Missions to Mars
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Transcript of Missions to Mars
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Missions to MarsMissions to Mars
Julie A. Rathbun
Lowell Observatory
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Past Missions to Mars (US)Past Missions to Mars (US)• Mariner 3 - 5 November 1964 - Attempted Mars Flyby• Mariner 4 - 28 November 1964 - Mars Flyby• Mariner 6&7 – February & March 1969 - Mars Flyby • Mariner 8 - 8 May 1971 - Attempted Mars Flyby (Launch
Failure)• Mariner 9 - 30 May 1971 - Mars Orbiter• Viking 1 - 20 August 1975 - Mars Orbiter and Lander• Viking 2 - 9 September 1975 - Mars Orbiter and Lander• Mars Observer - 25 September 1992 – Attempted
Mars Orbiter (Contact Lost – 8/22/93)
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Original Plan – circa 1995Original Plan – circa 1995
• 2 missions every launch opportunity
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Recent & Current MissionsRecent & Current Missions
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What happened?What happened?
• The life of the 2001 Mars rover….
• In 1997, NASA asked scientists for proposals for the science instruments for a 2001 sample collection rover
• Another sample collection rover would be sent in 2003, with a sample retrieving rover sent in 2005 and samples arriving on earth in 2008
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Athena - originalAthena - original
• Athena, a suite of instruments proposed by Steve Squyres of Cornell University, was selected
• Remote science instruments:– Pancam
– Mini-TES
• In-Situ science instruments:– Mini-Corer
– Microscopic Imager
– APXS
– Mossbauer Spectrometer
NASA quickly discovered that this mission was too ambitious
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• The 2001 rover was downgraded to APEX, a lander mission with– some Athena instruments on the lander (copy of
previous lander)
– A Sojurner clone with APXS
Pancam
APXS
Mössbauer Spectrometer
Mini-TES
APEX – 2001 landerAPEX – 2001 lander
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The ’03/’05 plan – “full” AthenaThe ’03/’05 plan – “full” Athena
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The ’03/’05 landerThe ’03/’05 lander
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How it was supposed to workHow it was supposed to work
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Modified Plan – circa 1999Modified Plan – circa 1999
• Same mission timeline
• Different missions
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1999 – Disaster strikes1999 – Disaster strikes
• September 23, 1999 – Mars Climate Orbiter lost on arrival
• December 3, 1999 – Mars Polar Lander/Deep Space 2 lost on arrival
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And everything falls apart…And everything falls apart…
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Now what?Now what?
• The APEX lander was a virtual copy of Mars Polar Lander.
• With the failure of that spacecraft, APEX was scrapped
• The 2001 Orbiter Mission is a go – launched April 7, 2001
• NASA decides to fly EITHER an orbiter or a rover in 2003
• And the winner is…. ROVER
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Mars Exploration RoversMars Exploration Rovers
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Current Plan – circa 2001Current Plan – circa 2001
• 2001 Mars Odyssey (no lander)• 2003 Mars Exploration Rovers (no orbiter)• 2005 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (no lander)• Beyond 2007
– Smart Lander and Long-range Rover – as early as 2007
– Sample Return – as early as 2011, likely 2014