MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT SCHEMEbasweshwarcollegelatur.com/MRP/Dr_chate.pdfShanty (2001) carried out...

MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT SCHEME

IN THE SUBJECT OF

BOTANY

Entitled

“Role of An Aeromycoflora In Hospital Ward

From Latur,District Latur Maharashtra State”

FILE NO. : 47-124/12 (WRO)

SUBMITTED TO

THE JOINT SECRETARY. UNIVERSITY GRANT COMMISSION,

Western Regional Office,Ganeshkhind, Pune-7

BY

DR.DEEPAK BHAGWANRAO CHATE SHRI MAHATMA BASWESHWAR

MAHAVIDYALAYA, LATUR-413512 (MAHARASHTRA)

2018

INDEX

Chapter No. TITLE Page No.

1

INTRODUCTION

1-2

2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

3-4

3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

5-5

PHOTOGRAPHS, TABLES AND GRAPHS 6-38

4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

39-42

5

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

43-44

6

BIBLIOGRAPHY

45-47

Chapter 1

Introduction

Aerobiology is a branch of palynology which deals with the studies of fungal

spores, microorganism’s pollen. Aerobiology has many applications it is concentrate on

applications of Aerobiology in human health, particularly in respiratory allergy such as

Asthma, skin allergy. Aerobiology involves daily monitoring of atmospheric airborne

fungal spores and by using various fungal spore trap or samplers either volumetric or

non-volumetric. The data generated or analyzed with respect to fungal spores, pollen and

their relative abundant. The ultimate aim of basic aerobiology study is to make fungal

spore calendar. Aerobiological work is done in various centers in India such as

Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Patna, Kerala, UP, Delhi etc. Before going into details of

application of Aerobiology it is must to remember scientific contribution made by

Charles’s Bleckley(1873), David Douglas Cunningham (1889), Leonard Noon(1911),

Fred Campbell Meier (1930), T-Sreeramulu (1948), D.N. Shivpuri (1962), B.N

Bapat(1994) and others.

Aerobiology gained importance due to its relevance in allergy, Charle’s Blackley,

Physician from Manchester, UK from the 1st time experimentally proves the role of air

born fungal and pollen count in allergy. T-Sreeramulu trained brilliant student in

aerobiology. Some of them are A-Ramlingam, B.P.R.Vitthal and S.T.Tilak. D.N.Shivpuri

director of V-T Chest institute, Delhi for the 1st time conveyed physician the importance

of Aerobiology in clinical aspects of allergy and Immunotherapy in India.B.N.Bapat in

Pune carried out excellent work on food allergy and role of ‘parthenium’ on Congress

grass.

Important step to treat respiratory and dermal allergy is Immunotherapy this

involves immunizing patients against harmful effect of air born fungal spores.

Immunotherapy helps allergy sufferers 30%-90%. Allergy patients are happy even if their

suffering is reduced by 50%. Awareness of allergy airborne pollen and fungal spores

among the doctors, allergy patients and public in general is most important. This can be

achieved through mass media such as Newspaper; Television this attempt is done in

Bangalore University Bangalore by Dr.Shripad and other research students. Weekly

pollen monitoring results were published in The Times of India Newspaper this can be

done by aero biologist in other centers.

Chapter 2

Review of Literature Survey of indoor environment of the hospital wards has brought out valuable

information on the allergenic forms. Species of Aspergillus and Penicillium are the

dominant forms. The hospital operations theatre survey has also indicated the presence of

few forms but in low concentrations

Sherma and Dutta (2001) reported fungal airspora of Medical wards, Medical

colleges, Asam using petriplates exposures method. They found Aspergillus

sp.contributing 33% of the total populations whereas Penicillium contributing

15.2% of the total population. The lowest fungal population was observed in the

operation theatre where only 12 fungal forms were identified of which Aspergillus

and Penicillium contributed 40.6%and 21.9% of the total population respectively

Vermaand Chile (1992) reported Aspergillus as a most dominant type isolated

from the air of medical college hospital, Jabalpur

Singh, Gangal and Singh (1994) reported aeroflora from hospitals of Delhi, While

Giri and Saoji (2003) from Nagpur. They found indoor spores concentrations

much lower in the hospital areas receiving filtered air as compared to the

controlled environment. However in the ventilated hospital ward. The

concentration of aeromycoflora was found to be similar to that of outside air

Agashe and Anuradha (1996) reported airborne fungal concentrations in a hospital

ward in Bangalore. There found a total of 4331 spore/ cm².The dominant fungal

components were Cladosporium (28.2%) and Aspergillus (10.7%)

Verma and Soni (1997) reported Aspergillus as the most dominant type from

Victoria hospital and Allergy clinic, Jabalpur.

Kulshrestha and Chauhan (2001) reported Aspergillus as the 1st major component

in the mycoflora contributing 34.6%, 37.2% and 32.60% inside Medical College

District Hospital and G.G. Nursing home in Agra city respectively

Govind et.Al (2002) reported cultivable fungi in Asthmatic patient’s bed rooms

and inside hospital ward in Kerala. They found Aspergillus Niger as predominant

type and cladosporium was recorded at second positions whereas Penicillium sp.

eas recorded abundance.

Shanty (2001) carried out investigation of the indoor airspora of T.B.Chest ward

of S.R.N. Medical college hospital. Allahabad using gravity slide and petriplates

exposure method for one year from oct.1997 to Sept.1998. 56 types of fungal

spores and 17 types of colonies were recorded from the indoor air of hospital

ward. Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Fusarium were the most dominant forms of

indoor airspora. Month of April and October recorded from the indoor maximum

concentration of spores and colonies while month of January and June recorded

minimum concentration. Incidence of airspora in the indoor hospital environment

has been compared with that of outdoor environment.

Chapter 3

Materials and Methods MIMSR MIT medical college and hospital is located in Latur (18˚24´28.6452˝N

and 76˚34´36.3612˝E). It was established in 1990 and has 22 wards separate for male and

female patients with facilities as per norms more than 25000 patients visited annually

with all necessary facilities available.

This hospital is committed providing diagnosis of disease and team management

of patients care with 610 beds. 160 doctors constructed area of hospital 4,95,000. The

present investigation was carried out in MIMSR MIT Medical college and hospital, Latur

(Maharashtra in two halves of year the first half (period A) 1st July 2014 to 30th Dec

2014 and 2nd half (period B) 1ST Jan 2015 to 30th June 2015.In first half there was

collection of data slide preparation, in 2nd half (period), observation result analysis.

Present investigation was carried out with the help of Tilak Air Sampler and

petriplates exposure. It has been used for wide verity of airborne particles, Airborne

particles deposited on rotating drum. The cello-tape smeared on rotating drum which

provides the data for 8 days on one complete rotation. Petri-plate containing PDA media

was used and 15 min time given to the exposure. The exposed petriplates incubated at

27˚C and allows developing colonies.

Plate 1

Air Sampler in Hospital Ward

Air Sampler Fixed Patient’s Room

Plate 2

Air Sampler Fixed in Operation Theatre

Cellotape Fixed On Rotating Drum(Internal View Of Air sampler)

Plate 3

ALTERNARIA

ASPERGILLUS

Plate 4

CHEATOMIUM

HELMINTHOSPORIUM

Plate 5

TEICHOSPORA.

TETRAPLOA

Plate 6

BISPORA

CURVULARIA

Plate 7

HETEROSPORIUM

CERCOSPORA

Plate 8

NIGROSPORA

Month-Wise concentration of Aeromycoflora Inside the Hospital ward – Latur (MS)

(1st July 2014 to 31st Dec. 2014

July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec.

Tot

al

Temperature 27˚C 27˚C 27˚C 27˚C 25˚C 23˚C

Humidity 73% 65% 72% 78% 80% 85%

Rain fall 165mm 122mm 180mm 168mm 175mm 180mm

Spores No. of spores

Alternaria 27 33 35 35 41 44 215

Aspergillus 40 40 44 47 57 63 291

Bispora 25 32 33 31 37 39 197

Cercospora 16 19 23 26 28 33 145

Cheatomium 11 10 12 16 19 21 89

Cladosporium 37 33 41 48 51 57 267

Curvularia 19 16 27 31 31 35 159

Diplodia 20 18 23 27 30 32 150

Epicoccum 7 7 11 14 17 21 77

Hyphal

Fragment 26 20 33 37 36 39 191

Fusarium 16 22 19 26 27 30 140

Helminthospo

rium 21 22 20 25 29 32 149

Hypoxylon 12 11 14 17 21 23 98

Mucor 22 20 23 27 27 33 152

Nigrospora 9 12 14 17 22 25 99

Penicillium 38 37 38 52 55 59 279

Periconia 8 6 11 14 17 21 77

Phytopthora 10 8 13 17 22 25 95

Pleospora 9 9 10 12 14 17 71

Rhizopus 17 15 21 26 29 32 140

Smut spores 13 17 21 24 27 31 133

Spegazzinia 9 11 13 16 16 21 86

Teichospora 05 04 08 11 15 15 58

Tetraploa 07 05 11 16 19 22 80

Torula 07 07 14 14 17 21 80

Unidentified 22 20 25 28 20 29 144

Xylaria 05 03 08 11 15 15 57

Total 458 457 565 665 739 835 3719

Monthwise percentage contribution of an Aeromycoflora inside Hospital ward (m3/

of air)

July Aug. Sept Oct. Nov. Dec. Total

Spores % of spores

Alternaria 5.89 7.22 6.19 5.26 5.54 5.26 5.78

Aspergillus 8.73 8.75 7.78 7.06 7.71 7.54 7.82

Bispora 5.45 7 5.84 4.66 5 4.67 5.29

Cercospora 3.49 4.15 4.07 3.90 3.78 3.95 3.89

Cheatomium 2.4 2.18 2.12 2.4 2.57 2.51 2.39

Cladosporiu

m 8.07 7.22 7.25 7.21 6.9 6.82 7.17

Curvularia 4.14 3.5 4.77 4.66 4.19 4.19 4.27

Diplodia 4.36 3.93 4.07 4.06 4.05 3.83 4.03

Epicoccum 1.52 1.53 1.94 2.1 2.3 2.51 2.07

Hyphal

Fragment 5.67 4.37 5.84 5.56 4.87 4.67 5.13

Fusarium 3.49 4.81 3.36 3.9 3.65 3.59 3.76

Helminthosp

orium 4.58 4.81 3.53 3.75 3.92 3.83 4

Hypoxylon 2.62 2.4 2.47 2.55 2.84 2.75 2.63

Mucor 4.80 4.37 4.07 4.06 3.65 3.95 4.08

Nigrospora 1.96 2.62 2.47 2.55 2.97 2.99 2.66

Penicillium 8.29 8.09 6.72 7.81 7.44 7.06 7.5

Periconia 1.74 1.31 1.94 2.1 2.30 2.51 2.08

Phytopthora 2.18 1.95 2.3 2.55 2.97 2.99 2.55

Pleospora 1.96 1.96 1.76 1.8 1.89 2.03 1.9

Rhizopus 3.71 3.2 3.71 3.9 3.92 3.83 3.76

Smut spores 2.83 3.71 3.71 3.6 3.65 3.71 3.57

Spegazzinia 1.96 2.40 2.3 2.4 2.16 2.51 2.31

Teichospora 1.09 0.87 1.41 1.65 2.02 1.79 1.55

Tetraploa 1.52 1.09 1.94 2.4 2.57 2.63 2.15

Torula 1.52 1.53 2.47 2.1 2.3 2.51 2.15

Unidentified 4.80 4.37 4.42 4.21 2.7 3.47 3.87

Xylaria 1.09 0.65 1.41 1.65 2.02 1.79 1.53

Total 12.31 12.2 15.1 17.8 19.8 22.4 100%

Groupwise total number of spore concentration of Aeromycoflora in Hospital ward

(m3/ of air)

Class:- Phycomycetes

Groupwise percentage contribution of Aeromycoflora in Hospital ward (m3/ of air)

Class:- Phycomycetes

Spores July Aug Sept. Oct Nov. Dec Avg. %

Mucor 4.80 4.37 4.07 4.06 3.65 3.95 4.08

Rhizopus 3.71 3.2 3.71 3.9 3.92 3.83 3.76

Total 8.51 7.57 7.78 7.96 7.57 7.78 7.85

No. of spores 292

Spores July Aug Sept. Oct Nov. Dec Total

Mucor 22 20 23 27 27 33 152

Rhizopus 17 15 21 26 29 32 140

Total 39 35 44 53 56 65 292


(m3/ of air)

Class:- Ascomycetes Spores July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec Total

Cheatomium 11 10 12 16 19 21 89

Pleospora 9 9 10 12 14 17 71

Teichospora 05 04 08 11 15 15 58

Xylaria 05 03 08 11 15 15 57

Hypoxylon 12 11 14 17 21 23 98

Total 42 37 52 67 84 91 373

Groupwise percentage contribution of Aeromycoflora in Hospital ward (m3/ of air) Class:- Ascomycetes

Spores July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec Avg.%

Cheatomium 2.4 2.18 2.12 2.4 2.57 2.51 2.39

Pleospora 1.96 1.96 1.76 1.8 1.89 2.03 1.9

Teichospora 1.09 0.87 1.41 1.65 2.02 1.79 1.47

Xylaria 1.09 0.65 1.41 1.65 2.02 1.79 1.53

Hypoxylon 2.62 2.4 2.47 2.55 2.84 2.75 2.63

Total 9.92

No. of spores 373


(m3/ of air)

Class:-Basidomycetes

Spores July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Avg%

Smut

spores

13 17 21 24 27 31 133

Total 13 17 21 24 27 31 133


Class:-Basidomycetes

Spores July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Avg%

Smut Spores 2.83 3.71 3.71 3.6 3.65 3.71 3.57

Total 2.83 3.71 3.71 3.6 3.65 3.71 3.57

No. of spores 133


(m3/ of air)

Class :- Hyphal Fragment

Spores July Aug Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total

Hyphal Fragment 26 20 33 37 36 39 191

Total 26 20 33 37 36 39 191


Class :- Hyphal Fragment

Spores July Aug Sept Oct. Nov Dec. Avg.

%

Hyphal Fragment 5.67 4.37 5.84 5.56 4.87 4.67 5.13

Total 5.67 4.37 5.84 5.56 4.87 4.67 5.13

No. of spores 191


(m3/ of air)

Class-Deuteromycetes

Spores July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Avg%

Alternaria 27 33 35 35 41 44 215

Aspergillus 40 40 44 47 57 63 291

Bispora 25 32 33 31 37 39 197

Cercospora 16 19 23 26 28 33 145

Cladosporium 37 33 41 48 51 57 267

Curvularia 19 16 27 31 31 35 159

Diplodia 20 18 23 27 30 32 150

Epicoccum 7 7 11 14 17 21 77

Fusarium 16 22 19 26 27 30 140

Helminthosporium 21 22 20 25 29 32 149

Nigrospora 9 12 14 17 22 25 99

Spegazzinia 9 11 13 16 16 21 86

Tetraploa 07 05 11 16 19 22 80

Torula 07 07 14 14 17 21 80

Total 260 277 328 373 422 475 2135


Class:- Deuteromycetes

Spores July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Avg%

Alternaria 5.89 7.22 6.19 5.26 5.54 5.26 5.78

Aspergillus 8.73 8.75 7.78 7.06 7.71 7.54 7.82

Bispora 5.45 7 5.84 4.66 5 4.67 5.29

Cercospora 3.49 4.15 4.07 3.9 3.78 3.95 3.89

Cladosporium 8.07 7.22 7.25 7.21 6.90 6.82 7.17

Curvularia 4.14 3.5 4.77 4.66 4.19 4.19 4.27

Diplodia 4.36 3.93 4.07 4.06 4.05 3.83 4.03

Epicoccum 1.52 1.53 1.94 2.1 2.3 2.51 2.07

Fusarium 3.49 4.81 3.36 3.9 3.65 3.59 3.76

Helminthosporium 4.58 4.81 3.53 3.75 3.92 3.83 4.07

Nigrospora 1.96 2.62 2.47 2.55 2.97 2.99 2.66

Spegazzinia 1.96 2.4 2.3 2.4 2.16 2.51 2.31

Tetraploa 1.52 1.09 1.94 2.4 2.57 2.63 2.15

Torula 1.52 1.53 2.47 2.1 2.3 2.51 2.07

Penicillium 8.29 8.09 6.72 7.81 7.44 7.06 7.5

Periconia 1.74 1.31 1.94 2.1 2.30 2.51 2.7

Total 66.73 70 66.66 65.91 66.74 66.07 67.05

No. of spores 2135


(m3/ of air)

Unidentified Group

Groupwise percentage contribution of Aeromycoflora in Hospital ward (m3/

of air)

Unidentified Group

Spores July Aug Sept. Oct Nov. Dec Total

Unidentified 22 20 25 28 20 29 144

Total 22 20 25 28 20 29 144

July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Avg%

Unidentified

Group

4.80 4.37 4.42 4.21 2.7 3.47 3.87

Total 4.80 4.37 4.42 4.21 2.7 3.47 3.87

No. of spore 144

Graph of Temperature ,Humidity ,Rainfall

Alternaria

Aspergillus

Bispora

Cercospora

Cheatomium

Cladosporium

Curvularia

Diplodia

Epicoccum

Hyphal fragment

Fusarium

Helminthosporium

Hypoxylon

Mucor

Nigrospora

Penicillium

Periconia

Phytoptora

Pleospora

Rhizopus

Smut Spores

Spegazzinia

Teichospora

Torula

Unidentified Spores

Xylaria

Total Spores

Chapter 4

Result and Discussion

During the present investigation there were 25 fungal spores type and one

unidentified group and one hyphal fragments group. Investigation was carried out from

21st July 2014 to 31st Dec 2014. The investigation was carried with air sampling with the

help of Tilak Air Sampler, supporting to this work petriplate exposure also carried out at

fortnight interval during the present investigation.

Aspergillus was dominant spore type the spore concentration were (291/mᶾ of air)

7.82% ,followed by penicillium (279/ mᶾ of air) 7.5%, cladosporium (267/mᶾ of air)

7.17%, Alternaria (215/mᶾ of air) 5.78%, Bispora(197/mᶾ of air) 5.29%, Hyphal Fragment

(191/mᶾ of air) 5.13%, Curvularia (159/mᶾ of air) 4.27%, Mucor(152/mᶾ of air) 4.08%,

Diplodia ( 150/mᶾ of air) 4.03%, Helminthosporium (149/mᶾ of air) 4%, Cercospora

(145/mᶾ of air) 3.89%, unidentified (144/mᶾ of air) 3.87%, Rhizopus (140/mᶾ of air)

3.76%, Smut Spores (133/mᶾ of air) 3.57%, Nigrospora (99/mᶾ of air) 2.66%,Phytopthora

(95/mᶾ of air) 2.55, Chetomium ( 89/mᶾ of air) 2.39%, Spegazzinia (86/mᶾ of air) 2.31%,

Tetrploa(80/mᶾ of air) 2.15%, Torula ( 80/mᶾ of air) 2.15%, Periconia (77/mᶾ of air)

2.07%, Epicoccum (77/mᶾ of air) 2.07%, Pleospora( 71/mᶾ of air) 1.9%, Teichospora

(58/mᶾ of air)1.55%, where xylaria encountered (57/mᶾ of air) 1.53%, lowest in the

present investigation

During the present investigation among the groups Dueteromycetes was the most

dominant group (2491/mᶾ of air), followed by Ascomycetes ( 373/mᶾ of air)

Phycomycets(292/mᶾ of air) 7.85%, Hyphal Fragment (191/mᶾ of air) 5.13%, unidentified

group (144/mᶾ of air) 3.87%, Basidomycetes (133/mᶾ of air) where as Oomycete

contributed (95/mᶾ of air) 2.55%. Duteromycetes represented 16 spore types of which

Aspergillus, Penicillium. Cladosporium, Alternaria, Bispora,Curvularia,

Helminthosporium,Fusarium were common spore types Ascomycetes represented as 5

spore types Hypoxylon were found to be dominant spore types (98/mᶾ of air) 2.63%,

followed by Cheatomium(89/mᶾ of air) 2.39%, Pleospora (77/mᶾ of air) 2.07%,

Teichospora (58/mᶾ of air) 1.55% , Xylaria (57/mᶾ of air) 1.53/mᶾ of air). Phycomycetes

represented 2 (two) spores types mucor were founded dominant (152/mᶾ of air) 4.08%

followed by Rhizopus (140/mᶾ of air) 3.76% . Basidomycetes contributed (133/mᶾ of air)

3.57%. represented 1 spore type phytopthora (95/mᶾ of air) 2.55%. The investigation also

include the study of hyphal fragment (191/mᶾ of air) 5.13% Unidentified (144/mᶾ of air)

3.87%.

Lowest among the 9 groups. All these bio components are known as allergens. It

is also clear that meteorological parameters like temperatures , relative humidity and

rainfall have significant role in increase of aerbioparticles and allergic manifestation in

the patient. species of Aspergillus. Penicillium,alternaria ,curvularia cladosporium,

mucor, diplodia, helminthosporium, cercospora, rhizopus, fusarium, smut spores were

found to be prevalent in air during most of the month

Intradermal skin test on allergenic patient reveled that a good number of patients

showed positivity to a number of fungal antigens. Sensitivity to such allergens has also

been observed in different environments . Allergenic rhinitis was recorded as the

prevalent disorder . Such individuals have a higher risk of developing cough

/breathlessness. Common clinical observation also reveals that rhinitis, if unchecked

leads to bronchlasthma . The present work help in solving various problems related to

allerge

The Table Showing Concentration Percentage Of Different Colonies By Petriplates

Exposure During 1 July 2014 to 31st 2014

Sr.No. Name Of Colonies No. of

Colonies

Average Percentage

1 Penicillium 29 13.42%

2 Aspergillus 35 16.20%

3 Alternaria 23 10.64%

4 Cladosporium 27 12.5%

5 Bispora 21 9.72%

6 Hyphal Fragment 20 9.25%

7 Curvularia 20 9.25%

8 BactarialColonies 17 7.87%

9 Undefined 24 11.11%

Total 216 99.96%

Present Investigation was carried out in MIMSR-MIT Medical College and

Hospital, Latur(MS) During 1st July 2014 to 31st July 2014 In Patient’s Room :-

Supporting to air sampler petriplate exposure method also carried out during 1st July 2014

to 31st Dec 2014 Using Potatodextrose agar(PDA) medium. The Petridishes were exposed

for 30min.Perticularly near the patient bed at fortnightly intervals after exposure the

petridishes were incubated at 27˚C for four days. The colonies were counted identified on

morphological character with the help of literature.

During the petriplate exposure for six month from 1st July 2014 to 31st Dec

2014,216 colonies were trapped. These colonies were penicillium (29)13.42%,

Aspergillus (35) 16.20%, Alternaria 23 (10.64%), Cladosporium 27(12.5%), Bispora

21(9.72%), Hyphal Fragment 20(9.25%)Curvularia 20(9.25%) bacterial colonies 17

(7.87%) and unidentified 24 ( 11.11% ) , recorded in the Asthematic patient room .

However Aspergillus contributed highest percentage 35 (16.20%) , followed by

penicillum 29 (13.42%), cladosporium 27(12.5%), unidentified, Alternaria, Bispora,

Curvularia, Hyphal fragments, Bacterial colonies.

It was observed that Atmospheric spore concentration flucte with fluctuation in

the metrological factors, the effect of temperature, humidity and rainfall on the frequency

of fungal spores and bacterial colonies were observed

The majority of the colonies were developed during rain high humidity and low

temperature fungal population in hospital ward related to factors like cleanliness,

maintenance of hygienic conditions in bed room, microorganisms present in the air of

patients room affect the health of patient as well as the workers involved in hospital ward.

Environment paly’s significant role in precipitaltion of allergic disorders risk due

to biopollutants is very high among The workers and patient in hospital ward. The lowest

fungal traps were observed en the operation theatre .

Chapter 5

Summary and Conclusion

Studies on aeromycoflora of indoor air are relatively few in India. Clinical studies

have also been conducted at some centers in India to identify the potential fungal

allergens. Human being are known to suffer from major allergens such as fungal spores,

pollen grains, house dust mites and food stuff present in the atmosphere.

This study is being carried out to know role of aero allergnes in hospital ward.

Fungal spores formed the dominant air spore compared to pollen grains. Allergic rhinitis

is more common have been found during the present investigation. The present

investigation helps to focus alteration on detritus effects of fungal spores. These are

impacted on various substracts, indoor hazardous bioparticles which remain suspended in

air also cause of concern to habitat or patients workers in the closed environment.

Present study also helpful the hospital environmental including ward operation theatres

and density wards have helped to modify the concept of hygiene and sterilization and

clean environment.

The sensitivity of ungal spores which are trapped during the present investigation.

The spores like Alteraria, Penicillium, Bispora, Curvularia Helminthosporium, Diplodia,

Cercospora, Cladosporiu, Chaetomium, found occurrence of seasonal asthma due to

fungal spores in hospital ward.

During present study clinical investigations have provided the significance and

utility of treatment in preventing the effects of aeroallergens to sensitive individuals.

Important conclusions are

i) The present investigation makes an alteration of aerobiologist and clinicians

towards the hospital environment.

ii) The presents study also helpful to know frequency and concentration of indoor

fungi.

iii) Study is important to increasing awareness of aero allergen for clinical

investigations.

iv) The present study also provided additional information on fungal aerobiology of

indoor environment of hospital ward from India.

v) The present clinical investigations have provided the significance and utility of

treatment in preventing the effects of aero allergens to sensitive individuals.

vi) Present investigation provide aero allergenic calendar for clinical.

Chapter 6

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