AbsolutismCentralized government, bureaucracy, divine

rightEX: Hongwu, Tokugawa, Sultans, Mughal

(Akbar), King Louis XIV, Osei Tutu (Asantehene)

Rise of EuropePortugal and Spain led the wayNorthern Europe looks outwardSearch for new trade routes

Gold, God, Glory

Colonization of Latin AmericaProtestant Reformation/Counter Reformation

Coercive LaborSlavery

Serfdom

Mita SystemConsumerism

Sugar, Silver, Slaves

The Big Picture1450-1750

Global Trade

Truly global – AmericasColumbian Exchange

Indian, Atlantic, Pacific Oceans

Atlantic Slave Trade Mercantilism

Cultural and Intellectual Developments

RenaissanceScientific Revolution

EnlightenmentHumanismExploration

Neo-ConfucianismSailing technology

Printing pressGunpowder developments

Mining

Chinese Timeline

1. Kublai Khan, a Mongol, establishes the Yuan dynasty (1271 AD)2. Shang dynasty established – oracle bones used (1766 BC)3. Han Dynasty adopts Confucianism (206 BC)4. China Experiences a Golden Age – Song Dynasty (907 AD)5. China develops a feudal system during the Zhou dynasty (1122 BC)6. The Qin dynasty adopts Legalism (221 BC)7. The Ming dynasty restores Chinese rule in China (1368 AD)8. Han Dynasty collapses (220 AD)9. Tang Dynasty unites China (618 AD)

Do Now:Create a timeline on your handout of major events in Chinese history

Recovery and RepairRecovery and Repair

• Focus on strong Centralized Government – Recovered Order

• Reintroduced Confucian Bureaucracy, Civil Service Exam• Erased all signs of Mongol rule• Abolished Chief Minister position – Emperor had Absolute Power!

• Focus on strong Centralized Government – Recovered Order

• Reintroduced Confucian Bureaucracy, Civil Service Exam• Erased all signs of Mongol rule• Abolished Chief Minister position – Emperor had Absolute Power!

The New Ming Dynasty looked to its past to enhance its future!The New Ming Dynasty looked to its past to enhance its future!

Reading: What reforms did Hongwu make to root out corruption?

Reading: What reforms did Hongwu make to root out corruption?

Zhu YuanzhangZhu Yuanzhang

0

1766 BC Shang

Dynasty established

1122 BCFeudalism under Zhou

221 BC Qin

Dynasty adopts

Legalism

206 BC Han

DynastyAdopts

Confucianism

907 Song DynastyGolden Age

1271MongolsEstablish

YuanDynasty

1368Ming Dynasty

Restores ChineseRule

Major Events in Chinese History Timeline

220 AD Han

Dynasty collapses

618 AD Tang Dynasty unites China

Ming Dynasty ChinaMing Dynasty China1368-1644

• Recovery and Repair• Recovery and Repair

• Rebuilding of a Dynasty• Rebuilding of a Dynasty

• Reconnaissance for an Empire• Reconnaissance for an Empire

Period 4: 1450-1750Period 4: 1450-1750

• Emperor Hongwu looked to past Confucianism to bring order

• Emperor Yongle rebuilt Great Wall and Grand Canal to continue power of the dynasty

• Zheng He went on 7 voyages to gain respect and tribute for Ming China

Major ChangesMajor Changes

•Focus on sea-based Indian Ocean trade rather than land-based Silk Road•Creation of northern capital (Beijing) and Forbidden City•Building of massive naval fleet and arrival of European merchants•Arrival of Christianity by Jesuit missionaries

ContinuitiesContinuities

•Use of Confucianism and mandate of heaven, collection of tribute•Threats from nomads in the north•Role of Women as inferior (Confucianism)•Merchants having low status – land ownership = status•Global need for Chinese goods (Silk, porcelain, tea, sugar, etc)

Ming Dynasty ChinaMing Dynasty China

The Reemergence of an EmpireThe Reemergence of an Empire

1368-1644

• Recovery and Repair• Recovery and Repair

• Rebuilding of a Dynasty• Rebuilding of a Dynasty

• Reconnaissance for an Empire• Reconnaissance for an Empire

Period 4: 1450-1750Period 4: 1450-1750

End of the Yuan DynastyEnd of the Yuan Dynasty

• Black Death Plague devastated China – 1340s• Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty suffered defeats in Japan, Vietnam and Java.• Kublai Khan’s successors were weak.• Corruption, high taxes on peasants, forced labor,

piracy and crime increased.• Many groups emerged to challenge Mongol rule.

• Black Death Plague devastated China – 1340s• Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty suffered defeats in Japan, Vietnam and Java.• Kublai Khan’s successors were weak.• Corruption, high taxes on peasants, forced labor,

piracy and crime increased.• Many groups emerged to challenge Mongol rule.

China had a total population of more than 120 million, but a 1393 census found only 65 million Chinese surviving. Some of that missing population

was killed by famine and upheaval in the transition from Yuan to Ming rule, but many millions died of bubonic plague.

China had a total population of more than 120 million, but a 1393 census found only 65 million Chinese surviving. Some of that missing population

was killed by famine and upheaval in the transition from Yuan to Ming rule, but many millions died of bubonic plague.

Kublai KhanKublai Khan

Recovery and RepairRecovery and Repair•Re-established Confucian Patriarchal social structure – Neo-Confucianism

•Re-established Confucian Patriarchal social structure – Neo-Confucianism

• Established Confucian schools and exams to select officials

• Established Confucian schools and exams to select officials

• Block printing led to wider production of printed materials –

Novels

• Block printing led to wider production of printed materials –

Novels

• Jesuit missionaries (Mateo Ricci) introduced European technology and beliefs.

• Jesuit missionaries (Mateo Ricci) introduced European technology and beliefs.

Rediscovered their Identity!Rediscovered their Identity!

Reading: Describe the various roles of women in Ming society. Reading: Describe the various roles of women in Ming society.

Recovery and RepairRecovery and Repair• Focus on agricultural foundation

– Recovery of Population• Focus on agricultural foundation

– Recovery of Population

• Efficient tax collection. Hongwu ordered surveys and censuses to collect data

• Active traders in the Indian Ocean – ports of Hangzhou, Guangzhou

• Major products were silk, cotton, fine porcelain• Traded for silver with Europe and Japan

• Stressed internal tradeEconomic Recovery

• Efficient tax collection. Hongwu ordered surveys and censuses to collect data

• Active traders in the Indian Ocean – ports of Hangzhou, Guangzhou

• Major products were silk, cotton, fine porcelain• Traded for silver with Europe and Japan

• Stressed internal tradeEconomic Recovery

• Repaired canals, reservoirs and irrigation system, planted trees –

Repaired Infrastructure

• Repaired canals, reservoirs and irrigation system, planted trees –

Repaired Infrastructure

Recovered sense of stability!Recovered sense of stability!

Protection of the DynastyProtection of the Dynasty• Rebuilt & added to Great WallRebuilt & added to Great Wall

• Repaired the Grand CanalRepaired the Grand Canal• Wrote “Yongle Encyclopedia” a Confucian manuscript Wrote “Yongle Encyclopedia” a Confucian manuscript

Protection of the DynastyProtection of the Dynasty• Rebuilt & added to Great WallRebuilt & added to Great Wall

• Repaired the Grand CanalRepaired the Grand Canal• Wrote “Yongle Encyclopedia” a Confucian manuscript Wrote “Yongle Encyclopedia” a Confucian manuscript

Rebuilding of DynastyRebuilding of DynastyEmperor YongleEmperor Yongle

Rebuilding of DynastyRebuilding of Dynasty

• Established a new capital city, Beijing, and built magnificent Imperial residence known as

the Forbidden City

• Established a new capital city, Beijing, and built magnificent Imperial residence known as

the Forbidden City

• Government regulation of trade – production of

porcelain

• Government regulation of trade – production of

porcelain

• Explore trade opportunities in “Western Ocean”

• Diplomacy – Opened relations with 200 new

societies• Demonstrate strength, Power,

Tribute System: – Collect tribute, gifts– Rituals of submission

Admiral Zheng He

Reconnaissance and Building of an EmpireReconnaissance and Building of an Empire

• 1405 - Emperor Yongle commissioned the building of an enormous fleet for aggressive maritime expeditions.

• Led by Zheng He, a Muslim Eunuch

PurposePurpose

Reconnaissance and Building of an EmpireReconnaissance and Building of an Empire

Zheng He and the Treasure FleetZheng He and the Treasure Fleet

The flagship of the fleet was a nine-masted vessel measuring 440 feet, carrying 1,000 men. In comparison, Columbus’ St. Maria was eighty-five feet.

The flagship of the fleet was a nine-masted vessel measuring 440 feet, carrying 1,000 men. In comparison, Columbus’ St. Maria was eighty-five feet.

Zheng He and the Treasure FleetZheng He and the Treasure Fleet

Strait of Malacca

Land travel not reliable after fall of MongolsLand travel not reliable after fall of Mongols

.Calicut

Reconnaissance and Building of an EmpireReconnaissance and Building of an Empire

Tap into Indian Ocean Basin Trade

Tap into Indian Ocean Basin Trade

End the Treasure Fleet Voyages?End the Treasure Fleet Voyages?

I. Politics – Arguments for ending voyages

A. Scholar-Gentry saw exploration as a _____________ project

E. Suspicious of outside trade – could cause instability and undermine authority – creates problems, not opportunity.

D. Some Chinese believed China was already _______________ and there was no need for exploration.

C. Trips were extremely ____________________.

B. Exploration was just one man’s interest (Emperor Yongle) not the push of an entire civilization.

Eunuch

Self-SufficientCostly

F. Scholar-Gentry thought money and focus should be on protecting the northern border from _________ invasions.Mongol

Close: Explain how the decision to destroy the Treasure Fleet was a major turning point in history!

End the Treasure Fleet Voyages?End the Treasure Fleet Voyages?

II. Culture – Arguments for ending voyages

A. Scholar-Gentry believed ________ was primary form of wealth

B. Farming was more noble than trading.

1. Merchants could not keep up a ________________

2. Merchants could not perform religious rituals for ancestors overseas

3. Merchants live off other people’s hard work – parasites

land

Family Shrine

D. Neoconfucianism did not have _______________ impulse of Christianity or Islam.

C. Scholars thought that inferiors should seek superiors

Missionary

E. Role of Women – did not want women in market place

1. Strict role for women as homemakers

2. Practiced ______________ on elite womenFootbinding

Fall of the Ming and Rise of the QingFall of the Ming and Rise of the Qing

1644-1911Period 4: 1450-1750Period 4: 1450-1750

After Zheng He died, the Treasure Fleets were dismantled and banned from being used. Government sponsored voyages ceased and all official records of

Zheng He’s travels were destroyed!

The Ming Dynasty discontinued the Treasure Ship voyages mainly due to their Confucian ideals. However, despite the short term financial and military benefits, China’s absence in world trade would allow Western Europe to dominate

the region in the long term.

Fall of the Ming and Rise of the QingFall of the Ming and Rise of the Qing

1644-1911Period 4: 1450-1750Period 4: 1450-1750

After Zheng He died, the Treasure Fleets were dismantled and banned from being used. Government sponsored voyages ceased and all official records of

Zheng He’s travels were destroyed!

Beginning of Ming Isolation• Ming heavily restricted foreign trade and travel • Foreign merchants allowed to trade only at few ports, during certain times• Sought to preserve Chinese traditions• Policies impossible to enforce; smugglers carried out brisk trade with foreign merchants

Why do you think the Chinese isolated themselves and discontinued the Treasure Fleet voyages?

Rise of the QingRise of the Qing

1644-1911Defense efforts costly,

Led to high taxes

Defense efforts costly, Led to high taxes

Weak Rulers led to

increased

corruption

Weak Rulers led to

increased

corruption

Famines, hardships led

to Peasant Revolts

Famines, hardships led

to Peasant Revolts

Qing hired Manchu warriors

to put down peasant revoltsQing hired Manchu warriors

to put down peasant revolts

By 1644, the Manchu swept into Beijing and claimed the Mandate of Heaven – Qing Dynasty!

By 1644, the Manchu swept into Beijing and claimed the Mandate of Heaven – Qing Dynasty!

Document InterpretationDocument InterpretationDorgon’s Decree to the People of Peking (Beijing)Dorgon’s Decree to the People of Peking (Beijing)

1644 Top Source: The fall of the Imperial China. New York: The Free Press. 1975: 81.

1644 Top Source: The fall of the Imperial China. New York: The Free Press. 1975: 81.

How will Dorgon and the Manchus rule China? Which words from the document

support your findings?

How will Dorgon and the Manchus rule China? Which words from the document

support your findings?

“We now occupy [the empire]. On behalf of your dynasty we took revenge upon the

enemies of your ruler-father. We burned our bridges behind us, and we have pledged not to return until every bandit is destroyed. In the counties, districts, and locales that we

pass through, all those who are able to shave their heads and surrender, opening their

gates to welcome us, will be given rank and reward, retaining their wealth and honor for

generations. But if there are those who disobediently resist us when our great armies arrive, then the stones themselves will be set

ablaze and all will be massacred”.

The Qing DynastyThe Qing Dynasty

• Qing bureaucracy and court ceremonies similar to Ming

• Continued Confucian rituals and allowed Ming officials to keep their positions

As foreign invaders, the Manchus faced years of

resistance from Chinese subjects still loyal to the Ming!

• Continued civil service exams and were generous patrons to the arts

• Lowered taxes and state labor demands.

• Repaired infrastructure – roads, bridges, dikes, canals, irrigation works

Qing GovernmentQing Government

•Expansion was seen as a defensive necessity against nomadic invaders•Signed Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689)

that marked Chinese-Russian

border

•Expansion was seen as a defensive necessity against nomadic invaders•Signed Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689)

that marked Chinese-Russian

border

•Expanded the Empire to include Tibet, Mongolia, Taiwan and

Manchuria•Controlled Korea and Vietnam as

Vassal tributary states.

•Expanded the Empire to include Tibet, Mongolia, Taiwan and

Manchuria•Controlled Korea and Vietnam as

Vassal tributary states.

A Chinese Empire?

The Qing DynastyThe Qing Dynasty

Qing Society• Manchus made up less than 2% of the population – Manchus prohibited from marrying Chinese• Men had to wear hair in traditional Manchu style called a queue – form of submission• Women remained confined to the household – footbinding and female infanticide was common

“Lose your hair, or lose your head!”

The Reign of Emperor Kangxi

The Reign of Emperor Kangxi

1661-17221661-1722

• Created encyclopedia and a dictionary of history and thought

• Wanted to be benevolent Confucian ruler – lowered taxes, expanded empire

• Tolerant of Christians and interested in foreign ideas and technology

• Strong and effective 61 year reign kept tensions low

• Kangxi was a significant Confucian scholar

• Patronized arts, opened Confucian schools and a national library

Could compare to Kublai Khan, Emperor Hongwu,

and King Louis XIV

Could compare to Kublai Khan, Emperor Hongwu,

and King Louis XIV

Ethnocentrism and Isolation leads to declineEthnocentrism and Isolation leads to decline

• By 1750, Qing Dynasty was declining– corruption, crime and banditry – rising population• Emperor Qianlong continued Ming policy of isolation, restricting foreign trade – some merchants,

compradors, became wealthy and influential• Manchu saw Chinese civilization, products, as superior, expected foreigners to trade on China’s terms

Port city of Macao Port city of Macao

1724 – Emperor banned Christianity when the Pope condemned Confucianism

The Qing DynastyThe Qing Dynasty

• Brought Stability to China – peace and prosperity

• Expanded borders and dominated region

Portrait of a scene from Famous Qing novel, The Dream of the Red Chamber, mid 1700s

Portrait of a scene from Famous Qing novel, The Dream of the Red Chamber, mid 1700s

• Great rule of Kangxi led to golden age• Continued policy of isolation and strict

economic regulation