Minerals The Geologic Alphabet. Definition of a Mineral Natural Solid Inorganic Crystalline...
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![Page 1: Minerals The Geologic Alphabet. Definition of a Mineral Natural Solid Inorganic Crystalline Structure Chemical Compound Source: E. R. Degginger/Bruce.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022033105/56649d2d5503460f94a0429b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Minerals
The Geologic Alphabet
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Definition of a Mineral
• Natural
• Solid
• Inorganic
• Crystalline Structure
• Chemical CompoundSource: E. R. Degginger/Bruce Coleman Inc.
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Mineral Formation
Primary1. Crystallize out of a magma2. Crystallize out of water
Secondary3. Chemical Weathering4. Metamorphism
Form Igneous Rocks
Form Metamorphic Rocks
Form Sedimentary Rocks
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Physical Properties of Minerals
A. Mineral Shape
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Crystal Form
Source: Jeffrey Scovil
Source: Jeffrey Scovil
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FractureConchoidal (“shell-like”)
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Mineral Cleavage
3 planes;angle 90°
Source: Ed Degginger/Bruce Coleman Inc.
Halite
1
23
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Mineral Cleavage1 plane; angle N/A
Source: Breck P. Kent
1
Muscovite
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Mineral Cleavage4 planes; not 90°
Fluorite
1
23
4
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Physical Properties of Minerals
B. Mineral Appearance
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Color
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QuartzColor
Quartz Powder
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Streak (Powder Color)
Source: Breck P. Kent
Hematite
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Luster
MetallicHighly reflected
and “metal colored”
Nonmetallic VariesVitreous Shines like glass
PearlyWhitish iridescence
(like a pearl)
ResinousDull shine(like wax)
Earthy (Dull)Surface doesn’t
reflect light
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Metallic Luster
Source: E. R. Degginger/Earth Scenes Silver
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Nonmetallic LusterVitreous
Quartz
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Nonmetallic Luster
Earthy (Dull)
Source: Breck P. Kent
Realgar
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Optical Properties
1. Opaque2. Translucent3. Transparent
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Petrologic Microscope
Biotite in white light
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PolarizedLight
Olivine
Quartz
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Polarized Light - Calcite
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Physical Properties of Minerals
C. Mineral Strength/Density
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Mohs Hardness
Scale
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Specific Gravity(Density)
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Physical Properties of Minerals
D. Other Properties
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Reaction to HCl
Magnetism
Taste
Smell
Feel
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Striations & Banding
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Fluorescence - White light
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Source: Breck P. Kent
Fluorescence - UV light
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Piezoelectricity
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Gems
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Mineral Families
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Native Elements Oxides
Hematite
Sulfides
Pyrite
Sulfates
Gypsum
Diamond
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Halides
Halite
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Carbonates
Calcite
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Silicates:
Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron
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Important Silicates
Feldspars
Quartz
Micas
Orthoclase
Muscovite
Olivine
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Mafic MineralsLow Silica (Mg, Fe)
vs.
Felsic MineralsHigh Silica (Al, K)
Color
Dark Colored(including black & green)
Light Colored(including white, tan, orange)
Density
Heavy weight
Light weight
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Mineral Families
Native Elements Contain 1 element
Oxides Bonded with oxygen (O)
* Carbonates Bonded with carbon (C) and oxygen (O)
Sulfides Bonded with sulfur (S)
Sulfates Bonded with sulfur (S) and oxygen (O)
* Silicates Bonded with silicon (Si) and oxygen (O)
* Halides “Salts”
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Hydrous MineralsContain Water
Gypsum Clay Minerals
Biotite
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