W;=r iy kef.kysr /lÿka nqÿ mq;=ka

udfk,a u,a jHdmdrh

W;=r iy kef.kysr /lÿka nqÿ mq;=ka

© udfk,a u,a jHdmdrfha m%ldYkhlam%:u uqøKh ( 2009 iema;eïn¾ 02

ISBN 978-955-0215-00-3

uqøKhihqß m%skag¾ia102$176" u;af;f.dvfldÜgdj'

m%ldYkhudfk,a u,a jHdmdrhwxl 18frdâks fmfoifldaÜfÜ mdrfnd/,a,'

ÿrl:kh ( 011 2 699666*elaia ( 011 2 667512úµq;a ,smskh ( manelmal@sltnet.lkfjí wvúh ( www.manelmal.org

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u,aj;= Th ksïkh jkdyS W;=re m%foaYfha isg mq;a;,u Èia;%slalholajd fnÿïjd§ ;%ia;jdoh jHdma; ùu j<lajjk jeo.;a ìïlvls'

hdx Th ksïkh jkdyS W;=f¾ isg ;%sl=Kdu,h olajd fnÿïjd§;%ia;jdoh jHdma; ùu j<lk ìïlvla jk w;r fulS kïkhB,dï ;%ia;jdofha fodrgqj jYfhka i|yka l< yel' fuhgfya;=j jkqfha W;=f¾ isg ;%ia;jd§kayg ;%sl=Kdu,h Èia;%slalholajd jHdma;j B,dï rdcHfha w.kqjr ;%sl=Kdu,fha ia:dms;lsÍu jia fuu ìïlv w;am;a lr .ekSu w;sYh jeo.;a jkfyhsks'

udÿre Th ksïkh jkdyS ;%sl=Kdu, Èia;%slalh yd uvl,mqÈia;%slalh iïnkao lsÍu jia fnÿïjd§ ;%ia;jd§ka úiska w;am;alr .; hq;= jeo.;a N+ñ Nd.hla fjhs'

fulS ksïk ;=k wdrCId lr .kq jia foaYfha uqr foaj;djqkajYfhka ish Èú mrÿjg ;nd isxy, .ï kshï .ï /l.ekSuuq,afldg wem lemù tu f.dÿre .ïudk w;a fkdyer tu .ïwdrCId lsÍu i|yd W;=re kef.kysr /lÿka nqÿ mq;=ka úiska isÿlr we;s wiSñ; fiajh w;sYhska m%YxikShh' fulS fiajh flfrysuq¿ uy;s Y%S ,dxlsl ck;dj m%Kduh mqo l, hq;= w;r fï i|ydudfk,a u,a jHdmdrh úiska úre ia;ldr cd;sl Wf<, mj;ajduq¿ uy;a cd;sfha ia;=;sh yd m%Kduh fulS iajdóka jykafia,di|yd mqo lrkq neõ i|yka lsßu fuu mQ¾úldfõ mrudr:h fjhs'

w;s.re ckdêm;s;=udf.a

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udkqISh fufyhqï isÿ l, miq.sh jljdkqj ;=, o ta i|ydm%Odk fya;=j jQ ;%ia;jdofhka W;=re kef.kysr ck Ôú;h wjq,aj;sìh§o ud;D N+ñh;a Ydikh;a wdrCId lr .ekSug uy;alemùfuka lghq;= l< W;=re kef.kysr úydria:dkhkays jevisá wmf.a iajdóka jykafia,d w.hñka Wmydr Wf<,la ixúOdkhlsÍu uu fnfyúka w.h lrñ'

;%ia;jdohg fkdìhj uqyqK foñka W;=re kef.kysr m%foaYj,Ôj;a jQ ck;djg Yla;shla fjñka Tjqka wdrCId lf<a wmf.a uydix>r;akhhs' W;=re kef.kysr ck;dj .ï ìï w;yer hduj<lajd,ñka ck;dj wdrCId lsÍug ,nd ÿka odhl;ajh ;%ia;jdihuq,skqmqgd ±óug uy;a Yla;shla úh'

tu W;=ï fufyjr bgq lsÍfï§ W;=re kef.kysr jev isáiajdóka jykafia,d isõmihj;a fkdue;sj l, W;=ï fufyjrms<sn|j wm ;=, we;af;a uy;a wNsudkh uqiqjQ f.!rj iïm%hqla;yeÕSuls' fï ish¿ foa ord .ksñka Tn jykafia,d lghq;= lf,arg cd;sh fukau Ydikh /l .ekSu Wfoiduh'

Tn jykafia,df.a lem lsÍu wo Èkfha u,a M, ord ;sfí' wo;%ia;jdofhka uq¿ rgu ksoyia ù we;' rg fukau YdikhoiqrCIs;h' rg ksoyia lr .ekSfï úch.%yKh wmg ,nd .ekSugyels jQfha Tn jykafia,df.a wkqYdikd iy ,nd ÿka odhl;ajhksid njo fuys§ isysm;a lrkq leue;af;ñ'

tjka ÿIalr ld¾hhl ksr; jQ W;=re kef.kysr jev isáiajdóka jykafia,dg Wmydr ms§ug udfk,a u,a jHdmdrh lghq;=lsÍu o uu fnfyúka w.h lrñ' tfiau ;%ia;jdoh mrdch lsÍfïudkqISh fufyhqu id¾:l lr .ekSug o udfk,a u,a jHdmdrfhka,enqKq iyfhda.h lD;{mQ¾jlj isyslrñ'

Wmydr Wf<, i¾jm%ldrfhkau id¾:l fõjdhs m;ñ'

uyskao rdcmCI

2009 wf.daia;= ui 27 jk osk

nqoaOdjjdohg wkq.; jQ nqoaOY%djlfhda

iegkula jQ ish m<uq Y%djl msßi wu;d f.!;u nqÿrdcdKkajykafia fufia j<doy' zzpr: NsCLfõ pdßlx nyqck ys;dh nyqckiqLdh w;a:dh ys;dh iqqLdh ifoajukqiaidkx - uyfKks fndfydafokdf.a foúñksiqkaf.a ys;iqj msKsi yeisfrõZZ tod fuod ;=r;u Ydia;DjrhdKkag .re l< ish¿u NsCIQka jykafia,d tuwjjdohg ks;e;skau keUQrej ls%hd l< nj wo;a ls%hd lrk njlsj yelsh' l,d;=rlska flfkla tfia fkdjkq we;' ta .ek wmslsisjla fkdis;uq' fkdlshuq' tfy;a tu wjjdohg wkq.;j ls%hdlrk nqoaO Y%djlhka .ek lsj hq;= oe fndfyda we;'

zzW;=re yd kef.kysr /l ÿka nqÿmq;=kaZZzzW;=re yd kef.kysr /l ÿka nqÿmq;=kaZZzzW;=re yd kef.kysr /l ÿka nqÿmq;=kaZZzzW;=re yd kef.kysr /l ÿka nqÿmq;=kaZZzzW;=re yd kef.kysr /l ÿka nqÿmq;=kaZZ keu;s fuufmd;a msxp udfk,au,a jHdmdrh úiska fndfyda fjfyi uykaisord ilia lrk ,oafoa hf:dla; nqoaOdjjdoh u; msysgd uydlemùfuka ls%hd l< W;=re yd kef.kysr m%foaYj, jev úiQ nqoaOmq;%hka jykafia,dg Wmydr msKsihs' Wkajykafia,d yeuflfklau wmg yuqù we;' tneúka Wkajykafia,df.a wemlemùu Wkajykafia,d úÈ ÿla .eyeg wms b;d fydoka oksuq' ta ioydfujka lD;shlska Wmydr oelaùug udfk,a u,a jHdmdrh woyialf<a ;E.s fnda. §ug jvd Wkajykafia,df.a kï yd lghq;=b;sydi .; lr ;eîughs' w;S;fha o jev isá tjka nqoaO mq;%hkajykafia,d j¾;udkfha wm isysm;a lrkafka oefha úrejka f,ihs'ìysiqKq ;%ia;jdoh mej;s iufhys W;=re yd kef.kysr jevfjfiñka tu ck;dj yd m%foaY /lÿka nqoaO mq;%hka jykafia,do cd;sfha uqr foaj;djqka fukau oefha úrejka o jkq we;'

wmg wfma ðú; j,g o jvd jákafka wfma rghs' wfma uq;=kañ;a;ka úiska wmg Wreu lr fokq ,enQ wfma Wreuhhs' tah fkd/l fN!;sl iïm;a f.dv .id f.k tajd rlsñka isàu wfma uq;=kañ;a;kag lrk wjudkhls' nqoaOjjdohg msgq mEuls' ta ;;ajhgm;a fkdù jir ;sylg wêl ld,hla ;siafia wm%udK ÿla .eyegúÈñka rfÜ yd cd;sfha Wreuh /l§ug fjfyiqKq fuu lD;sfhys

oelafjk nqoaO mq;%hka jykafia,d fukau lsishï fya;=jlska wfmafk;g ,la fkdjQ NsCIQka jykafia,d o cd;sfha Wmydrh ,eîugiqÿiafida fj;s'

tu NsCIQka jykafia,d ;%ia;jdohg uqyqK § ;u m%foaYh o"ck;dj o /l n,d .ksñka jev fkdisákak wdrCIl yuqodjkago ;%ia;jdÈka u¾okh lsÍu óg jvd fndfyda wmyiq ÿIalr ld¾hhlajkakg bv ;snqKs' tneúka Wkajykafia,d ;%ia;jdoh uq¿uKskaúkdY lr oeuQ rKúrejkag iudk jQfjda fj;s’ rKúrejkag oYla;shla yd wdYs¾jdohla jQ neúka Tjqkag o by<ska jev isákafkdafj;s' ta nj iksgqyka lr ;eîu uq¿ uy;a cd;shgu fmkajd §owfma fï mqxÉ W;aidyfha wruqKh' fï l=vd .%ka:fhka m%ldYs;w¾:h j¾;udkfha fukau wkd.;fha o iiqka fl; fydnjkish¿u nqoaO mq;%hka jykafia,dg wdo¾Yhla fõjd'

mqcH fnx.uqfõ kd,l ysñudfk,a u,a jHdmdrfha mqfrda.dñ uKav, idudðlfoaYfma%ñ NsCIq fmruqfKa f,alïckdêm;s WmfoaYl

wêkS;s{ tia't,a .=Kfialr

bl=;a uehs ui 18 jk Èk fldákaf.a mrdch ksñ;af;karg mqrd ck;dj m%s;s f.daId ke.+y' fmdaiag¾" nek¾" lgjqÜud¾.fhka wmf.a ùfrdaodr rKúrejkag;a ta úch.%yKh i|ydfoaYmd,k kdhl;ajh ÿka ckdêm;s ;=udg;a wdrCIl f,alï;=udg;a Wmydr ±lajQy' tod mgka wmf.a iuia: ck;dj talShjQofkdfnÿkdjQo ,xldjla mj;ajdf.k hdug jQ ;ukaf.a Wkkaÿj±lajQy' fï ish,a, iajdNdúl jQ w;r w;S;fha § fldákaf.kaneg lE wmf.a rKúrejka o fldá lfÜ ;snqk .ïudkj, wirKisxy, fou< ck;dj fldákaf.ka neg lñka isák úg fujeksWkkaÿjla ck;dj úiska fkd.ekSu lK.dgqjg lreKls'

ta wÿre hq.fha wo fuka foaYmd,lfhda wj;eka jQjkaf.a l|jqrej,g hdug Bkshd Wkkaÿjla fkd±lajQy' wj;eka jQjka .ek fydafldá m%ydr j,ska neglE wmf.a wirK ckhd .ek lsisulelal=ula fkd±lajQy' Tjqka w;r iq¿ msßila úiska fuu hqoaOhÈkd.; fkdyels nj;a fldáka iu. flfiafyda foaYmd,kúiÿulg hdhq;= njlao mjiñka ,s*agka jg rjqfï Woaf>daIKmjd lsÍug fjfyi uykais jQy'

±ka wm ldg;a wu;l fjñka ;sfnk fï fÄockl jljdkqfõ§wmf.a rg" ck;dj fjkqfjka bÈßm;ajQ N+ñ mq;%fhda msßilao isáhy'Tjqka w;ßka m%uqL;ajh .kq ,enqfõ ta fldá lfÜ .ïudk j,fjfyr úydr j, jev isá fn!oaO NsCIQka jykafia,d w;f,diails'ta wdo¾Yj;a NCIQka jykafia,d jeà isá wmf.a ck;dj Èß .kajñkaTjqkag úúOdldrj Woõ Wmldr lrñka ;ukaf.a .ïudk w;yerfkdf.dia tajd fldákaf.ka wdrCId lsÍug fm<Uqky'ta jk úgtod ueKsla*dï jeks wo f,dal m%isoaOj we;s wj;eka l|jqrefkd;snqKs" fndfyda úg fldá m%ydr j,ska wj;eka ck;djgiyk ie,iqfõ NsCIQka jykafia,dh'

wj;eka jQjkaf.a l|jqre f,i ;snqfka Wkajykafia,df.a mkai,aN+ñh' rch úiska imhk ,o b;diq¿ iykdOdr yer ta wj;ekajqKq isxy,hkag lEu" îu" bÿï ysgqï m%;sldr ie<iqfõ NsCIQkajykafia,dh' tod fuu ld¾hh fn!oaO NsCIQka bgq fkdlf<a kïbl=;a uehs 18 jkod wm úiska ch.%yKh ,nd .kakg yelsjkqwe;ehs is;Su mjd ÿIalrh' fujeks Wodr cd;sl fiajhla lrk ,ofuu fn!oaO NsCIQka jykafia,d wo fndfyda fofkl=g wu;lh'fuh ljqre;a ,eÊcd úhhq;= lreKls'

kuq;a udfk,a u,a jHdmdrhg fuu NsCIQka jykafia,d l<Wodr fiajh lsis úgl wu;l l< fkdyel' tu NSCIQka jykafia,drgg;a cd;shg;a lr we;s Wodr fiajh wmf.a rgg;a" ck;djg;au;= mrï mrdjg;a lsis Èkl wu;l l< fkdyels mßÈ zzW;=r iykef.kysr /l ÿka nqÿ mq;=ka ZZkï fmdf;ys igyka lr fufiaWmydr olajñ'

wêkS;S{" tia't,a' .=Kfialrle|jqïlreudfk,a u,a jHdmdrh

rg /l fok ,oafoa fï nqoaO mq;%hka úisks

miq.sh ;sia jir ;=< mej;s m%Ndlrkaf.a ;%ia;jdoh uq,alr.;amri;=re wdl%uKfhka W;=re-kef.kysr uqod .kq jia l%shdl< tam<d;aj, úiQ fY%aIaG nqoaO mq;%hka i|yd Wka jykafia,d bgql< tafiajh ms<sn|j fï wjia:dfõ ksjerÈ wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSum%fhdackj;a jkq we;'

we;euqka úiska ta nqoaO mq;%hka yE,a jg ,lalrñka" th ix>hdúiska fkdl< hq;= ld¾hhla f,i yqjd olajñka th .¾Ndjg ,lalsÍug ;e;a l< ieá wms miq.sh ld,fha ÿgqfjuq' ta wOuhka fïiÕrejka nqoaO mq;%hka fkdj zhqoaO mq;%hkaZ f,io ye¢kaùug;rï idyisl jQ ieáo wms ÿáuq' tneúka fï iÕrejka bgql<fY%aIaG ld¾hh nqÿ oyu wkqj" nqÿka foiQ uÕ wkqj úNd. lrne,Su w;HjYH f,i fmfka'

fï nqoaO mq;%hka" hqoaO mq;%hka f,i ye¢kaùug ;e;a l<jqkatfia lf<a Tjqka ;=< uq,a neif.k we;s isxy,-fn!oaO úfrdaOhksidu fkdfõ' Tjqka ;=< ix> iudch ms<sn|j we;s wkjfndaOh"wúµdjo Bg tla fya;=jla nj udf.a jegySuhs' fï BkshdW.;=kaf.ka jeä fokd nqÿ oyu zbx.%SisfhkaZ W.;af;da fj;s'Tjqka nqÿ oyu ±k ye¢k .;af;a ngysrhka nqÿ oyu ms<sn|j ,shk,o fmd; m;" ,sms f,aLK uÕskqhs' ta ngysr W.;=ka nqÿ oyu±lafla" th w¾:l:kh lf<a ;ud Wm;ska ysñ lr.;afm%df;ia;ka;shdkq ls;= oyï ixialD;sh ;=< ys|f.kh'fm%df;ia;ka;shdkq ls;= oyu fm!oa.,sl;ajhg uq,a ;ek fokoyula fjhs' fï fm%df;ia;ka;shdkq ls;= oyu ngysr f,dalh ;=<Okjdoh ìys ùug uq,a jQ ieá zCapitalism and the Protestant EthicZjeks .%ka: j,ska fmkajd § we;' Okjdofha wd;auh mqoa.,sl;ajhfjhs' ta fm%df;ia;ka;shdkq ls;= ixialD;sh ;=< jevqkq ngysrW.;=ka nqÿ oyuo ÿgqfõ mqoa.,sl;ajhg uq,a ;ek fok" mqoa.,slúuqla;sh uq,a lr .;a oyula f,ihs' ta ÿ¾u;h wkqj NsCIqjf.ald¾hh úh hq;af;a iudcfhka úfhdaù" iudch .ek fkd;ld

mqoa., úuqla;sh Wfoid lghq;= lsÍuhs' fuh nqÿ oyu ms<sn|jiïmQ¾Kfhka jerÈ w¾:l:khla fjhs' bx.%Sisfhka ,shQ fmd;m;ska nqÿ oyu bf.k .;a kd.ßl fn!oaOhkag;a" fnkaia ld¾j,skaNdjkd uOHia:dkj,g f.dia wd;au úuqla;sh ,nd .ekSug ;e;alrkakjqkag;a yer ixy,-fn!oaO ixialD;sh ;=< jevqKq wfmanyq;r ck;djg fuh meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd wgqjd àld wjYHfkdfõ'

nqÿ oyu mqoa., úuqla;sh fukau iudc úuqla;sho wjOdrKhl< ta folu tlu úuqla;s ud¾.hl wúfhdackSh fldgia f,iie,l+ oyula fjhs' ñksidg Wiia ;;ajhla ,nd .ekSug kïTyqf.a wNHka;rh fukau Tyq jik iudcho iu.dój fjkiaúh hq;= nj nqÿka jykafia úiska fmkajd fok ,§' zzpr: NslaLfõpdßld" nyqck ys;dh - nyqck iqLdhZZ wd§ jelsho nqÿka jykafiaúiska foaYkd l< m%:u joka fjhs'

iudc úuqla;sh ,nd §fï§" iudch fjkia lsÍfï§ fn!oaONsCIqjg úYd, ld¾h Ndrhla ;sfí' furg NsCIqj fuu ld¾hhfkdmsßfy,d bgq l< ieá wmf.a b;sydih ;=<ska uekúka ±l .;yels fjhs'

ishjia .KKla hk ;=re fï rg ;=< md,lhd jk rcq;a"ck;dj;a" ix>hd;a w;r jQfha ;%sfldaKdldr iïnkaOhls' rg;=<Od¾ñl iudchla mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd fï ;%sfldaKdldriïnkaOh w;HjYH úh' md,lhdg fukau ck;djgo uÕ fmkaùuix>hd i;= j.lSu úh' ck;dj úiska NsCIqj i,lk ,oafoa ishud¾f.damfoaYlhd" wdrCIlhd f,ihs' NsCIqj cd;sfha uqr foaj;djdf,i i,lk ,oafoa fuksidh'

miq.sh oYl lsysmh ;=< W;=r iy kef.kysr m<d;aj, úiQNsCIQka jykafia,d fï j.lSu bgql< wdldrh wms ÿgqfjuq' NsCIQkajykafia,d fï .ï ;=< /£ fkdisáfha kï ta m%foaY m%Ndlrkaf.afou< B<uhg wh;a jkq we;ehs ckdêm;s;=ud l< m%ldYh iïmQ¾Ki;Hhls'

fï fY%aIaG nqoaO mq;%hka W;=r iy kef.kysr /l .ekSfukauq¿ uy;a rg cd;shu /l ÿka nj wm úiska fï fudfydf;a§ jgyd.; hq;= fjhs' cd;sfha W;a;udpdrh ,eîug Wka jykafia,d iqÿiafidafj;s'

wdpd¾h" .=Kodi wurfialrmqfrda.dó uKav, idudðl - udfk,a u,a jHdmdrhiNdm;s - foaYysff;YS cd;sl jHdmdrh

W;=re iy kef.kysr /l.;a nqÿ mq;=ka kuÈuq'

rKúre iqNidOkh iy Tjqkaf.a wOHd;añl Yla;sh j¾OkhlsÍu wruqKq lrf.k l%shd;aul jk udfk,a u,a jHdmdrh W;=riy kef.kysr /l.;a nqÿ mq;=ka ms<sn|j .%ka:hla t<solajkafkawehs@

ñf,aþp fnÿïjd§ fldá ;%ia;jdofha uQ,sl Wmdhud¾.slm%fõYhla jQfha W;=re iy kef.kysr m%foaYj,ska fou< fkdjkish¿ jeishka m,jd yeÍuhs' th we;a; jYfhkau yuqodj tuN+ñfha§ mrdch lsÍu i|yd jk uQ,sl fldkafoaishla f,i Tjqkai,lk ,§' ta wkqj ñf,aþp >d;k oduhla uÕska isú,a jeishkaNS;shg m;a lsÍu i|yd fldá ;%ia;jdoSka lghq;= lf,ah' ta iEuwjia:djl§u b;d ÿIalr ;;ajhka hgf;a tu NSIKhg ks¾NS;juqyqK §u i|yd uyckhd Èßu;a lrñka Tjqka ;u .ï ìï j,r|jd .;af;a wmf.a nqoaO mq;%hka jykafia,dh' tmuKla fkdfõ'hqoaOh mej;s iEu m%foaYhlu ;%súO yuqodj iy isú,a wdrCIlyuqodfõ ÿl-iem n,ñka Tjqkf.a udkisl Yla;sh jeä ÈhqKqlsÍug lghq;= lrk ,oafoao Wkajykafia,d úisks'

tu ld¾hNdrh hqoaOuh ch.%yKh i|yd yuqod l%shdkaú;h;rïu w;sYh jeo.;a jQ njg újdohla fkdue;' ñf,aþp fnÿïjd§fldá ;%ia;jdoh Y%S ,dxlSh N+ñfhka iyuq,skau w;=.d oud we;sfï fudfydf;a cd;shla f,i wm W;=r iy kef.kysr /lÿka nqÿmq;=kaf.a fomd keuo f.!rj m%Kdu mqol, hq;=h'

úu,a ùrjxY ^md'u'&mqfrda.dó uKav, idudðl - udfk,a u,a jHdmdrhuy f,alï - foaYysff;IS cd;sl jHdmdrh

15

úu,lS¾;s Ys% iquK l=vdfldka.ialv

úu,{dkdNsOdk^YHdfudamd,s jxYsl uyd ksldfha&

W;=re kef.kysr fom<df;a m%Odk ix> kdhl

^;ka;sßuf,a& kdysñmdfKda

ÿrd;S;fha isg mej; tk f,dj merKs;u YsIgdpdr folls'tlla Ökfha Ök YsIagdpdrhhs' wfkl isxy, YsIagdpdrh kñkayeÈkajKQ wo Ys% ,dxlsl YsIagdpdrh hehs lSug isÿ ù we;s wfmauõìfï YsIagdpdrhhs' wm rfÜ merKs;u ckdjdi mej;s u,aj;=Th ksïkh wfma YsIagdpdrfha iqúfYaI m%foaYhls' uyskaod.ukhgfmr úchf.a meñKsfï wjia:dfjys mjd fuu m%foaYh ckdjdihmej;s nj meyeÈ, fõ' wkqrdOmqrh rdcOdksh ia:dms; ùu;a iu.u,aj;= Th ksïu YsIagdpdrfha flakaøia:dkh njg m;a jQfha;ka;sßu,hhs' tys isg u,aj;= Th uqyqog jefgk ukakdru olajdÈhqKQ YsIagdpdrhla mej;=Ks' foajdkï msh ;siai rcq iufhys wmrgg jevu lr jQ Ys% uyd fndaêka jykafiaf.a YdLdj hdmd mgqfkaisg wkqrdOmqrh olajd jevu lrf.k tafï § k;rj isá ;eklaf,i ;ka;sßu,h yeÈkafõ' ta fya;= fldg f.k Ys% uyd fndaêfhka

16

,nd .;a wIagM, rey fndaêka jykafiaf.ka tla kula;ka;sßu,fhys frdamKh lrk ,ÿj wo olajdu ksremøs;j jevisá;s'

úúO i;=re lror fya;= fldg f.k j,a ìysj ;snQ ;ka;sßu,hh<s k.d isgqùfï Ndr¥r ld¾hhg Wr ÿkafka 1930 j¾Ifha § tuúydria:dkhg jevu l< l=vdfldka.ialv úu,{dk ysñmdfKdah';ka;sßu,h úydria:dkh fukau tu m%foaYh o k.disgqjdÈhqKqmuqKq l< fyhska rfÜ ljqre;a Wkajykafia okafkazz;ka;sßuf,a kdhl yduqÿrefjdaZZ hkqfjks' Wkajykafia tysjäk úg ;snqfKa .ïudk 04 la muKs' Ôj;a jq ñksiqka b;d ÿlfiaúiQy' j,aìysj ;snQ úydria:dk t<sfmfy<s lr úúO mqoa.,hkaf.aWmldr ,nd h<s úydria:dkho f.dv ke.= Wkajykafia mej;s.ïudk ÈhqKQ lsÍug;a w¿;ska .ïudk we;s lsÍug;a wm%udKfjfyila f.k ls%hd l<y' md.ukskau m%foaYh mqrd weúÈñkaWkajykafia tu ld¾hfha ksr; jQy' Wkajykafia tu n,j;aW;aidyh ksid wkQj oYlh jk úg jeõ 81 la yd mjq,a 2700 laia:dms; lsÍug yels úh'

;ka;sßuf,a kdhl yduqÿrejka we;uqka yeÈkajQfõ ;sjlal nuqKdkej; bm§ula f,ihs' j,.ïnd iufhys ;sjlal kï nuqKQm%Odksfhla fuu m%foaYh ixj¾Okh lr f.k isá nj mejfia’ towe;s jQ uyd id.;h ksid úkdYhg m;a jQ fuu m%foaYh h<sk.disgqjkakg we;af;a ;ka;sßu,fha kdhl ysñmdKka úiskaa hehsis;sh yelsh'

fikam;s fvkais,a fldínelvqj ue;s;=ukaf.a mQ¾K iyfhda.h,nd f.k jeõ yd mdrj,a ;ekSu mrj,a lemSu úÿ,sh ,nd §u wdÈlghq;= b;d id¾:lj bgq l< kdysñmdfKda tu ld¾hhkaysÈbxÔfkarejkag mjd Wmfoia §ug iu;a mQy' ta ;ruguWkajyykafiaf.a m%dfhda.sl oeKQu ÈhqKQj mej;=ks' Wkajykafiabgq l< uy.= fufyjr w;r ;uka jyikaf.a YsIH jrfhl= f,if.!rj Ydia;%fõÈ ;ka;sßuf,a pkaor;k ysñhka we;soeä lr

17

;eîu iqúfYaIs lreKla f,i igyka l< yelsh' ;ka;sßuf,akdysñhka w;s l< .ïudk ye;a;efjka úiailau ;%ia;jdÈkaúiska úkdY lr oukq ,enQy' ish .Kkla .ïuq fukau rKúrefjdao ;%ia;jdÈ m%ydr j,ska ñh .shy' ta lsisjlska miqng fkdjQkdysñmdKka jykafia 1992 cq,s 21 jeksod idyislfhl=f.a fndañnm%ydrhlska wmj;ajk ;=reu Èjd ? fkdn,d ;u m%foaYh yd ck;djwdrCId lsÍug lem ù ls%hd l<y' tu m%ydrh ;%ia;jdÈkaf.aufkdjQj;a Tjqkaf.a Wml%uhla ksid isÿjQjla úh yelsh'

;ka;sßuf,a kdysñhka wmj;a ùfuka miqj úydrdêm;s Oqrhgm;a ;ka;sßuf,a pkaor;k kdysñmdfKda ish .=re mshdKkaf.ald¾h Ndrh Wmßu wkaoñka bgq ler,Sug uy;a fjyila or;';ka;sßuf,a úydria:dkh uq,a lr f.k fjfyr úydr k.disgqjñka úúO ixúOdk j,ska yd rdcH ;ka;%fhka o iyfhda.h,nd .ksñka ck;dj ðj;a lrùu ioyd Wkajykafia ork W;aidyhish .=re ysñmdKkag lrk Wmydrhla f,i wms olsuq' tu .=reWmydr mqok ;ka;sßuf,aa pkaor;k kdysñmdKka fukaul=vdfldka.ialv úu,{dk kdysñmdKka wm%udK fjfyila f.kbgq lrk ,o uyd cd;sl fufyjrg uq¿uy;a cd;sh fjkqfjkaudfk,a u,a úre i;aldr Wmydrh w;sYh f.!rj mQ¾jlj mÿlruq'

18

jjqkshdj uvqlkao Ys% o<od úydrdêm;s W;=re yd kef.kysr

fom<df;a m%Odk wêlrK ix>kdhl

mqcHmdo l=reÿf.dv r;kidr kdysñmdfKda

1956 j¾Ifha isg fuu m%foaYfha jev jiñka m%foaYjdis ck;djgbuy;a fiajhla isÿ lr we;s l=reÿf.dv r;kidr kdysñmdfKdaNsCIQka jykafiag yd m%foaYjdis orejkag wOHdmkh ,nd fokmsßfjkla o mj;ajd f.k h;s' 1983 isg 2009 uehs 18 olajd;%ia;jdoh mej;s ld,h uq¿,af,ys wm kdysñmdfKda jjqkshdjm%foaYhg wkqYdil jrfhla fukau wdrCIlfhka o jQy'm%foaYjdiskag fldá myr § ksjdi o lvdìo oeuq úg Wkajykafiack;dj mkaif,a rojd f.k wkqrdOmqrhg jevu lr uqo,a ydwjYH NdKav /ialr f.kú;a § tu ck;dj fmdaIKh l<y'fldá úkdY l< wjrï;=,dj mdjlal=,j g%ela 07 fldlafõ,s;srmamkauvq wdÈ .ïj, ck;djg o Wmldr l<y' jjqkshdjÈia;s%lalfha fldá m%ydr ksid w;ayer .sh .ïudk 23 ka .ï 10 luck;dj kej; mÈxÑ lr ùug uq,a ù ls%hd l<y'

Ys% o<od jykafia w;S;fha jevisá ia:dkhla f,i ;yjqre lrwe;s uvqlkao mqrdK úydrh wdrCId fldg mj;ajd f.k hñka

19

YsIH NsCIQka msßila o we;s oeä lr iïnqoaO Ydikfha meje;aug owkq.%y olajñka wkqúh miqlr jev isák l=reÿf.dv Ys% r;kidrkdysñmdfKda ;uka jykafia Ôj;aj isáh §u iajlSh lghq;=uekúka lr f.k hdug iu;a uqjweg,.u wdkkao ysñhka jeksYsIHjrfhl= we;s oeä lr ;sîu Wkajykafiaf.ka isÿ jQ úYd,fufyjrla f,i ie,lsh yelsh' m%foaYfha ish¿ ck;djg fukauwfkl=;a úydria:dk j,g o kdhl;ajh foñka ;%ia;jdoh iu.fmdrnoñka úydria:dkh fukau ck;dj o /l.ksñka uyd ùrhdKflfkl= f,i jev isák l=reÿf.dv Ys% r;kidr kdysñmdKkajykafia ishï uydksldfhka ,enQ W;=re yd kef.kysr fom<df;awêlrK ix>kdhl Oqrh o fydnj;s' Wkajykafiaf.a Wodr cd;slyd Ydiksl fufyjrg .re lrñka udfk,a u,a úre i;aldrWmydrh o Wkajykafia fj; w;sYh f.!rj m%Kdu mQ¾jlj fufiamqo lruq'

20

jjqkshdj fmßhW¨lal=,u isß iqukdrdudêm;s

f.!rj Ydia;%fõÈ ksljefõ wdkkao ysñ

j¾I 1961 § Wm; ,nd j¾I 1967 § meúÈ Èúhg meñK 1983j¾Ifha ishï uyd ksldfha u,aj;= md¾Yajfha NsCIQjla f,iWmiïmod ,enQ mqcH ksljefõ wdkkao ysñfhda NsCIQjla jYfhkafï jk úg jir ;syl muK ld,hla ;uka Wmka m%foaYhgfiajh lr we;' Wkajykafiaf.a ;%ia;jdoh iu. fmdrne§uwerfUkqfha 1983 uvqfrdaâ ysÈ yuqodfõ rKúrejka 13 la ;%ia;jdÈkaúiska >d;kh lrkq ,enq Èk isghs' m%foaYhg wdrCIdj i,id §uioyd ish .=re ysñmdKka jQ b,lalúoaojefõ [dKr;k ysñhkaiu. mdmeÈhl ke.s BrÜfmßhl=<u hqo yuqod lojqrg jevu lrtu ks,Odßka oekqj;a lr mkaif,au yuqodj rojdf.k wdrCIdji,id ÿkay' .fï ;reKhka iafõÉPd n,ldhla f,i .fïwdrCIdj ioyd ixúOdkh lsÍu o úfYaI ld¾hhls' foaYfma%ñ NsCIqfmruqK" ch.%yK ixúOkh" úchndyq ndrldr wruqo," ;j,uijx¾Ok moku" i¾fjdaoh fiajd ,xld moku jeks ixúOdk j,o Wmldr ,nd .kssñka m%foaYfha wrCIdjg fukau ÈhqKqjg obuy;a fufyjrla wdkkao ysñhka bgq lr we;'

21

;%ia;jdoh ksid f.dú;ek ëjr l¾udka;h yd fyaka f.dú;ekao wvd, ù ;sìh § tu ðjfkdamdhka h<s ls%hd;aul lr ùugwdkkao ysñfhda buy;a fjfyila ord we;' ;%ia;jdoh wjikaùu;a iu.u Wkajykafiaf.ka wdrCId jQ yd ðú; /l.;a ck;djh<s ish lghq;= j, ksr;ùu wdkkao ysñhkag buy;a i;=gls'cd;sfha uqrfoaj;d hk úreodj,shg ysñlï lshk ;ju;a hï;ñka;reK úh blau jQ nqoaOmq;%hdK flfkl= jk ksljfõ wdkkaoysñmdKka úiska isÿ lrk ,o cd;sl uyd fufyjr w.h lrñkaudfk,a u,a úre i;aldr Wmydrh w;sYh f.!rj m%Kdu mQ¾jljmqo lruq'

22

kd.oSm úydrdêm;s

mQcH kj|., mÿuls;a;s ;siai ysñmdfKda

nqÿrcdKka jykafia nqoaO;ajfhka miajk wjqreoafoys ,la Èjgfojeks jrg jevu lf<a kd.§mhghs' kd. f.da;%sl kdhlhkafofofkl= jk pQf,daor ufydaor hk fofokd w;r ueKsla mqgqjlaWfoid we;sjkakg .sh igk k;r lsÍug Wka jykafia jeänj;a nqÿ nK weiQ fofokdu meye§ igka kj;d ueKsla mqgqjnqÿrÿkag mQcd l< nj;a Wka jykafia th Tjqkagu ÿka úg tuueKsla mqgqj ksoka lr ;ekQ od.en wo mj;sk kd.§m ffp;Hnj;a b;sydi.; f;dr;=re wkqj meyeÈ,s fõ'

fuu kd.§m úydria:dkfha j¾;udk ks¾ud;DjrhdKka jkqfhawmj;a ù jod< n%dyauKj;af;a Oïuls;a;s;siai kdysñmdKkajykafiah' Wka jykafia fou< ckhdf.ao iydh ,nñka 1983jirg fmr wfkla m%foaY j,ska .sh jkaokd lrejkaf.ao wdOdrWmldr we;sj kd.§m úydria:dkh ixj¾Okh fldg mj;ajdf.kwdy' Wka jykafiaf.a YsIHfhl= f,i 1973 jif¾§ meúÈ ù 1985jif¾§ Wmiïmodj ,enQ kj|., mÿuls;a;s;siai ysñhka

23

mE,shf.dv úµd,xldr uy msßfjka yd wkqrdOmqr Y%S idrdkkaomsßfjkskao wOHdmkh ,enQ ;reK ysñkuls'

Wka jykafia meúÈ jQ od isgu kd.§mh weiqrelrf.k jevji;s' 1983 jifrka miq kd.§mh úydria:dkhg fou< ckhdf.ka,enqkq iyfhda.h wvq jQ w;r kdúl yuqodfõ mQ¾K iyfhda.fhkaúydria:kh mj;ajdf.k hkq ,efí' m%Odk úydria:dkh yereKqúg ;j;a mkai,la tu Èjhsfkys ;sìKs' fou< ckhd úiska zznqoaOj,õjZZ kñka y÷kajkq ,enQ tu úydria:dkh 1986 jif¾§;%ia;jd§ka úiska lvd ì| oud fmd<jg iu;,d lrk ,§' jir30lg wêl ld,hla ;siafia kd.§mfha jevjik mQcHmÿuls;a;s;siai ysñmdfKda udo.,a ys msysá ix>ñ;a;d uyry;afufyKska jykafia ch Y%S uyd fndaëka jykafiaf.a YdLdjjevu lrf.k ú;a f.dv neiai ia:dkfha bÈlr we;s úydria:dkh/ln,d .kakd w;ru tys wd.ñl lghq;=o mj;ajdf.k h;s'kd.§mh we;=¿ ¥m;a 10l wd.ñl j;dj;a lsÍug Wkajykafiagisÿù we;' fou< orekag fou< niska nqÿ nK lshd §uoWkajykafiaf.ka isÿjk úYd, fufyjrls'

;%ia;jdoh ue~,Sfuys ,d kd.§mh we;=¿ wjg ¥m;a j, /£isáñka fufyhqï isÿl< rKúrejkaf.a Ñ;a; ffO¾hh jvjñkafou< ckkdj iuÕo iqyoj jev lrñka ft;sydisl kd.§múydria:dkh /ln,d .ksñka bgql< uyd fufyjrg kd.§múydrdêm;s mQcH kj|., mÿuls;a;s;siai ysñmdKka fj; uq¿uy;a cd;shu fjkqfjka udfk,a u,a úre i;aldr Wmydrh w;sYhf.!rj m%Kdu mQ¾jlj mqo lruq'

24

hdmdmgqk kd. úydrdêm;s

mqcH ó.ycÿf¾ [dKr;k ysñmdfKda

hdmdmgqfka isxy, fn!oaO Wreufha ixfla;hla f,i;a tuWreuh ls%hd;au lsÍfuys,d ils%hj odhl jQ wdh;khla f,i;akd.§m úydria:dkh yeÈkaúh yelsh' tys ks¾ud;D jrhdKkajQfha mqcHmdo lvjeoaÿj kkaodrdu kdysñmdKka jykafiah' 1983we;s jQ l,n, ldß;ajh ksid hdmkfha Ôj;a jQ 24000 la muKisxy, ck;dj fou< ;%ia;jdÈka úiska m,jd yeÍu fya;= fldgf.k kkaodrdu kdysñmdKka jykafiag o kd.§mfhka iuq.kakgisÿúh' Wkajykafiaf.a YsIHjrhdKka f,i 1980 § meúÈ ìug m;ajQ ñ.ycÿf¾ [dKr;k idufKarhka jykafia meúÈ ù Èkfoflka kd.§m úyria:dkhg jevu l<y' lUQremsáh úoHdksfla;úoHdh;k msßfjka yd yqKQmsáh .x.drdu úydria:dk msßfjfkkao wOHdmkh ,enQ [dKr;k ysñmdfKda fmardfoKsh úYajúoHd,fhka f.!rj Ydia;%fõÈ Wmdêh ysñlr .;a fou< NdIdjo jHdjydr l< yels nqoaO mq;%hdK flfkls'

1995 § wdrCIl yuqodjka úiska hdmd mgqfka ;%ia;jdoh tla;rdÿrlg u¾okh lsÍu ksid [dKr;k ysñmdfKd h<s tys jevu

25

l<y' ta jk úg kd.§m úydriA:dkfha b;sßj ;snqfKa fndaêkajykafia muKs' wfkla ish¿u f.dvke.s,s ;%ia;jdÈka úiskafmf<djg iu;,d lr ;snqKs' ;u wOHdmk lghq;= o lr .ksñka[dKr;k ysñmdfKda úyria:dkg h:d ;;ajhg m;alr,Sfï uydNdr¥r ld¾hhg w;.eiQy' tys § ysgmq ckdêm;sks pkaøsld l=udr;=x.uy;añh o Wmldr jQ w;r jeä jYfhkau ta ioyd odhl;ajh ,ndÿkafka .re ckdêm;s uyskao rdcmCI ue;sÿkah' tu Wmldr ydfofia úfoia ;u ys;j;=kaf.a Wmldr o ,nd f.k wo jk úghdmdmgqfka kd.§mh wx. iïmQ¾K úydria:dkhla njg m;a lr.ekSug [dKr;k ysñmdfKda iu;aj isá;s'

1976 § kd.§m úydria:dkh uq,a lrf.k fou< iNdjlamsysgqjdh f.k ;snqKs' tod isá yßck fou< fn!oaO ixLHdj15000 la úh' ;%ia;jdÈ Wjÿre ksid thska fndfyda fofkla ls%ia;shdkswd.ug yrjd .kq ,en we;' wo jk úg úyria:dkh u.ska iqNidOklghq;= yd fjk;a fndfyda fiajdjka bgqlr .kq ,nk fou<fn!oaOfhda 5000 la muK isá;s'

;%ia;jdoh úkdY lr hdmd mgqfka isxy, fn!oaO Wreug h<smK.kajd fou< fn!oaO ck;djf.a o wjYH;d bgq lrñka hqofufyhqï iufhys rKúrejka fjkqfjka o ish¿ wd.ñl lghq;=o isÿ lrñka ls%hd l< ó.ycÿf¾ [dKr;k kdysñmdKkajykafiaf.a fj; udfk,a u,a úre i;aldr Wmydrh w;sYh f.!rjm%Kdu mQ¾jlj mqo lruq'

26

leì;sf.d,a,ej úydry,añ,a,efõ isßiq¨.,a

oUQ¨ msßfjka úydrdêm;s"

W;=reueom<df;a Wm m%Odk wêlrK ix>kdhl

mqcHmdo

úydry,añ,a,efõ OïurCÅ; kdysñmfKda

1933 Wm; ,enq wm l:dkdhlhdfKda 1948 § meúÈ ùug ;snqfmr msx uysuh ksid iiqka .; ù 1953 § YHdfudamd,s jxYsluydksldfha u,aj;= md¾Yajfhka Wmiïmodj ,nd uq¿ ðú; ld,huWmka .ug fiajh lsÍug yels ùu Wkajykafia ,enQ Nd.Hhlaf,i i,l;s' leì;sf.d,a,ej m%foaYh wjg fldá m%ydr lSmhlauisÿúh' tu iEu wjia:djl§u Wkajykfia ck;djf.a wdrCIlhdf,i ls%hd lr we;' hldjej .fï niar:hg laf,afuda fndaunhlamqmqrejd yer isÿ l< uyd ñksia >d;kh Wkajykafiaf.a ðj;fhalsisod wu;k fkdjk isÿùula f,i iksgqyka ù we;' bkamiq.ïjeishka .u w;yer .sh kuq;a .fï ish< fokdu kej; mÈxÑlrùug Wkaajykafia ls%hd l<y' zzmK fírd .ekSug .u w;yer.sh wms wdmyq f.kakqfõ fldáka ,nd urjkakoehsZZ .ïjeisfhdaWkajykafiaf.ka weiqy' ta lsisjlska miqng fkdjQ kdysñmdfKda

27

.ïjeishkag lreKQ lshd ish¿ fokdu .fuys mÈxÑ lrùug ls%hdl<y'

fldá .ug myr ÿka tla Èkl bÈf.d,a,efõ hqo yuqod lojqf¾nxlrhla ;=<g ù fy,auÜ tlla ysfia oud f.k ;u ðú;h fírd.;a wdldrh Wkajykafia isysm;a lrkafka tä;r ye.Sfuks' tka'Ô'´'ldrhska iu. in|;d fkdmeje;ajQ kdysñmdfKda foaYfma%ñ NsCIQfmruqK" ;j,u ixj¾Ok moku jeks ixúOdk j,ska Woõ Wmldr,nd f.k ck;dj ðú;a lr jQy' fmd,sia ia:dkdêm;s ydÈidm;s;=ud o iu. tlaù wj;eka lojqre j, isá ck;dj yuq ùh<s mÈxÑ lrùug leue;a; ,nd f.k Tjqka .ï j, mÈxÑ lrùug kdysñfhda buy;a fjfyila oerEy' ñksiaiq lKavdhï jYfhkafhdod f.k Tjqka ,jdu mdrj,a iqoao mú;% lrjd uq, § fmd,a w;=j,ska fiú,s l< me,am;a j, mÈxÑ lr miqj rch iu. idlÉPdlr tla wfhl=g remsh,a 35000 ne.ska ,nd § .ïjdiskag f.j,abÈlr .ekSug kdysñfhda iydh jQy' ;%ia;jdofhka mSvd úÈ wysxilck;dj fjkqfjka fufia Wodr fufyjrla bgq l< mqcHmdoúydry,añ,a,efõ OïurCÅ; kdysñmdKka jykafiag udfk,a u,aúrei;aldr iïudkh w;sYh f.!rj m%Kdu mQ¾jlj mqo lruq'

28

moú mrdl%umqr fÉ;sh.sß úydrdêm;s"

W;=reyqre¿ m<df;a m%Odk ix> kdhl

OïulS¾;s Ys% YS,dkkaOdNsOdk l=vdy,añ,a,efõr;kidr kdysñmdfKda

1933 § Wm; ,nd 1953 § meúÈ ìug m;a ù 1963 § YHdfudamd,sjxYsl uyd ksldfha u,aj;= md¾Yajfha NsCIQjla f,i Wmiïmodj,enQ wm kdysñmdfKda 1965 isg fï olajdu moú mrdl%umqrfÉ;sh.sß úydrfha jev ji;s' je,sUh wdrCIl l,dmfha ck;djgwdrCIdj ie,iSfuys,d buy;a fjfyila ord ls%hd lr we;sWkajykafia je,sTh ixj¾Ok mokfï o .re iNdm;sjrhd jYfhkalghq;= lr we;' fÉ.sh.sß úydria:dkh fmd,a w;= me,la f,imej;s ld,fha ;u .=reysñmdKkaf.a b,a,Su mßÈ tys jevu l<r;kidr kdysñmdfKda tu fmd,aw;= mef,ys mÈxÑj ckmojdiskaiu. tl;=j odhl iNdjla o msysgqjd f.k fkdfnda l,la .;fjoa§ fÉ;sh.sß úydrh wx. iïmQ¾K mkai,la njg ÈhqKQmjqKQl<y'

kdysñmdKkaf.a ùrls%hd fndfyda fj;s' fïc¾ fckrd,a ir;auqkisxy je,sTh ysgmq yuqod w{dm;s;=ud Wkajykafia ms<sno jQ

29

isoaêhla fufia olajd we;' zz1993 wjika Nd.fha Èkl Woeikje,sTh lïì,shdj lojqrg m%ydrhla t,a, úh' lïì,shdj moúfhaisg ie;mqï .Kkla ÿr lÿuqÿkl msysá lojqrls' ieklska fin<lKavdhula iu. uu msg;a jqfKñ' wfma fin¿ka m%;s m%ydrt,a, lr ;snqKs' wkqrdOmqrfhka fy,sfldmag¾ hdkhla lÿmduq,gf.kajd ;=jd,lrejka jydu wkqrdOmqrhg heùñ' fin¿ka iu.l;d lrñka isá ug Èia jQfha ÿr isg meñfKk fudag¾ ihsl,hls'msgq mi ly isjqr fydÈka fmkqKs' úkdä lSmhlska wfma r;kidrkdhl iajdñka jykafia lÿuqÿkg jevu l<y' ud ÿgq Wkajykafiabuy;a i;=gg m;ajQy' úkdä lSmhlg miqj ;j;a fy,sfldmagrhlameñK louqÿkg f.dv neiafiah' fy,sfldmagrh meñKSu ksid;djld,sl fmd,aw;= fiú,s yq<.g .sfhah' kdhl yduqÿrejkaflaks;shg m;aúh' fy,sfldmagrfhka ìug neiafia wkqrdOmqrfhaisg meñKs fckrd,a jrhdh' fy,sfldmagrfhka meñK fin¿kaglror lrkjdg jvd fkdmeñKshdkï fydohs tkjdkï mdfrkatkak hkqfjka Wkajykafia fndfydu iefrka mejiqy' fïisoaêfhka miqj kdhl iajdñka jykafia ud yg ióm ñ;=frlajQy'ZZ

.ïj,g fldá m%ydr t,a, jQ wjia:d j, § fudag¾ ihsl,fhamiqmi jdä ù jydu tu ;ekaj,g f.dia wjYH Wmldr lsrsuWkajykafiaf.a isß;ls' jrla Wkajykafia tfia f.dia je,l t,a,Sfof.dv ;,d hk .Õlska t;r ùug f.dia ..g fkdjeá fírefkawkqkjfhks' ñksiqka ÿlg m;a jq úg WKqjk yoj;la we;sWkajykafia yeu úgu m%{dkqhd; ù¾hfhka lghq;= lr ck;djgmsysg jQy' ck;djg fukau wdrCIl yuqodjkag o Wkjykafiaf.ka,enqKQ Yla;sh yd wdYs¾jdoh buy;ah' tjka nqoaO mq;%hdk flfkl=jQ l=vdy,añ,a,efõ r;kidr kdysñmdKka jykafiag udfk,au,a úrei;aldr Wmydrh w;sYh f.!rj m%Kdu mQ¾jlj mqo lruq'

30

moú Ys% mqr Y%S O¾udf,dal úoHdh;k mßfõkdêm;s yd

tu úydrdêm;s Ydia;%m;s

rdclSh mKaä;lrkankal=,fï isßOïu ysñmdfKda

1971 Wm; ,nd 1983 § meúÈ ìug m;aj 1992 YHdfudamd,s jxYsluyd ksldfha u,aj;= md¾Yafha NsCIQjla f,i Wmiïmod jQ isßOïuysñmdfKda tu úydrêm;sj jev isá msysôhf.d,a,efõ Oïudf,dalysñmdKkaf.a YsIHjrfhla f,i 1981 isg tu m%foaYfh jev jdihlr;s' Wkajykafiaf.a .=reysñmdKka jykafia moú Ys% mqrúydria:dkfhys jev jiñka fuu m%foaYfha ck;dj mÈxÑlrùug;a Tjqkaf.a ÿlg iemg msysgùug;a ls%hd l< fYa%IaG NsCIQjls'2001 fkdjeïn¾ 18 fjks Èk Wkajykafia leì;sf.d,a,ejf.dakueßhdj .ïudkfha § fldákaf.a laf,afuda fndaïnhlgf.dÿre ù wmj;a jQy' t;eka mgka m%foaYh /l .ekSfuys ydixj¾Ok lsÍfuys,d Ndr¥r ld¾hhkao is;g f.k th uekúkabgq lf<a isßOïu ysñmdfKdah'

;%ia;jdÈ m%ydrhkag f.dÿre fkdù ck;dj /l§fï ld¾hhgfukau ck;dj ;%iajdÈkaf.a f.dÿre jQ wjia:dj, § jyd bÈrßm;a

31

ù ls%hd lsÍug o isßOïu ysñmdKka miqng jqfha ke;' wdrCIllghq;= fukau m%foaYfha ¥ orejkaf.a wOHdmk lghq;= j, § oWkajykafia úfYaI lemlsÍula isÿ lr we;' Ys% O¾udf,dalúoHdh;k msßfjkg iïnkaOj uQ,sl msßfjk" úoHdh;k msßfjk"oyï mdi," mß>kl wxYh" fmr mdi, yd ndysr Wmdê wxYh hkwxY lSmhlau ls%hd;aul fjhs' ta wkqj uQ,sl wOHdmkfha isgúYajúoHd, wOHdmkh olajd bf.kSï lghq;= lsÍug fuu wdh;khu.ska m%foaYjdis orejkag wjldY i,id § we;' ;%ia;jdohg uqyqK§ ck;dj /l.ksñka wd¾Ól fukau udkisl fmdaIKhg wdod<lghq;= i,iñka moú YS%mqr jeks b;d ÿIalr m%foaYhl isßOïuysñhka isÿ lrkq ,nk fuu cd;sl fufyjrg udfk,a u,aúrei;aldr Wmydrh w;sYh f.!rj m%Kdu mQ¾jlj mqo lruq'

32

kef.k ysr ;uka lvq fom<df;a

^wurmqr l<HdK jxY uyd ksldfha&

m%Odk ix>kdhl

fiareú, irKls;a;s kdysñmdfKda

fiareú, ux., uy iEh ldjka;siai rc;=ud úiska nqÿrcdKkajykafiaf.a ,<dg Od;=ka jykafia ksoka lr bÈ lrk ,§' j,a ìysù ;snQ fiareú, mqo ìug 1928 § jvu l< oU.iawdf¾ Ys% iqfïOxlrkdysñmdKka jykafia th kej; m%;siaxialrKh lr ia:dms;lrÆy' fiareú, irKls;a;s kdysñmdfKda Wkajykafiaf.a m%OdkYsIHjrhdfKdah'

NsCIQka jykafia fmdÿfõ ;uka jykafia Wmka .fï kñkam%isoaêhg m;a jqj o 1940 ud¾;= ui 26 jeks Èk .ïmy Wvq,ïm,§ Wm; ,o l+< l=urejd 1952 § fiareú, § iiqka .;j fiareú,irKls;a;s kñka m%lg jQy' Ys% iqfïOxlr kdysñmdKkaf.a iudcfuyjr ta whqßkau bgq lsÍug wÈgka lr .;a irKls;a;s ysñmdfKdaWkajykafia wmj;a ùfuka miqj tu mqoìfï ixrCIKhg ydixj¾Okhg Wrÿkay' 1979 § fiareú, mqcd k.r ixj¾Ok jev

33

ms<sfj, werUQ Wkajykafia m%foaYhg wjYHj ;snQ úÿ,s n,h o,nd §ug uq,a ù ls%hd l<y'

fou< fldá ;%ia;jdoh kef.kysrg ;Èka n,mE jljdkqfõisxy, fou< uqia,sï ish¿ fokdf.a wdrCIlhd fukau fmdaIlhdjQfha o irKls;a;s kdysñmdfKdah' 1984 § t,a, jQ ;%ia;jdÈ ;¾ckj¾Okh ù 1985 cqks 11 fjks Èk foysj;a; .fuys isxy,hka 13fofkla fldá urd oeuQy' tu wjia:dfjys fca'wd¾' chj¾Okckdêm;sjrhd fy,sfldmagrhla hjd kdysñmdKkag fld<Ugjäk f,i wdrdOkd lf<ah' tys § Wkajykafia m%ldY lf<a zzThfy,sfldmagrfhka fld<Ug hdu wjkïnqjla ;%ia;jdÈkaf.kauereï lEu kïnqjla udj urkak wdfjd;a iE u¿jg f.dia nqÿkajÈkjd fjä ;shm,a,d lshd,d fldákag lshkjd ta ksidfy,sfldmagrh;a wrf.k wdmiq hkakZZ hkqfjks ;%ia;jdÈ WjÿreW.%fjoa§ fma%uodi ckdêm;s ;=ud o Wkajykafia fld<Ug jevujd.ekSug W;aidy orefõh' pkaøsld l=udr;=x. ckdêm;skshWkajykafiag fiareú, w;yer jäk f,i lS úg Wkajykafiam%ldY lf<a zzud WmÈk fldg úlÜ tlla f.k;a ;sfhkjd'talg whs;s ma,hsÜ tl wd úg hkjdZZ hkqfjks' kdysñmdKkajykafia ckdêm;s jrekaf.a b,a,Sug wjk; ù m%foaYh w;yerjeähd kï kef.kysr m<d;u fldákaf.a .%ykhg m;a fjkjduhs'

W;=re yd kef.kysr m%foaY w;r jeäu m%udKhla fldá;%ia;jdÈka ìï fndaun mqmqrjd yer ñksia >d;k lf<a lka;f,afiareú, ud¾.fhah' tla wjia:djl § ;uka jykafia .uka .;ajdykhg bÈßmiska .sh r:hla ìï fndauhg yiq ù r:fha fukauñksiqkaf.a o lE,s úisù hkq oEiskau oel oel irKls;a;skdysñmdfKda m%foaYfhys /§ isáyh' udú,awdre wuqK fldá jidoeuQ wjia:dfjys Wkajykafia udrdka;sl Wmjdihlg jdä ùfïwdrxÑh ie, jQ jydu wdrCIl f,alï ;=ud tu wuqK weÍugfufyhqï wdrïN lf<ah' kef.kysr m<d; o fldákaf.ka ksoyialr f.k W;=re m<df;a fldá n,h iqka lr ïf,aÉP ;%ia;jd§kdhl m%Ndlrka >d;kh lsÍu olajd tkï fldá n,h uq¿uKska

34

iqka lr ,Su olajd ls%hd;aul jqfha tod udú,awdrefjka werUqKqudkqIsl fuyhquhs'

kef.kysysr m<df;a ish¿u NsCIQka jykafiag uyd Yla;shlafjñka yd wdYs¾jdohla fjñka fiareú, irKls;a;s kdysñmdfKdals%hd l<y' foysj;a; uKav,.sß rcuyd úydrdêm;s foysj;af;afmaur;k ysñ" kS,fmd, kS,.sß rcuyd úydrêm;s lrof.d,af,am{dfiak ysñ" fidaumqr mYaÑudrdu úydrjdis Wvfj,uq,af,a.=Kjxy ysñ jeks NsCIQka jykafiag o jir 20la ;rï ld,hla;siafia tu m%foaY /l n,d f.k lghq;= lsÍug fiareú,kdysñmdfKda uy;a Yla;shla jQy' Wkajykafia,d ;=ka ku ofiareú, kdysñhkag iydh foñka ;%ia;jdoh u¾okh lsÍug;ack;dj Ôj;a lr ,Sug;a úYd, fufjrla bgq l< nj fuys,dioyka lruq' fiareú,s kdysñmdKkaf.a YsIH foaYfma%ñ NsCIQfmruqfKa NdKavd.dßl Ydia;%m;s uqxfyafka fu;a;drdu ysñhkaf.aiyNd.S;ajfhka 1986 isgu fiareú, m%foaYh /l.ekSu ioydfoaYfma%ñ NsCIq fmruqfKa iyfhda.h o kdysñmdKkag ,enqKs'fiareú, mqoìu f,dal Wreuhla njg m;a lSßfuys,d o fu;a;drduysñfhda úfYaI fufyjrla bgq l<y' Èú mrÿjg ;nd ft;sydislWreuh yd isxy, fou< uqia,sï ck;dj o ;%ia;jdÈkaf.kaa /l.ekSug l%shd l< fiareú, irKls;a;s kdysñmdKka jykafiaguq¿uy;a cd;sh fjkqfjka udfk,a u,a úre i;aldr Wmydrhw;sYh f.!rj m%Kdu mQ¾jlj mqo lruq'

35

Wmamqfõ,s O¾uúch fn!oaO uOHia:dkdêm;s"

rx.sß-W,am; rcuyd úydrdêm;s"

wurmqr isß ioaOïujxY ksldfha wkqkdhl OQrkaor

wyqx.,af,a isß iS,úiqoaê kdysñ^Wmmamqfõ,sfha yduqÿrefjda&

1983 l<n, j,ska miqj l=ÉÑfõ,sfha isg Wmamqfõ,shg isßiS,úiqoaê ysñhka jevu lrk úg tys ;snqfKa fmd,a w;= uvqjls'th fï jk úg ;=kafndaêh iys; wx. iïmQ¾K úydria:dkhlanjg m;a lr we;s fyhska Wkajykafia Wmamqfõ,sfha yduqÿrefjdakñka yeÈkaùu hqla;s iy.;h'

1949 § Wm; ,enQ Wmamqfõ,sfha yduqrefjda 1963 § iiqka .; ù1969 j¾Ifha wurmqr isß ioaOïujxi uyd ksldfha NsCIQjla f,ije,s;r udÿ .f.ys iafõÖka Wol=lafÄm iSudud,lfhys §Wmiïmodj ,enQy' 1976 § ;s%l=Kdu,hg jevu l< Wkajykafial=ÉÑfõ,s mqrdK kgnqka wdYs%;j k;r ù tys mkai,la lr f.kjev jdih lrhs' ta w;r;=ru Wkajykafia f.durkalvj, rxlsßW,am; mqrdK úydria:dkfhys o jev jiñka lghq;= l<y’ fuuia:dk wdYs%;j isxy, mjq,a o úiQy'

36

1983 § fou< cd;sjdÈ flda,dy, fya;=fldg f.k l=ÉÑfõ,shyd rxlsß W,am; o w;yer Wmamqfõ,shg jevu lsÍug Wkajykafiagisÿúh' tu ia:dk foflau isá isxy, mjq,a o fjk;a m%foaYj,gwdrCIdj m;d .shy' 1986 § cq,s 11 lka;f,a § fldá fndañnhlamqmqrd.sh nia r:fha isá myf<djla jhi we;s Wkjykafiaf.aYsIH n,xf.dv fidaNs; idufKarhka jykafia wmj;a jQy'l=ÉÑfõ,s mkaif,a jev isáh § Wkajykafiaf.a ol=KQ w;g jeÿKQfldákaf.a fjä myrl i<l=KQ ;ju;a olakg we;’ tu fldá;¾ck j,g ìfhka ;s%l=Kdu,h w;yer fkdf.dia iS,úiqoaêkdysñhka Wmamqfõ,sfha jev isàu ;s%l=Kdu,fha isxy,hkag fukau;s%úO yuqodjg yd fmd,sishg o uyd Yla;shla úh'

Wmamqfõ,sfha yduqÿrejkag Wkajykafiaf.a ish¿ lghq;= tkïN+ñh wdrCId lr .ekSu yd isxy, ck;dj N+ñfha rojd .ekSfïld¾hhkag iydhj isàfha wdrCIl yuqodjkah' Ys% ,xld hqo yuqodj"kdúl yuqodj" .=jka yuqodj yd fmd,sish o Wkajykafiaf.auQ,sl;ajfhka m%foaYfha ls%hd;aul jQ ish¿ lghq;= j,g Wka jykafiaiydh ÿkay' tod fuoe ;=r wdrCIl wxY Ndrj kef.kysr m<df;aisá wd{dm;sjre yd ksfhdacH fmd,siam;sjre o Wmamqfõ,sfhayduqorejkag ie<l=fõ ;ukaf.a o wdrCIlfhl= f,ihs' jev lsÍfï§ wjYH wd;au Yla;sh YÍr Yla;sh fukau jd.a Yla;sh o fkdwvqjWkajykafia i;=j we;'

l,ska w;yer oeóug isÿ jQ rx.sß-W,am;g jevu l<Wmamqfõ,sfha yduqÿrefjda tu ia:dkh o NsCIQka jykafiag úkhl¾uh lsÍug iqÿiq fmdah iSujla o iys;j wx. iïmQ¾Kjúydria:dkhla njg m;a l<y' ta wjg isxy, fn!oaO ck;djmÈxÑ lrùug o lghq;= fhdod we;' fufia kef.kysr wfmaWreuh /l.ekSfuys,d oYl ;=klg jeä ld,hla ;siafia wmuKÿla .eyeg úÈñka ls%hd l< cd;sfha uqrfoaj;d hk úfYaIk mofhkayeÈkaúh yels wurmqr isß ioaOïujxi uyd ksldfha wkqkdhlOqrkaor isß iq.;jxYd,xldr wirK irK úkhd,xldr wyqx.,af,aisß iS,úiqoaë kdysñmdKkaf.a uyd cd;sl fufyjr isysm;a lrñkaWka jykafia fj; udfk,a u,a úre i;aldr Wmydrh w;sYhf.!rj m%Kdu mQ¾jlj mqo lruq'

37

;s%l=Kdu,h fj,a.ï rcuyd úydrdêm;s wurmqr uyd

ksldfha kef.kysr ;ukalvq fom<df;a m%Odk ix>kdhl

mqcH wïmsáfha YS,jxY ;siai ysñmdfKda

ifrd.a.du kñka ft;sydisl jD;a;dka; j, yeÈkafjkfj,a.u fmfofiys msysá fuu rcuyd úydrh fojdkïmsh;siairc;=ukaf.a ld,fhys wdrïN jQjla nj ms<s.ks;s' fmdf<dkakrehq.fha rdcOdksh w;am;a lr f.k isá fpda, wêrdchd úiskaúydria:dkfha myka oe,aùu ioyd f;,a ,nd .ekSug .jhka mqcdl< nj ioyka fjk fi,a ,smshla o fuys ;sfí' oekg u;= lrf.k we;s kgnqka wkqj wkqrdOmqr hq.fhys fuu úydria:dkhNsCIQka jykafia, úYd, msßila jev isá ia:dkhla nj ms<s.;yelsh'

fuu úydria:dkfha j¾;udk ÈhqKQfõ mqfrda.dñhd f,iie,flkafka mqcH udÿfõ r;kjxY kdysñmdKka jykafiah’Wkajykafiaf.a YsIHjrhd f,i wïmsáfha Ys,jxY kdysñmdfKdatu ft;sydisl úyria:dkh yd wjg .ïjeishka wrCId lsÍuguy;a fjfyila ord we;' tfia ;sìh § 1985 muK jk úg ;%ia;jdÈls%hd ksid wjg mÈxÑj isá .ïjeis ish¿ fokdu m%foaYh w;yer

38

.shy' tfia jqjo meñfKk ish¿ ÿIalr;d úof.k ndOl j,guqyqK foñka Ys,jxY ;siai ysñmdfKda úydria:dkfhys /È isáhy'Wkajykafiaf.a cd;sl yd wd.ñl fiajdjg .re lssÍula jYfhkawurmqr uyd ksldh úiska isß mjr wßhjxYd,xldr .Kdpßh hkf.!rj kduh iys;j kef.kysr ;ukalvq fom<df;am%Odk ix>kdhl Oqrh Ys,jxY ysñmdKka fj; msßkuk ,§'

1985 Èkl yuqod ng msßia iu. jeõ neïu Èf.a .uka lroa§fldákaf.a ìï fndaïnhlg yiqùfuka nrm;, ;=jd, isÿúh' tys§ 07 fofkla uruqjg m;ajQy' 2000 j¾Ifha cq,s 10 jeksodúydria:dkhg t,a, lrk ,o fldá m%ydrfhka Wkajykafiagnrm;, ;=jd, isÿúh' msys myrla je§fuka nvje,a mjd u;=msggwfõh' jirlg;a jeä ld,hla Wkajykafia ta ioyd m%;sldr ,enQy'fujeks fldá ;¾ck udrka;sl ;=jd, isÿ jqj o fj,a.ïfjfyrft;sydisl Wreuh /l.ekSfï wNs,dIh Wkajykafia ;=<skalsisfia;au bj;ajQfha ke;' uq,ald,fha mjq,a 7000 la muK Ôj;ajq fuu m%foaYh ;%ia;jdÈ m%ydr ksid ñksiqkaf.a Y=kH m%foaYhlanjg m;a jqj o Ys,jxY ysñhkaf.a lemùu ksidu oekg mjq,a 70la muK mÈxÑj isá;s' weïmsÜfha Ys,jxY kdysñmdKka jykafiafldá ;%ia;jdohg wNs;j uqyqK foñka uõìfï Wreuh /l.ekSug;a fldáka úkdY l< Wreuhka h<s ia:dms; lsÍug;alrk ,o ùfrdaodr ls%hdjka fjkqfjka Wkajykafia fj; udfk,au,a úre i;aldr Wmydrh w;sYh f.!rj m%Kdu mQ¾jlj mqo lruq'

39

;s%l=Kdu,h Ökjrdh fndaêrdcdrdudêm;s

isß ioaOd,xldr YdikfYdaNk .re

foyss úg msh;siai kdywsñmdfKda

inr.uq m<df;a lE.,a, Èia;s%lalhg wh;a foys´úg .fuys1961 wf.daia;= 08 fjksod Wm; ,nd jhi wjqreÿ 18 la jk;=re.sysf.ys jdih lrñka iir we;s ÿla .ek jgyd f.k 1980fkdjeïn¾ 07 jeksod mqcHmdo rUQlalk ioaOd,xldr ysñmdKkajykafiaf.a YsIHjrfhl= f,i mejeÈ ù 1984 cq,s 07 jeksodWmiïmodj ,enQ foys úg msh;siai ysñmdfKda wurmqr Ys% O¾urCIs;uyd ksldhg wh;a NsCIQ kuls' meúÈ ìug m;a ùfuka wk;=rejlsisÿ msßfjkl fyda fjk;a wOHdmk wdh;khl bf.kSulafkd,enQ msh;siai ysñfhda iajlsh wdpd¾jhrhdKka fj;skau O¾uúkh yd NdId Ydi a; % bf.k .;ay' Wkajykafi af. awdpd¾hjrhdKka jQ rUQlalk ioaOd,xldr ysñmdfKda o YsIHjrhkagmQ¾K wOHdmkhla ,nd §ug ;rï iu;a fjfkla jQy'

1987 Tlaf;daïn¾ 03 jeksod tu j¾Ifhau w;aika l< fcA'wd¾'rðõ .súiqug wkqj fldá u¾okh lsÍughs lshd furg meñKsbkaÈhdkq yuqodj bjla njla ke;sj t,a, l< fjä m%ydr j,ska

40

ioaOd,xldr kdysñmdfKda wmj;a jQy' bkamiq úydrêm;s OQrhNdr.;a msh;siai ysñmdfKda kef.kysr isxy, fn!oaO Wreuhfjkqfjka wNS;j bÈßm;a fjñka ls%hd l< ienE cd;sfha uqrfoaj;dkula njg m;ajQy' kef.kysr ft;sydisl Wreuh /l§fï j.lSuo WkajykafiA Ndr.;Ay' isxy, fn!oaO Wreuh fjkqfjka fmkSisáWkajykafia wfkl=;a cd;slhka yd wd.ñlhka flfrys o iuis;ska ie,l+y'

;s%úO yuqodj fmd,sish iu. tlaj Tjqkag wkqYdikd ,ndfoñka ;s%l=Kdu,h k.rfha ish¿u idudkH ck;djf.a wrCIdjyd wNsjDoaêh fjkqfjka Wkajykafia ls%hd l<y' foaYmd,k ;,fhaby<ska tk ksfhdaa. u; isxy, fn!oaO whs;skag wjdis jk f,iwdrCIl ks,Odßkag lghq;= lsÍug fhÿKQ wjia:dj, § WkajykafiabÈßm;aj tnÿ foa jHj¾: l<y' tjeks wjia:dj, § idOdrKh ydhqla;sh bgqlrkq leu;s wdrCIl wxY ks,Odßkag Wkajykafiauyd Yla;shla jQy' ;%ia;jdÈkag tfrysj ls%hd lsÍfï § WkajykafiarKúrefjl=g fkdfofjks wdldrfhka bÈßm;aj ls%hd lf<a ;uðú;h .ek mjd fkd;lñks'

uy;a wdkafoda,khla we;s l< ;s %l=Kdu,fha k.rhgwdYs¾jdohla jQ ;s%frdao r: .d, wi, msh;siai ysñhkaf.auQ<sl;ajfhka jvd ysÿjk ,o nqoaO m%;sud jykafia bj;a lsÍuioyd úreoaOjdÈka .;a ish¿u ls%hdud¾. jHj¾: lrñka wjidkfhafYa%IaGdêlrK ;Skaÿjla u.ska tu nqoaO m%;sudj ish¿ fokdf.aiqjfi; m;d tu ia:dkfhys ;yjqre lr,Sug foys´úg msh;siaikdysñmdfKda iu;a jQy' tys § Wkajykafia ;u Ydia;DjrhdKkafjkqfjka ðú; mQcdfjka jqj ls%hd lsÍug bÈßm;a jQy'

;s%l=Kdu,h k.r yd lvi;a i;r YdikdrCIl n, uKav,fha.re iNdm;s Oqrh jir .Kkdjla ;siafia fydUjñka oyï mdi,ams<snop lghq;= j,§ fukau úydr yd NsCIqka jykafia ms<snolghq;= j, § o idOdrKh bgqlr §u ioyd msh;siai ysñfhdabÈßm;a jQy' kef.kysr isxy, ck;j m;aj isák wirK njg

41

msysgla ùug is;= Wkajykfia W;=re yd kef.kysr isxy, ixúOdkhmsysgqùfuys,d mqfrda.dñj ls%h l< w;r jir .Kkdjlau tysiNdm;s Oqrh orñka isxy, fn!oaO Wreuh fukau rdcH md,kho ;s%l=Kd,u,h Èia;s%lalh ;=< wdrCId lr §ug ls%hd l<y'

B,dï rdcHfha yoj; f,i ;%ia;jdÈka úiska i,lKQ ,enQ;s%l=Kdu,h ;%ia;jdÈkaf.ka /l.ekSu ioyd wdrCIl wxY fukauisxy, ;reKhka iu. o tlaj wNs; igkl fh§ bgq l< uydfufyjrg foyss úg msh;siai kdysñmdKka jykafia fj; uq¿uy;acd;shu fjkqfjka udfk,a u,a úre i;aldr Wmydrh w;sYh f.!rjm%Kdu mQ¾jlj mqo lruq'

42

;s%l=Kdu,h yd lvj;a i;r jeis

nqÿmq;=ka lSm kula

fldá ;%ia;jdofhka mSvd úÈ ck;djg wdrCIdj i,id foñka;u Wreuh /l .ksñka ;s%l=Kdu,h yd lvj;a i;r m%foaYfhaúydria:dk j, jev isá oefha uqrfoú hk kug iqÿiq jQ NsCIqkajykafia,d lSm kula ms<snoj f;dr;=re ieflúka fufia igykalruq'

01' mQcH" frdgj, kkaodrdu ysñ" iqkkao rduh" 06 lKqj

02'mQcH" lKquq,afoKsfha f¾j; kdysñ" fndaêmdomdrduh" 05 lKqj

03' mQcH" fo,a¥fõ Oïur;k kdysñ" jðrdrduh" 04 lKQj

04'mQcH" lKquq,afoKsfha úmq,;siai ysñ

;siai rcuyd úydrh" wdkaokal=<u

05'mQcH" kq.f.dv pkaøfcda;s ysñ" wNskjdrduh" mE;siamqr

06'mQcH" udkska.uqfõ úu,fcda;s ysñ" wNhdrduh" ;s%l=Kd,uh

07'mQcH" fodvkaÿfõ Oïudkkao ysñ" isoaO;a:drduh" uydudhd mqr

08' mQcH" lmqf.d,a,efõ wdkkao ls;a;s ysñ"

chiquKdrduh" ;s%l=Kdu,h

09'mQcH" ñysÿmqr uyskaojxY ysñ

fn!oaO uOHia:dkh" ;s%l=Kdu,h

10' mQcH" foúkqjr pkaÈu ysñ" wdkkaodrduh" isßudmqr

11' mQcH" udl÷f¾ uyskaofidau ysñ

m%idka; Ñ;a; úfõldrduh" l<HKmqr" f.daurkalvj,

12' mQcH" ;j,xy,añ,a,Efõ foajdkkao ysñ

Y%S mQ¾jdrduh" f.daurkalvj,

13' mQcH" hgjr mq[a[oiai ysñ

fjMkakd rc uyd úydrh" w.%fndaê msßfjK" lka;f,a

fuu ysñjrekago udfk,a u,a úre i;aldr Wmydrh w;sYhf.!rj m%Kdu mQ¾jlj mqo lruq'

43

wirK irK isß ldYHm is;,.u

Y%S iS,d,xldrdNsOdkkef.kysr ;ukalvq fom<df;a

^wurmqr Ys% OïurCIsl uyd ksldfha&

m%Odk ix> kdhl kdysñmdfKda

isxy, foaYfha fm!rdKsl YsIagdpdrfha tla fmfoila yeáhgkef.kysrg fukau W;=re ueog o iïnkaO udreÿ Th ksïukhyÿkajd Èh yelsh' tu ksïukhg wh;a ÈUQ,d., wdrKH fiakdikhfmdf,dkakre hq.fha § uyd mrdl%undyq uy rc;=ukag Ydikix.%yh ioyd iydh jQ ÈUQ,d., ldYHm ix>rdchka jykafiaksid m%isoaêhg m;aúh' j¾;udk hq.fha tu wdrKh fiakdikhfidhd f.k uq¿ m%foaYhu wd¾Ól yd wOHd;añl jYfhkaixj¾Okh lrd fhduq l< fYa%IaG kdhlhdKka jkqfha zzÈUq,d.,yduqrefjdaZZ kñka yeÈkafjk ls;,.u Ys% iS,d,xldr kdysñmdKkajykafiah' 1924 uehs 26 jeks Èk ud;r ls;,.u § Wm; ,enQ l=<l=urejd 1954 ckjdß 12 fjks Èk Wvqms,af,af.dv m[a[d,xldrysñmdKkaf.a YsIHjrfhl= f,i wx.=kak nÿ,a, Ys% m[a[d,xldrúydria:dkfha § ls;,.u YS% iS,d,xldr kñka meúÈ úh' 1965 §

44

wurmqr O¾urCIs; uyd ksldfha NsCIqjla f,i Wmiïmodj ,enQWkajykafia fkdfnda Èklska ukïmsáh fndaêreCLdruhg jevufldg fmdf<dkakrej m%foaYfha Ydiksl yd cd;sl fufyjrwerUQy'

ta w;r;=r ÈUQ,d., wdrKH fiakdikh .ek f;dr;=re oek.;aWkajykafia ukïmsáfha isg ie;mqï 14 la muK ÿr ÈUQ,d.,gmhskau jevu lr ta jk úg j,a ìys ù ;snQ wdrKH fiakdikhh<s k.d isgqùfï Ndr¥r ld¾hhg w; .eiQy' wirK jeÈ ck;djfukau fou< uqia,sï ck;dj Ôj;a jQ tu m%foaYfha ck ðú;hkxjd ,Sug Wkajykafia isÿ l< fufyjßka m%Odku ld¾hh jQfhajeÈ <uhska 12 fofkfl= iiqka .; lsÍuhs' ta iuÕu fou<<uhska o meúÈ l<y' isxy, fou< uqia,sï yeu fokdgu WmldrjQy' Wkajykafiaf.a ld¾hh jgyd .ekSug Wkajykafiaf.am%ldYhla fufi igyka lruq' zzfï mqxÑ isxy, fn!oaO rfÜ wmljqre;a iu.sfhka i;=áka bkak ´k' fkdfhl=;a wd.ï woykfkdfhl=;a cd;ska bkakjd' wm ljqre;a ukqIHhska jYfhka ta tawd.ï woyñka ta ta whg ßis úÈhg Ôj;a jkakg bv lv i,idÈh hq;=hs' kuq;a isxy, cd;shg ks.d lrñka nqoaO Ydikhg ydksmuqKjñka cd;sjdoh wjqiaiñka wfma rg ;=< wkjYH m%YaK u;=lr fío we;s lsÍug ljqreka fyda bÈßm;a fjkjdkï Bg uqyqKfokakg muKla fkdj ta fjkqfjka ðú;h mqokakg jqj;a udiqodkïZZ ÈUq,d.u yduqÿrejkaf.a wjHdc udkqIsl woyia iuqodhfuu flá m%ldYh ;=< wka;¾.;j ;sfí'

.dñKS Èidkdhh weu;s ;=ud iu. tla ù bvï fkdue;sj isáisxy, ck;djg bvï fnod §fï ld¾hh bgq l< wjia:dfjysfca'wd¾' chj¾Okf.a ksfhda.fhka tfia mÈxÑ l< ck;djf.aksjdi lvd oud Tjqka m<jd yeÍug lghq;= fhÈKs' bka miqngfkdjQ wm kdysñmdfKda tu ck;dj je,sUh m%foaYfha mÈxÑ lrùug lghq;= fh¥y' hdx Th ksïukfha u¾uia:dkhla jQ je,sThwdrCIl nxlrhla f,i ;%ia;jdÈkag tfrysj ls%hd;aul ùug tumÈxÑ lr ùu uy;a fia Wmldr úh' ljr rchl kuq;a kdhlhka

45

iïnkaO lr f.k ck;djg iyk ie,iSug ÈUQ,d., ysñfhdaiu;a jQy' Wkajykafiaf.a iermreI jpk fukau l=v m%ydr bÈßfhawe;eï foaYmd,lfhda ksjghka njg m;a jQ wjia:d fnfydah'

fldá ;%ia;jd§ka ksid ck;dj mSvdjg m;a fjoa§ udÿre Thksudkfha ish¿u ck;dj tu ;%ia;jdÈkaf.ka fírd .ekSugfukau Tjqkag f.dú;eka lghq;= lsÍu ioyd Wmldr ùug okdysñfhda yeu úgu iEÈ me§ isáhy' Èkm;du Woeik leofldmamhla j<od Èjd wdydrh ioyd t<j¿ yd m<;=re fidhd.ekSug;a t<j¿ yd m<;=re Whfka lghq;= fidhd ne,Sug;a jevulsÍu Wkjykafiaf.a isß;la úh' 1995 ueks 26 jeksod o tu isß;wkqj Wkajykafia jevu lf<a wNS; flair isxy rdcfhl= fuks'tfy;a fydÈka l=reudkï w,a,d f.k isá ïf,aÉP ;%ia;jdÈkaWkajykafia jevu l< r:hg yd wjg m%foaYhg o fjä jreidjlat,a, l<y' fjä je§fuka wmj;a fkdjq úg ;%ia;jdÈka lf<aWkajykafia Èh w.,lg weo oud wdhqO j,ska lmd fldgd >d;khlsÍuhs' iuyr úg tfia >d;kh l< fldá Wkajykafiaf.kaufmdaIKh jQ wrCId jQ wh o úh yelsh' tfy;a ;%ia;jdÈhdg .=Koyï fyda lD;fõÈ;ajhla fkdue;' ;%ia;jd§kaf.a ld¾hh ;ukagwNsu; fkdjk ish¿ fokd >d;kh lsÍuhs' ta ksid udÿre Thksïkfha wdrCIlhd fmdaIlhd fukau j¾;udk ÈhKQfõks¾ud;Djrhd o jQ tu m%foaYfha ck;djg msfhla yd rfcla jYfhkajev isá ÈUq,d., kdysñmdfKda ;%ia;jdÈkaf.a f.dÿrla jQy'Wkajykafia rgg oehg yd iiqkg isÿl< Wodr;r fufyjrguq¿uy;a cd;sfhau w;sYh f.!rj m%Kdu mQ¾jl Wmydrh udfk,au,a jHdmdrh úiska fufia igyka lr ;nk j.hs'

46

È.duvq,a, rc.u ùrf.dv Y%S iïnqoaO chka;s úydrdêm;s

kef.kysr m<df;a YHdfudamd,s jxYsl uydksldfha

m%Odk wêlrK ix>kdhl

ioaO¾u lS¾;s Ys% rEmy úu,dkkao kdysñmdfKda

1948 Wm; ,nd 1965 meúÈ Èúhg meñK 1971 Wmiïmodj ,ndm%foaYfha fmdÿ ck;djf.a wdrCIdj yd wNsjDoaêh msKsi wm%udKfjfyila f.k úu,dkkao kdysñmdKka ls %hd lr we;'Wkajykafia úydrdêm;s Oqrhg m;a jQ 1973 isg 1983 olajd fuum%foaYfhys ;%ia;pdohla fkdmej;=ks' isxy, fukau fou< ck;djo úydria:dkhg iïnkaO ù fomsßiu tlaù mkaif,a lghq;= isÿl<y' 1988 $ 89 jljdkqfjys fou, B,dï rdcHhla ìyslsßug hknj oek .kakg ,enqKs' tys § isxy, fou< ck;dj w;r mej;siïnkaO;dj m¿ÿ lsÍug fldá ixúOdkh ls%hd lrk nj jgyd.;a rEmy úu,dkkao kdysñmdfKda ;%ia;jdÈkaf.a wruqK jHj¾:lsÍug lghq;= fh¥y'

fldá ;%ia;jdÈka .ïj,g mek wirK .ïjeishka lmd fldgdurd oeóug lghq;= l< wjia:dfjys .fï wdrCIdjg ;snqfKafmd,sish muKhs' tys isá ks,Odßka msßi .u /l.ekSug m%udKj;a

47

jqfKa keye' tys § wm kdysñmdfKda .fï ;reK msßia tal rdYsfldg Tjqkag wú mqyqKQj ,nd §ug;a Tjqka uÕska .u wdrCIdlsÍug;a fmd,sishg iydh ù ls%hd l<y' .u jg lr uqr m,j,a bÈl< Wkajykafia Èkm;du tu uqrmf,ys ls%hdldß;ajh úuid neÆy'.ïjeishka tluq;= ù .u /l .; hq;=h hk ixl,amh .ïjdiska;=< ;yjqre lsÍug Wkajykafia iu;a jqKd' ùrf.dv .fuys muKlafkdj wjg .ïj, wdrCIdj ioyd o Wkajykafia ls%hd lr we;';%ia;jdÈkaf.ka mSvdúÈ .ïuqka /l.ekSu ioyd ck;dixúOdkhla o msysgqjkq ,enqjd' tys§ ;reKhkag kdhl;ajh §uioyd NsCIQka jykafia,d o fhduq l<d'

by< ks,Odßka wdrCIdj ms<snoj oeä wjOdkhla fkdfhÿwjia:djl .ïuqka iu. wïmdr ã'tia' fiakdkhl úoHd,fhak;r ù tla .ulg fmd,sia ks,Odßka mia fokd ne.ska fhdojdf.k uy;a jer jEhula fhdod ñksiqka .ïj, mÈxÑ lrjd Tjqka.ï w;yer hEu j,lajd .;a kdysñmdfKda Tjqkaf.a iqNidOkhioyd o úYd, fufyjrla bgq l<y' 1990 § Wkajykafiag rc.uuyd úoHd,fha úÿy,am;s lu ,eîu tf;la ;uka jykafia lrf.k wd fufyjrg úYd, Yla;shla jQ nj Wkajykafia mji;s'fufia wm%udK ÿla .eyeg úo wïmdr Èia;s%lalfha ÿIalr .ïj,ñksiqka .ï w;yer hEu j,lajd .ksñka ;%ia;jdohg wNs;j uqyqK§ ls%hd l< rEmy úu,dkkao kdysñmdKka jykafiaf.a Wodr cd;slfufyjrg udfk,a u,a úre i;aldr Wmydrh w;sYh f.!rjm%Kdu mQ¾jlj mqo lruq'

48

wïmdr f.dak., úfoHdaoh mßfjkdêm;s

mqcH weô,smsáfha bkaoiquK kdysñmdfKda

1972 foieïn¾ 22 fjks Èk Wm; ,nd 1986 ud¾;= 26 fjks ÈkmeúÈ ù 1994 cqks ui 10 fjks Èk Wmiïmod N+ñhg m;a weô,smsáfhabkaoiquK ysñfhda ;%ia;jdofhka m%foaYfha ck ðú;h wvd, ùuje,elaùug uy;a fjfyila f.k ls%hd l< ysñ kuls' b;d ÿIalrm%foaYhla jk f.dak., yd ta wjg .ï ;%ia;jdÈkaf.a .%yKhgmyiqfjka ,la jqfha tu m%foaYhg kqÿßkau ;%ia;jdoh oereKqf,i ls%hd;aul jQ fyhsks' 1999 iema;eïn¾ 19 fjks Èk f.dak.,.ug t,a, jQ ;%ia;jdÈ m%ydrh uq¿ rgu lïmd l< uydfÄojdplhla úh'

tu m%ydrh isÿ jk úg bkaoiquK ysñfhda ksjil msß;a foaYkhlaioyd jevu lr isáhy' isoaêh wdrxÑ jQ jydu msß;a f.or lghq;=kj;d jydu t;ekg meñKs Wkajykafia we;=¿ NsCIQka jykafia,dm<uq fldgu ;=jd, jQ ish¨ fokdu blauKskau frday,a .; lsÍugwjYH lghq;= fh¥y' fuu m%ydrh ksid wfkl=;a ck;dj .uw;yer hd fkd§ .fuys rojd .ekSug Wkajykafia uy;a fjfyilaoerEy' m%foaYhg ;snqKq wdrCIdj m%udKj;a fkdjk nj jgyd .;a

49

Wkajykafia wdrCIl wxY iu. idlÉPd lr f.dak., m%foaYfhakj hqo yuqod lojqrla ia:dms; lsÍug uQ,sl;ajh f.k ls%hd l<y'

;%ia;jdÈ ìh ksid wirK jQ ck;djg ;u ðjfkdamdh jkf.dú;eka n;a lr .ekSug o wjldY fkd,enqKs' tÈfkod Ôj;aùfï nrm;, m%YaKhla Tjqka yuqfjys mej;=Ks' rdcH fkdjkixúOdk fï m%foaYhg Woõ lf<a ke;' ;j,u ixj¾Ok mokujeks ixúOdk j, Woõ ,nd f.k m%foaYfha ck;dj Ôj;a lrùug bkaoiquK ysñfhda uy;a fjfyila oerEy' m%foaYfha ck;djfldmuK wirK jqj;a iqkdñ jHikfha § m%foaYfha ck;djf.kaWoõ Wmldr ,nd f.k wkd: jQ fou< yd uqia,sï .ïudk j,giyk ie,iSug Wkajykafia ls%hd l<y' ksrka;rfhka ;%ia;jdÈm%ydr t,a, jqj o .ï w;yer hd fkd§ ck;dj .fuys rojd f.k;u Wreuh wdrCId lr .ekSu ioyd wm%udK fjfyila f.k ls%hdl< weô,smsáfha bkaoiquK ysñmdKka fj; udfk,a u,a úrei;aldr Wmydrh w;sYh f.!rj m%Kdu mQ¾jlj mqo lruq'

50

wïmdr foys.u fndaêreCLdrduh

ux.,.u uKav,drduh yd wrka;,dj kqjr.,;ekak

ch;s,ldrduh hk úydria;%hdêm;s mqcHmdo

foys.u [dKr;k ysñmdfKda

1949 Wm; ,nd 1966 iiqfkys meúÈ ù 1972 § Wmiïmodj ,enQfoys.u [dKr;k ysñmdfKda welsßhl=UQf¾ bkaor;kysñmdKkaf.a YsIHjrfhls' m%foaYfha .ïj, ñksiqka mÈxÑ lrjdtu .ï yd úydria:dk ks¾udKh lf<a welsßhl=UQf¾ bkaor;kysñhkah' 1985 fkdjeïn¾ 24 fjksod wrka;,dfõ § bkaor;kysñfhda Wkajykafia .uka .;a r:h iu. fldá ;%ia;jdÈka úiskameyer f.k hkq ,enQy' tu uyd fÄojdplfhka miqng fkdjQ[dKr;k ysñfhda ;u .=reysñmdKka jykafiaf.a Wodr cd;sl ydYdiksl fufyjr bÈßhg o lr f.k hdug oeä f,i wêIaGdklr .;ay' tys § wjia:d lSmhlau ;%ia;jdÈ m%ydr j,g ,la jQWkajykafia jrla tu m%ydr j,ska ;=jd, ,enQy'

È.ska È.gu ;%ia;jdos m%ydr t,a, fjoa§ .ïjeishka .ï w;yerhd fkd§ rojd ;nd .ekSug;a wdrCIdj ;yjqre lr ,Sug;aWkajykafia uQ,slj ls%hd l<y' 1985 fkdjeïn¾ 26 fjksod t,a,

51

jQ ;%ia;jdÈ m%ydrh;a iu. fldudKafvda frðfuka;=fõ lojqrlaúydria:dkfha weröug lghq;= fh¥y' .ïjeis lsisu flfkl=.u we;yer hd fkd§ rojd ;nd .ekSug Wkajykafia iu;a jQy'tys § wdydr ys.h ksid ;uka jykafia Èklg tl fõ,la muKlaje<¥ w;r .ïjeishka o wdydr .;af;a Èklg tl fõ,ls' 1987fmnrjdß 07 jeksod wrka;,dj .ug jeÿKQ fldá .ïjeishka 28fofkla lmd fldgd urd oeuQy' md¨ jQ tu .fuys kej;;a ñksiqkamÈxÑ lrùug fh¥y' ux., .fuys mjq,a 600 la 700 la muKjdih l<d' [dKr;k ysñfhda Tjqka lsisfjl=gj;a .u w;yer hdfkd§ /È isàug lghq;= fh¥y' 1995 Tlaf;dïn¾ 20 jeksod.ïjeÿKq ;%ia;jdÈka mjq,a 16 l idudðlhka lmdfldgd urd oeuQmiq ta .ïudk md¿ jqKd' ;ju;a tu .ïudk yßyeá ckdjdi ùke;'

uq,a ld,fha Wfoa 10’30 g jdyk .ukd.ukh ioyd wrka;,dj"wïmdr mdr újD; l< w;r iji 4'30 g mdr jid oeuQy' ta ld,fha<uhskag mdi,a wOHdmkhla ,enqfkau keye oerejka ,efnkakysáh uõjre f.j,a j, § iy uy u.§ ueß jegqKdy' 1987 cqks 02jeksod yef.dv bkaor;k ysñhka we;=¿ NsCIQka 31 kula lmdfldgurd oeuqfõ [dKr;k ysñhkaf.a mkai, wi,uhs' hqoyuqodjg ydúfYaI ld¾hh n,ldhg o kjd;eka ÿkafka Wkajykafiaf.amkai,hs' 1987 § fmd,sia ia:dkhla ioyd mkai, Ndr ÿkakd' tys§ fndfyda fN!;sl iïm;a wysñ jqj;a ðú;h yd mkai,a f.dvke.s,a,a, b;sßùu ms<snoj Wkajykafia ;u i;=g m%ldY lr;s'funÿ uyd lemùulska m%foaYh;a ck;dj;a wdrCId lr .ekSuioyd ðú; mß;Hd.fhka ls%hd l< foys.u [dKr;k ysñmdKkajykafiag udfk,a u,a úre i;aldr Wmydrh w;sYh f.!rj m%KdumQ¾jlj mqo lruq'

52

wïmdr uyTh geïmsáh mqrdK úydrdêm;s

mqcHmdo geïmsáfha [dKdkkao ysñmdfKda

1960 Wm; ,nd 1977 § meúÈ ù 1981 Wmiïmodj ,enQ [dKdkkaoysñmdKka jykafia m%foaYfha u flfkl= f,i ;u Wmka m%foaYhyd ck;dj /ln,d .ekSug uy;a fjfyila .;a flfkls'È.duvq,af,a fl,jrl msysá isxy, .ïudkhla jk geïmsáhg1984 isg È.ska È.gu ;%ia;jdÈ m%ydr t,a, jqKd' 1985 § [dKdkkaoysñmdKkaf.a .=re ysñmdKka wmj;a jQ fyhska úydrdêm;s Oqrfhaj.lSu Wkajykaafia fj; mejreKd' ta jk úg wkqrdOmqr nqoaOY%djl úYajúoHd,fha Wmdêh ioyd yodrñka isá [dKdkkaoysñmdfKda úydria:dkh yd .u /l.ekSfï Wodr wruqKska ishwOHdmkh w;r u. k;r fldg mkai,g jevu l<d' ta jk úgfuu .fuys wysxil isxy, ñksiqka 49 fofkl= fldá ;%ia;jdÈkaurd oud ;snqKd' fuu .ug myr §fuka ;%ia;jdÈka fpkal,äisg geïmsáh olajd f;damdj,sh" fldiaf.d,a," fmßhl=<u" trdjq¾"uvl,mqj hk m%oaYj, wysxil ck;dj urd oud foam< úkdYlsÍug hk nj jgyd .;a [dKdkkao ysñmdfKda Tjqkaf.a tuwruqK jHj¾: lsÍug uy;a W;aidyhla oerEy'

53

jrla geïsáh úydria:dkhg meñKs fldá Wkajykafiaf.a ysig;=jlal=j ;nd mkai, fld,a, ld f.k .shy' Bkshd fldáWidúhla u.ska urKSh oKavkh kshu lr Wkajykafia fj;,smshla tj,d ;snqKd' .u w;yer hk f,i ;¾ckh l<d' ta yeuúglu ;u Wmka .u mqrdjia;= meúÈ jQ mkai, mdjd §,d ;=jlal=jgìfhka .u we;yer fkdhk njg Wkajykafia oeä wêIaGdkhlawe;slr .;ay' tla wjia:djl .fï wdrCIdjg lsisÿ wfhla fkdisáksid .ï jeishka lemamáfmd, úoHd,hg /f.k hdug oWkajykafiag isÿjqKd' tfy;a wdmiq ta ish¿ fokdu .ug leojdf.k wdjd' fufia urKSh ;¾ckh ueo ;u Wreuh /l.;ageïmsáfha [dKdkkao ysñmdKka jykafiag udfk,a u,aúrei;aldr Wmydrh w;sYh f.!rj m%Kdu mQ¾jlj mqo lruq'

54

Ydia;%m;s mdku Ys% pkaor;kdNsOdkfj,a,iai È.duvq¨ foÈidfõ ^YHdfudamd,sjxYsl u,aj;=

uyd úydr md¾Yajfha& m%Odk ix> kdhl ysñmdfKda

w;sYh ÿIalr m%foaYhla jQ kef.kysr uqyqÿ fl<jfrys msysámdku § 1964'1'04 fjks Èk Wm; ,nd 1977'04'29 fjks ÈkYdia;%fj, uKskd. mín; fndaê.sß mqrdK rcuyd úydrfha §meúoao ,nd 1985'06'14 Èk u,aj;= uyd úydrfha § Wmiïmodj ,enQmdku Ys% pkaor;k kdysñmdfKda tu m%foaYfha ck;dj iqjm;alsÍug yd wdrCId lr .ekSug o isÿ l< fufyjr fndfydah'msßfjka wOHdmkfhka wk;=rej Ys% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,fhkaúfYaI Wmdêhla o Ys% ,xld fn!oaO yd md,s úYaj úoHd,fhkaYdia;%m;s Wmdêh o cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfhka wOHdmk ämaf,dauWmdêh o ,nd .;a Wkajykafia j¾;udfha hq.fha NsCIQka jykafiakula f,i ;uka jev jik m%foaYhg kdhl;ajh §ug iu;aflfkla jQy'

mdku § Wm; ,nd tysu yeÈjeã fï olajdu tys Ôj;a jkWkajykafiag m%foaYh yd ck;dj ms<sno ukd wjfndaOhla we;'

55

ta ksidu Wkajykafia ork ;k;=re o fndfydah' mdkïm;a;=jYdikdrCIl n,uKav,fha .re f,alï OQrh" mdkïm;a;=j iq/lSfï ixúOdkfha iNdm;s" fldáhdf.dv idu.s% ix> iNdfõiNdm;s" mdku uyd úoHd,fha ksfhdacH úÿy,am;s" mdkuYdia;%fj, Ys% fndaêu¿ úydrdêm;s hk ;k;=re WkajykafiafydUj;s' ;%ia;jdÈ Wjÿre mj;sk m%foaYhl isÿl< Wodr fufyjrg.re lsÍu;a jYfhka u,aj;= uyd úydr md¾Yajh úiska Wkajykafiafj; YdikjxY úN+IK hk f.!rj kduh msßkukq ,en we;'

w;sYh ìysiqKQ f,i ;%ia;jdÈ ls%hd isÿ jQ wji:dfõ § wfklaúydria:dk j, NsCIQka jykafia,d we;fula úydria:dk w;yer.sh kuq;a pkaor;k kdysñfhda .ug Yla;shka fjñka tysu /Èisáhy' wjia:d lSmhl§u ;%ia;jdÈ .%yKhg wiqjqj;a ta yeuúgl§u ;u ðú;h /l .ekSug o Wkajykafia iu;a jQy’ tfiau;%ia;jdÈkag tfrysj ls%hd lsÍug o miqng fkdjQy' ;%iajdÈkaf.aïf,aÉP m%ydr j,g m;aj wmyiq;djhg m;a ck;djg úúOdldrfhaWmldr l< pkaor;k kdysñfhda uqia,sï wk;ajdÈkaf.ka fmd,siaúfYaI ld¾h n,ldhg t,a, jQ ;¾ckfha § o Tjqka fjkqfjkabÈßm;aj ls%hd l<y' ;%ia;jdÈkaf.ka we;s jQ Wjÿre j,g wu;rj.xj;=r wk;=re iqkdñ jHikh jeks wjia:dj, § o Wkajykafiack;djg msysg jQy' ish Wmka .fuys /§ isáñka m%foaYjdiska ydWreuh fjkqfjka bgq l< uyd fufyjrg .re mdku pkaor;kkdysñmdKka jykafia fj; uq¿uy;a cd;shu fjkqfjka udfk,au,a úrei;aldr Wmydrh w;sYh f.!rj m%Kdu mQ¾jlj fufiamqo lruq'

56

wïmdr l=udß.u Ys% mqIamdrdudêm;s

fiakdm;sfha wdkkao ysñmdfKda

1980'04'17 fjks È ìì, fiakdm;sh .fuys Wm; ,nd 1989'09'07fjks Èk wïmdr Wyk Woh.sß mqrdK úydrdêm;s .re fiakdm;sfhaúu,fcda;s ysñhkaf.a YsIhjrfhla jYfhka meúoao ,nd 2000 cqks09 fjks Èk YHdfudamd,s jxYsl u,aj;= úydr mdrYajfha NsCIqjlaf,i Wmiïmodj ,enQ fiakdm;sfha wdkkao ysñmdfKda .fï kugu.e,fmk mßÈ fikam;sfhl=f.a ld¾h Ndrh bgq l< NsCIqjlaf,i yeÈkaúh yelsh' Wkajykafiaf.a l=vd úfha mgkau wïmdrm%foaYhg ;%ia;jdÈ Wjÿre t,a,úh' tneúka meúos jQod isguWkajykafiag tu msßi;a iu. ðj;a ùug isÿúh' tys § t,a, jQ;%ia;jdÈ Wjÿre fukau wkHd.ñlrKh o yuqfjys iajlSh Wreuhfjkqfjka fmks isá NsCIQjla f,i Wkajykafiag ls%hd lsÍugisÿúh' ;%ia;jdohg uqyqK fok .ukau È.duvq,a,a m%foaYfha isxy,fn!oaO Wreuh fjkqfjka fmks isá foaYmd,k kdhl;ajhlafkdmej;s wjêhl Tjqkaf.a wvqj msßuid ,Sug o Wkajyiafkagisÿúh'

57

ÿmam;a wirK ck;djg ksjdi ;kd §u mdi,a orejkaf.a mgkaúYaj úoHd, YsIHd olajd YsIH YsIHdjkag YsIH;aj ,nd §u iajhx/lshd yd mdksh c,h ,nd §u oyï mdi,a wdrïN lr ¥orejkaf.aO¾u {dkh ÈhqKQ lsÍu fmr mdi,a orejkag wjYH WmlrK ,nd§u úydria:dk ioyd iQ¾h fldaI u.ska úÿ,sh ,nd §u jeks iudcfiajd lghq;= rdYshla Wkajykafia úiska bgq lrk ,§' fï ioydúfoaY rgj, fukau fld<U wdÈ m%foaY j, isxy, fn!oaOhkaf.aWmldr o Wkajykafiag ,enQKs' iqkdñ jHdifhka wirK jQ l,auqKwlalrm;a;=j fmd;=ú,a W,a, isxymqr mdku wdÈ m%oaYj,g f.diaúm;g m;a whg úúOdldrfhka Wmldr lr we;'

iajlSh iudc fufyjr Yla;su;aj lr f.k hdu ioyd W;=reyd kef.kysr isxy, ixúOdkh wdrïN lsÍfuys § wdkkao ysñfhdauQ,Slj ls%hd l<y' kef.kysrg muKla fkdj jjqkshdj wjgm%foaYj,go tu.ska fiajh lsÍug yelsúh' fï fiajdjka bgqlsÍfuys§ Wkajykafiag ksrdhdYfhkau ,enqKq ;k;=re rdYshls'jeõ.ïm;a;=j W;=re Wyk YdikdrCIl n,uKav,fha wd.ñl ydixialD;sl lghq;= ms<sno ksfhdacH f,aLldêldß" isú,a wdrCIln,ldfha wïmdr fudkrd., fn!oaO ix.ufha m%Odk wkqYdYdil"isú,a wdrCIl fom¾;fuka;=fõ kef.kysr wOHd;aul WmfoaYlhkq ta ;k;=re w;ßka lSmhls' §>jdmsh mqcd N=ñh uqia,sïwdl%uKslhskaf.ka fírd .ekSu ioyd lem jQ wdkkao ysñfhda tafjkqfjka fYa%IaGdêlrKh olajd kvqjla f.k hdug o uQ,sl ùls%hd l<y' wNsfhda. rdYshlg uqyqK foñka ;ju;a ;reK úfhaisák NsCIqjla jYfhka fiakdm;sfha wdkkao ysñmdKka úiskabgq lrk ,o uyd fufyjrg uq¿uy;a cd;sh fjkqfjka udfk,au,a úrei;aldr Wmydrh w;sYh f.!rj m%Kdu mQ¾jlj mqo lruq'

58

jgdm; fjkqjg ;=jlal= w;g f.k lghq;= l<

udhsï jefõ ysñjreka

jejhs" od.enhs" .uhs mkai,hs hk ixl,amh u; w;S;fhackdjdi wdrïN jQ nj i`oyka fõ' wog;a tu ,laIK merKs.ïudkj, olakg ,efí' ta ;;ajh u; .u yd mkai, w;r we;sien`Èhdj fuf;lehs lsj fkdyels h' ta nj jvd;a u ;yjqre jQfhaf.jqKq oYl ;=kl ld,fha § h'

fldá ;%ia;jd§kaf.ka t,a, jQ ;¾ckj,g uqyqK §ug NslaIQkajykafia,dg o isÿ úh' fï ;;ajh ukdj olskakg ,enqfKa fldákdhl fõ¿ms,af,a m%Ndlrkaf.a ufkdardð; B<dï is;shug udhsujeà ;snQ .ïudkj, h'

fï .ïudkj, nKla" Ndjkdjla lrf.k isá ysñjrekagwjidkfha isÿ jQfha fldáka iu`. igka lr Ôú;h fírd .ekSugh' Bg fya;=j fldákaf.ka t,a, jk fjä m%ydr" ld,;=jlal=m%ydrj,ska fíÍ" Ôj;a úh hq;= neúks'

mq;a;,u Èia;s%lalfha yd wkqrdOmqr Èia;s%lalfha ú,am;a;=j cd;sljfkdaoHdkhg udhsï j we;s .ïudk fuka u jõkshdfõ yd uq,;sõÈia;s%lalhg udhsï j we;s .ïudkj, jeishkag o fï ;¾ckj,g±ä f,i uqyqK§ug isÿ úh' Bg wu;r j" ;s %l=Kdu,h'fmdf<dkakrej" wïmdr" fudKrd.," yïnkaf;dg wd§ Èia;s%lalj,jk udhsug jeà ;snQ .ïudkj,g o fldá ;¾ck ks;r u t,a,úh' .ïudk jYfhka i`oyka l<fyd;a ;ka; sßuf,a "leì;sf.d,a,Ej" je,sTh" f.daurkalvj," w,a," ks,fmd<"foysj;a;" fiarekqjr" fidaudj;sh" l=re¿neoao" .,alkao" wreKmqr"oïñkak" udÿreTh" uyTh" wrka;,dj" ishUd,dKavqj" Tlalïmsáh"ro,a," is;=,amõj olajd jQ m%foaYhg úysfok iSud udhsï .ïudkj,jeisfhda f.jqKq ld,fha § fldákaf.ka neg lEy' tu msßigmkai,j, jev jdih l< NslaIQkajykafia,d o we;=<;a jQy' we;eïwjia:dj, § Tjqyq Ôú;j,ska mjd jkaÈ f.jQy' wrka;,dfõ §

59

NslaIQka jykafia,d ;siakula" ÈUq,d., wdrKH fiakdikfhaúydrdêm;s ysñhka" ;S,fmd< foysj;a; m%foaYfha jev úiQ ysñkulajYfhka wjia:d lsysmhl § NslaIQka jykafia,d Ôú;fhka jkaÈf.jQy'

tfy;a fuu wkdrlaIs; .ïudkj, Ôj;a jQ NslaIQka jykafia,dfldákaf.ka t,a, jQ ;¾ckj,g ìfhka lsis ÿ wjia:djl §m%foaYh w;yer fkd.shy' Wkajykafia,d lf<a fldákag fkdìhjuqyqK § .ïudk w;yer hdu fjkqjg tajd wdrlaId lsÍuhs' iuyrwjia:dj, úydrdêm;sjre .%du wdrlaId lrk Nghska iu`. tl;=ù fldá .ïjÈk ia:dk yria lr nxl¾ bÈlr tajdfha Èjd rd;s%foflys u wdrlaIdjg isáhy' ;j;a wjia:djl nxl¾j,g fhdojdisák .%dudrlaIl Nghska ksis wdldrhg lghq;= lrkafka o hkakfidhd ne,Sug Wkajykafia,d W;aiql jQy' Bg wu;r j wkdrlaIs;ia:dkj, mÈxÑ j isá msßia .ïudk w;yer hk wjia:dj, §mkaif,a nK uvqfõ Tjqka ;djld,sl j mÈxÑ lrjd yduqÿrejkag,efnk odkh tu jeishkag ,nd § fmdaIKh l< w;r wdrlaIdlsÍug lghq;= l< wjia:d ´kE ;rï úh' .fï m%Odk kdhlhdf,i yduqÿrefjda jeishkag u`. fmkajñka wdrlaIdj ;yjqre lsÍuguQ,sl;ajh .;ay' tfia Ôú;h mrÿjg ;nd wdhqO w;g f.klghq;= l< ysñjreka o fkdisáhd fkdfõ' ta ;ukaf.a Ôú;hgjvd odhl odhsldjka wdrlaId lsÍu i`oyd h' tfia lghq;= lsÍfï§ Ôú;fhka jkaÈ f.jQ ysñjreka yd f.jqKq oYl ;=kl ld,fha§ fldákag ì,s jQ isú,a jeishka ms<sn`o f;dr;=re my; fõ'

60

isú,a jeishkag t,a, jq m%ydr

oskh ia:dkh ñh.sh-;=jd, fjk;a1984'--11'-30 jõkshdj fvd,¾ *dï 33$1 WoEik 5'30 isxy, -

jõkshdj flkaÜ *dï 29$1 - isú,a jeishka1984'-12-'01 jõkshdj fldals,dhs 29 fjä ;nd1985'05'03 lgqkdhl .=jka f;dgqfmd< 16$40 . =jkahdkhla m qm qrejdyer^úfoaYslhka fofofkla ureg&1985'-05'-14 wkqrdOmqr ch Y%S uy fndaêh 120$85 jkaokdlrejka

wkqrdOmqr ú,am;a;=j 81 fjä ;nd1985-'05'-30 uq;+¾ ñys÷mqr" foysj;a; 5$1 isxy, jeishka1985-'06'-11 uq;=¾ foysj;a; 13 isxy,1985'-08-'02 fmdf<dkakrej fidaudj;sh 06 NslaIQka 03la ta w;r1985-'08'-14 jõkshdj wjrka;,dj 07 ksjdi 40la .sks1985-'08-'14 ;%sZuf,a kdu,aj;a; 06 isxy, jeishka1985'-11'-07 ;%sZuf,a fudrjej 10$1 isxy, jeishka1985'12'13 Tâvqiqvdkays § 27 fou< jeishka1986'-05'-03 fld<U uOHU ;eme,a yqjudrej 44 fndaïnhla msmsÍfuka1986'-05-'25 ;%sZuf,a uyÈjq,ajej 20 isú,a jeishka1986'-05-'30 fld<U t,s*kaÜyjqia 11 msmsÍulska

61

1986'-06'-04 ;%sZuf,a wdkaokal=,u 17 nluQfKa iqNod,xldr ysñ we;=¿1986-'06'-11 ;%sZuf,a 22$1 fndaïn folla msmsÍfuka1986-'07-'08 ;%sZuf,a uxlsì%É 26 ^wudkqIsl& ëjrhka 10" wjq' 06l orefjla- -f,dßhl ghrhl .id urd1986-'07'-13 jõkshdj mdjlal=,u 11 fou< 09" isú,a 021986'-07-'17 lka;f,a iSks ixia:dj 10 isxy, 07" uqia,sï 02" fou< 011986-'07-'19 ueÈß.sßh jä.jej 28 isxy,1986'-07'-22 jõkshdj" uduvqj 32 fndaïn

1987'02'07 wïmdr wrka;,dj 28 isú,a jeishka ^lmd fldgd&1987'-03'22 fydfrdõm;dk fiarekEj 26 isú,a jeishka1987'-04'-20 ;%sZuf,a chka;smqr 15 isú,a jeishka1987'-07-'21 msgfldgqj u'nia kej;=ïfmd< 12$298 fndaïn mqmqrd1987'-05'-29 fmdf<dkakrej lvj;auvqj 07 isú,a jeishka1987'-06'02 wïmdr wrka;,dj 34$15 NslaIQka jykafia,d 30kula1987'-06-'12 ueÈß.sßh f.dvfmd;a; 09 isú,a 08" yuqod 011987-'10-'06 uvl,mqj 18 isxy,1987-'10-'06 ;%sZuf,a l=Épfõ,s" id.rmqr 27 fjä;nd" isxy,1987-'10-'06 trdjq¾" ks,dfõ,s 25 isxy," fjä;nd1987-'10-'10 lka;f,a .ka;,dj 10 isxy,1987'10'16 ;%sl=Kdu,h mq,auqfâ § 16 isxy,

62

1987-'11-'09 fld<U urodk 23$106 jdyk fndaïn1987'-12'-15 fidaudj;sh foajd,f.dve,a, 09 .ïjeishka1987-'12-'31 ;%SZuf,a uyÈjq,ajej 10 ksjdi 15la .sks

1988-'03'-02 ;%sZuf,a fudr jej 14 isxy, - fjä ;nd1988-'03'-14 lka;f,a .ï,eáhdj 13 isxy,1988-'03'-15 ;%sZuf,a fudrjej 07 isú,a1988-'03'-17 wïmdr " ouk §>jdmsh 13 isxy,1988-'03-'22 jõkshdj mqÿl=,u 06 isxy,1988-'03'-22 ueojÉÑh 09 isxy,1988'-03'-31 l,auqfka ihskaoureÿ 17 uqia,sï 10" fou< 071988'-04'-08 fydfrdõm;dk ó.iajejj 14 isxy,1988-'04'-28 je,sTh we;djegqKqjej 16 isxy,1988-'08-'25 fmdf<dkakrej"lrfmd< 11 lmd fldgd1988-'09'-10 wïmdr uOHu l|jqr ^6 ckmoh& 11 isxy, 07" fou< 041988-'10-'09 ueojÉÑh uyfldaka.ialv 44 ksjdi 11la .sks1988'-11-'14 f.daurkalvj," meKsleähdj 28 isxy,

1989'-02-'02 wïmdr uyTh" fnda.uqhdh 11 f., lmd isxy,1989-'02'-11 fydfrdõm;dk ÿgqjej 34 isxy,1989'-02'-22 je,sTh isxymqr 06$07 isxy,

63

1989-'02'-27 fmdf<dkakrej" fndrjej 37 isxy,1989-'08'-17 jõkshdj fkdÉÑl=,u 18 ìï fndaïnhla

1990-'07-'05 ;%sZuf,a jdkawe, 09 lmd fldgd1990-'07'-26 wkqrdOmqr ;ïuekakdj 19 ksjdi 30 .sks1990-'07'-23 uvl,mqj" Örlafpdaf,hs 08 uqia,sï" .iaj, t,a,d1990'-07-'24 wr,.xú, oïñkak 70 fjä;nd yd lmdfldgd1990-'07-'30 wlalfrhsm;a;=j 14 uqia,sï1990-'07'-31 lka;f,a fmardre 10 fou<1990-'08'-03 ld;a;kal=ä" uvl,mqj 103$70 cqïud-yqfiakshd

m,a,sj, hd{dlrñka isá1990'-08'-05 wïmdr uq,a,shkalvqj 17 uqia,sï f.dùka1990-'08-'06 wïmdr 33 uqia,sï f.dùka1990-'08'-07 wïmdr Wrk 30$04 isxy,1990-'08'-11 je,sTh mq,auqfvhs 116$20 tardjq¾ 15" 06" 03 jiï - uqia,sï1990-'09'-19 mq;a;,u fj,a,uqkavd,a 23 ksjdi 11 isxy,1990-'09-'21 wïmdr 151990-'09'-24 je,sTh .cndmqr 04 isú,a1990-'09-'30 uyTh fmrje,a;,dj 09 lmdfldgd1990-'10-'02 moúh jdy,alv 07 ksjdi 39 .sks1990-'10-'11 wïmdr wdre.ïfí 09 uqia,sï

64

1990-'10'-23 ;ka;sßuf,a 08 isxy,1990-'10-'27 ;ka;sßuf,a 05 isxy,1990-'11-'01 je,sTh isxymqr 10 isxy,

1991-'01'-23 uyTh" fnda.uqhdh 25$09 isú,a1991-'03'-21 ishU,dkavqj" keõ., 06 lmd fldgd1991-'03'-24 wlalfrhsm;a;= fmdÿfjf<|fmd< 09$32 fndaïnhla mqmqrd" uqia,sï1991-'04'-03 ;%SZuf,a flú,sh 10$11 ëjrhka 16la w;=reoyka1991-'04'-14 fudkrd., we;suf,a 17 lmdfldgd" ksjdi 06la .sks1991-'04'-20 fudkrd.," kshf|, 21$2 <uhska 02" ksjdi 03 .sks1991-'05'-20 iuka;=frhs" u,aj;a; 09 uqia,sï1991-'06-'12 uvl,mqj fldlawäfpdaf,hs 14 isú,a 10" yuqod 14hs1991'06'27 wïmdr ,dyq., 16 laf,afuda m%ydrhka folla1991-'07'-06 fmdf<dkakrej mq¥¾ 17 uqia,sï 09" isxy, 081991-'07-'06 ukïmssáh lrfmd< 09 ëjrhka1991'-09'-19 ueÈß.sßh" m,a,shf.dve,a, 13 uqia,sï

1992-'02-'04 ìì," kd.,.u - 02la w;=reoyka1992-'02'-06 ìì, fiarj - 02la w;=reoyka1992-'04'-29 fmdf<dkakrej w,xÑm;dk 56 uqia,sï1992-'06-'02 wïmdr 209 lKqj 14 isú,a

65

1992'-09'-01 l,auqfka ihskaoureÿ 22 fndaïnhla mqmqrejd yer1992'09'19 ueÈß.sßh m,a,shf.dve,a, 13 uqia,sï1992-'10'-01 je,sTh fldakajej 15 .ïjeishka1992-'10'-15 ueÈß.sßh" m,a,shf.dve,a," 285$83 uqia,sï jeishka" yuqodfõ 20

wyuâmqr" mÕ=rdk" wland¾mqr fldá 05 fmd,sisfha 191994'03'16 mq;a;,u l=Èßuf,hs 17 isú,a jeishka

1995'05'25 ;%sl+Kdu,h l,a,rdj 42 isú,a1995'08'07 fld<U ksoyia p;=ri%h 21$44 ;eô,s lr;a;hl fndaïnhla mqmqrejd1995'10'20 fldf,dkakdj f;,a .nvdj 17$33 ^fldá 7& gexls 11la úkdY úh'1995'10'21 wïmdr ux.,.u 16 isú,a1995'10'21 fmdf<dkakrej fndaj;a; 36 isú,a1995'10'21 je,sTh .,a;,dj 19 isú,a1995-'10'-22 ishU,dKavqj fldáhd., 19 f.dùka1995'10'25 fudkrd., fldáhd., 11 isú,a1995'10'25 wïmdr mdku 12 isú,a1995'10'26 leì;sf.d,a,Efõ § 26 isú,a1995-'11-'02 fudkrd.," uyl|f.d,a,Ej 05 fjä;nd1996'01'31 fld<U uynexl=j 96$1339 fldá 02la w;awvx.=jg" 02la ureg

66

1997'-10'-15 .,odß fydag,h 18$110 fndaïn mqmqrejd1998'-03-'05 urodk 42$196 fndaïn mqmqrejd2000'01'27 jjqkshdj ;eme,a ld¾hd,h 11$70 ;eme,a fmÜáfha fndaïnfhka2000'03'10 rdc.sßh rdi¾ùÈfha § 22$50 ñh.sh ^fmd,sia 06& fldá 082000'05'17 uvl,mqj 35$80 fn!oaO W;aijhl §2001'05'03 je,sTh § 04 f.dùka2001'06'06 jjqkshdj fpmamkal=,ï 02 fou< ;reKhka2001'08'01 fmdf<dkakrej ke' udhsu 02 isú,a2001'08'30 wïmdr l,auqfka 03 fndaïnhla2001'10'29 fmdf<dkakrej udÿreTh 02 ëjrhka2001'10'30 ;%sl=Kdu,h uq;+¾ 01$06 fndaïnhla msmsÍfuka2001'11'27 ;%sl=Kdu,h 02$02 fjä;nd2001'12'01 uvl,mqj Ydka;sfõ,sys§ 02 fjä;nd2002'01'20 uvl,mqj 01 ëjr2003'04'20 ;%sl=Kdu,h fiarekqjr 02 uqia,sï2004'-04'-23 ;%s"uf,a f.daurkalvj, 06 mdi,a <uqka fofofkla iuÕ2005-'02'-12 ukakdru k.rh 01 iS,ka la,Sgia2005'-03'-26 uvl,mqj mrudêfõ,s 03 isú,a fjä;nd2005-'04-'11 ;%sZuf,a nia kej;=u 13 la,afuda fndaïnhla" isú,a 122005'-04'-28 fld<U Èhjkakdj 01 udOHfõ§ isjrdï ^;drlS&2005'-05'-03 wïmdr ùruqfkhs 01 udOHfõ§ tï'*jqis

67

2005-'05-'17 ;%SZuf,a 01 jika; iukal=udr2005-'06'-09 uvl,mqj fpxl,ä 01 mS'lreKd uQ¾kais2005-'06'-09 hdmkfha ñreiqú 01 w¾' nd,isxyï2005-'06-'12 fmdf<dkakrej" fidrú, 01$16 ví'Ô'mqxÑrd, - w;afndaïnhlg2005'-06'-15 uvl,mqj wßhkam;a;=j 01 mS' pkaøjka2005'-06'-15 wïmdr l,auqfKhs 01 fla'fudydkaodia2005-'06'-21 ;%SZuf,a idïmQ¾ 02 à'rùkaøka" tia' i;Hkdoka2005'-06'-29 wïmdr Wyk 01 ví' fm%aur;ak2005'-06-'30 ;%SZuf.a lskakshd 01 tï'yqfiaka idðka2005-'07'-04 ;%sZuf,a 01 à' r;akrdcd2005-'07'-04 fmdf<dkakrej 01 wre,;aøka2005-'07-'14 wïmdr wdre.ïfí 02 tï'rd*sla' tï' kid¾2005-'07'-20 wïmdr l,auqfKa 01 tï'ndialrka ^.%dufiajl&2005-'07-'26 jkaks uksmQ¾ 02 m;aul=ud¾' tia'fld,ska2005'-08'-12 nïn,msáh 02 cd;sl rEmjdysksh" wd¾'fi,ajrdcdudOHfõÈksh yd

tia'fla fi,ajrdcd ^iajdñhd&2005'-09'-18 ;%sZuf,a wkqrmqr ykaÈh 01 wd¾'lkaoidñ2005'-09'-29 ;%S"uf,a m,af,k.¾ 01 wíÿ,a ióka2005'-10-'06 ;%SZuf,a mdf,hsW;a;= 01 fla' ùrr;ak2005-'10-'10 ;%SZuf,a 01 tia'fj,a,j,dhd

68

2005'-10'-19 jõkshdj fiÜál=,u 01 mS' ùrisxy ^.%dufiajl&2005'-10-'27 ;%SZuf,a fudr;ä 01 ví'mS' wkqr wfír;ak"

- ^isxy, ixúOdkh&2005'-11'-15 ;%sZuf,a mdf,hsW;a;= 01 ta' wurmd,2005'-11'-15 ;%sZuf,a Wmamqfõ,s 01 ta't*a' .=Kr;akï2005'-11'-17 ;%sZuf,a Wmamqfõ,s 01 wd¾'tï'fyaumd,2005-'12-'02 ;%sZuf,a wkqrmqr ykaÈh 01 iS'î' fyauisß2005-'12-'03 ;%sZuf,a uq;+¾ 05$03 uqia,sï2005-'12-'11 ;%sZuf,a f;damQ¾ 02 tï'rd*sla" rðí§ka2005'-12'-14 ld;a;kal=ä 01 ta't,a'tï'l,ska ^m%d'f,alï&2009'-12-'19 ;%sZuf,a wnhmqr 01 tï'tï'wnhisß2005'-12'-24 ;%sZuf,a 01 we,anÜ fykaß2005'-12-'25 ;%sZuf,a lkaoidñ fldaú, 01 fÊ'úfÊiS,ka2005'-12'-25 ;%sZuf,a lskakshd 01 whs' rukka

2006'-01'-02 uvl,mqj" lsrdka 01 tia' ;Hd.r;akï2006-'01'-02 ;%sZuf,a jrdh mdr 05$02 isiqka msßila2006-'01'-03 uvl<mqj mqÿ¾ 03 -200'6-01-'03 hdmkh lsßfjâä 01 isú,a2006'-01-'04 hdmkfha fmaÿre;=vqj 01 whs'Wohodi2006'-01-'04 fld<U" foysj, 01 ta' m%idoa ^bkaÈhka&

69

2006-'01'-05 uvl,mqj jd,ÉfÉk 02 à' ;kqIa" wd¾' l=cqkaorka2006'-01'-06 uvl,mqj" hdmkh 03 tï';=uq;a;" à' óäka" mS'mS' l=ud¾2006-'01'-10 hdmkh pdjlÉfÉß 02 mS' isjYxl¾" lkm;sms,af,hs2006'-01'-11 hdmkh fmaÿre;=vqj 01 mS' ;Ñiq2006'-01'-11 fld<U 01 ã'isoa.ï2006'-01'-12 hdmkh wÉpqfõ,s 01 isú,a2006-'01-'13 wïmdr iuka;=frhs 02 tia'f,ífí" tï' biauhs,a2006-'01-'14 hdmkh lhsÜia 01 ã'O¾u,sx.ï2006-'01'-14 ;%sZuf,a .dkaêk.¾ 01 ví' rdfÊkaø l=ud¾2006-'01'-15 hdmkh fldälduï" lhsÜia 02 tia'fhda.rdÊ" tka' ;jiS,ka2006'-01'-16 hdmkh jÜglÉÑh 02 tia' .fkaIajrka" ví' l%sIaKka2006-'01'-17 hdmkh Wreïmsh,a fldamdhs 02 nd,l=ud¾" fla'uqr,sorka2006'-01'-17 wïmdr wlalfrm;a;=j 01 wíÿ,a nid¾2006'-01'-17 ;%sZuf,a ks,dfõ,s 03$14 kdúl yuqod 11la ;=jd,hs2006'01'19 ;%sZuf,a wkqrdOmqr ykaÈh 14 kdúl 03" fmd,sia 01" isú,a 10

2006'-01-'20 ;%sZuf,a idïmQ¾ 01 tï'kjr;ak2006'-01-'20 wïmdr fmd;=ú,a 01 tia' pkaø,d,a2006-'01'-21 hdmkfha fldälduï 01 t,a'fhdaf.aIajrdcd2006-'01-'23 ukakdru 05 fla' ;,dfõIka" B'á%Y+" B' weka;kS"fla' m%kdkaÿ" fÊ'tÉ'l%sY+

70

2006'-01-'24 ;%sZuf,a Tj¾ys,a 01 tia'iqñkaørdcd2006-'01'-24 uq;+¾ 01 wd¾' ikaø,sx.ï2006-'01-'24 hdmkfha fmaÿre;=vqj 01 fla' úl=,ï2006-'01-'25 hdmkfha fldamdhs 03 -2006-'02'-20 uvl,mqj jkaodruq,a, 01 ls,dika2006-'02-'22 uvl<mqj trdjq¾ 01 tï' mq,ka2006-'02'-27 wïmdr l,auqfKa 01 tï'fmreïnqrdcd2006'-05-'27 ú,am;a;=j 07 fndaïn msmqreulska2006'-03'-01 uvl,mqj fj,a,dj,s 01 tia'nd,l=,rï2006'-03-'06 uvl,mqj kdj,awä 01 ta'tï'cjqi¾2006-'03'-09 uvl,mqj fj,a,lïmdhs 01$02 úchrdiï2006-'03'-20 uvl,mqj fpkal,ä 01 Ñ;%fõ,a fi,ajï2006'-03-'24 jõkshdj mqÿlal=,u 01 mS' uqref.aIa2006-'03-'25 uvl,mqj l,al=vd 02 ã'tï'rðoka" .=K;=x.2006-'04-'08 ;%sZuf,a 01 ú.afkaYajrka2006-'04-'12 ;%sZuf,a k.rh 13 fmdÿ fjf<| fmdf<a fndaïnfhka2006'-05-'29 je,slkao Thduvqj 12 lïlrejka msßila2006-'08'-12 foysj, § 01 ks' idu uy m%OdkS" fla'f,da.kdoka2006'-08'-14 fld,a¨msáh 04 mlsi a;dk u'fld' ni s¾j, sfudfyduâ - wdrlaIlhka 04 fokd ureg2006'-09'-17 fmd;=ú,a r±,a, 10 uqia,sï cd;slhka

71

2006-'12'-19 ;%sZuf,a wNhmqr 01 tÉ'tï' pkaøodi

2007-'04-'01 trdjq¾ 06 lïlrejka2007-'04'-05 wr,.xú, ud,s.d;ekak 04 f.dùka2007-'04-'11 jõkshdj wjrka;,dj 07 06lau ldka;djka2007'-04'-13 trdjq¾ fpkal,ä 05 lejqï Whñka isá msßilg2007-'04-'16 ;%sZuf,a 01 ke'm'm%'f,a' tÉ'tia'fyar;a wfíër

2007'05'30 we;d jegqKqjej -$3 isú,a jeishka fofokl= yd je,sTh223 jeks n,fiakdêm;s ;skka l¾k,a B' ta' mS' iqÔj ;=jd, ,enQy'2007-'07-'27 uvl<mqj ld;a;kal=ä 01 tï'tï'whs' fudys§ka2007-'08'-12 je,sTh we;djegqKq jej 03 fudagd¾ m%ydr2007'-09'-29 hdmkh wïnqfõ,s 01 t,a'chrdg2007-'11'-06 ;siaiuydrdu rkañKs;ekak 04 f.dùka" lmdfldgd2007-'11'-07 hd, 02 f.dùka2007-'11'-08 ;siaiuydrdu rkañKs;ekak 02 f.dùka lmd fldgd2007-'11-'26 ú,ÉÑh hdh 07 04 f.dùka lmd fldgd2007-'11-'28 kqf.af.dv fkda,sñÜ 19$38 md¾i,a fndaïnhla

2008'04'31 len;sf.d,a,Ej hldjej 1 laf,afuda fndaïn2008'05'09 wïmdr isálef*a fydag,fha § 12$32 fndaïnfhla2008'05'29 hdmkh .=rek.¾ fld<U;=frhs 7$20 ld,;=jlal= m%ydrfhka

72

2008'05'30 ú,am;a;=j rdcdx.kh 3 fjä m%ydrhlska2008'07'10 l,auqfKa 3 ^l =reKE.," udj;.umÈxÑlrejka &2008'08'20 ;s%l=Kdu, ú,a.ïfjfyfr§ 2$2 fjä ;nd2008'08'30 msgfldgqfõ § $49 md¾i,a fndaïnhla2008'09'11 fudkrd., fldáhd., 7 fjä ;nd2008'09'17 l,jkaÑl--=ä flakf;aõys 1 bxðfkarejßhla2008'09'21 ;s%l=Kdu,h fldafkaiajrï 1 fldaúf,a m%Odk mQcl2008'09'28 jjqkshdfõ § 1$6 urdf.k uefrk2008'10'05 fydfrõm;dk fiarekEj 4 fjä;nd2008'20'06 moúh ishU,d.iajej 2$1 laf,afuda2008'10'16 wïmdr jÜguvq 4 f.dùka2009'01'10 ls<sfkdÉÑh mq;a;=l=,u 7 fldá .%yKfhka ñ§ toa§2009'01'09 fudrjej 7 laf,afuda2009'02'21 wïmdr b`.skshd., 14$2 fjä ;nd2009'03'15 uq,;sõ 1$17 fldá .%yKfhka ñ§ toa§2009'04'26 fudrjej§ 4 fjä;nd2009'04'26 mdku § 5 fjä;nd

73

2008'-01'1-6 nq;a;, oU.yfj, 06 f.dùka2008-'01'-18 ;Ku,aú, uyjej"l,je,a.u 10 isú,a fjä;eîfuka2008'-03'-10 je,a,j;a; frdlais iskudy, 01$05 fndaïnhla mqmqrd isú,a2008-'04-'01 ukakdrï uqrekalka frday, -$03 fudagd¾ m%ydrhla2008'-05-'01 hldjej 01 f.dúfhla laf,afuda m%ydrhla2008-'05'-01 mrdl%umqr 03 fudagd¾ m%ydrhla2008'-05-'09 wïmdr k.rh - isá fydag,gh 12$32 md¾i,a fndaïnh2008'-05'-28 hdmkh .=rek.¾"fldf<dïn;=frhs 07$20 ld,;=jlal= m%ydrhla2008'-05-'30 ú,am;a;=j rdcdx.Kh" hdh 18 03 isú,a 02 .%dudrlaIl 012008-'07'-10 l,auqfkhs 03 isxy, jHdmdßl2008-'08-'20 ;%sZuf,a ú,a.ïfjfyr 02$02 uqia,sï cd;slhka2008'-08'-21 uvl,mqj úYajúµd,h 01 YsIHfhla2008-'08'-30 msgfldgqj -$49 fndaïnhla2008-'09'-11 fudkrd., fldáw., 07 fjä ;eîfuka2008-'09-'17 l,jxÑl=ä 01 t,a'fm%au;s,ld cd;sh f.dvkeÕSfïwud'bxðfkare2008-'09'-21 ;%sZuf,a 01 fldafKaYajrka fldaúf,a mQclisj.=rerdcd2008-'10'-05 fydfrdõm;dk fiarekEj 04 isú,a 02" yuqod 01" is'wd'012008'-10'-03 fudkrd., we;suf,a 02 mS'fla'isßmd," wd¾'tï'uyskaomd,2008'-10'-06 moúh ishU,d.iajej 02$01 ud¿ f,dßhlg laf,afuda

74

2008-'10-'16 wlalfrhsm;a;=j"jÜguvqj 04 f.dùka

2002 isg -2007 ckjdß olajd fldáka meyer.;a isú,a jeishka

^igka úrdu ld,fha §&jhi m%udKh10-13 0714-17 15518-21 11926-30 4931-40 2041-50 0751-60 02fkdo;a 266ia;%S - 176mqreI - 449tl;=j 625

j¾Ih m%udKh2002 145

75

2003 1152004 112005 842006 702007 88

Èia;%slal wkqj meyer.;a m%udKh;%sZuf,a 147uvl,mqj 180wïmdr 67ukakdru 13uq,;sõ 10hdmkh 14fmdf<dkakrej 39jõkshdj 49fld<U01fkdo;a 105tl;=j 625

76

nia r:j, t,a, jQ m%ydr

oskh ia:dkh ñh.sh-;=jd, fjk;a

1985'06'20 fudrjej § 13 fndaïnhla wgjd

1986-'02-'19 ;%sZuf,a is;a;dre ud¾.h 35$38 nia r:hlg ìï fndaïnhla

1986-'06-'25 lka;f,a is;a;dre 16$01 uÕS r:hlg ìï fndaïnhla

1986-'07'-22 jõkshdj uduvqj 32$20 ìï fndaïnhlg

1986-'07-'24 ueojÉÑh biskaneiai., 13$40 28 YS%6899 ,x.u nia r:hla

1987-'02'-07 jõkshdj wjrka;,dj 15 yuqod 07" .=jka 04" isú,a 04

1987-'04'-17 ynrK y;/iafldgqj" .,aTh 125$31 nia r:hl uÕska lmd fldgd

1987'04'21 msgfldgqj uOHu niakej;=ïfmd< 110$298fndaïnhla mqmqrejdyer

1987'06'02 wïmdr wrka;,dj 34$15 NslaIQka jykafia,d 30" isxy, 04

1987-'06-'11 ^;%sZuf,a fydfrdõ'&fjmamkal=,u 14 isú,a 13" yuqod 01" uÕS jEka r:h

1987-'10'-15 w,a," lka;f,a 14 uÕS f,dß folla

77

1987-'10-'07 wïmdr fmd;=ú,a 30 nia r:h 25" mdmeÈ lrejka 05

1987-'10-'16 ;%sZuf,a" mq,auqfâ 11 uÕS nia r:hla

1987-'11-'09 jõkshdj" fpâäl=,u 25 fou< 12" maf,dÜ 13" uÕS jEka

1988-'03-'05 lka;f,a is;a;dre 24 uqia,sï 16" isxy, 08" uÕS f,dß

1988-'03'-10 fydfrdõm;dk iqyo.u 19$09 ìïfndaïn yd fjä - nia r:hla

1988-'03'-29 wkqrdOmqr fõje,aleáh 09$14 fydfrdõ-ueojÉÑh uÕS nia r:h

1988'-05'-01 ;%sZuf,a is;a;dre 26 isxy, 12" uqia,sï 09" y÷kd fkd' 05

1990-'08-'07 fydfrdõm;dk" fudrjej 26 nia r:hla

1990'08'13 je,sTh mq,auqf⧠14 nia r:hg m%ydrhla

1990'-09'-19 wïmdr Wyk 05 g%elagrhlg myr §

1991'-06'-27 wïmdr ,dyq., 16$08 nia r:hlg laf,afuda m%ydrhla

1992-'01'-26 wïmdr wrka;,dj ^fndrfmd<& 10 nia r:hla msmsÍfuka

1992'-04-'10 wïmdr k.rh 28$36 nia r:hla mqmqrejd

1992'06'02 wïmdr 29lKqj 15 nia r:hg m%ydrhla

1992'-07'-06 jõkshdj mrhkal=,u 10 fou< f,dß ßheÿrka

1992'-07'-15 uvl<mqj lsrkal=,u 19 nia r:hl- uqia,sï

1992'07'21 uvl<mqj mrx.suvq 07 fld<U ;eme,a ÿïßfha §

1992'-08'-30 ;%sZuf,a k.rh 09 nia kej;=fï fndaïnhla mqmqrjd

78

1995'11'11 fldgqj ÿïßhfmd< wi, § 15$52 fldál;la mqmqrejd .ekSfuka

1996'07'24 foysj, ÿïßhfmdf<a § 63$336 ÿïßfha fndaïn folla mqmqrd

1998'-03'-05 urodk .=jka md,u wi, 38$270 jdyk fndaïnhla

2001'09'07 uyskaomqr 04 uÕska 136la fífrhs'

2006-'07'-15 leì;sf.d,a,Ej fldakaleáhdj 67$97 nia r:hlg laf,afuda folla

2007'-01'-05 ksÜgUqj .sßjq,a, 07$54 uÕS nia r:hla

2007'-01-'06 f.dv.u wïn,kaf.dv 11$32 ud;r nia r:hla

2007'01'17 nq;a;, ksh±,a, 26$67 ,x.u niar:hlg

2007'-04-'02 wïmdr fldkavqjgqjdkajej 16$25 ìì, olajd .uka l< nia r:hla

2007'-04-'23 ukakdru fiÜál=,u 05$33 fld<U nia r:hla

2007'11'05 leì;sf.d,a,Ej wìukamqr 15$23 ,x.u niar:hla b,lal lr

2007-'12'-05 leì;sf.d,a,Ej wìudkamqr 15$23 ,x.u nia r:hlg laf,afuda

2008'-01-'16 nq;a;, je,swdr" ksh±,a, 27$40 ,x.u nia r:hlg laf,afuda

2008'-02'-02 oUq,a, 24$84 kqjr isg wkqrmqr fndaïnhla

2008'02'04 je,sTh we;djegqKqjej 16 ,x.u nia r:hl m%ydrhla

79

2008'-02'-23 .,alsiai -$18 nia r:h-uÕSka bj;a lr .kS

2008'-04'-25 ms,shkao, - nia kej;=u 26$75 lyfmd, nia r:h

2008'-06-'06 r;au,dk" lgql=rekao 24$85 255 ms,shkao, nia r:h - laf,afuda

2008-'06-'06 fmd,af.d,a, 02$25 ud;f,a-uykqjr nia r:h

2008-'07'-11 nq;a;,-l;r.u ud¾.h 03 ,x.u nia r:hg fjä m%ydrhla

2008-'09'-16 úydruyfoaù Wµdkh wi, -$04 155 ud¾.h- fndaïnh fldkafodia;r ±l

u.S ÿïßh msmsrùï

1982-'06-'08 hdmkh - fld<U 02$05 rd;%s ;eme,a ÿïßh

1985-'01'-09 uqrelalKaä" udkal=,u 81$- hd,afoaú - yuqod 29" isú,a 52

1992-'07'-21 uvl<mqj 07 ;eme,a ÿïßh - uqia,sï

1996-'07'-24 foysj, ld¾hd, ÿïßh 63$418 k;r lr ;snQ ÿïßfha fndaïn 02la

2007'11'25 leì;sf.d,a,Ej wìukamqr 15$23 laf,afuda fndaïn m%ydrhla

2007'-12'-18 lka;f,a § - ;e' ÿïßhg laf,afuda" wekaðug ydks

2008-'02'-03 msgfldgqj ÿïßh ia:dkh 12$93 mdi,a <uqka 08 we;=¿- urdf. uefrk m%'

2008-'06-'04 foysj, -$17 ld¾hd, ÿïßhg laf,afuda

2008'-09'-10 .,alsiai fiarï fmfoi - ÿïßh ud¾.fha fndaïnhla mqmqrhs

2008-'09'-11 je,a,ïmsáh - ÿïßh ud¾.fha fndaïnhla mqmqrhs

pñkao fiakdr;ak

m%Odk Wm l¾;D - fy<Èj bßod ix.%yh