Minerals. have four characteristics 4 Naturally occurring— formed by processes on or inside Earth...
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Transcript of Minerals. have four characteristics 4 Naturally occurring— formed by processes on or inside Earth...
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Minerals
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•Minerals have four characteristics
44
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Naturally occurring—formed by processes on or inside Earth with no input from humans
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Living
Inorganic—not made by life processes
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Element or compound with a
definite chemical composition
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Orderly arrangement of atoms; all minerals are crystalline solids
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Crystal—solid with atoms arranged in orderly, repeating patterns
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Some crystals form from Some crystals form from magmamagma, , hot melted rock below the Earth’s hot melted rock below the Earth’s surface.surface.
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When magma cools slowly, crystals are large.
When magma cools quickly, crystals are small.
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Crystals can form from solutions as water evaporates or if too much of a substance is dissolved in water.
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• Mineral groups are defined by their composition.
• Silicates contain silicon, oxygen, and one or more other elements; they include most common rock-forming minerals.
• Silicon and oxygen are the two most abundant elements in Earth’s crust; they form the building blocks of many minerals.
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DISCUSSION QUESTION:
• What processes can cause crystals to form?
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DISCUSSION QUESTION:
• What processes can cause crystals to form?
Crystals form from cooling magma, from evaporating solutions, and from solutions in which too much of a substance is dissolved.
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Mineral Identification
• Color and appearance are not enough to distinguish most minerals.
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• Hardness is a measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched; the Moh’s scale compares mineral hardness.
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1. Talc - easily scratched by the fingernail 2. Gypsum - just scratched by the fingernail 3. Calcite - scratches and is scratched by a copper
coin 4. Fluorite - not scratched by a copper coin and does
not scratch glass 5. Apatite - just scratches glass and is easily
scratched by a knife 6. Orthoclase - easily scratches glass and is just
scratched by a file 7. Quartz - (amethyst, citrine, tiger's-eye, aventurine)
not scratched by a file 8. Topaz - scratched only by corundum and diamond 9. Corundum - (sapphires and rubies) scratched only
by a diamond 10.Diamond - scratched only by another diamond
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6 - Orthoclase
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7 - Quartz
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8 - Topaz
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9 - Corundum
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10 - Diamond
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• The way a mineral reflects light is its luster.• Luster can be metallic or nonmetallic
• Nonmetallic lusters include dull, pearly, silky, and glassy.
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Specific gravity is the relationship between a mineral’s density to the density of water. If the specific gravity is larger than one it will sink in water, if it is smaller than one it will float in water.
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Streak is the color of a mineral in powdered form, but the streak test is useful only for minerals softer than the streak plate.
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The way a mineral breaks can be a distinguishing characteristic.
Minerals with cleavage break along smooth, flat surfaces.
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Minerals with fracture break with uneven, rough, or jagged surfaces.
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Some minerals have unique properties that involve light or magnetism.
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DISCUSSION QUESTION:
• What are five properties that could be examined to identify a mineral?
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DISCUSSION QUESTION:
• What are five properties that could be examined to identify a mineral?
hardness, luster, specific gravity, streak, cleavage, and fracture
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Gems—rare and beautiful minerals that are highly prized
The Cullinan diamond
and the Hope diamond
are famous historical gems.
Gems have industrial
applications in abrasives,
lasers, and electronics.
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Minerals can contain other useful elements.
An ore is a mineral or rock containing a substance that can be mined at a profit.
Elements must be refined, or purified, from ores.
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• Some elements dissolve in fluids, travel through weaknesses in rocks, and in those weaknesses form mineral deposits called vein mineral deposits.
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Titanium is a useful element derived from the minerals ilmenite and rutile.
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Mica is an example of a mineral with the characteristic of cleavage, because it can be separated into sheets.
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Graphite is one of the softest minerals and is used in pencils.
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Sulfur is a bright yellow mineral with the distinctive odor of spoiled eggs.
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Calcite is a hard carbonate mineral
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Feldspar is the most abundant mineral in the Earth's crust
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Hematite is an iron based mineral, colored black, silver-gray, reddish brown, or red.
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Halite – the mineral sodium chloride also known as table salt
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