Mm ch 10 internet

Chapter 10

The Internet: Convergence in a Networked World

Chapter Outline• History• Industry• Controversies

A Brief History of the Net


Top Five Internet Nations

A Brief History of the NetTop Five Internet Nations

A Brief History of the NetThe Computer

• The first rudimentary computer was the abacus, a simple counting aid invented around 3000 BC in Babylonia, or what is now Iraq.

• Both Germans and Americans developed huge electronic computers during WW II for the accurate placement of artillery and code breaking.

• The integrated circuit, which enabled electronic components to be manufactured in a solid block without connecting wire, became available in 1959. This allowed computers to become more powerful, by making their electronics smaller.


UNIVAC 1951


Early computers were made up of three components: •The processor, or CPU (for “central

processing unit”), which actually processes the algorithms that “crunch the numbers.”

•Memory, or RAM (for “random access memory”), which holds the data currently being worked with.

•Storage (a hard drive or some other device), which stores data, including programs and documents.

In the 1960s IBM became the first large, successful computer manufacturer.


Apple I 1976Price $666


• During the 1970s integrated circuits, now called “chips,” were becoming smaller, more powerful and less expensive. Young enthusiasts like Bill Gates and Steve Jobs were busy writing programming language.

• By 1977, Apple Computer was selling a small personal computer for a little more than $1,000.

• The early Internet was developed with military funds when, in response to the Cuban missile crisis, ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) began to hook computers together into networks.

• Like radio, the Internet was put to civilian use after the government helped to develop it.


The History of Internet• Animated video• Phone Phreaking• Pranksters at the cre

ation

http://www.vimeo.com/2696386

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=13764518



A Brief History of the NetGoing Digital

•Scientists convinced senior military officials that computers could be used for digital communication which would be more accurate and reliable because a message converted into digits could be sent without distortion.

•Programmers developed protocols, or codes that allow one machine to communicate with another, because early computers had been developed by different companies and were not compatible.


From the Military to the Civilian Net• The U. S. Department of Defense

(DOD) completed its national system of computers in 1969 and called it ARPANET, for Advance Research Project Agency Network.

• In 1979, civilian researchers who had been excluded from ARPANET invented USENET, which drew on the technology developed by DOD but included the ability to support discussion groups that could carry on conversations in real time and newsgroups in the form of online bulletin boards.

A Brief History of the NetThe First Commercial Online

Services• The first successful general interest

online service was Compuserve, whose early users had to master complex codes and commands to retrieve the simplest information.

• Microsoft’s Bill Gates and Apple co-founder Steve Jobs led a revolution in which business and educational institutions became equipped with personal computers, and those who used them at work purchased units for home.

• America Online (AOL) easier to use.

A Brief History of the NetThe World Wide Web

• In 1989, British researcher Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, a software system that simplifies access to files on Internet computers.

• The Web was based on the use of hypertext links (hyperlinks), which are highlighted words and images within the Web page that allow the user to move to another site by simply pointing and clicking a mouse.

• By 1995, so many people were online that it was no longer useful for national security purposes, and the military turned it over to the public sector.

A Brief History of the NetInternet Components


Global Dimensions• The Internet has made the world a “global

village” by allowing web surfers to connect on a personal level with others in different countries every day.

• Iran, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, China, and Myanmar permit limited or no Internet access.

• There is more cultural diversity on the Web than in other mediums. Women, African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, Asians and Gays and Lesbians have their own portals (sites from which people begin surfing).

Understanding Today’s Internet Industry

The Architecture of the Net• Users connect to the Internet via host

computers belonging to Internet service providers (ISPs).

• ISPs include broadband services provided by cable television coaxial and fiber optic lines, telephone companies’ dedicated service lines (DSL), and dial-up services such as AOL. The more expensive broadband ISPs are rapidly replacing the older dial-up ISPs.

• Major ISPs have proprietary content such as e-mail services, chat rooms, forums on everything from astrology to zoology, and stock portfolio managers that allow users to follow personal investments.


Internet Addresses• Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) are

Internet addresses that connect to sites on a particular machine.

• E-mail addresses have a user I.D. before the @ and a domain after it, as in [email protected].

• The most common protocol beside e-mail is hypertext transfer protocol (http), which enables computers to recognize links on the Web.

• Hypertext mark up language (html) is the basic language used to write http.

• Java is a programming language used for animated images and advanced sound applications


Networks attached to the Internet are organized into a limited number of categories:• .com (dot com) for commercial entities• .edu for educational entities• .gov for U.S. government• .org for nonprofit organizations• .net for network access providers• .jp is for Japan and .mx is for Mexico

Some speculators began cybersquatting, registering trademarked names with hopes of reselling them to the companies that owned the trademarks, but the practice became illegal in 1999.


Browsers• A Web browser such as Mozilla’s Firefox,

Apple’s Safari or Microsoft’s Internet Explorer decodes the hypertext language used in Web documents, allowing Net surfers to click and jump through these dense data fields.

• Users can navigate through sites by using hyperlinks, icons (small symbols), pull-down menus, and “hot spots” that turn a cursor into a pointing hand. These features are called GUIs (gooeys), for Graphical User Interfaces.

• Users “visit” a site by downloading a page of information into the memory of the user’s computer.


Search Engines• A traditional search engine sends out

automated software robots called “spiders” or “crawlers” to discover new sites and categorize them according to the information contained on their home page.

• Site owners submit home page information to directories and editors assign it to a category. Directories won’t return as many results as the traditional search engine, but are often more accurate.

• All major search engines are hybrid search engines which have both robots and human editors.

• Metacrawlers, such as Dogpile and Hotbot, combine results from more than one search engine at a time.


Top Search Engines (2012)


•Personal Web pages enable Internet users to tell the world about themselves.

•Web logs, or blogs for short are online journals.

•MMORPGS, or massively multiplayer online role playing games, are very popular.

•MOOCS: Massively Open Online Course

Internet and culture•Hive mind acceptance

•Cyberbullying•Shallowness vs. depth

•Present shock•Online vs. IRL friendships• language•Anonymity•Communities without borders

Four stages of Internet development

•Web portals•AOL, Yahoo

•Search engines•Google

•Social media•MySpace, Facebook

•What’s next?•#twitter_rules_the_world?


The Economics of the Net• Jerry Yang and Dave Filo, the founders of

Yahoo!, started in a trailer at Stanford University. Sergey Brin and Larry Page developed Google’s technology in Page’s Stanford dormitory room. Both companies are worth billions today.

• Network engineers design and build systems that make up the Internet. Most work for telecommunications companies, network service providers and information technology firms.

• Network managers provide day-to-day maintenance of local systems, also called Intranets and LANs (local area networks).


• Systems-oriented Webmasters have computer science and programming skills, and understand networking protocols and software involved in running a web site.

• Content-oriented Webmasters have backgrounds in media, editing, graphic design, desktop publishing, and art. They are often called “producers.”

• Knowledge workers use the Net and other information sources in their work. The might be content providers such as online journalists who post information on the Net or workers who use information provided on the Net, such as print and broadcast journalists.


Revenue Sources• Online commerce, or e-commerce is the

selling of goods and services online. Almost anything can be sold over the Net and it is a very inexpensive way for most businesses to bring goods and services to market.

• Companies that are successful with e-commerce are usually those that take advantage of the Net’s unique capabilities: its interactivity, its ability to target very specific customers and its ability to offer inventories that couldn’t exist in physical space.

• Walmart.com carries six times as many items as the largest Wal-mart store.


Advertising • Ads on popular Web pages allow

surfers to access the advertiser’s Web pages with the click of a mouse but pop-up ads are seen as intrusive and as cluttering up the memory of the user’s computer.

• Spyware programs track user activities and report them back to advertisers.


Paid Content

• Users seem willing to pay for online education in the form of distance learning courses, Web based information services such as Lexis/Nexis, and online pornography.

• Millions of Americans visit at least one online dating site such as Yahoo Personals, Match.com, or eHarmony.com every month.


Online Dangers: Hacker Attacks • Hacker used to mean a person

who was proficient at using or programming a computer. In recent years, the term has been used to describe a person who uses programs to gain illegal access to a computer network or file.

• A virus is a computer program designed to reproduce itself by copying itself into other programs stored in a computer.


Online Dangers: Hacker Attacks • Some viruses are harmless, others

can corrupt a computer’s memory, cause programs to operate incorrectly or delete key files.

• Anti-virus software will both detect and eliminate viruses.

• A firewall program is installed to prevent unauthorized access.


Online Dangers: Hacker Attacks• Worms take over e-mail systems and send

themselves to other computers from the infected computer’s address book.

• Trojan horses sneak into infected computers disguised as something else.

• Phishing is the practice of sending out official-looking e-mails that use stolen brand names and trademarks of legitimate banks and Internet merchants with the intent of luring the victim into revealing sensitive information, such as credit card details.

• Spam, or unsolicited e-mail messages, have seriously disrupted the efficiency of e-mail.


Online Dangers: Hacker Attacks• By 2004, one-third of e-mail users

reported that 80 percent or more of incoming e-mail was spam.

• The first federal law to address spam was not effective because many spammers operate out of the country and outside of U.S. jurisdiction.

Controversies

Control versus Freedom • The unlimited freedom of the Internet has

caused a number of problems:•Propagation of Viruses •Fraud•Spam• Copyright infringement•Child pornography• Identity theft

Proposals to control the Internet include requiring an Internet driver’s license for all users, or electronically watermarking every computer, program and file.

ControversiesCommercialism Versus Public Service

• Net neutrality: Should there be centralized commercial control of the Internet?

• Wi-Fi or wireless fidelity, high-speed wireless Internet access.

• Proposals to control the Internet include requiring an Internet driver’s license for all users, or electronically watermarking every computer, program, and file.

Controversies

Censorship • The Internet offers the First Amendment its

biggest challenge.•The Communications Decency Act of

1996, made it illegal to make “indecent communication” available to anyone under 18, but was overturned by the Supreme Court because it was too broad.

•Hate groups and racist organizations openly exist on the Web.

•Sites list bomb-making instructions and give advice on procuring stolen credit cards.

•There are gambling sites in communities where gambling is illegal.

Controversies

Privacy • All Manner of Personal Information is

Online:•Patterns of credit card purchases.•Secret contents of personal e-mails.•Spyware tracks user activities and reports

them back to advertisers.•Sites place cookies on the hard drives of

visitors and track their movement through other sites.

•Sites say tracking enables them to personalize advertising and other services, but privacy advocates say few consumers realize they are monitored. Others users find it difficult to opt out.

Controversies

Reliability of Information • The Internet is a mass of unedited

information in which credible content sits side-by-side, in the same format, with nonsense and fraud.

• Library experts suggest the following four criteria to evaluate Web pages used for research:•Attribution: Are the author and

publishing institution listed? Can the URL be traced?

•Authority: What credentials are listed for the author?

•Objectivity:What are the author’s objectives?

•Currency: How up-to-date is the information?

Chapter 10

The Internet: Convergence in a Networked World

Chapter Outline• History• Industry• Controversies

Mm ch 10 internet

Education

Transcript of Mm ch 10 internet