Minerals•A crystal is a solid in which the atoms are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern....
Transcript of Minerals•A crystal is a solid in which the atoms are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern....
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MineralsAdapted from Mr. Lock
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WHAT IS A MINERAL?
•
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Naturally Occurring
• A diamond created deep in the earth’s crust
is a mineral, but a diamond made in a
laboratory by humans is not.
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Exist in SOLID form
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Have definite CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
• Eg. Halite (NaCl)
• Eg. Quartz (SiO2) is always made up of two
oxygen atoms bonded to a silicon atom.
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Atoms arranged in ORDERED
PATTERN
• Minerals are “crystalline” solids
• A crystal is a solid in which the atoms are
arranged in a regular, repeating pattern
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INORGANIC
• Not living nor made from living things
• Organic substances are carbon-bases
compounds made by living creatures
(includes proteins, carbohydrates, and oils)
• Inorganic substances are non-living
materials
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Examples of Minerals
• diamond, gold, quartz, halite (rock salt)
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NOT Minerals
• water, window glass, pearl, coal
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Is water a mineral?
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Definition of a Mineral
• A naturally occurring, inorganic, solid that
has a definite chemical composition and
crystal shape.
• Minerals: diamond, gold, quartz, halite
• Nonminerals: water, glass, pearl, coal
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How do Minerals Form?
• Mostly from cooling magma:
• When magma cools, its atoms slow down
and move closer together and arrange in
different patterns.
• More than one type of mineral can form
from the same mass of magma.
• The types of minerals that form depends on
the types of elements present in the magma
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How else can Minerals form?
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Mineral FormationProcess Examples
Cooling Mica, feldspar, quartz
Evaporation Gypsum, halite
Deposition Calcite, dolomite
Reaction Gold, copper, sulfur, pyrite,
galena
Metamorphism Garnet, gaphite, magnetite,
talc
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MINERAL STRUCTURE
• A crystal is a regular geometric solid with
smooth surfaces called crystal faces.
• Crystallographic axes are used to describe
the shapes.
• 6 Main crystal shapes:
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SILICA TETRAHEDRON
More than 90% of minerals are silicates (one
silicon and four oxygen, plus one or more
metallic element). Basic unit of a silicate
molecule is a silica tetrahedron. Silicates are
classified and named according to the way the
tetrahedra are linked:
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Three Groups of Minerals
• Rock-forming minerals,
• Ores
• Gemstones
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Rock Forming Minerals
• Rock forming minerals are those that make
up Earth’s crust.
• Minerals are divided into groups bases on
anion groups.
• There are 9 important rock forming
minerals, 7 of which are silicates:
• The silicate rock forming minerals include
quartz, potassium feldspar, plagioclase
feldspar, hornblende, pyroxene, and mica
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SILICATES
• All silicate minerals include silicon and
oxygen, plus other elements (except quartz).
• Largest mineral group
• Classified by crystal structure includes:
framework, sheet, single tetrahedral etc.
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SILICATES
Common silicate rock forming minerals:
• Quartz – silicon dioxide (SiO2)
• Mica – soft, flat shiny, breaks into sheets
• Feldspar – most abundant family of
minerals in Earth's crust, pearly luster
• Ferromagnesian silicates – contain iron
and magnesium eg. hornblende
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Quartz
SiO2
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Mica • Specimen from Brazil
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Potassium Feldspar
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Plagioclase Feldspar
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Hornblende
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SILICATES
• All silicates are made of silica
tetrahedrons, which combine 6 different
ways to create 6 different silicates.
• Other silicates: Asbestos, talc, Olivine
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Asbestos• This sample is a fibrous form of
the mineral serpentine
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Talc• Specimen from Michigan
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Olivine
• Important rock forming mineral.
• As a crystal, can be considered a semi-precious mineral: Peridot.
• Specimen from Egypt.
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Nonsilicate Minerals
• Minerals without the presence of silicon or
oxygen (No tetrahedral structure):
• Native Elements
• Carbonates,
• Sulfides,
• Oxides,
• Halides,
• Phosphates.
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NATIVE MINERALS
• Only one type of element
• Eg. Gold, silver, copper, diamond, sulphur,
platinum
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Largest Diamond in the World
• On January 25, 1905, in South Africa, a
3,106-carat diamond is discovered during a
routine inspection.
• Weighing 1.33 pounds, and christened the
“Cullinan,”
• Was cut into 9 large stones and about 100
smaller ones
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Second Largest Rough Diamond
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CARBONATES
• contain a carbonate group, CO3-2, joined to
metal ion.
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Calcite and Dolomite
• Two most important carbonate minerals:
• Calcite CaCO3 is the most common
carbonate mineral, used in limestone and
marble
• Dolomite CaMg(CO3)2 is a type of
limestone used in marble building blocks,
plant fertilizer and dietary supplements.
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Calcite• Minerva Terrace at Mammoth Hot
Springs, Yellowstone Park, Wyoming
• Travertine and calcite
CL
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Calcite
CaCO3
Interesting properties
of calcite
i. Rhombic cleavage
ii. Reaction to acid
iii. Double refraction
iv. Soft, hardness of 3
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CARBONATES
• Malachite (always green)
• Azurite (always blue) both contain copper
carbonates,
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Evaporate Minerals
• Gypsum, calcite and halite dissolve in
water.
• When the water evaporates the mineral can
precipitate and form crystals.
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Cenotes
• Massive cave systems formed by gradual
dissolving of the highly porous coral
limestone.
• formed by the slightly acidic rainfall
dissolving the alkaline limestone.
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Cenotes
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SULPHATES
• SO4 plus other elements. Eg. Gypsum
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Gypsum
CaSO4.2H2O
• Beautiful gypsum star that looks like a gemstone, but is very soft. Hardness of 2
• Industrial uses include drywall
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PHOSPHATES
• PO4 plus other elements.
• EG. Apatite
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• Specimen from Pakistan.
• Same material as teeth.
Apatite
Ca5(PO4)3
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HALIDES
• contain fluorine, chlorine, iodine or
bromine.
• Eg. Fluorite and halite
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ORE FORMING MINERALS
• Minerals from which a usable amount of
metal or non-metal can be removed
economically.
• Sulfides
• Oxides
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SULFIDES• Contain sulfur and another element other
than oxygen, such as iron, lead, or nickel.
• Galena – lead ore
• Sphalerite - zinc ore
• Chalcopyrite – copper ore
Pyrite ( an iron sulfide is fool’s gold)
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OXIDES
• contain oxygen and another element, such
as iron or aluminum.
• Eg. Rubies, sapphires.
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OXIDES
• Hematite is the most common
iron oxide mineral.
• Magnetite – iron oxide,
magnetic.
• Eg. Lodestone was used to
make first compass needles.
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Gemstones• Valued because of their beauty
• Value based on colour, which is caused by
impurities.
• Rubies and Sapphires are both forms of the
mineral corundum
• Rubies have chromium impurities
• Sapphires have iron impurities
• Emerald is a variety of the mineral beryl
(Be3Al2(SiO3)6) colored green by trace amounts of
chromium and sometimes vanadium
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Ruby
• Specimen from East Africa.
• Red form of the mineral corundum.
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• Badwater Salt Flats, Death Valley, CaliforniaSalt
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• Salin du Girard, South
of France.
• Water enters the
lagoon and evaporates.
Salt Factory CL
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• Salin du Girard, France.
• Water is pink because the
microscopic shrimp in the
water dies and turns pink.
Evaporite
CL
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• Specimen from
England
Fluorite
CaF2
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Galena
PbS
• Specimen from Missouri
• Lead ore
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Sphalerite
ZnS
• Specimen from Peru
• Zinc ore
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Chalcopyrite
CuFeS
• Copper ore
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• Specimen from Australia
• Molybdenum oreMolybdenite
MoS2
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Pyrite
PbS
• Specimen from
Baffin Island
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• Specimen from Brazil
• Iron ore
Hematite
Fe2O3
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• Specimen from New MexicoMagnetite
Fe3O4
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Garnet• Specimen from Idaho
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Garnet • Specimen from Mexico
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Amethyst• Specimen from Uruguay
• Purple variety of quartz
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Aquamarine
• Blue sample of the
mineral group beryl.
• Beryllium aluminum
silicate with a trace of
iron to give its blue
colour.
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Emerald• Green variety of the beryl group.
• Green colour due to trace amounts of chromium.
• Included with this specimen from Colombia is pyrite on a base of calcite.
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Topaz
• Topaz has a
hardness of 8
• Colours vary
but usually is
yellow
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• Specimen from Norway
Ruby
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Sapphire
• Sapphire is the non-
red variety of the
mineral corundum
• Hardness of 9
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• Specimen from
Nevada
• Only 1.5 cm tall
Gold
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Silver• Specimen from Germany
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• Specimen from MichiganCopper
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Platinum • Tiny specimen from
Alaska.
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Giant crystal cave in Mexico
• Sci Show video
• https://youtu.be/O7yfx0ejELg