Misinformation and Interior Design Regulation: How the Interior Design Cartel’s Attack on IJ’s...

8/7/2019 Misinformation and Interior Design Regulation: How the Interior Design Cartels Attack on IJs Designing Cartels Miss

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Hw h Ini Din CaAack n IJ Designing CartelMi h Mak

& InterIor DesIgn regulatIon

Jly 2008

Dick M. Cap II, P.D.the InstItute for JustICe


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& InterIor DesIgn regulatIonH h Ii Di C ac IJ Designing Cartels

Mi h M

Dick M. Capnt II, Ph.D.Institute for Justice

Jly 2008

In Sptmb 2006, th Institt Jstic lasd Designing Cartels: How Industry

Insiders Cut Out Competition, an analysis titling laws sing th inti dsign indsty

as a cas stdy. Titling laws a a m ccpatinal glatin that stict th s

a phas, titl, t ths wh hav mt lgislativly mandatd qimnts typically

assciatd with dcatin, xpinc and xaminatin. Thy d nt stict th pactic

th ccpatin as a licns ds, bt thy glat wh may psnt thmslvs t

th pblic by a paticla titl, in this cas inti dsign. Bcas titling laws a

lss stictiv than ll licns, thy a tn psd as a ist stp in an incmntal

pcss twad cmplt licns.

Th jstiicatin glating th titl is tn th sam as licnsptcting pblic

halth, saty and wla. W nd in Designing Cartels, hwv, n vidnc sch

jstiicatin. In act, w stablishd:

Th is n nd glatin th inti dsign indsty, and cnsms d1.

nt bnit wh th indsty is glatd.

Th psh inti dsign glatin cms xclsivly m a small actin2.

within th indsty itsl, as a small sbst cnt pactitins sk th

cnmic advantags xclding cmptits m th makt.

In Nvmb 2007, D. Can Matin, an advcat inti dsign glatin, lasd a

pt ppting t bt th ky claims Designing Cartels.1 Matins wk was vbs,

yt pvidd n vidnc th nd bnits m glatin, whil ssntially

cncding that th psh sch glatin cms xclsivly m indsty insids.

Mv, h missiv is lacd with lgical and actal s that svly ndmin its

cnclsins.

In sht, Matins attack n Designing Cartels nt nly ails t t its ky indings, it


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INSTITuTe for JuSTICe

is yt anth in a lng lin xampls dsign indsty insids cmplt ail tmak a psasiv cas glatin.

This spns discsss th ky indings m Designing Cartels and dmnstats hw

Matins bttal ll a sht dispving ths indings. It als highlights ky lgical

and actal s in h bttal.

No NeeD foror beNefIt froMINterIor DesIgN regulAtIoN

As w dcmnt in Designing Cartels, stat agncis acss th cnty2 hav lkd

vidnc bth nd and bnit m many scs, inclding

th Btt Bsinss Ba (BBB), stat attnys gnalics, stat glaty bads, stat cnsm aais ics,

gvns ics, distict attnys ics, and vn stat-

basd inti dsign calitins and th Amican Scity

Inti Dsigns (ASID). Thy ndnthing.

W tid, t, by cllcting data m BBBs, stat inti dsign

glaty bads and inti dsign-latd lawsits. Statistical

analyss th data shwd n cnsm bnit m glatin

that t pblic halth, saty and wla by nglatd

inti dsigns. Spciically, w nd:

Inti dsign cmpanis civ vy w cnsmcmplaintsan avag lss than n-thid n

cmplaint p cmpany m 2004 t 2006, accding t

natinwid Btt Bsinss Ba data.

Th a n statistically signiicant dincs in th avag

nmb cmplaints against cmpanis in highly glatd

stats, lss-glatd stats and stats with n glatin.

Cnsm cmplaints abt inti dsigns t stat

glaty bads a xtmly a: Sinc 1998 an avag

n dsign t vy 289 has civd a cmplaint

any asn. Naly all ths cmplaints, 94.7%, cncn

whth dsigns a pply licnsdnt vilatins

pblic halth, saty wla. Cmplaints abt svic and nn-licns cimsa vn m a: an avag n t vy 5,650 dsigns sinc 1998.

only 52 lawsits invlving inti dsigns hav bn ild sinc 1907. Mst dalt

with bach cntact isss, whil vy w addssd saty cd vilatins.

In spns, Matin psnts absltly n systmatic, mpiical vidnc t t

indings sppt th t-citd jstiicatin glatin. H pt is jst anth

statIstICal

analyses of tHe

Data sHoweD no

ConsuMer benefIt

froM regulatIon

or tHreat to

publIC HealtH,

safety anD welfare

by unregulateD

InterIor

DesIgners.


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in a lng lin claims m glatin nthsiasts that dsigns a spnsibl pblic halth, saty and wla3 witht pviding any vidnc t sppt th asstin.In act, th clsst Matin cms t citing any vidnc th nd glatin is awanding discssin cmmcial and sidntial i statistics, which sh sggstslat t inti dsign qaliicatins in sm way. Yt, th cmplt lack systmaticdata and analysis cannt vn sppt simpl clatin, lt aln a cas-and-ctlatinship.

PusHINg for regulAtIoN froM tHe INsIDe

Designing Cartels psntd in dtail hw dmand glatin cms exclusivelym

ctain indsty lads. Bcas ths ccpatinal glatins a s aly xamind

and littl knwn, Designing Cartels pvidd a niq discssin what thy a and hw

thy a psd by ccpatinal lads in d t glat wh may nt and ps

that ccpatin, mch t th bnit ths alady pacticing.

Natinal dsign assciatins, ld by ASID, alng with ASID-ailiatd stat dsign

ganizatins and thi plitical actin cmmitts, hav pssd a lgislativ agnda

incasd glatin thgh cnctd and wll-ndd ts. As w shw thgh an

analysis stat lgislativ cds, th is n pblic dmand ths glatins. In

act, stat licnsing icials tn tstiy against inti dsign glatins, citing th lack

that t pblic halth, saty and wla, th likly incasd cst t cnsms and

th nncssay ctin bais t nty int th pssin.

Matins spns is t cncd th pint, albit in a lng-windd xplanatin hw

th glatin inti dsign is jst anth xampl th nmal vltinay

xpinc vais ccpatins that bgan as cllctins nglatd pactitins

on th standad claims mad by

glatin nthsiasts is th latinship

btwn inti dsign and i statistics,

and a avit illstatin th nd

glatin is th Nvmb 21, 1980,MGM Gand Htl i in Las Vgas, Nv.,

which killd 87 ppl. Whn witing

abt th nd glatin, aplgists

lik Michal Alin, exctiv Dict

th Amican Scity Inti

Dsigns, and ths cntinally dp

th MGM Gand i int th discssin,

assting, Bcas sm inti inish

and nishing slctins [in th MGM]

w nt apppiat cmmcial

s, dsigns nd t b glatd.4

What Alin and ths cnvnintly lav

t th sty a th slts m

invstigatins th i. Thy indicat

that th pimay asns why th i

spad incld: (a) inadqat spinkls;

(b) ampant cd vilatins; and (c)th dctiv lammabl adhsiv sd

t attach ciling tils.5 In act, amng

th 1,327 lawsits that sltd against

118 cmpanis, MGM sttld $105

millin; Simpsn Timb C. sttld

$14.4 millin pviding blw-gad

ciling tils and lammabl adhsiv; and

millins m w paid t by achitcts,

cntacts, sbcntacts and ths

wh pvidd th matials that nhancd

th smk damag.6 Nticably absnt

m th list a any inti dsigns.


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and dvlpd int ganizd, cgnizd and (in sm cass) glatd pssins,typically at th bhst lads within th indstis wh cnvincd lgislats th

nd glatin. Pptdly this nmal pcss is all th gd, bt, yt again,

Matin ails t sbstantiat that claim, paticlaly givn vidnc t th cntay.

Matin cnvnintly glsss v th act that psitiv cts glatin a highly

disptd by sachs. In act, it has bcm a cttag indsty amng cnmists t

stdy th cts ccpatinal glatin,7 and th vwhlming cnsnss indicats

glatin alls a sht th pmisd bnits, whil incasing csts t cnsms

(thgh atiicially inlatd wags ths wking in th glatd sct) and

sticting mplymnt and ntpnial pptnitis in th glatd indsty.8

rsachs a nt aln in cgnizing hw glatin alls sht xpctatins. In2007, Indiana Gv. Mitch Danils vtd an inti dsign titl act, saying:

I can ind n cmplling pblic intst that is svd by th stablishmnt nw

gistatin qimnts inti dsigns as cntaind in SeA 490, n in

th bills ctiv ciminalizatin vilatins sch gistatin qimnts.

Indd, it sms t m that th pincipal ct SeA 490 will b t stain

cmptitin and limit nw ntants int th ccpatin by qiing that thy mt

nw dcatinal and xpinc qaliicatins pvisly nt ncssay t pactic

thi tad.9

Lgislats in th stats a als skptical. In 2007, lgislats in at last 12 stats

cnsidd titling and/ pactic acts inti dsigns. only n ths billspassd and was vtd by Gv. Danils. Cts, t, a dbtl. Th Alabama Spm

Ct stck dwn th stats licnsing schm as ncnstittinal in 2007,10 dclaing:

W cncld, th, that th Act impss stictins that a nncssay and

nasnabl pn th psit sl activitis and that ths stictins d

nt ba sm sbstantial latin t th pblic halth, saty, mals, t th

gnal wla, th pblic cnvninc, t th gnal pspity.11

MArtINs IllogICAl AND INACCurAte ClAIMs

Whil Matins bttal is sht n vidnc sppting th nd glatin, it is ich in

illgical and inaccat claims that ndmin its wn cdibility. H a jst a w.

1. Martin naively and inaccurately claims that the very existence of interior design laws

demonstrates the need for them.

Lgislats, accding t Matin, a knly awa thi chag t ptct th halth,

saty, and wla th pblic, thi cnstitnts, and bing blindly swayd by lbbyists


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witht gad t that chag wld b a vilatin th pblics tst (p. 28). Inth wds, lgislatin nly v gts passd bcas it is ndd. This nav viw

th lgislativ pcss is ttly implasibl. Indd, i lbbying w tly s

inctiv, thn why wld inti dsign calitins dvt s many scs t it,

as w indicat in pt? Mv, as w dcmnt in Designing Cartels, inti

dsign glatin is tn spnsd by lgislats

wh knw littl nthing abt thi bills, lying

instad n indsty lbbyists inmatin.

rglatin is tn adptd at lgislativ stng-

aming that has littl t d with ptcting th

pblics tst.

Matin als pints t snis viws as a chckn ndlss glatin. Ths a lgislativly

mandatd pcsss whby a stat agncy viws

and pts t th lgislat n th nd nw

glatin pi t a bills adptin. Thtically,

sch viws a dsignd t limit nncssay

glatin. Matin accatly says 14 stats hav

sch pvisins in plac,12 thn mntins th 20

s stats that nactd inti dsign glatin m

1988 t 2005, sggsting that ths bills mst hav

clad th hdl snis viw. Hwv,

th 22 stats with sm m glatin, nly six

hav snis laws,13 sm which w adptd after

inti dsign glatins w nactd.14 Mv,

jst having a snis law ds nt gaant its

s. As Matin acknwldgs, sch laws a nt

widly ncd, and as a Minnsta stat adits

pt n snis laws acss th cnty cncldd,

vn stats with . . . snis pvisins xpinc

statins with pssinal gps that a abl t

cicmvnt th pcss.15

finally, Matin ails t acknwldg that vy

snis viw cndctd t dat has cmmnddagainst th vy kind inti dsign glatin

sh sppts. Stat agncis in Clad, Ggia,

Sth Calina, Washingtn and Viginia all xamind

th nd glatin inti dsignsand

cncldd th was nn.

MartIn faIls to

aCknowleDge tHat

every sunrIse revIew

ConDuCteD to Date

Has reCoMMenDeD

agaInst tHe very

kInD of InterIor

DesIgn regulatIon

sHe supports. state

agenCIes In ColoraDo,

georgIa, soutH

CarolIna, wasHIngton

anD vIrgInIa all

exaMIneD tHe neeD

for regulatIon of

InterIor DesIgners

anD ConCluDeD tHere

was none.


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2. Martin erroneously claims building codes require the regulation of interior design.

Matin wits:

Th dsign th bilt nvinmnt, inclding inti spac, is glatd by th

bilding cd, as adptd by th lcal jisdictin, as pscibd in th stats

statts and ls. ovwhlmingly, in all u.S. stats and jisdictins and

Canadian pvincs, spacs sd by sving th pblic mst b dsignd by

gistd dsign pssinals. (p. 20)

Hw sh aivs at th cnclsin in th scnd sntnc at th latt sctin th

ist sntnc is pzzling. As h ist sntnc cnclds, bilding cds d nt qi

that stats glat inti dsign; ath, thy t th spctiv stats glatinsand qi thy b llwd accdingly in th dsign a pjct. Ths, i inti dsign

is nglatd in a stat, any dsign pactitin can cmplt th wk.

This sam jstiicatin Matin psits has als bn sd by th glatin nthsiasts

sking t catliz inti dsigns in thi stats. An xampl cms m Calinia,

wh dsigns can sk vlntay gistatin c tiicatin thgh a nn-stat ntity.

rglatin ppnnts citd bilding cds in thi agmnt that th lack a stat

licnsing schm wld imping pn th ability dsigns t sbmit icial dsign

plans as pat a pjct.

Th Lgislativ Cncil Calinia, hwv, nd thwis. Thy wt, Th IBC

[Intnatinal Bilding Cd] th pvids that cnstctin dcmnts a qidt b ppad by a gistd dsign pssinal where required by the statute of the

Th implasibility Matins asstin

that all lgislats dischag thi

dtis witht bing blindly swayd

by lbbyists was dmnstatdin a fbay 26, 2002, Kntcky

lgislativ cmmitt haing n a

ppsd titling law. As is typically

th cas, bill ppnnts incldd

psntativs m ASID and th

Kntcky Inti Dsigns Lgislativ

oganizatin, as wll as tw dzn

inti dsigns satd in th

chambs. At tstimny, cmmitt

mmbs qstind th bill spns,

rpsntativ rn Cimm, abt

spciics th lgislatin. Clalylacking any knwldg th isss

snding th bill, smingly

th bill itsl, Cimm calld himsl

a cndit th inti dsign

psntativs and d all

qstins t thm.16


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jurisdiction in which the project is to be constructed (Sc. 106.1, IBC) (mphasis iniginal).17 As a slt, th Lgislativ Cncil cncldd th wld b n cnlict

btwn th bilding cds and th pactics and plicis Calinia. Bilding cds d

notqi th glatin inti dsigns thgh stat licnsing schms.

3. Martin wrongly claims that if a profession is not regulated, it

is legally impossible to report violations against a professional

outside of court.

In act, pts can b ild with sval tlts. fist,

cnsms can tn t a lcal law ncmnt agncy i

th dsigns vilatin psnts a ciminal act. Scnd,many cnty distict attny ics hav divisins

ddicatd t cnsm aais, which wld b apppiat

vilatins sch as ad.18 finally, lik cnty distict

attny ics, stat attny gnal ics tak

cmplaints abt and invstigat cnmic cim.19 Ths

w amng th agncis cntactd ding inti dsign

snis viws in nms stats, and nn pvidd

vidnc thats t pblic halth, saty and wla m

nglatd inti dsigns.

4. Martin falsely claims the term cartel is inappropriately

applied in our report, calling it inflammatory and libelous.

Designing Cartels dmnstats hw ASID, its stat chapts and lik-mindd natinal

inti dsign assciatins cdinat ts and scs t psad lgislats

t adpt laws that limit wh may nt th ccpatin. f xampl, ASID tains stat

chapt mmbs n gassts campaigning and pvids mny lgislativ ts.

T nd sch ts, ASID last ya impsd a mandaty $15 assssmnt in additin

t mmbship ds paymnt t sppt p-glatin lbbying ts,20 mny it is

alady spnding n an npcdntd t and th cnty.

Stat inti dsign assciatins als ally thi mmbs ts in stat capitals. f

xampl, at th Institt Jstic ild sit against Txass titling act, th had th

Txas ASID chapt, Mailyn rbts, snt an mail t h mmbship asking thm t

cntact all th inti dsigns thy knw and t snd h xampls cass ham in

Txas slting m nlicnsd inti dsign. Th gal was t giv th inmatin t

th Txas Bad Achitctal examins (TBAe), which glats inti dsigns and

is dnding th law in ct. As rbts ntd, Thy [th TBAe] a ighting s and

w nd t giv thm ammnitin!21 Ntably, n cass ham in Txas slting m

sbstandad inti dsign activitis hav cm t light in th Txas litigatin as this

witing, n ds it sm likly that any will, i histy is any indicatin.

no Cases of

HarM In texas

resultIng froM

substanDarD

InterIor DesIgn

aCtIvItIes Have

CoMe to lIgHt

In tHe texas

lItIgatIon.


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finally, inti dsign assciatin wbsits pvid ltt tmplats mmbs t

cntact lgislats abt th allgd nd glatin. And in all it th gal is th

samt chk cmptitin thgh titl and pactic acts.

This is a dsciptin activity that mst ctainly cmpts with what many schlas

hav wittn n th tpic ccpatinal licnsing22 and aligns with dinitins th tm

catl takn m any standad dictinay, lik this n m Websters New Collegiate

Dictionary:

car.tel 2: a cmbinatin indpndnt cmmcial ntpiss dsignd t limit

cmptitin 3: a cmbinatin plitical gps cmmn actin.23

5. Martin wrongly attempts to decouple title legislation from practice legislation.

Designing Cartels claly shws hw inti dsign catlizs s titling acts as a ist

stp in an incmntal pcss twad ll licns. f xampl:

o th stats that hav had licns at n tim, th bgan with titling laws

that vlvd int licnsing.

Inti dsign assciatins a activly wking t tansm titl acts int licns in

th stats.

In jst th past th yas, inti dsign calitins lbbid titling licns in

13 stats cntly witht any glatin.

Matin wakly bts this by claiming that titling laws and pactic acts a nt psd

adptd cntigsly. Hwv, at n tim d w stat th titling-t-licns pcss

glatin inti dsigns is ncssaily cntigs, jst that titling laws a sd

as a ist stp twad licns, an asstin nambigsly spptd by th vidnc.

Th mst cnt xampl cms m Nw Hampshi, wh th p-glatin Nw

Hampshi Inti Dsign Calitin (NHIDC) pshd licns ding th 2007

lgislativ sssin in th m HB 881. Dspit vigs sppt m th NHIDC, th

lgislativ cmmitt vtd 12-4 that th bill was inxpdint t lgislat.24

Jst as Designing Cartels discsss, th NHIDC plans t tn t th lgislat with

a titling act as a ist stp twad ll licns. In a Mach 25, 2007, ltt t NHIDC

mmbs, NHIDC Psidnt Maia P. Pn wt:

Mst at th mting agd that a pactic act as bill is wittn is th n t

ps. Hwv, sinc NH isnt th mst agabl stat twad licns, it was

addd that w may want t bgin with a titl act and mv inconspicuouslytwad

a pactic act within a w yas.25 (mphasis addd)


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CoNClusIoN

Th Pn ltt natly psnts th thsis Designing Cartels, a thsis Matin ails

t t: Absnt any athntic, mpiical vidnc th nd glatin, ths

pacticing an ccpatin wh wish t glat away -makt cmptitin a lt with

statgis incnspics incmntalism thgh th s titling laws as a ist stp

twad licns and th catin a d act catl. I th is a gnin nd

glatin inti dsigns, any ccpatin that matt, t ptct th pblic

halth, saty and wla, th mssag Designing Cartels is simply, pv it.

eNDNotes

1 D. Can Matin is a aclty mmb at th univsity Minnstas Cllg Dsign, am inti dsign pactitin wh is a mmb vais inti dsign assciatins,an appint t th Minnsta Bad Achitct, engining, Land Svying, LandscapAchitct, Gscinc, and Inti Dsign (which vss Minnstas inti dsign titlinglaw) and a past cipint sach nds m inti dsign assciatins cmmittd tincasd glatin thi indsty, inclding Amican Scity Inti Dsigns (ASID),

fndatin Inti Dsign edcatin rsach, Inti Dsigns Canada, IntnatinalInti Dsign Assciatin, and th Natinal Cncil Inti Dsign Qaliicatin. Hwk has als bn atd by th lading inti dsign assciatinASID (s http://www.asid.g/Nwsrm/031006+rlas.htm). Th bttal was psntd t lads vaisinti dsign assciatins ding a Sptmb 30, 2007, Isss fm mting, snt tth Txas Attny Gnal (IJ ild a lawsit against Txass titling law, Bym v. Landth, N.A07CA344LY (W.D. Tx. ild May 9, 2007), mad availabl nlin and pblicizd in a Nvmb19, 2007, listsv mail m th psidnt th Inti Dsign edcats Cncil (IDeC),which is n il with th Institt Jstic.

2 S, xampl, Cannady, M. W. (1988). The study of the need for certifying interior designers.richmnd, VA: Viginia Bad Cmmc; Ck, M. M. (2000). Interior designers. Dnv,Co: Clad Dpatmnt rglaty Agncis, oic Plicy and rsach; Nttls, e. L.(1991). Review of occupational registration and licensing for interior designers. Clmbia, SC: Stat

rganizatin Cmmissin; rp, W. H. (1989). Review of Senate Bill 305 which proposes tolicense interior designers in Georgia. Atlanta, GA: Ggia occpatinal rglatin rviw Cncil;Washingtn Stat Dpatmnt Licnsing. (2005). Sunrise review of interior designers. olympia, WA.

3 S, xampl, pp. 10, 24, 27, 44.

4 Alin, M. C. (2007a, Mach 24). M t dsigns than mts th y. Inside Bay Area, npn. Alin,M. C. (2007b, Mach 29). A pssin sbstanc. Washington Post, p. A18. Vining, D. (2003).An nc pvntin. rtivd fbay 27, 2008, m http://www.isdsignmag.nt/aticls/dtail.aspx?cntntID=3775.


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5 Bst, r., & Dms, D. P. (1982). Investigation report on the MGM Grand Hotel fire, Las Vegas,Nevada, November 21, 1980. Bstn: Natinal fi Ptctin Assciatin. Pattsn, M. (n. d.).Investigation report on the MGM Grand Hotel fire, Las Vegas, Nevada. Clak Cnty, NV: Clak Cntyfi Dpatmnt.

6 Misn, J. A. (2005, Nvmb 20). In dpth: MGM Gand Htl i: 25 yas lat: Disastdidnt hav t b. Las Vegas Review-Journal, p. 1D.

7 S, xampl, Adams, A. f., Jacksn, J. D., & eklnd, r. B. (2002a). occpatinal licnsingin a cmptitiv lab makt: Th cas csmtlgy.Journal of Labor Research, 23(2),261-278; Adams, A. f., Jacksn, J. D., & eklnd, r. B. (2002b). occpatinal licnsing a cdnc gd: Th glatin midwiy. Southern Economic Journal, 69(3), 659-675;Andsn, G. M., Halcssis, D., Jhnstn, L., & Lwnbg, A. D. (2000). rglaty baist nty in th halthca indsty: Th cas altnativ mdicin. The Quarterly Review ofEconomics and Finance, 40(4), 485-502; Call, S. L., & Gastn, r. J. (1981). occpatinalstictins and th qality svic civd: Sm vidnc. Southern Economic Journal,47(4), 959-976; fdman, M. N., Haingtn, D. e., & Kynski, K. J. (2006). Th impact statlicnsing glatins n lw-skilld immigants: Th cas Vitnams manicists. AmericanEconomic Review, 96(2), 237-241; Hazltt, T. W., & faing, J. L. (1998). occpatinal licnsingand th tansitin m wla t wk.Journal of Labor Research, 19(2), 277-294; Klin, M.M. (2000). occpatinal licnsing.Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(4), 189-202; Klin,M. M. (2006). Licensing occupations: Ensuring quality or restricting competition. Kalamaz, MI:upjhn Institt; Klin, M. M., Gay, r. S., & Gn, K. (1982). Licnsing migatin, andanings: Sm mpiical insights. Policy Studies Review, 1(3), 102-111; Klin, M. M., & Kdl,r. T. (2000). Ds glatin act cnmic tcms: Th cas dntisty.Journal of Lawand Economics, 43(2), 547-582; Kgl, A. D., & Sa, r. M. (2005). Dcts witht bds?rlicnsing qimnts and ngativ slctin in th makt physicians.Journal of LaborEconomics, 23(3), 437-465; Maizi, A. (1974). occpatinal licnsing and th pblic intst.

Journal of Political Economy, 82(2), 399-413; Pal, C. (1984). Physician licns lgislatin andth qality mdical ca. Atlantic Economic Journal, 12(4), 18-30; P, J. (1974). Smvidnc n ccpatinal licnsing and ccpatinal incms. Social Forces, 53(1), 102-111;Shapi, C. (1986). Invstmnt, mal hazad, and ccpatinal licnsing. Review of EconomicStudies, 53(5), 843-862; Shpad, L. (1978). Licnsing stictins and th cst dntalca.Journal of Law and Economics, 21(1), 187-201; Shilling, J. D., & Simans, C. f. (1988). Thcts ccpatinal licnsing n cmplaints against al stat agnts.Journal of Real EstateResearch, 3(2), 1-9; Spnc, M. (1973). Jb makt signaling. Quarterly Journal of Economics,87(3), 355-374; Whlan, C. J. (2005). Plitics pblic intst? Licnsing and th cas spiaty thapists. Perspectives on Work, 8(2), 42-43.

8 S Klin, 2006 an xcllnt synthsis sach and cnclsins.

9 Danils, M. (2007). Vt mssag, SeA 490. Indianaplis, IN: Stat Indiana, oic th

Gvn.

10 State v. Lupo, N. 1050224, 2007 WL2966823 (Ala. oct. 12, 2007).

11 Id. at *10 (intnal qtatins and citatins mittd).

12 S http://www.clahq.g/snst.htm a list stats with snis pvisins.

13 flida, Ggia, Illinis, Main, Minnsta and Viginia.


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14 f xampl, flida adptd a titling law in 1988 and a snis pvisin in 1991.

15 Lng, e., Hlmsttt, C., & Matll, L. (1999). Occupational regulation. St. Pal, MN: oic th Lgislativ Adit, Stat Minnsta, p. 85. Matin th pints t tw stats (nt th,as sh inaccatly says) that adptd inti dsign glatin at snis viws indicatdn nd it. Allgdly this is vidnc that lgislats cgnizd th pvailing nd glatin t ptct pblic halth, saty and wla dspit th snis pts. It is jst aslikly, indd m pbabl, that lgislatin was nactd as a slt inti dsign calitinscicmvnt[ing] th pcss, as th Minnsta pt cncldd.

16 S Designing Cartels, p. 10.

17 Ggy, B. M. (2000). Certified interior designer-6147. Sacamnt, CA: Lgislativ Cncil Calinia, p. 4.

18 S, xampl, http://da.lpasc.cm/Nr/xs/356CC64D-8f55-4775-A62A-7A14D6775C34,amlss.htm.

19 S, xampl, http://www.azag.gv/cnsm/onlinInstctinseng.html; http://www.gv.nh.gv/cnsmcmplaint/; http://www.atg.wa.gv/SagadingCnsms.aspx; http://www.mass.gv/?pagID=cagsbtpic&L=3&L0=Hm&L1=Cnsm+Ptctin&L2=Cmplaints+%26+Mdiatin+Svics&sid=Cag; http://www.attnygnal.gv/cnsms.aspx?id=255;http://www.michigan.gv/ag/0,1607,7-164-17337---,00.html.

20 Wight, r. (2007). Dear ASID member. Washingtn, DC: Amican Scity Inti Dsigns.

21 email snt Jn 6, 2007, n il with th Institt Jstic. In th mail, rbts instctdh mmbs t, Snd all inmatin t ME, Mailyn rbts at [email protected], NOT tth TBAe. I inmatin gs dictly t TBAe, it bcms pblic knwldg ath than clint/

lawy pivilgd in. Dspit sch attmpts, hwv, n vidnc ham was psntdding th Jn 22 haing.

22 Dingwall, r., & fnn, P. (1987). A spctabl pssin? Scilgical and cnmicpspctivs n th glatin pssinal svics. International Review of Law andEconomics, 7, 51-64; fidsn, e. (1986). Professional powers. Chicag: univsity ChicagPss.

23 Wl, H. B. (ed.). (1981). Websters new collegiate dictionary. Spingild, MA: Miam. Th istdinitin th wd has t d with agmnts btwn cntis and ds nt apply in thisstting.

24 Histically, sch a bill wld njy vigs and n-sidd sppt m p-glatin intidsign assciatins wh wld lbby lgislats with th halth, saty and wla jstiicatin.

Bt nt this tim. f HB 881, th p-glatin calitin shad th l with an vn mvigs anti-glatin allianc calld Liv f and Dsign. Th lgislativ cmmitt haingsaw npcdntd invlvmnt m m than 150 inti dsigns ngagd in making thidivs psitins knwn t cmmitt mmbs.

25 Ltt n il with th Institt Jstic.


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About tHe AutHor

Dic M. C II, ph.D.

D. Capnt svs as th dict statgicsach th Institt Jstic. H wks with IJsta and attnys t din, implmnt and managscial scinc sach latd t th Instittsmissin.

As an xpincd sach, Capnt haspsntd and pblishd n a vaity tpicsanging m dcatinal plicy t th dynamics psidntial lctins. His wk has appadin acadmic jnals, sch as th Journal of Special

Education,The Forum, Education and Urban Societyand thJournal ofSchool Choice, and pactitin pblicatins, sch as Phi Delta Kappanand th American School Board Journal. Mv, th slts hissach a sd by stat dcatin icials in accntability ptingand hav bn qtd in nwspaps sch as th Chronicle of HigherEducation, Education Weekand th Rocky Mountain News.

B wking with IJ, Capnt wkd as a high schl tach,lmntay schl pincipal, pblic plicy analyst and pss at th

univsity Clad, Clad Spings. H hlds a Ph.D. m thunivsity Clad.


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InstItute for JustICe901 N. Glb radSit 900Alingtn, VA 22203

www.ij.g

tHe InstItute for JustICeTh Institt Jstic is a nn-pit, pblic intst law im that litigats t sc cnmic libty, schlchic, pivat ppty ights, dm spch and th vital individal libtis and t st cnstittinallimits n th pw gvnmnt. fndd in 1991, IJ is th natins nly libtaian pblic intst law im,psing ctting-dg litigatin in th cts law and in th ct pblic pinin n bhal individalswhs mst basic ights a dnid by th gvnmnt. Th Institts statgic sach pgam pdcshigh-qality sach t inm pblic plicy dbats n isss cntal t IJs missin.

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