MITOSIS AND THE CELL CYCLEbiologybunker.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/2/7/13271008/krausz...20. Fill in...
Transcript of MITOSIS AND THE CELL CYCLEbiologybunker.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/2/7/13271008/krausz...20. Fill in...
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Copyright © February 2015, Tangstar Science
Name: ________________________________
Date: _________________________________
MITOSIS AND THE CELL CYCLE PowerPoint Notes
THE FUNCTIONS OF CELL DIVISION 1. Cell division is vital for all _____________________. This is the __________ process that can create
_______________.
2. Cell Division always involves ________ main processes:
1) The division of the ______________ contents.
2) The division of the _________________ contents.
3. There are FIVE main functions of cell division:
1) _____________ reproduction for ____cellular organisms.
__________________ (like bacteria) as well as unicellular
_____________ (like paramecium) reproduce asexually by a
type of cell division called __________________.
2) _____________ reproduction for _________cellular organisms.
Organisms like ___________ (an underwater animal) undergo cell
division to produce ___________ (buds) from their bodies which
eventually ___________ and become cloned offspring. This
process is called ________________.
______________ is when an organism performs a
______________________ of one of its body parts. Some
_____________ can autotomize their ________ which will undergo
cell division to ___________________ into cloned offspring.
Some plants reproduce without seeds or spores through asexual
________________________________. One method of doing this is to undergo cell division
to produce ____________ which are extensions from the parent plant that contain attached
cloned offspring. Two types of plants that do this are _________________________________.
3) _____________ reproduction in _________cellular organisms.
In sexual reproduction, cell division is required for ______ reasons:
1) to make _________________ like __________ and _______.
2) to allow the multiple divisions needed to create a ___________________ organism.
Fig.1 – Binary fission in bacteria.
Fig.2 – Autotomy of arms in some starfish.
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4) __________ and _________________ of a _________cellular organism.
To reach _____________________
and attain
_____________________________,
many organisms have to continue to
perform cell division even after all
essential body parts have formed.
5) __________ and _________________ of a _________cellular organism.
Give three examples:
1) __________________________________________________________________________
2) __________________________________________________________________________
3) __________________________________________________________________________
4. Except during the creation of ________________, cell division results in daughter cells that are genetically
________________ to ________________ and to the __________________.
To create identical daughter cells, this type of cell
division must involve ______________________ and a
process called _________________ which involves the
________________ and __________________ of the
DNA into two _____________ halves.
Mitosis is a part of the ______________________.
THE CELL CYCLE
The Cell Cycle 5. Cell Cycle: ______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6. This involves ____________ main stages and can be represented in a pie chart:
1) _______________________
2) _______________________
3) _______________________
The size of each pie slice roughly represents how much
___________ a cell stays in each part of the cell cycle,
but there are great variations depending on the type of
cell.
Fig.5 – The Cell Cycle
Fig.4 – Cell Division.
Fig.3 – Male Human Growth and Development.
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Interphase 7. Interphase: _____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
8. Interphase can be broken down into ____________ stages:
1) G1 Phase (Gap 1):
The cell _____________ after cell division to reach full size (it may double in size).
The cell performs its specialized ________________ depending on what type of cell it is.
This is the _________________ part of the cell cycle for most cells except for fast dividing
___________________ cells and _______________ cells.
Once organisms reach adulthood, some of their cells will ______________________ again. These
cells stop progressing through the cell cycle and go into ______________________ where they will
simply continue to perform their functions until they die. Give examples of three cell types that
are like this: ______________________________________________________________________
2) S Phase (Synthesis):
The DNA is __________________ creating __________________ copies of each chromosome.
As well, the ______________________ also _______________________ to create _____ pairs.
3) G2 Phase (Gap 2):
The cell ________________ for mitosis by undergoing rapid ___________ of its cytoplasm.
The cell increases the synthesis of the _______________ needed to make the
_____________________ used in mitosis.
The DNA is checked for replication ____________ that might have occurred during DNA replication
in S Phase. This prevents ___________________ (changes in the DNA code) from being passed to
daughter cells.
Fig.6 – Various Cell Types
Fig.7 – S Phase Events
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Mitosis
9. Mitosis: ____________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
10. Mitosis is broken down into ________ main stages and they can be
represented by the acronym ______________ which stands for…
11. However, the events that occur between
________________ and _______________ are
important enough to create a fifth stage between
these two called _________________________.
Cytokinesis 12. Cytokinesis: ____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Animal Cells – In animal cells, a
_______________________
forms to constrict the cell
membrane in the middle of the
cell and divide it.
Plant Cells – In plant cells, the ________________ makes cytokinesis
more challenging. Instead of making a cleavage furrow, a plant cell
makes a ___________________ in the middle of the cell. The cell plate
is made up of _______________ which contain the material needed to
build the ____________. The vesicles _________ at the midline of the
cell to create a new cell wall which completely _________________ the
two daughter cells.
Fig.8 – Stages of Mitosis
Fig.10 – Plant Cytokinesis Fig.9 – Animal Cytokinesis
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MITOSIS – A CLOSER LOOK!
13. In this example, we will examine a cell containing
______________________ (red, blue and green) in the initial parent cell.
14. After S Phase, each chromosome has undergone DNA replication. There
are now ______________________________________. At this point, the
DNA has _________________ yet so it is still _________ and _________.
This _______________ form of DNA is called _____________________.
15. The two identical sides of each duplicated chromosomes are called _______________________. The two
sister chromatids are ________________ together at a region of the chromosome called the
_____________________.
16. The centromere is where protein structures called ______________________ assemble on either side of
the sister chromatids. The kinetochores are the sites of ____________________ for __________________
which _____________ the sister chromatids apart.
17. __________________ are protein filaments that serve various different functions within a cell. When they
are used in mitosis or meiosis, they can be specifically referred to as _____________________.
18. The ______________________ along with the ______________ that surround it form the
________________ which is the organelle responsible for _________________ the __________________.
Centrosomes are only found in _______________ cells.
19. Along with the DNA, the centrosome is __________________ in S Phase to produce the two centrosomes
you see in G2.
G1 Interphase
G2 Interphase
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20. Fill in this chart to summarize the events in the various stages of mitosis.
a) The centrosomes begin to ________________ to
______________________.
b) ____________________ begin to form between the two centrosomes.
c) The _________________________ begins to ________________ which
____________ the chromosomes to be sorted and divided in later stages of
mitosis.
d) The chromatin begins to _______________ and become
_________________, _________________ and _________________.
e) The _________________________ begins to disappear.
a) The nuclear membrane is ________________ completely dissolved which
allows the _____________________ access to the duplicated
chromosomes.
b) The ____________________ has disappeared.
c) __________________________ spindle fibers reach through the dissolving
nuclear membrane and ______________ to the _______________________
of each duplicated chromosome. These spindle fibers begin to
___________________ the duplicated chromosomes along the midline of
the cell called the _______________________ (or metaphase) __________.
d) __________ spindle fibers from opposite poles reach the midline and push
against one another to ______________ the distance between the two
centrosomes.
e) __________ spindle fibers help _____________ the centrosomes at
opposite poles of the cell.
f) All of the different types of spindle fibers help form a network of fibers
called the ___________________________ (or
_______________________).
a) The centrosomes are ___________ migrated to opposite poles.
b) The spindle apparatus is __________________ formed.
c) The nuclear membrane is ___________ dissolved.
d) The spindle fibers have _________________ the duplicated chromosomes
along the __________________________ so that each sister chromatid of a
duplicated chromosome faces _________________ poles.
e) Correct _____________________ at this stage helps to ensure that each
new daughter cell will receive one sister chromatid from each duplicated
chromosome when the sister chromatids are separated.
f) At this stage, the chromosomes are _________, _________ and at their
most ___________________, hence the chromosomes are at their most
easily observable state.
PROPHASE
PROMETAPHASE
METAPHASE
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a) The ______________________ spindle fibers
_______________ and __________ the attached sister
chromatids apart at the ___________________ towards
opposite poles.
b) The ___________ spindle fibers push against each other to
_______________ the cell and further separate the sister
chromatids.
c) Each chromatid becomes its own ______________________
once separation has occurred.
a) This phase is essentially the ____________________ of
prophase.
b) The spindle apparatus begins to ___________________.
c) The chromosomes become ___________ and ___________
by __________________________ and reverting back to
their ______________________ structure.
d) A ______________________ begins to reform around each
set of chromosomes.
e) The ______________________ reappears in each nucleus.
f) A ________________________ (or _______________ in
plant cells) begins to form which signals the beginning of
______________________ which will separate the two new
daughter cells.
21. Identify cells A-F as: interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase or
telophase.
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE
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22. Identify cells A-E as interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase or telophase.
(There’s no prometaphase example in this image.)
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Created by Anh-Thi Tang – Tangstar Science
Copyright © February 2015 Anh-Thi Tang (a.k.a. Tangstar Science) All rights reserved by author.
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