Minerals! What is a mineral? In order for a substance to be classified as a mineral it must maintain...
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![Page 1: Minerals! What is a mineral? In order for a substance to be classified as a mineral it must maintain FIVE characteristics. 1. Naturally occurring 2.](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022051418/5697bfa61a28abf838c98860/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Minerals!
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What is a mineral?
• In order for a substance to be classified as a mineral it must maintain FIVE characteristics.
• 1. Naturally occurring
• 2. Inorganic• 3. Solid• 4. Definite chemical
composition• 5. Definite crystal
pattern (shape)
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Describe each characteristic!Naturally Occurring
Not man made, must occur in nature
Inorganic
Not living and not made of any living materials
Solid
A substance with a definite shape and volume
Definite Chemical Composition
A specific formula (either a single element or a compound)
Definite Crystal Pattern
A specific shape from which the mineral crystallizes or grows atomically
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What does the abundance of each mineral depend on?
• Where they form. Location within the earth!
• The rate at which they form. Speed!
• The abundance of the elements from which they form.
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There are 2500 known minerals, but only 20 are common , they are referred to as ROCK
FORMING MINERALS
QUARTZ CALCITE AUGITE HEMATITE MICA
FELDSPAR AMPHIBOLE DOLOMITE GYPSUM OLIVINE
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All minerals are broken into mineral groups based on their CHEMICAL COMPOSITION!
• 1. Silicates ****• 2. Sulfides• 3. Sulfates• 4. Carbonates• 5. Oxides• 6. Native Elements• 7. Halides • *ate = Oxygen• *ide = Metal
Quartz SiO2
Silicon 2 Oxygen
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protons
neutrons electrons
atoms
elements
minerals
silicates sulfides sulfates oxides halides carbonates Native Elements
Silicon+
Oxygen
Sulfur+
Metal
Sulfur+
Oxygen
Oxygen +
Metal
Chlorine and /or
Bromineand/or
Fluorineand/orIodine
+metal
Carbon+
Oxygen
Any Single Eleme
nt
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A Mineral is ?
•1. Naturally occurring•2. Inorganic•3. Solid•4. Definite chemical composition•5. Definite crystal pattern (shape)
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There are 2500 known minerals, but only 20 are common, they are referred to as ROCK
FORMING MINERALS
Quartz Feldspar
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Regardless of the number of minerals in the world each has its own unique set of characteristics.
These characteristics are referred to as:
Physical properties
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Physical PropertiesColor
Visual property easiest to identify, but least reliable!
dolomite talc
malachite copper
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Luster The way a mineral reflects the light.
Metallic
Non-metallic
Looks or reflects the light like metal
Does not reflect the light as metal
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Breakage Result of arrangement of atoms, bonding
Cleavage: to break along a smooth plain or in a particular pattern.
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BreakageFracture: To break with uneven, rough, or
jagged edged. No pattern
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Streak The powdered residue left behind as a mineral is rubbed across a porcelain tile.
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CrystallizationA mineral grows by crystallizing: the arrangement of atoms in a repeating pattern. Minerals crystallize as magma cools-Slow cooling, large crystalsFast cooling, small crystals
Growth
Atomic structure Outward appearance
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Crystal (Shapes) Structures
orthorhombicmonoclinic
tetragonal
hexagonal
tricliniccubic
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HardnessThe ability of a mineral to resist being scratched.
Relative hardnessAbsolute hardness
Comparison of mineral hardness. -Talc is the softest -Diamond is the hardest.
Physical test using a series of items and recording the numerical measurement.
Example:Apatite is harder than Fluorite, softer than Feldspar.
Example:Feldspar is not scratched by the penny, nail, or file. Its hardness is >6.
estimate
exact
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Example
Luster Color Hardness Unique Feature
Streak Chemical Composition
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Crystal (Shapes) Structures
Structure: hexagonal
Formula: SiO2