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Peripheral signs of aortic

regurgitation

(Thanks to Saurabh Patel)

ARathi Got Low Quality BCG, DPT & MMR from PHC

AR- Aortic Regurgitation

G=gerhard sign

L=landolfis sign, lighthouse sign

Q=quinckes sign

B=becker sign

C=corrigans neck sign

G=gerhard sign

D=de mussets sign, duroziez sign

P=pistol shot femorals, pulse pressure wide

T=traubes sign

M=muller sign

M=mayne sign

R=rosenbch sign

P=pulsus bisferiens

H=hills sign

C=collapsing pulse(corrigans pulse)

2.) Oncogenic viruses Oncogenic viruses :

DNA viruses

'HE is my PAPa'

Hepatitis B virus

Epstein Barr virus

Pox virus

Adenovirus

Pappilloma virus

RNA viruses

'His Salary Feeds Me'

Human T cell leukemia virus

Sarcoma viruses

Feline Leukemia virus

Mammary tumor virus

3. Differentials Of "FLEA BITTEN KIDNEY"

(Thanks to Anuthara Charms )

Differentials Of "FLEA BITTEN KIDNEY"-

We Hate PSM (or SPM)

W- Wegener's granulomatosis

H- Henoch schonlein purpura P- Post-

streptococcal Glomerulonephritis (PSGN). Polyarteritis

nodosa

S- Sub acute bacterial endocarditis (SABE), SLE, Syndrome

of Good Pasteur

M- Malignant hypertension.

4.

Fragile X Syndrome

M's of fragile-X Syndrome:

Male

Mental retardation

Macro orchidism

Mutation in FMR1 gene (caused by Methylation of part of chromosome)

Multiple CGG repeats

Maxillary excess (Long face)

Muscle tone decreased

Mothers (females) are obligatory carriers

Reactions:

Adhesion Molecules involved in Cancer Pathology

To remember the adhesion molecules involved in invasion by local cancer cells rememberFeViCoL:

FibronEctin

VImentin

COllagen

Laminin

Reactions:

Myocardial infarction Definition (CAP)

Evidence of myocardial necrosis with any 1 of the following:

1. Cardiac biomarkers (pref. Troponins) showing sudden rise or fall

2. Sudden unexpected cardiac death involving cardiac Arrest

3. Pathological findings of acute MI

Signs of MI (windows VISTA)

1. Vagal activation (vomiting, bradycardia)

2. Impaired myocard. Func. (s1,s2 soft; hypotension; inc. JVP; Oliguria; Cold, clammy skin)

3. Sympathetic activation (Pallor, sweating, tachycardia)

4. Tissue damage (Low grade fever)

5. A complication (MR / VSD producing pansystolic murmur

Enzymes elevated in MI (TALC - talcum powder)

1. Troponin T/I

2. AST

3. LDH

4. CK-MB

Complications of MI

Immediate (RAILgaadi)

a) RV infarction

b) Arrythmias (VT, AF, VF) - may also be due to I.v. Xylocaine overdose

c) LHF

Early (PSVT ka MELA laga hua hai !!)

a) Pericarditis

b) Sudden death

c) VSD

d) Thromboembolic complications (Pulmonary, Arterial)

e) MR (Papillary muscle dysfunction or rupture)

f) LV free wall rupture (Pericardial tamponade)

g) Arterial compl. (same as mentioned in d) )

Late (PADS)

a) Psychological reaction (DADDA- Denial, Acceptance, Dependency, Depression, Adjustment - this is from

earliest change to last)

b) Arrythmias (ventricular like VF, VT)

c) Dressler’s syndrome (Autoimmune phenomenon characterized by fever, pericarditis, pleuritis, pneumonitis)

d) Shoulder (Frozen shoulder) – Pain n stiffness of left shoulde

Reactions:

Causes of Osteoporosis

Causes of osteoporosis are ACCESS :

Alcohol

Corticosteroids

Calcium deficiancy (low intake)

Eostrogen deficiency

Smoking

Sedentary Lifestyle

Reactions:

Biliary tract Lesions: shared by Ankit Patel

Pain - Cholelithiasis

Pain + Pyrexia - Acute Cholecystitis

Pain + Jaundice - Choledocholithiasis

Pain + Pyrexia + Jaundice (Charcot's triad) - Ascending Cholangitis

Credit goes to Dr. Barone.

Reactions:

Causes of upper lobe fibrosis of the lung

(shared by Adzmie Baharuddin )

S - silicosis, sarcoidosis

C - coal worker pneumoconiosis

H - histiocytosisA - allergic bronchopulmonary aspergilosis (ABPA), ankylosing spondylitis

R - radiation

T - tuberculosis

Reactions:

Hepatic Encephalopathy HEPATICUS

Haemorrhage,

Electrolye imbalance (↓K+ alkalosis),

protein XS (↑NH4+ XS),

Alcohol/ Analgesics,

Trauma,

Infxn,

Constipation,

Uraemia,

Surgery (post systemic shunt)

Reactions:

Aneurysm types

MAD SCAB:

Mycotic

Atherosclerotic

Dissecting

Syphilitic

Capillary microaneurysm

Arteriovenous fistula

Berry

Reactions:

Nephritic syndrome: glomerular diseases commonly presenting as

nephritic syndrome

PARIS:

Post-streptococcal

Alport's

RPGN

IgA nephropathy

SLE

· Alternatively: PIG ARMS to include Goodpasture's [one cause of RPGN], Membranoproliferative [only sometimes

included in the classic nephritic list].

Reactions:

Portal hypertension: features

ABCDE:

Ascites

Bleeding (haematemesis, piles)

Caput medusae

Diminished liver

Enlarged spleen CATEGORIES: MEDICINE, PATHOLOGY, SURGERY

Reactions:

WBC Count:

"Nobody Likes My Educational Background"

"60, 30, 6, 3, 1"

Neutrophils 60%

Lymphocytes 30%Monocytes 6%

Eosinophils 3%

Basophils 1%

Rheumatic Fever

MODIFIED JONES CRITERIA

MAJOR CRITERIA

"CASES"

C- Carditis

A- Arthritis (not Arthralgias i.e polyarthritis)

S- Syndhem's Chorea

E- Erythema Marginatum (not nodosum)

S- Subcutaneous Nodules

Minor Criteria

"PEACH-Fever"

P- Prolonged PR interval

E- ESR raised

A- Arthralgias (not arthritis),

Acute phase reactants : leukocytosis, elevated sedimentation rate, and C -reactive protein

C- C-reactive protein increased

H- History of previous rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease

& Fever

Diabetic ketoacidosis: I vs. II ketONE bodies are seen in type ONE diabetes.

MHC I and MHC II: T cell type 'MHC x T cell=8'

MHC II goes with CD4 (2x4=8)

MHC I goes with CD8 (1x8=8)

You might also like:

Parkinson's disease

Causes of Osteoporosis

Hyperthyroidism: signs and symptoms

Corticosteroids: Side effects

Confusing similar blood cell appearance SAIL and BERU-

S-Schistocyte also known as

A-Acanthocyte

I-Irregular spikes on surface

L-liver disease

B-Burr cells also known as

E-Echinocyte

R-Regular spikes

U-Uremia

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CATEGORIES: PATHOLOGY

Reactions:

Parkinson's disease: symptoms PQRST:

Paucity of expression

parQinson

Rigidity (cogwheel)

Stooped posture

Tremor at rest

· If can't remember that Parkinson's tremor is the one that is "resting tremor", look at the last 3 letters: RST.

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CATEGORIES: PATHOLOGY

Reactions:

Renal failure (chronic): consequences ABCDEFG:

Anemia

-due to less EPO

Bone alterations

-osteomalacia

-osteoporosis

-von Recklinghausen

Cardiopulmonary

-atherosclerosis

-CHF

-hypertension

-pericarditis

D vitamin loss

Electrolyte imbalance

-sodium loss/gain

-metabolic acidosis

-hyperkalemia

Feverous infections

-due to leukocyte abnormalities and dialysis hazards

GI disturbances

-haemorrhagic gastritis

-peptic ulcer disease

-intractable hiccups

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CATEGORIES: PATHOLOGY

Reactions:

Polycystic ovary: morphology, presentation

· Morphology is poly-C:

Cysts

Capsule thickened

Cortical stromal fibrosis

· Clinical presentation is OVARY:

Obese

Virilism or hirsuitism

Amenorrhoea

Reproductive disorder [infertile]

Young woman

Hypertension: secondary hypertension causes CHAPS:

Cushing's syndrome

Hyperaldosteronism [aka Conn's syndrome]

Aorta coarctation

Phaeochromocytoma

Stenosis of renal arteries

· Note: only 5% of hypertension cases are secondary, rest are primary

Hepatic Encephalopathy HEPATICUS

Haemorrhage,

Electrolye imbalance (↓K+ alkalosis),

protein XS (↑NH4+ XS),

Alcohol/ Analgesics,

Trauma,

Infxn,

Constipation,

Uraemia,

powered by

THROMBOSIS

Causes of DVT

Trauma,

Hormones-OCP'S

Road traffic accidents,

Operations-cholecystectomy,

Malignancy,

Blood disorders-polycythemia,

Obesity,Old age,Orthopedic surgery,

Serious illness,

Immobilisation,

Splenctomy.

Types of Mesenteric Cysts C = Chylolymphatic cyst (Commonest)

U = Urogenital remnant cyst

T = Teratomatous / Dermoid cyst

E = Enterogenous Cyst

Ranson's criteria "LEGAL"

Leucocytes >16000

Enzyme AST >250

Glucose >200

Age >55

LDH >350

Ranson's criteria is used to predict the severity of acute pancreatitis.

Drugs causing pancreatitis (complete list) shared by Iqbal Bashir GLAD Organ Pancreas iS Traumatised n Destroyed Very Much

Glucocorticoids L-asparaginase Alcohol Diuretics Ocp's Pentamidine Sulfonamides

Didanosine Tetracyclines Valproate Methyldopa

8 C's of cholangiocarcinoma(risk factors) Caroli's disease

Choledochal cyst

Colitis(ulcerative colitis)

Cholangitis(sclerosing)

Clonorchis sinensis

Cong.hepatic fibrosis

C/c typhoid carrier state

Carcinogens like rubber,automotive factories.

Drugs causing gynaecomastia. "DESI Gossypol R Most Common Cause oF Gynaecomastia in Kommon People"

D- Digitalis

E-Ethionamide,Estrogen

S-Spirinolactone

I- INH

Gossypol-Griseofulvin

R- Reserpine

Most-Methyl dopa

Common- Cyperoterone acetate,cimitidine,

Cause-clomiphine,Calcium antagonist

oF-Flutamide

Gynaecomastia- Goserelin

Kommon-Ketoconazole

People-Phenytoin.

drugs causing pul fibrosis

BBC MAN

B-BLEOMYCIN

B-BUSULPHAN

C-CYCLOPHOSAMIDE

M-METHOTREXATE

A-AMIODARONE

N-NITROFURANTOIN

Respiratory depression inducing drugs "STOP breathing":

Sedatives and hypnotics

Trimethoprim

Opiates

Polymyxins

Drugs causing photosensitivity :

(shared by Sourabh Jain)

PQRST AND CNG P- Phenothiazines

Q- Quinine, Quinolones, Quinidine R- Retinoids S- Sulphonamides, Sulfonylureas T- Tetracyclines, Thiazides A- Amiodarone N- NSAID'S-- Ibuprofen, naproxen, celecoxib D- Dapsone C- Chloroquine, Chlorpromazine N- Nalidixic acid G- Griseofulvin

Causes of asterixis (flapping tremor)

' DRUGS (ABC) FAILED Helping Him '

DRUGS (ABC) : - Alcohol ...- Barbiturate - carbamazepine FAILED : - respiratory failure - liver failure - renal failure Helping : [[[ H = HYPO ]]] - hypoglycemia - hypokalemia - hypomagnesemia Him : [[[ H = HEMORRHAGE ]]] - intracerebral hemorrhage - subarachinoid hemorrhage - subdural hematoma

Hyperthyroidism: signs and symptoms THYROIDISM:

Tremor

Heart rate up

Yawning [fatigability]

Restlessness

Oligomenorrhea & amenorrhea

Intolerance to heat

Diarrhoea

Irritability

Sweating

Musle wasting & weight loss

Hyperthyroidism: signs and symptoms THYROIDISM:

Tremor

Heart rate up

Yawning [fatigability]

Restlessness

Oligomenorrhea & amenorrhea

Intolerance to heat

Diarrhoea

Irritability

Sweating

Musle wasting & weight loss

Parkinson's disease (shared by Zeeshan Sayani )

SMART

SHUFFLING GAIT(AKA FESTINANT GAIT),

MASK LIKE FACIES,

AKINESIA(OR BRADYKINESIA),

RIGIDITY,

TREMOR AT REST.

Cushing's syndrome

Cushing's syndrome

shared by DrAhmad Abusham

C - Central obesity, Cervical fat pads, Collagen fibre weakness, Comedones (acne)

U - Urinary free cortisol and glucose increase S - Striae, Suppressed immunity

.H - Hypercortisolism, Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, Hypercholesterolemia, Hirsutism I - Iatrogenic (Increased administration of corticosteroids) N - Noniatrogenic (Neoplasms) G - Glucose intolerance, Growth retardation

Causes of seizures

shared by Muhammad Nadeem

VITAMIN

Vascular(stroke),

Infections,

Trauma,

AV malformation,

Metabolic

Idiopathic

Neoplasm

Causes of nocturnal cough

shared by Sunita Biradar

BPL-ACT

1)Bronchial asthma 2)Post nasal drip 3)Left side heart failure 4)Aspiration 5)Chronic bronchitis 6)Tropical eosinophilìa

Croup: symptoms

"3 S's"

Stridor

Subglottic swelling

Seal-bark cough

Causes of Chronic Diarrhoea

Remember the 5 Cs as Causes of Chronic diarrhoea: (there are more causes to be added)

Crohn's disease

Colitis (Ulcerative) or Ulcerative Colitis

Coeliac diseases

Cystic fibrosis

Cow's milk intolerance

Corticosteroids: Side effects (shared by Syed Asif Bukhari ) CORTICOSTERIODS

C-cushings syndrome

O-osteoporosis

R-retardation of growth

T-thin skin n easy brusibility

I-infections n immunosupression

C-cataract n glaucoma

O-odema

S-supression of HPA axis

T-thining n ulceration of gastric mucosa

E-Emotional disturbance

R-rise in BP

I-Increase in hair growth(hirsuitism)

O-otherz like fetal abnormalties n hypokalemia

D-diabetes mellitus precipitation

S-stria

Osteomalacia: Radiological features "Loose Penicillin Fish"

Looser's zone (pseudo fractures)

Penicilling in of vertebral bodies

Codfish vertebrae

CHAMP SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL AGE BABY GETS FOLLOWING PROBLEMS: [CHAMP] - REMEMBER THAT

SGA BABY WILL BECOME A CHAMP.

C - CONGENITAL ANOMALIES

H - HYPOGLYCEMIA, HYPOCALCEMIA,

A - ASPHYXIA

M - MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME

P - POLCYTHEMIA, PUL. HEMORRHAGE

Atrial fibrillation: causes PIRATES "

Pulmonary: Pulmonary embolism, COPD

Iatrogenic

Rheumatic heart disease

Atherosclerotic heart disease

Thyrotoxicosis

Endocarditis

Sick sinus syndrome

Kawasaki Disease My Heart

Mucosal involvement like dry chapped lips and strawberry tongue

Hands and feet with edema and desquamation (late in the disease)

Eyes non purulent bilateral conjunctivitis

Adenopathy often cervical unilateral > 1.5 cm lymph nodes enlargement

Rash usually truncal and pleomorphic

Temperature non remitting fever for at least five days

Ulcerative colitis: features

ULCERATIONS:

Ulcers

Large intestine

Carcinoma [risk]

Extraintestinal manifestations

Remnants of old ulcers [pseudopolyps]

Abscesses in crypts

Toxic megacolon [risk]

Inflamed, red, granular mucosa

Originates at rectum

Neutrophil invasion

Stools bloody

COPD: 4 types and hallmark ABCDE:

Asthma

Brochiectasis

Chronic bronchitis

Dyspnea [hallmark of group]

Emphysema

· Alternatively: replace Dyspnea with Decreased FEV1/FVC ratio.

Apoptosis vs. necrosis "LIFELESS" (since cells are dead):

· Differences are in:

Leaky membranes

Inflammatory response

Fate

Extent

Laddering

Energy dependent

Swell or shrink

Stimulus