Mitigation of Methane Emissions from Rice Paddy in Japan · on Rice Paddy Field in Japan. Rooting...

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Mitigation of Methane Emissions from Rice Paddy Fields in Japan Akira NAGATA MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries JAPAN March 2010 1

Transcript of Mitigation of Methane Emissions from Rice Paddy in Japan · on Rice Paddy Field in Japan. Rooting...

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Mitigation of Methane Emissions  from Rice Paddy Fields in Japan

Akira NAGATAMAFF

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

JAPANMarch  2010

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Outline

Methane Emissions from Rice Paddy Fields

Mechanism of Methane Emissions

Measures to Reduce Methane Emissions

Policy and Measures to Reduce Methane  Emissions from Rice Paddy Fields in Japan

Potential and Challenges

Conclusion

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METHANE EMISSIONS FROM RICE  PADDY FIELDS

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Methane Emissions from  Rice Paddy Fields –Global

Agriculture accounts for 10‐12% of total global  anthropogenic GHG emissions

Agriculture accounts for 50% of methane  emissions

Rice production accounts for 11%

of total non‐ CO2

emissions from agricultureSouth and East Asia accounts for 82% of total 

methane emissions from rice production

(IPCC 4th

Assessment Report, Chapter 8 Agriculture)

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Non‐CO2

Emissions from Agriculture

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Methane Emissions from  Rice Paddy Fields  –Japan

Agriculture accounts for 2‐3% of total GHG  emissions

Agriculture accounts for 68% of total methane  emissions

Enteric Fermentation    31%  Rice Cultivation              25% 

Methane emissions from agriculture in 2007  decreased by 15% from 1990 level

Enteric Fermentation    ‐7%Rice Cultivation            ‐19%

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Methane Emissions from  Agriculture in Japan

[1000tonCO2‐e]

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MECHANISM OF METHANE EMISSIONS FROM RICE PADDY FIELDS

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Mechanism of Methane Emissions  from Rice Paddy Fields

FloodingFlooding

Methane producing 

bacteria

Methane producing 

bacteria

MethaneMethane

Methan e

Methan e

Organic 

material

Organic 

material

Anaerobic decomposition

Rice straw, etc

Rice paddy field

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MEASURES TO REDUCE METHANE  EMISSIONS FROM RICE PADDY FIELDS

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Measures to reduce Methane  Emissions from Rice Paddy Fields

Water managementMid‐season drainage (“Nakaboshi”)Intermittent floodingUnderdrainage

Organic material managementReduction of organic material amendment such as 

rice straw

Crop managementDevelopment of new varieties

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Water Management

Activity of methane producing bacteria is  inhibited under oxidizing condition of paddy 

soil by water management

Mid‐season drainage (“Nakaboshi”)In mid‐June, for 5‐7days

Intermittent floodingFrom July, 3 days flooding with 2 days drainage

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Water Management Practice  on Rice Paddy Field in Japan

Rooting stage

Tillering stage

Productive tiller stage 

Reproductive stage

Grain filling stage

Deep flooding

Mid‐season drainage

Deep flooding

Intermittent flooding

Drainage

Shallow flooding

30 days after heading13

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Mid‐season Drainage 

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Effect of Mid‐season Drainage

Controlling  nitrogen absorptionReducing non‐productive tiller

Increasing lodging resistance

Keeping oxidative soil conditionMaintaining / promoting root activity

Increasing

productivity  and

quality of rice

Decreasing methane emissions

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Effect of Intermittent Flooding

Keeping oxidative soil conditionMaintaining / promoting root activity

Smooth ripening

Increasing soil bearing capacitySmooth operation of agricultural machineries

Increasing

productivity  and

quality of rice

Decreasing  methane emissions

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Organic Material Management

Methane emissions depend on the type and  amount of organic amendment applied

Rice straw, animal manure, green manure,  compost, agricultural waste

Methane emissions from fermented  amendments

are significantly lower than non‐

fermented amendmentsCompost, residue of biogas pitsContain much less easily decomposable carbon

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Effect of Application of  Compost

Providing rice with plant nutrition

Retaining plant nutrition

Promoting plant growth

Developing aggregate structure of soil

Increasing  production  stability and quality of  rice

Decreasing methane  emissions and 

sequestrating carbon18

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Conversion of Rice Straw Application  into Composted Manure Application 

Type of soil Straw 

amendmentVarious 

compost 

amendment

No‐

amendment

Lowland soil 19.1(100) 15.3(80) 12.2(64)Gley soil 17.8(100) 13.8(78) 11.0(62)

[gCH4

/m2/year, (%)]

Methane emission factor for intermittently  flooded paddy fields

Decrease  approximately 20% 19

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POLICY AND MEASURES TO REDUCE  METHANE EMISSIONS FROM RICE 

PADDY FIELDS IN JAPAN20

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Target for conversion of rice straw  application into composted manure 

application

Kyoto Protocol

Target Achievement Plan

Organic Material Management

6:2:2 4:4:2

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Exchange of Rice Straw and  Composted Animal Manure

Rice straw

Composted manureCrop 

farmersLivestock 

farmers

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Composted Manure and Application

Composting process Applying composted manure

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Water Management

Mid‐season drainage and intermittent flooding is  conventional practice in Japan

No additionality

Extension of the duration of mid‐season drainage  can significantly reduce methane emissions  

according to the condition such as climate, soil,  rice  variety.

Methane emission factor for extension of the  duration of mid‐season drainage for National  Inventory Report is not available  

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Demonstrating possible water management  such as extension of  duration of mid‐season  drainage, considering impact on productivity  and quality of rice

Developing  emission factor for National  Inventory Report

Disseminating the new water management  technique

Extension of Duration of  Mid‐season Drainage

“Study on New Water Management Technique  to Reduce Methane Emissions”

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Location of Demonstration

YamagataShonai

FukushimaNiigata

GifuAichi

TokushimaKumamotoKagoshima

40ºº

35ºº

30ºº

45ºº

135ºº 140ºº130ºº 145ºº

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Presenter
Presentation Notes
These are the pictures of soil surfaces at the end of lengthening Mid-season drainage in all sites. You can see large cracks at most sites. However, at Aichi site, no large crack was seen because of more rainfall than usual year.
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Result of Demonstration Study

Place : Fukushima  prefecture Method : Extending duration of mid‐season 

drainage for 1 week/2 weeks longer than  conventional practice

Result :1 week 2 weeks

Methane emissions ‐34% ‐58%

Yield ‐2% ‐18%

N2

O emissions were negligibly  smallQuality of rice increased

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POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES

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Potential and Challenges ‐Potential

Potential for mitigation of methane emissions  from rice paddy fields to be marketed in Asian  countries is huge

CDM (Clean Development Mechanism), Emissions  Trading, etc.

Formulation of projects for reducing methane  emissions from rice paddy fields by water 

management such as intermittent flooding is  very important

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Potential and Challenges ‐Challenges 

Quantitative assessment of methane  emissions and potential for mitigation

Cost‐effect analysis for the project

Monitoring/Verification for the activity

Infrastructure for water management

Institution for water management 

Organizer of the project

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CONCLUSION

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Conclusion

Methane emissions from rice paddy fields is  one of the major sources of non‐CO2 GHGs

from agriculture

Water management and organic material  management are significant for reducing 

methane emissions from rice paddy fields

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Conclusion 

Mid‐season drainage and intermittent  flooding are effective for increasing 

productivity and quality of rice as well as  reducing methane emissions in Japan

Mitigation of methane emissions from rice  paddy fields by water management has huge 

potential to be marketed

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Thank you for your attention

[email protected]

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