Minggu 1 - Introducing Anthropology and Sociology
Transcript of Minggu 1 - Introducing Anthropology and Sociology
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Introducing AnthropologyIntroducing Anthropology
and Sociologyand Sociology
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Lecture GuidelineLecture Guideline The origin of Anthropology and SociologyThe origin of Anthropology and Sociology
both disciplines have different historyboth disciplines have different history
The Emergence of AnthropologyThe Emergence of Anthropology
The Fields of AnthropologyThe Fields of Anthropology The Ethnography and EthnographerThe Ethnography and Ethnographer
The FoundersThe Founders
The Origin of SociologyThe Origin of Sociology
The Sociological ImaginationThe Sociological Imagination
The Sociological PerspectiveThe Sociological Perspective
The FoundersThe Founders
Some common senseSome common sense
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Anthropology looks at humanity's entire history, starting whenAnthropology looks at humanity's entire history, starting when
modern humans first evolved in Africa about 200,000 years ago.modern humans first evolved in Africa about 200,000 years ago.
About 50,000 years ago, humans starting wandering outside the boundariesAbout 50,000 years ago, humans starting wandering outside the boundariesof Africa by crossing the Sinai peninsula. Human bones dating to this timeof Africa by crossing the Sinai peninsula. Human bones dating to this time
have been found in Israel.have been found in Israel.
From there, humanity spread west into Europe and east into AsiaFrom there, humanity spread west into Europe and east into Asia
and Australia, where fossils dating to 46,000 years ago have beenand Australia, where fossils dating to 46,000 years ago have been
found.found. Throughout Eurasia, humanity displaced otherThroughout Eurasia, humanity displaced other homonidshomonids, such as, such as
NeanderthalsNeanderthals and Homo erectus. 46,000 years ago in Australia.and Homo erectus. 46,000 years ago in Australia.
By 30,000 years ago, Neanderthals were extinct; one of the lastBy 30,000 years ago, Neanderthals were extinct; one of the last coloniescolonies
was located near the strait of Gibraltar.was located near the strait of Gibraltar.
Either 30,000 or about 14,000 years ago, humans crossed theEither 30,000 or about 14,000 years ago, humans crossed the
Bering strait land bridge into the Americas, arriving in NewBering strait land bridge into the Americas, arriving in New
Mexico by 13,000 years ago, then spreading southward to reachMexico by 13,000 years ago, then spreading southward to reach
TierroTierro del Fuego by 8,000 BC certainly, but possibly much earlier.del Fuego by 8,000 BC certainly, but possibly much earlier.
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Foundations of Early Anthropology
Traced back to PLATO (Humanistic through understanding)Traced back to PLATO (Humanistic through understanding)
and his student, ARISTOTLE (Scientific through observation)and his student, ARISTOTLE (Scientific through observation)
HERODOTUSHERODOTUS credited with being first anthropologist (alsocredited with being first anthropologist (also
11stst historian!) for detailed descriptions of peoples he met onhistorian!) for detailed descriptions of peoples he met ontravels during Persian Warstravels during Persian Wars
He recorded astute description of the diverse people he met during hisHe recorded astute description of the diverse people he met during his
travels.travels.
The (European) enlightenmentThe (European) enlightenment changes to the views ofchanges to the views of
humanityhumanity
Through CrusadeThrough Crusade Europeans aware of Islamic accomplishmentEuropeans aware of Islamic accomplishment
Early exploration and colonizationEarly exploration and colonization produced firstproduced first
classification of other people.classification of other people.
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Greater time rangeGreater time rangeSome spend years in difficult physicalSome spend years in difficult physical
conditions; others live amongconditions; others live among
contemporary peoplecontemporary people
Broad range of topicsSome prefer to be scientific andsome prefer subjective humanistic approach
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Defining AnthropologyDefining Anthropology
In the Greek language,In the Greek language,anthroposanthropos meansmeanshuman andhuman and logoslogos means study (ormeans study (orlogylogymeans study of)means study of)
Anthropology as a discipline of infiniteAnthropology as a discipline of infinitecuriosity about human beingscuriosity about human beings
Much broader in scope and range of topicsMuch broader in scope and range of topics
Interested to understand why and howInterested to understand why and howsocieties in the past and present have changedsocieties in the past and present have changedideas and practices?ideas and practices?
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Anthropology is composed of four closely interrelated fields.Anthropology is composed of four closely interrelated fields.
The first isThe first is biological or physical anthropologybiological or physical anthropology, which, whichsimply tries to understand the human being as a livingsimply tries to understand the human being as a living
organism. Populationorganism. Population geneticsgenetics andand primatologyprimatology comes incomes in
handy here.handy here.
The second, and largest field, isThe second, and largest field, is sociosocio--cultural anthropologycultural anthropology,,
involving field studies comparing or recording any number ofinvolving field studies comparing or recording any number of
thousands of social or cultural patterns. The distinctionthousands of social or cultural patterns. The distinction
between sociobetween socio--cultural anthropology and certain parts ofcultural anthropology and certain parts of
psychology and sociology may be fuzzy.psychology and sociology may be fuzzy.
The third field isThe third field is linguistic anthropologylinguistic anthropology, which focuses on, which focuses onlanguage, including its history and many complex branches.language, including its history and many complex branches.
The fourth field isThe fourth field is archaeologyarchaeology, which seeks to excavate, which seeks to excavate
artifacts, bones, and other clues to shed light on how peopleartifacts, bones, and other clues to shed light on how people
lived in pastlived in past cultureScultureS
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Anthropologys FieldsAnthropologys Fields
Anthropology
Biological
AnthropologyArchaeology
Cultural
Anthropology
Linguistic
Anthropology
Primatology
Contemporary
Human
Variation
PaleoanthropologyPrehistoric
Archaeology
Historic
Archaeology
Underwater
ArchaeologySociolinguistics
Historical
Linguistics
Descriptive/
Structural
Linguistics
Applied
Anthropology
Economic ant.
Political ant.
Medical ant.
Psychological ant.
Ethnobotany
Development ant.
Cultural change
Feminist ant.
Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2006
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Fields ofAnthropology contFields ofAnthropology cont
Biological Anthropology
Biological Anthropology
:studi
es th
e
:studi
es th
eemergence ofhumans and theirevolutionemergence ofhumans and theirevolution
Human paleontology or also known asHuman paleontology or also known as
PaleoanthropologyPaleoanthropology based on thebased on thefossilfossil
recordrecord Interested in why contemporary human populationsInterested in why contemporary human populations
vary biologicallyvary biologically ardipithecusardipithecus ramidusramidus (current(current
discovery)discovery)
Closely relates the natural environment with humanClosely relates the natural environment with humanevolutionevolution
PrimatologyPrimatology non human members callednon human members called
primatesprimates
Study in the wild and in captivityStudy in the wild and in captivity
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Fields ofAnthropology contFields ofAnthropology cont
Cultural AnthropologyCultural Anthropology Studies the ways of thinking and behaving (e.g.Studies the ways of thinking and behaving (e.g.
language, customs, religion,food,music)language, customs, religion,food,music)
Related to archaeologyRelated to archaeology interested in howinterested in how
culture changeculture change Archaeology (the study of the old)Archaeology (the study of the old)
Also related toAlso related to PaleoanthropologyPaleoanthropology -- tracingtracingcultural changes as far back as 15,000 years agocultural changes as far back as 15,000 years ago
Reconstruct history from studying remains ofReconstruct history from studying remains ofhuman cultures (e.g. pottery, weapons, ancienthuman cultures (e.g. pottery, weapons, ancienttemples, tools)temples, tools)
Prehistoric archaeology and historicalPrehistoric archaeology and historicalarchaeology (writtenarchaeology (written doumentsdouments).).
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Fields ofAnthropology contFields ofAnthropology cont
Ling
uistic Anthropology
Ling
uistic Anthropology
Studies theemergence of language and itsStudies theemergence of language and its
evolution into diverse languagesevolution into diverse languages
Language is a set ofsymbols that convey meaningsLanguage is a set ofsymbols that convey meanings
(verbal and non verbal)(verbal and non verbal) Studies the prehistoric languages i.e.Studies the prehistoric languages i.e.
reconstructing history ofunwritten languagesreconstructing history ofunwritten languages
Threemajor subfieldsThreemajor subfields Historical linguisticsHistorical linguistics to study how language change overto study how language change over
timetime
Descriptive linguisticsDescriptive linguistics how contemporary language differhow contemporary language differ
(structure(structure grammar)grammar)
SociolinguisticsSociolinguistics social context and non verbalsocial context and non verbal
communication.communication.
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EthnographyEthnography
Ethnography consists of the observation and analysis ofEthnography consists of the observation and analysis of
human groups considered as individual entities (the groupshuman groups considered as individual entities (the groups
are often selected, for practical and theoretical reasonsare often selected, for practical and theoretical reasons
unrelated to the nature of the research involved, fromunrelated to the nature of the research involved, from
those societies that differ most from our own).those societies that differ most from our own).Ethnography thus aims at recording as accurately asEthnography thus aims at recording as accurately as
possible the perspective modes of life of various groups.possible the perspective modes of life of various groups.
The word 'ethnography' has a double meaning inThe word 'ethnography' has a double meaning in
anthropology:anthropology:
ethnography asethnography as productproduct(ethnographic writings(ethnographic writingsthe articles andthe articles and
books written by anthropologists), andbooks written by anthropologists), and
ethnography asethnography as processprocess (participant observation or fieldwork).(participant observation or fieldwork).
The product depends upon the process, but not in any simple A>BThe product depends upon the process, but not in any simple A>B
relationship.relationship.
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EthnographerEthnographer
EthnographerEthnographer
Studies the community by observing andStudies the community by observing and
participating in their daily lives (e.g. speakingparticipating in their daily lives (e.g. speaking
the native languages, behave the way nativesthe native languages, behave the way natives
behave, observing and participating inbehave, observing and participating in
religious rituals)religious rituals)
Studies the peoples worldview by applyingStudies the peoples worldview by applyingsystematic analysis on their behaviorsystematic analysis on their behavior
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Ethnographers (sometimes called fieldworkers) often live amongEthnographers (sometimes called fieldworkers) often live among
the people they are studying, or at least spend a considerablethe people they are studying, or at least spend a considerableamount of time with them. While there, ethnographers engage inamount of time with them. While there, ethnographers engage in
"participant observation""participant observation", which means that they participate as much as, which means that they participate as much as
possible in local daily life (everything from important ceremonies andpossible in local daily life (everything from important ceremonies and
rituals to ordinary things like meal preparation and consumption) whilerituals to ordinary things like meal preparation and consumption) while
also carefully observing everything they can about it.also carefully observing everything they can about it.
Through this, ethnographers seek to gain what is called anThrough this, ethnographers seek to gain what is called an ""emicemic""
perspectiveperspective, or the, or the "native's point(s) of view""native's point(s) of view" without imposing their ownwithout imposing their own
conceptual frameworks.conceptual frameworks.
TheThe emicemic world view, which may be quite different from theworld view, which may be quite different from the ""eticetic"",, oror
outsider's perspectiveoutsider's perspective on local life, is a unique and critical part ofon local life, is a unique and critical part of
anthropology.anthropology. Through the participant observation method, ethnographers record detailedThrough the participant observation method, ethnographers record detailed
fieldnotesfieldnotes, conduct interviews based on open, conduct interviews based on open--ended questions, and gatherended questions, and gather
whatever site documents might be available in the setting as data.whatever site documents might be available in the setting as data.
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AnthropologistsAnthropologists
EvansEvans--Pritchard (1902Pritchard (1902 1973)1973)
Popular withPopular with Witchcraft, Oracles,Witchcraft, Oracles,and Magic Among theand Magic Among the AzandeAzande
(1937),(1937), TheThe NuerNuer(1940) and(1940) and
Theories of Primitive ReligionTheories of Primitive Religion(1965)(1965)
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RadcliffeRadcliffe--Brown (1881Brown (1881 1955)1955)
Often been associated withOften been associated with
functionalism and is considered byfunctionalism and is considered by
some to be the founder ofsome to be the founder of
structural functionalism.structural functionalism. Aim of his field to study primitiveAim of his field to study primitive
societies and determinesocieties and determine
generalizations about the socialgeneralizations about the socialstructure.structure.
Popular with his finding onPopular with his finding on
Joking RelationshipsJoking Relationships
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CliffordClifford GeertzGeertz (1926(1926 2006)2006)
Popular withPopular with PriyayiPriyayi,, SantriSantri andand AbanganAbangan
(The religion of Java).(The religion of Java).
Has conducted extensive ethnographicalHas conducted extensive ethnographical
research in Southeast Asia and North Africa.research in Southeast Asia and North Africa. He has also contributed to social and culturalHe has also contributed to social and cultural
theory and been influential in turningtheory and been influential in turning
anthropology toward a concern with theanthropology toward a concern with the
frames of meaning within which variousframes of meaning within which various
peoples live out their lives.peoples live out their lives.
He has worked on religion, most particularlyHe has worked on religion, most particularly
Islam, on bazaar trade, on economicIslam, on bazaar trade, on economic
development, on traditional politicaldevelopment, on traditional political
structures, and on village and family life.structures, and on village and family life.
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What is SociologyWhat is Sociology
Sociology is the systematic study of human social life, groupsSociology is the systematic study of human social life, groups
and societies. Socio = Society; Logy = Study ofand societies. Socio = Society; Logy = Study of
The purpose of sociological study is to gain knowledge andThe purpose of sociological study is to gain knowledge and
understanding the changes that took place in human societiesunderstanding the changes that took place in human societies
in the past decades and on what is happening in our currentin the past decades and on what is happening in our current
modern world.modern world.
Sociologist try to understand this by studying our culture,Sociologist try to understand this by studying our culture,
socialization, life cycle, conformity, deviance, gender,socialization, life cycle, conformity, deviance, gender,
sexuality, power, class structure, ethnicity, race, politics,sexuality, power, class structure, ethnicity, race, politics,government, kinship, marriage, family, war, military,government, kinship, marriage, family, war, military,
education, communication, media, religion, work, socialeducation, communication, media, religion, work, social
change, urbanism, revolutions, social movements, population,change, urbanism, revolutions, social movements, population,
health, aging and much more.health, aging and much more.
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There are many ways theoretical approachesThere are many ways theoretical approachessociologist uses in trying to answer sociologicalsociologist uses in trying to answer sociological
questions. Among the popular approachesquestions. Among the popular approaches
includesincludes
(Structural) functionalism,(Structural) functionalism,
(Structural) conflict,(Structural) conflict,
symbolicsymbolic interactionisminteractionism; etc.; etc.
Important figures in sociological studies includeImportant figures in sociological studies includeAgusteAguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx andComte, Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx and
Max Weber.Max Weber.
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Modern Sociologist consider Sociology as aModern Sociologist consider Sociology as a
scientific field because it uses systematicscientific field because it uses systematic
methods of investigations and evaluation ofmethods of investigations and evaluation of
theories in the light of evidence and logicaltheories in the light of evidence and logical
arguments just like modern scientific research.arguments just like modern scientific research.
However, sociology cannot be comparedHowever, sociology cannot be compared
directly with natural science due to thedirectly with natural science due to the
difference of studying the natural world anddifference of studying the natural world andhuman behavior.human behavior.
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What is Sociology ?What is Sociology ?
Scientific study of society and human behaviorScientific study of society and human behavior(Henslin, 2007)(Henslin, 2007)
Systematic, scientific study of human societySystematic, scientific study of human society(Thio, 2000; Macionis, 2003)(Thio, 2000; Macionis, 2003)
Scientific study of human and social behaviorScientific study of human and social behavior(Robertson, 1989)(Robertson, 1989)
The process of scientific inquiry into social attitudes and behaviorsThe process of scientific inquiry into social attitudes and behaviorsand the cultural products of those attitudes and behaviorsand the cultural products of those attitudes and behaviors
(Lamberton, 1998)(Lamberton, 1998)
The scientific study of human society; the study of social behaviorThe scientific study of human society; the study of social behaviorand the interaction of people in groupsand the interaction of people in groups
(Landis, 1980)(Landis, 1980)
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Origin of SociologyOrigin of Sociology
Sociology is interested in studying social lifeSociology is interested in studying social life
scientificallyscientifically
Father of sociology is Auguste Comte usedFather of sociology is Auguste Comte used
scientific method (i.e. positivism) to analyze societyscientific method (i.e. positivism) to analyze societyin order to improve societyin order to improve society to know, to predict, toto know, to predict, to
controlcontrol
Sociology began to take a strong hold in GermanySociology began to take a strong hold in Germany
and France where sociological thinkers became veryand France where sociological thinkers became very
prominentprominent
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Subfields of SociologySubfields of Sociology
Social PsychologySocial Psychology
Cultural AnthropologyCultural Anthropology
SociobiologySociobiology
Community MedicineCommunity Medicine
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The Sociological ImaginationThe Sociological Imagination
C. Wright Mills coined the termC. Wright Mills coined the term
sociological imagination tosociological imagination torefer torefer to ......the vivid awarenessthe vivid awareness
of the relationship betweenof the relationship between
private experience and theprivate experience and the
wider society.wider society.
C. Wright Mills
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From our limited experiences From our limited experiences
Judge the greater societyJudge the greater society
Place blinders on our viewsPlace blinders on our views Develop our prejudicesDevelop our prejudices
Develop our discriminationsDevelop our discriminations
Develop our concepts of right and wrongDevelop our concepts of right and wrong
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Sociological ImaginationSociological Imagination
Allows us to seeAllows us to see
the strange in thethe strange in the
familiar.familiar.
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Sociological Imagination allowsSociological Imagination allowsus to think globallyus to think globally
Where we live makes a great difference inWhere we live makes a great difference inshaping our livesshaping our lives
Societies are increasingly interconnectedSocieties are increasingly interconnected
Many problems are more serious elsewhereMany problems are more serious elsewhere
Good way to learn about ourselvesGood way to learn about ourselves
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The Founders The Founders
The outstanding figures in Sociology (partly modernThe outstanding figures in Sociology (partly modern
philosophy) are Emile Durkheim in France, Karlphilosophy) are Emile Durkheim in France, Karl
Marx and Max Weber in GermanyMarx and Max Weber in Germany
Emile Durkheim was a positivist who wasEmile Durkheim was a positivist who wasparticularly interested inparticularly interested in social anomiesocial anomie
Karl Marx and Max Weber were social philosophersKarl Marx and Max Weber were social philosophers
who were interested inwho were interested in conflict theoriesconflict theories to explainto explain
any social phenomenaany social phenomena
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AugusteAuguste ComteComte
17981798--18571857
The Father of SociologyThe Father of Sociology
French philosopher who responsibleFrench philosopher who responsible
for coining the term Sociologyfor coining the term Sociology Set out to develop the science of
man that would be based onempirical observation
Focused on two aspects of society:
Social Staticsforces whichproduce order and stability
Social Dynamicsforces whichcontribute to social change
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Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer
18201820--19031903
Authored the first sociologyAuthored the first sociologytext,text, Principles of SociologyPrinciples of Sociology
Most well known for proposingMost well known for proposinga doctrine called Sociala doctrine called SocialDarwinismDarwinism
Suggested that people whoSuggested that people whocould not compete werecould not compete were
poorly adapted to thepoorly adapted to theenvironment and inferiorenvironment and inferior
This is an idea commonlyThis is an idea commonlycalledcalled survival of the fittestsurvival of the fittest
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Karl MarxKarl Marx
1818-1883
Marx is the father of conflict theory
Saw human history in a continual
state of conflict between two majorclasses:
Bourgeoisie owners of themeans of production(capitalists)
Proletariat the workers Predicted that revolution would
occur producing first a socialiststate, followed by a communistsociety
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Max Weber (1864Max Weber (1864--1920)1920)
Much ofWebers work was a critiqueMuch ofWebers work was a critiqueor clarification ofMarxor clarification ofMarx
His most famous work,His most famous work,The ProtestantThe ProtestantEthic and the Spirit ofCapitalismEthic and the Spirit ofCapitalismdirectly challenged Marxs ideas ondirectly challenged Marxs ideas onthe role ofreligion in societythe role ofreligion in society
Weber was also interested inWeber was also interested inbureaucracies and the process ofbureaucracies and the process ofrationalization in societyrationalization in society
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Emile DurkheimEmile Durkheim
1858-1917
Pioneered sociological research with hisstudy of suicide
Popular with mechanic and organicsolidarity
Durkheim moved sociology fully intothe realm of an empirical science
Most well known empirical study is
called Suicide, where he looks at thesocial causes of suicide
Generally regarded as the founder offunctionalist theory