Ministry of EducationELT. General Supervision

PREPARED & PRESENTED BY :ELT SUPERVISOR :

MR. ABDUL HALIM HAMED GHANDAR

Ministry of EducationELT. General Supervision

MISMATCHES BETWEEN

TEACHERS' BELIEFS &

WRITTEN FEEDBACK PRACTICE

OVERVIEW- Beliefs have an important impact on

teachers’ feedback - Own personal theories of teaching

have negative effects on both teaching and learning process

- Identifying factors that contribute to effective feedback

- What aspects are to be considered in feedback

- 9 mismatches based on a case study - Mismatches and assessment

As teachers are thinking beings who construct their own personal and workable theories of teaching. Teachers' beliefs and practices play a pivotal role in the classroom, since they have a direct bearing on the teaching and learning process.

Beliefs have an important impact on teacher's practices.

Giving feedback is such an arduous and yet important task for teachers.

Un-covering the beliefs that underlie

teacher's practices can help identify the factors

that contribute to effective feedback.

Negative effects of Teacher feedback have been reported in the literature, such as frustration and confusion ( Mantello 1997 ), and as under-achievement and under-expectation through unfocused marking.

Although responding to students writing is an important and meaningful area of teacher's work, it's often described in negative terms, referred to as frustrating ( Ferries, Pezone, Tade, and Tinti 1997 ), grueling and anxiety-ridden( Stern and Solomon2006), tedious and unrewarding ( Hyland 1990 ).

Mismatches

1- Teachers pay most attention to language form but they believe there's more to good writing than accuracy.

A few teachers concentrate on the whole essay including the organization and content.

Teachers are really caught in a conflict between their form-focused approach to feedback and their awareness that there is more to good writing than accuracy.

A great deal of teachers focus inordinately on language form in their response to student writing ,some of them focus on organizational issues, others stress general comments on student writing .

2- Teachers mark errors comprehensively although selective marking is preferred.

This type of feedback may be justified by teachers' concerns that if a large number of errors are indicated , students ,especially the weak ones, won't be able to cope. Some teachers say that if students focus on too many things at a time they cannot learn as their language foundation is not too good. Another reason behind not responding to student writing selectively is the school policy that requires them to attend every single student error.

3- Teachers tend to correct and locate errors for students but believe that through teacher's feedback students should learn to correct and locate their own errors.

In this case the feedback is direct, i.e. teachers indicate and correct errors for students. The great majority of teachers believed that students should learn to locate and correct errors. What might explain such discrepancy?

4- Teacher use error codes although they think students have a limited ability to decipher the codes.

Teachers believe that students' ability to decipher error codes is limited, especially the weaker ones. Even though students understand the codes, they don't know how to correct the errors. It doesn't help if students aren't motivated . The reason for such a discrepancy is possibly because teachers think that error codes provide opportunity for students to think about the error types and do self-correction which is beneficial to their learning .

5 - Teachers award scores/grades to student writing although they are almost certain that marks/grades draw student attention away from teacher feedback.

All the teachers give student writing a score or grade. Interestingly though, teachers do not seem to have a great deal of faith in grades/scores as they think these divert student attention away from teacher feedback so much so that some students may even ignore it, especially because they are not required to revise and submit drafts for a better grade.

6 - Teachers respond mainly to weakness in student writing although they know that feedback should cover both strengths and weaknesses .

The reason for this mismatch can be explained by the error-focused approach to written feedback, which inevitably draws teachers' attention to weaknesses rather than strengths in student writing .There should be a balance between negative and positive comments on both sides of students' weaknesses and strengths .

7- Teachers' written feedback practice allows students little room to take control although teachers think students should learn to take greater responsibility for learning.

In teacher's written feedback practice , they shoulder a great deal of responsibility ,marking errors comprehensively, and doing error identification / correction for students. Students have nothing to do except rewriting the essay or the paragraph . they are not given the chance to asses themselves or to assess each other .They aren't even given the chance to think and no indication of developing responsibility for learning .

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8- Teachers ask students to do one-shot writing although they think process writing is beneficial.

According to the teachers, their written feedback is given to single drafts, as the student texts are performed as one-shot writing. however, most teachers believe in the benefits of process pedagogy, they know process writing is goo practice . one plausible reason for such a mismatch is that teachers do not have enough time to let students go through multiple drafting, as they need to cover more writing topics/text types to prepare students for examination. Teachers adopt a product-oriented approach although they are aware of the benefits of process pedagogy .

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9- Teachers continue to focus on student written errors although they know that mistakes will recur.

Teachers' written feedback is mainly error-focused. a great deal of teachers get started to express their concerns about the inefficacy of their feedback. Despite teachers' feedback, many students would make the same mistakes again. Despite such a realization, teachers continue to put a heavy emphasis on student written errors.

Assessment

Assessment GoalsDIAGNOSIS (concerns a diagnosis of the learning acquisitions of students).

PROGNOSIS (allows predictions of future achievements of students).

We are interested in the diagnostic role of assessment for providing feedback concerning individual learning in order to ensure the student’s learning progress.

- To measure this progress.

The main purposes of assessment

- To generate the learning progress.

ASSESSMENT

STATUS CO

ALTERNATIVES REASONS

DISADVANTAGES

1- We use to compare learners to each other but this made comparisons more important than the actual learning so now each learner could be evaluated on what he or she can do in relation to the standards because this helps each child feel valued as a learner and builds on individual strengths .

2) We use to concentrate on what students could not or should not do but that this focus undermined the confidence of many students and that we could be more supportive of their accomplishments so now we should begin with what students can do, then consider

their learning needs because this helps to develop confidence and gives a foundation for building and further developing their competences .

3) We use to use pencil/paper tasks as the main way of assessing and evaluating students but we might now know that this gave a limited view of what students

could do so now we should encourage students to represent their learning in a variety of ways (show

what they know) because this provides opportunities for more students to demonstrate their intelligence and to be successful learners.

4) We use to use marks for reporting students’ progress but the marks are dependent on teacher and parent interpretation and often focused on surface knowledge

rather than on understanding so now we should

use/add reports to describe students’ learning because they give a more detailed picture of what students can do and identify future learning goals

5) We use to exclude students from the assessment and evaluation process but this did not encourage the

development of self-evaluation skills so now Students should be encouraged to take a more active role in

assessing and evaluating their own progress because as students construct meaning of the world around them, this process encourages independent learning and a commitment to further learning.

- Encourage students to take a more active role in evaluating their own progress.

- Give students the support needed to progress.

- Relate the evaluation to standards of achievement.

- Use reports to describe students’ learning.

BRIEF SYNTHESIS

- Begin with what students can do, and consider their learning needs.

Step 1: Identify the standards

Step 2: Select an authentic task

Step 3: Identify the criteria for the task

Step 4: Create the rubric

How to Create Authentic

Assessments ?

Standards, like goals, are statements of what students should know and be able to do. However, standards are typically more narrow in scope and more amenable to assessment than goals.“Students will be able to add two-digit numbers correctly.”

Step 1: Identify the standards

Find a way students can demonstrate that they are fully capable of meeting the standard. The language of a well-written standard can spell out what a task should ask students to do to demonstrate their mastery of it.

Step 2: Select an authentic task

- Standard ; The student will be able to divide two-digit numbers correctly.- Task ; Calculate the given math problems without using the calculator and answer it in the board. Explain their answers.- Criteria ; The proper use of the step-by-step process in solving the problem. Correctness of the final answer. The way they explain and deliver the reason of how they arrive with the final answer.

Step 3: Identify the criteria for the task

Once you have identified the criteria you want to look for as indicators of good performance, you next decide whether to consider the criteria analytically or holistically.

Step 4: Create the rubric

Conclusion

The study has revealed a number of gaps between teachers’ beliefs and practice in written feedback, which teachers may or may not be aware of. While teachers in the study tend to attribute their practices to constraints imposed by institutional context and values, like exam pressure and a school policy that highly values error feedback, it is not certain whether these are real explanations for the mismatches or mere excuses that teachers use to justify their practices.

To probe the underlying reasons for their practices, teachers can be asked to explain, analyse, and unpack the issues pertaining to feedback so as to shed light on the incongruity between their beliefs and practice.

An ethnographical approach can be adopted to explore how the institutional and sociocultural context (see Hyland and Hyland 2006), the student factor, the teacher factor, and other factors may impinge on teachers’ feedback practice. It would also be useful to provide opportunities for teachers to gather together in school-based professional development seminars, where they examine their current feedback practice, challenge their assumptions about feedback, and evaluate the effectiveness of their current practice.