Minerals to know · 2019. 8. 16. · Minerals to know •Calcite •Fluorite •Galena •Kaolinite...
Transcript of Minerals to know · 2019. 8. 16. · Minerals to know •Calcite •Fluorite •Galena •Kaolinite...
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Minerals to know• Calcite
• Fluorite
• Galena
• Kaolinite
• Halite
• Copper
• Talc
• Graphite
• Bornite
• Pyrite
• Garnet*
• Kyanite*
• Staurolite*
• Mica– Biotite
– Muscovite
– Lepidolite
• Gypsum– Satin Spar
– Selenite
• Feldspar– Pink
– Others
• Quartz– Crystal
– Chert
– Rose
– Citrine
– Milky
– Smokey
– Amethyst
• Hematite– Massive
– Micaceous
Mineral Families
*New for 2017
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Mineral Properties
• Color
• Streak
• Luster
• Hardness
• Density
• Crystal Shape
• Cleavage
• Fracture
• Fluorescence
• Reaction to Acid
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Calcite 2A• Color- all colors possible
• Streak- White
• Luster- Vitreous, Pearly, Waxy,
Greasy
• Hardness- 3.0 (the 3 on the
Mohs scale
• Density- 2.7g/cm3
Vitreous Pearly
WaxyWhite streak Greasy
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Calcite 2ACleavage- Rhombohedral,
3 directions none at 90° Dog Tooth Crystal
Nail Head Crystal
Rhombohedral Crystal
Rhombohedral Cleavage
Conchoidal Fracture
Fracture
Conchoidal
(Rarely
observed)
Crystal Shape
Dogtooth,
Rhombohedral
Nail head
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Calcite 2A
• Sometimes Fluorescent
• Displays Double Refraction
• Reacts to Acid
Double Refraction
Fluorescence
Reacting with acid
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Galena 4A• Color- Silver or Gray
• Streak- Gray
• Luster- Metallic bright or dull
• Hardness- 2.5
• Density- 7.5g/cm3
Gray streak
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Galena 4A
Cleavage- Cubic,
3 directions all 90°
Crystal Shape-
Cubes and
Octahedrons
are commonOctahedral Crystals
Cubic Crystals
Cubic Cleavage
Fracture- rarely
observed,
usually breaks
on cleavage
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Galena 4A•Galena is an ore of
lead
•Lead is very heavy,
but it is toxic
•We use lead as
weights, and in
bullets
•We used to use
lead in gasoline and
paint
Lead Paint
Bullets
Sinkers
Leaded Gasoline
Lead
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Quartz Family• Color- Many colors
• Streak- White
(harder than streak plate)
• Luster- Vitreous, Greasy
• Hardness- 7.0
(the 7 on the Mohs scale)
• Density- 2.6g/cm3
White streak
Greasy
Vitreous
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Quartz Family
• Crystal Shape-
Hexagonal (6
sides)
• Cleavage- No
cleavage
• Fracture-
Conchoidal or
uneven
Hexagonal Crystals
Conchoidal FractureUneven Fracture
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Quartz Family
• Crystal Shape-
Hexagonal (6
sides)
• Cleavage- No
cleavage
• Fracture-
Conchoidal or
uneven
• Piezoelectric
Lab Grown Quartz
Hexagonal Crystals
Conchoidal Fracture
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Quartz Family
Quartz Crystal- Clear
Citrine- yellow,
orange, brown
Amethyst- Purple
Smokey Quartz-
Black, Gray
Milky Quartz-
Opaque White
Chert- Opaque,
Many colors
Fine grained
Rose Quartz- Pink
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Quartz FamilyTourmalated Quartz-
Quartz Crystal with
tourmaline inclusions
Quartz is used for
gemstones
Rutilated Quartz-
Quartz Crystal with
rutile inclusions
Cinnamon Quartz-
Quartz Crystal with
Hematite inclusions
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Graphite 15A• Color- Black, Grey, Silver
• Streak- Silvery-Black
• Luster- Earthy, Metallic
• Hardness- 1-2
• Density- 2.1g/cm3
Silver-Black streak
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Graphite 15A
Cleavage- Basal,
1 Direction
Crystal Shape-
Hexagonal,
OctahedralOctahedral Crystal
Uneven Fracture
Basal Cleavage
Fracture-
Uneven
Hexagonal Crystal
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Graphite 15A
Graphite has a layer of loose
atomic bonds
This makes it very soft and
slippery
Its dark color
and softness
are perfect for
lead pencils
The weak
atomic bonds
make graphite
an excellent
lubricator
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Mica Family• Color- Many colors
• Streak- White
• Luster- Pearly,
• Hardness- 2.5
• Density- 2.8g/cm3
White streak
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Mica Family
Cleavage- Basal,
1 Direction, perfect
Crystal Shape-
Hexagonal,
Bladed, Rose
Bladed Mica
Basal Cleavage
Fracture- Uneven,
rarely observed
Hexagonal Crystal
Mica Rose
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Mica Family
Biotite 1A Muscovite 9 Lepidolite 10
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Mica Family•Mica is an excellent insulator of heat
and electricity
•It is used in toasters and electronics to
contain and direct heat
•It has been used as windows, and is
still sometimes used in stove windows
•It is very sparkly when ground, so it is
used as a type of glitter
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Fluorite 3A• Color- all colors
possible• Streak- White
• Luster- Vitreous,
Greasy
• Hardness- 4.0 (the 4
• on the Mohs scale)
• Density- 3.2g/cm3
White streak
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Fluorite 3AUneven Fracture Octahedral Cleavage Octahedral Crystal Cubic Crystal
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Fluorite 3AUsed:
•As an additive in glass and
enamels
•To make special lenses
•To make hydrofluoric acid
•As a flux to help smelt metals
Lenses
GlassEnamel
Acid
Flux
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Fluorite 3A
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Gypsum family 5A&11• Color- many colors
possible• Streak- White
• Luster- vitreous, silky, pearly, greasy, dull
• Hardness- 2.0 (the 2 on the Mohs scale
• Density- 2.3g/cm3
White streak
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Gypsum family 5A&11• Crystal Shape-
Monoclinic,
often bladed or elongated
• Cleavage-Rhombohedral, 3 directions
(1 good, 2 poor) none at 90°
• Fracture-splintery
• Slightly soluble in water
Bladed Rose
Splintery FractureRhombohedral Cleavage
Elongated Monoclinic
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Gypsum family 5A&11Massive
Selenite
Fishtail
Rose
Satin Spar
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Gypsum family 5A&11Uses-
•Plaster
•Drywall
•Fertilizer
•Cement
•Carvings
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Hematite family• Color- red, black,
grey, silver
• Streak- bright to
dark red
• Luster- Metallic to
submetellic
• Hardness- 5.5-6.5
• Density- 5.3g/cm3
Dark-Light
Red Streak
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Hematite family• Crystal Shape-
hexagonal,
botryoidal,
roses
• Cleavage-
none
• Fracture-
uneven,
splintery,
earthy
Bladed Rose Botryoidal
Massive Micaceous Hexagonal
Splintery
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Hematite family
•Hematite is mined
in Michigan
•It can be used to
make iron and steel
•It is also used to
make jewelry
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Pyrite 14A• Color- yellow brassy gold
• Streak- greenish black
• Luster- Metallic Bright or dull
• Hardness- 6
• Density- 5.0g/cm3
Greenish-Black streak
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Pyrite 14A• Crystal
Shape-
cubic,
octahedral,
Pyritohedron
dollar/sun
• Cleavage-
Poor
• Fracture-
conchoidal,
uneven
Conchoidal fracture
Cubes Octahedrons Dollar/Sun
Pyritohedron Massive
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Pyrite 14A
Ore of Real Gold
Used to make paper
processing chemicals
Old “Crystal Radios”
sometimes used
pyrite crystals
Used to
make
Sulfuric Acid
Sparks when hit on steel
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Copper 10A• Color- reddish, oxidizes green
• Streak- red
• Luster- Metallic Bright or dull
• Hardness- 2.5
• Density- 8.9g/cm3
Red streak (Bottom)
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Copper 11AOctahedral Crystal Wire-Like
Hackly Fracture Dendritic shape “Float” Copper
Cubic Crystal
No Cleavage
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Copper 11AUsed in wires- big
to small, coins,
pipes, roofs and
household items
and much more
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Feldspar Family 8A• Color- many colors possible• K Potassium is pink• Streak- White
• Luster- Vitreous, pearly
• Hardness- 6.0 (the 6 on the
Mohs scale)
• Density- 2.6g/cm3
White streak
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Feldspar Family 8A• Crystal
Shape-
Triclinic,
monoclinic,
tabular
• Cleavage-
Two or three
planes
• Fracture-
uneven,
uncommon
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Feldspar Family 8A
Used in making glass, ceramic, paint, plastic, and rubber
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Kaolinite 7A• Color- White to off white• Streak- White
• Luster- Earthy
• Hardness- 2
• Density- 2.5g/cm3
• No visible Crystals
• Basal cleavage
White streak
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Kaolinite 7AUses- glass,
ceramic, cosmetics,
toothpaste, light
bulbs, paint, plastic,
rubber
Kaolinite is made from
weathered feldspars
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Halite 9A• Color- often clear or white,
many colors possible• Streak- White
• Luster- Greasy, vitreous, silky,
• Hardness- 2.0
• Density- 2.2g/cm3
White streak
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Halite 9A• Crystal Shape-
cubic, massive fibrous
• Cleavage- cubic, all at 90°
• Fracture- Rarely Conchoidal, splintery
• Soluble in water
Cubic Cleavage
Cubic Crystals
Splintery Fracture
Rare
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Halite 9A
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Halite 9A
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Talc 11A• Color- white, green, brown• Streak- White
• Luster- waxy, pearly, greasy
• Hardness- 1.0 (the 1 on the Mohs scale)
• Density- 2.7g/cm3
White streak
![Page 49: Minerals to know · 2019. 8. 16. · Minerals to know •Calcite •Fluorite •Galena •Kaolinite •Halite •Copper •Talc •Graphite •Bornite ... Fluorite 3A Used: •As](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f76377b6ab00491b3021dd/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Talc 11A• Shape-
foliated
massive
• Cleavage-
Basal, 1
direction
• Fracture-
uneven,
splintery
![Page 50: Minerals to know · 2019. 8. 16. · Minerals to know •Calcite •Fluorite •Galena •Kaolinite •Halite •Copper •Talc •Graphite •Bornite ... Fluorite 3A Used: •As](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f76377b6ab00491b3021dd/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Talc 11AUses- Baby powder, paper,
electric insulators, carvings,
ceramic, cosmetics,
toothpaste, plastic, rubber
![Page 51: Minerals to know · 2019. 8. 16. · Minerals to know •Calcite •Fluorite •Galena •Kaolinite •Halite •Copper •Talc •Graphite •Bornite ... Fluorite 3A Used: •As](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f76377b6ab00491b3021dd/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Bornite• Color- Many colors
• Streak- Grayish black
• Luster- Metallic
• Hardness- 3
• Density- 5.0g/cm3
Grayish-Black streak
![Page 52: Minerals to know · 2019. 8. 16. · Minerals to know •Calcite •Fluorite •Galena •Kaolinite •Halite •Copper •Talc •Graphite •Bornite ... Fluorite 3A Used: •As](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f76377b6ab00491b3021dd/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
BorniteFreshly broken faces are often yellowishWith heat or time the faces oxidize many iridescent colors,
eventually turning nearly black
•Usually massive, rarely
octahedral crystals
•No cleavage
•Sometimes shows
conchoidal fracture
•Nicknamed
“Peacock Copper”
•Ore of Copper
![Page 53: Minerals to know · 2019. 8. 16. · Minerals to know •Calcite •Fluorite •Galena •Kaolinite •Halite •Copper •Talc •Graphite •Bornite ... Fluorite 3A Used: •As](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f76377b6ab00491b3021dd/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Garnet (family)• Color- Reddish/browinsh
common, all colors possible
• Streak- White
• Luster- Vitreous to Resinous
• Hardness- 6.5-7.5
• Density- 3-4g/cm3
White streak
![Page 54: Minerals to know · 2019. 8. 16. · Minerals to know •Calcite •Fluorite •Galena •Kaolinite •Halite •Copper •Talc •Graphite •Bornite ... Fluorite 3A Used: •As](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f76377b6ab00491b3021dd/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Garnet• Crystal Shape-
Rhombic dodecahedron or cubic
• Cleavage-indistinct
• Fracture-Conchoidal to uneven
• Slightly attracted to strong magnet
![Page 55: Minerals to know · 2019. 8. 16. · Minerals to know •Calcite •Fluorite •Galena •Kaolinite •Halite •Copper •Talc •Graphite •Bornite ... Fluorite 3A Used: •As](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f76377b6ab00491b3021dd/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Garnet• Garnet in
metamorphic rocks can indicate temperature and pressure that the rock endured
• Garnet is used a gemstone
• It is January’s birthstone
• Garnet is used as an abrasive
![Page 56: Minerals to know · 2019. 8. 16. · Minerals to know •Calcite •Fluorite •Galena •Kaolinite •Halite •Copper •Talc •Graphite •Bornite ... Fluorite 3A Used: •As](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f76377b6ab00491b3021dd/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Kyanite• Color- blue & white common,
many colors possible
• Streak- White
• Luster- Vitreous to Pearly
• Hardness- 4.5-5 with grain,
6.5-7 against the grain
• Density- 3-4g/cm3
White streak
![Page 57: Minerals to know · 2019. 8. 16. · Minerals to know •Calcite •Fluorite •Galena •Kaolinite •Halite •Copper •Talc •Graphite •Bornite ... Fluorite 3A Used: •As](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f76377b6ab00491b3021dd/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Kyanite• Kyanite in
metamorphic rocks can indicate temperature and pressure that the rock endured
• Kyanite is used a gemstone
• Kyanite is used as an electrical and temperature insulator
![Page 58: Minerals to know · 2019. 8. 16. · Minerals to know •Calcite •Fluorite •Galena •Kaolinite •Halite •Copper •Talc •Graphite •Bornite ... Fluorite 3A Used: •As](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f76377b6ab00491b3021dd/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Staurolite• Color- Reddish- Brownish-
Blackish
• Streak- White
• Luster- Dull, Resinous
• Hardness- 7-7.5
• Density- 3.8g/cm3
White streak
![Page 59: Minerals to know · 2019. 8. 16. · Minerals to know •Calcite •Fluorite •Galena •Kaolinite •Halite •Copper •Talc •Graphite •Bornite ... Fluorite 3A Used: •As](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f76377b6ab00491b3021dd/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Staurolite
• Crystal Shape-Monoclinic
• Often found twinned at 60o occasionally twinned at 90o
• Cleavage- One direction
• Fracture- Subconchoidal
• Kyanite in metamorphic rocks can indicate temperature and pressure that the rock endured
![Page 60: Minerals to know · 2019. 8. 16. · Minerals to know •Calcite •Fluorite •Galena •Kaolinite •Halite •Copper •Talc •Graphite •Bornite ... Fluorite 3A Used: •As](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f76377b6ab00491b3021dd/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Designing a Chart
• I recommend making a spreadsheet for organizing rock and mineral properties
Yours
might look
something
like this
![Page 61: Minerals to know · 2019. 8. 16. · Minerals to know •Calcite •Fluorite •Galena •Kaolinite •Halite •Copper •Talc •Graphite •Bornite ... Fluorite 3A Used: •As](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f76377b6ab00491b3021dd/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Rock properties to be sure you cover
Igneous rocks
• Mineral
composition
• Intrusive/
extrusive
• Magma type
• Crystal size
• Vesicles
• Uses
Sedimentary rocks
• Mineral
composition
• Type (Clastic, etc)
• Grain size
• Grain sorting
• Fissile/non
• Clues to past
environments
• Fossils
• Uses
Metamorphic
rocks
• Mineral
composition
• Grade
(High/low)
• Possible
parent rocks
• Foliated/non
• Uses
![Page 62: Minerals to know · 2019. 8. 16. · Minerals to know •Calcite •Fluorite •Galena •Kaolinite •Halite •Copper •Talc •Graphite •Bornite ... Fluorite 3A Used: •As](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022071403/60f76377b6ab00491b3021dd/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Mineral properties to
be sure you cover
• Color
• Streak
• Luster
• Hardness
• Density (S.G.)
• Crystal shapes
• Cleavage
• Fracture
• Special properties
• Uses