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American History Unit 2 Expansion & WWI

Learning Goal 1 I will be able to:-Define Manifest Destiny, imperialism and isolationism-List and explain two reasons for imperialism-Explain why Alaska was purchased-Summarize two reasons the purchase of Alaska was so important-Cite and explain two reasons the US turned to imperialism in the Pacific

II. Expansion & WWI

a. The United States Gains Overseas Territories

i. End of Isolation

1. Roots of Imperialism

a. Manifest Destiny belief held by many Americans that the US was destined to expand its borders from sea to shining sea. Once CA became a state, and this was accomplished, why stop there?

b. Imperialism building an empire by founding colonies or conquering other nations

i. Driven by desire for natural resources (oil, copper, rubber, etc.)

ii. Need for coaling stations throughout Pacific

1. Analogy driving to the beach on vacation; need places to stop to get gas, get food, etc.

c. Isolationism avoiding involvement in affairs of other nations

i. American policy since 1780s George Washington warned to steer clear of permanent alliances

d. By late 1800s, many Americans advocated change, to abandon old isolationist policy and expand to keep country strong

i. Alfred Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power upon History argued US needed a strong navy and overseas bases & coaling stations

2. Sewards Folly

a. 1867, US purchases Alaska from Russia for $0.02/acre

i. Some thought AL was frozen wasteland with little benefit

1. Called Sewards Folly (William Seward = Secretary of State who arranged purchase)

ii. Gold found in 1890, source of fur, timber, minerals, oil

iii. 1st example of US imperialism, Hawaii added in 1898

ii. US Seeks Trade with Japan and China

1. Opening Trade with Japan

a. By 1900, Japan emerged as a world power

2. Foreign Powers in China

a. China weak, other nations establishing spheres of influence within China

i. SOI = areas where foreign countries have control of resources

ii. Germany, Great Britain, France, Japan, Russia

iii. 1899, US Secretary of State John Hay announced US Open Door Policy = all countries should have equal access to trade in China

b. Boxer Rebellion Chinese nationalists who did not like foreign influence in their country and in 1900 killed 200 foreigners

c. Many in China did not want foreign influence, but major world powers did not listen

Learning Goal 1-Define Manifest Destiny, imperialism and isolationism-List and explain two reasons for imperialism-Explain why Alaska was purchased-Summarize two reasons the purchase of Alaska was so important-Cite and explain two reasons the US turned to imperialism in the Pacific

MANIFEST DESTINY

IMPERIALISM

ISOLATIONISM

Define

Define

Define

Why Alaska was purchased

Why imperialism?

Reasons for it

Why purchase of Alaska so important?

Why imperialism in the Pacific?

Who first argued in favor of it?

Learning Goal 2 I will be able to:-Define and explain the importance of yellow journalism-Identify Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst

b. The Spanish American War

i. Yellow Journalism = exaggerated news stories

1. Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst in competition for readers

2. 1890s, Cuban rebels fighting for independence from Spain, newspapers used yellow journalism to exploit situation and gain readers

a. People wanted action, US President William McKinley didnt

3. Steps to US involvement

a. 1898, Hearsts paper published letter by Spanish minister Enrique Dupuy de Lome that insulted President McKinley

b. February 1898, USS Maine exploded in Havana Harbor in Cuba

i. 266 men died Who blamed and why?

1. Spain lead to war more readers more $$$

c. Teller Amendment

i. April 20, 1898, US declares Cuba independent & orders Spain out

ii. Teller Amendment stated US had no interest in controlling Cuba

iii. Spain responded by declaring war on the US, US declares war the next day

US ARMY BOMBS HISTORIC CHURCH: CENTURIES OLD BUILDING LIES IN RUIN

US ARMY DESTROYS ENEMY MUNITIONS STASH: HURT GERMANYS ABILITY TO MAKE WAR

If an average American reads the above newspaper headline, they are thinking

If an average American reads the above newspaper headline, they are thinking

Learning Goal 2 I will be able to:-Define and explain the importance of yellow journalism-Identify Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst

Yellow Journalism

Pulitzer & Hearst

In 2014, the Arizona state government passed a bill that allows businesses to deny services to homosexuals if the owners of the business claim that providing services is against their religious beliefs. The governor then vetoed (or voted against) the bill. (A bill is a proposed law. The legislative branch writes bills or proposed laws, then it goes to the executive branch to be approved or vetoed.) The Washington Post and the Wall Street Journal had different views on this. How can you tell? How are their wordings different? Are they trying to shape public opinion?

Look at the tweets. What did the newspaper staffs think of the bill? Did they support or oppose it? What words were used to give it away?

SupportsOpposesWords used to give away bias _________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________

SupportsOpposesWords used to give away bias _________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________

Misleading Headlines Can Influence Readers More Than Actual Content

Youve probably run into it dozens of times: you click on an interesting article headline only to be taken to content that doesnt exactly fulfill the headlines promise. Sites that have been labeled asclick-baitfarms, such as BuzzFeed andUpworthy, are often accused of this. However, even long-standing and reputable publishers have started using misleading headlines to get traffic. Now, a new study shows that these headlines can have more of an effect on a readers interpretation of an article than the text in the article itself even if the whole article is read.

Examples of Misleading Headlines

Everybodys familiar with tabloid-style headlines that are clearly exaggerations or fabrications. Misleading headlines in supermarket tabloids and gossip magazines are to be expected. But what happens when the line between tabloid and hard news starts to blur? For example, anybody who isnt a news junkie would likely consider a source called the Washington Timesto be a reputable publication. However, take a look atthis articlefrom March of 2013 titled Take it to the bank: Sen. Elizabeth Warren wants to raise minimum wage to $22 per hour. That headline might grab you, but a quick read of the article will reveal that Warren nevertrulyposited the minimum wage should be raised to $22.

A little research reveals that theWashington Timeshas long had a conservative bias. Stuff like this can be found everywhere theres no shortage of biased news sources for both liberals and conservatives. But what happens when one of the mostwell-known, supposedly unbiased news outlets is just as misleading? Check outthis CNN articlefrom earlier this year titled Ebola in the air? A nightmare that could happen. Again, this headline is definitely going to get some clicks (ebola was thetop search termthis year), but the experts interviewed for the story claimed that the chances of ebola mutating to spread through the air are actually very small. The headline could just as easily have been Ebola in the air? Experts say its unlikely.

Study Shows Headlines Skew Readers Thoughts About Content

TheAustralian study, published in theJournal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, gave participants four articles to read two factual pieces and two opinion pieces, all of which were 400 words or less. The articles also presented different slants in their headlines. For example, one of the factual pieces concerned burglary rates, which had decreased by 10 percent in the past decade but showed a 0.2 percent rise in the last year. Readers read two articles on this topic, one titled Number of Burglaries Going Up and one called Downward Trend in Burglary Rate. When the study participants faced a surprise quiz after reading the articles, they were better at recalling information that was congruous with the headline. In other words, readers could remember more details about the declining trend in the article titled Downward Trend while also having better retention of the 0.2 percent increase in the article titled Number of Burglaries Going Up. The headlines told readers what to focus on, and those are exactly the details they retained. On the other hand, most readers were able to infer that the burglary rate would decrease next year regardless of article headlines.

In the opinion pieces, however, both inference and retention were skewed due to misleading headlines. Readers were presented with a piece aboutgenetically modified food. The article contained contrasting information from an expert and a layperson, the food expert stating that GM foods are safe and the layperson expressing concerns. Some participants read the article under the title GM foods are safe, while others saw the headline GM foods may pose long-term health risks. Despite reading the same exact article, participants were found toside with whatever slant the title took.