MMSTC1 Determining the Identity of an Unknown Metal by Calculating its Specific Heat and Linear...
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![Page 1: MMSTC1 Determining the Identity of an Unknown Metal by Calculating its Specific Heat and Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient Mohammed Kibria – Fitzgerald.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062905/5a4d1add7f8b9ab05997578b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
MMSTC 1
Determining the Identity of an Unknown Metal by Calculating its Specific
Heat and Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient
Mohammed Kibria – Fitzgerald High SchoolJunior Vang – Center Line High School
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MMSTC 2
Discovered by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
Nickel silvery-white lustrous metal Unreactive with most chemicals and acidsMalleable and ductileVery corrosion resistant metal
Nickel Background
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MMSTC 3
One of three magnetic elementsMelting point: 2651 °F (1455 °C)[Ar].3d8.4s2Common uses:
Guitar strings, magnets, rechargeable batteries, computer hard drivesAlloys like stainless steel
Nickel Background cont.
http://periodictable.com/Samples/028.9/s9s.JPG
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MMSTC 4
Second most believed abundant element in the earth’s core
Extraction equation:
50°C 230°C Ni + 4CO → Ni(CO)4 → Ni + 4CO.
Nickel Background cont.
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MMSTC 5
Intensive property – property of a given substance independent of size of the sample
First Law of Thermodynamics – States that energy is neither created nor destroyed, rather is transferred
Kinetic Molecular Theory – States that atoms that are heated become excited, therefore have more kinetic energy
Terms to Know
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MMSTC 6
Specific heat – The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by 1°C/KMeasured in J/g-°C
Linear thermal expansion – Expansion/contraction of metals when heated/cooledDescribed by alpha coefficient (α)Measured in mm°C-1
Terms to Know cont.
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MMSTC 7
To identify an unknown metal rod as nickel or not by finding its specific heat and linear thermal expansion coefficient.
Problem Statement
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MMSTC 8
If the unknown metal rods’ specific heat and linear thermal expansion coefficient is within a 4% and 5% error of the values of nickel (respectively), then the unknown metal will be determined as nickel.
Hypothesis
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MMSTC 9
LabQuest
Thermometer probe
Calorimeters
Materials: Specific Heat
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MMSTC 10
Materials: Linear Thermal Expansion
Dial
Metal rod
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MMSTC 11
Procedure: Specific Heat
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MMSTC 12
Procedure: Linear Thermal Expansion
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MMSTC 13
Data ReceivedSpecific heat averages:
0.442 J/g°C (known) 0.453 J/g°C (unknown)
Linear thermal expansion coefficient averages: 12.84 mm × 10-6/°C (known) 13.31 mm × 10-6/°C (unknown)
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MMSTC 14
Trials that resulted in a percent error of 10% or higher were redone
Trials with errors that researchers felt effected the results heavily were redone (i.e., dropping of rod, bumping jig, calorimeter falling over)
Observations
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MMSTC 15
Percent ErrorSpecific heat averages:
1.71% (known) 3.03% (unknown)
Linear thermal expansion coefficient averages: -1.239% (known) 2.3611% (unknown)
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MMSTC 16
Two sample t-test:Analyzes data from two independent populations Tells how likely the data sets come from the same populationAll assumptions met
SRS, n≥30Alpha level of 0.10 was used
Data Analysis
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MMSTC 17
Data Analysis cont.
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MMSTC 18
H0: µ1 = µ2
Ha: µ1 ≠ µ2
Data Analysis cont.
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MMSTC 19
Data Analysis cont.
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MMSTC 20
Data Analysis cont.Results from the t-test on specific heat trials:
H0: µ1 = µ2Ha: µ1 ≠ µ2
Fail to reject H0 at α =
0.10
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MMSTC 21
Data Analysis cont.
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MMSTC 22
Data Analysis cont.
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MMSTC 23
Data Analysis cont.Results from the t-test on specific heat trials:
H0: µ1 = µ2Ha: µ1 ≠ µ2
Reject H0 at α = 0.10
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MMSTC 24
The tests state that the specific heats of the rods may not be the same, yet the linear thermal expansion coefficients may be the same.
Using nickel’s magnetic property to determine the identity of the unknown rod
Nickel rod reacted with the magnetUnknown rod did not react with the magnet
Data Analysis cont.
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MMSTC 25
Conclusion
REJECTED
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MMSTC 26
Why? Unknown rods were not identified as nickel using the calculated specific heat and linear thermal expansion coefficientOne t-test yielded results that suggested metals were not the same, but the other did not.
Conclusion cont.
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MMSTC 27
Rods were assumed the same temperature of the boiling water when heated
Rods were assumed the same temperature as the room’s temperature when cooling
Jigs were made out of wood
Use of metal tongs
Calorimeters absorbing some energy
Design Flaws
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MMSTC 28
Researchers:Were given an unknown metal sampleConducted two experiments to calculate two intensive propertiesUsed two-sample t-tests to statistically analyze the results from the experimentMade an educated conclusion on the unknown rods’ identity based on results of analysis
Recap
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MMSTC 29
Using magnets to finally determine, the metals were not the sameOne was magnetic while the other was not
Recap cont.
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MMSTC 30
Manufacturers can identify scrap metals
Entrepreneurs need ways to identify metal samples
Finding the most effective metal/metal alloy to design car parts, bridges, buildings, computers, and more
Real World Application
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MMSTC 31
AcknoweldgementsMr. Mark Supal
Mrs. Hilliard
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MMSTC 32
BibliographyKatya. "PriMetals." PriMetals. 2009. 24 Mar. 2013 <http://www.primetals.com/index.php?option=com_content>. "ELEMENT: NICKEL." ELEMENT: NICKEL. 24 Mar. 2013 <http://www.radiochemistry.org/periodictable/elements/28.html>. Gagnon, Seteve. "The Element Nickel." It's Elemental -. 24 Mar. 2013 <http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele028.html>. Bentor, Yinon. Chemical Element.com - Nickel. Mar. 24, 2013 <http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/ni.html>. "Nickel." Chemistry Reference. 24 Mar. 2013 <http://www.chemistryreference.com/pdictable/q_elements.asp?Symbol=Ni>. Mond, L.; Langer, K.; Quincke, F. (1890). "Action of carbon monoxide on nickel". Journal of the Chemical Society 57: 749–753 John Trowbridge and Samuel Sheldon, Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 24, 181-184 (1889) Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2008). Inorganic Chemistry (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 729. Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements: III. Some eighteenth-century metals". Journal of Chemical Education 9: 22. "The Extraction of Nickel from its Ores by the Mond Process".Nature 59 (1516): 63. 1898.
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MMSTC 33
Bibliography"Specific Heat Experiment." Specific Heat Experiment. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Mar. 2013. <http://www.chem.uiuc.edu/webfunchem/specificheat/specificheat.htm>.
"Tantalum Products." Tantalum Products. H Cross Company, n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2013. <http://www.hcrosscompany.com/refractory/tantalum.htm>.
"Thermal Expansion of the Elements." Thermal Expansion for All the Elements in the Periodic Table. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2013. <http://www.periodictable.com/Properties/A/ThermalExpansion.html>.
"Thermal Expansion - Linear." Thermal Expansion - Linear. The Engineering Toolbox, n.d. Web. 19 May 2013. <http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/linear-thermal-expansion-d_1379.html>.
"What Are the Chemical Element Tantalum's Physical Properties?" Www.sciencedaily.com. About Science Daily, n.d. Web. 24 Mar. 2013. <http://chemical-elements.sciencedaily.com/q/93/7956/What- are-the-chemical-element-Tantalum-s-physical-properties>.
MMSTC 33
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MMSTC 34
Questions?
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MMSTC 35
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MMSTC 36