross fortifying
borders or ‘Political equator’ Separating Global North
and South (right, San Diego/Tijuana)
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e.g. Global People Trafficking Geographies
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Sometimes Kinetic elites and kinetic underclasses operate through colonial geographies e.g. Jewish-only highway
vs.. Palestinian checkpoint on West Bank
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Also water pipes in Mumbai: Proximity and Access Very Different Things
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Forced immobility also used as punishment and humiliation e.g. ASBO
Neoliberalisisng states all characterised by rapid increases in incarcerated populations
e.g US
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e.g. 4: Toxic Wastes • Global Flows away from richer
cities where waste is generated to less resistant and poorer cities and regions with no or lax environmental protection desperate for even very poor quality work
• Highly controversial when such flows seen to be going ‘wrong’ way e.g. ‘ghost ships’, Hartlepool, 2004 (right)
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e.g. 5 Splintering Urbanism At city level, as we saw last
week, a proliferation of ‘hard’ enclaves that come with Splintering Urbanism
These undermine idea of the city as an open and relatively
free space of mobility and mixing
Bring in checkpoints so that rights of access have to be
proven before entering
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‘Camp’ like architectures and security zones e.g. Finance districts in London and Manhattan
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In urban streets and malls shift towards security-obsessed ‘Jittery Space’
Moral Panics and Cultures
of Fear
Boundary Transgressors
as Deviants
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Conclusion
“The city is a gearbox full of speeds” McKenzie Wark, 2001
Far from being the ‘death of distance’ for all, as in the myth of neoliberal globalisation, the new geographies of mobility are being used to slow down or prevent mobilities deemed risky, unprofitable or malign to enhance or add power to
those deemed virtuous, risk-free or profitable