M I N E R A L N U T R I T I O N OF T R I T I C A L E

By

A R I F I N A M

Dissertation submitted in partial fulf i lment of the

requirements for the Degree of Master of Philosophy in

B O T A N Y

Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

1976

THESES SECTIOH

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A CKNOM LKDGEMEWT

T feel grateful to Dr. SamluHah, Lecturer, and

Dr. M.M.R.K. Afrldl, Peader, Department of Botany, Allgarh

Muslim University, Allgarh for their guidance and continued

Interest during the course of the preparation of this

dissertation.

r am also indebted to Prof. Abrar M. Khan, Head of the

Department of Botany, Allgarh Muslim University, Allgarh for

providing various research facilities.

Further, T wish to acknowledge with gratitude the

supply of authentic Trltlcale seeds by Dr. K.P.S. Chauhan,

Associate Professor, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and

Technology, Pantnagar, U.P.

Thanks are also due to all my colleagues In the Plant

physiology Section for their help from time to time In

connection with the preparation of the manuscript.

The award of the University Scholarship by the

Allgarh Muslim University, Allgarh is gratefully acknowledged.

ALIOARH ARIF INAM

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rWTRODOCT rON

The "Freedom-From-Hunger" campaign I s mainly d i r e c t e d

towards Improving food production and d i s t r i b u t i o n ,

p a r t i c u l a r l y In the underdeveloped countr ies . The achievement

of t h i s noble goal depends upon a number of economic,

environmental, b io log i ca l , p o l i t i c a l and soc ia l f ac to rs , vhlch

merit pa r t i cu l a r a t t en t ion while deciding nat ional food

p o l i c i e s . Over the past two decades, crop yie lds have

increased subs tan t i a l ly in many areas of the world. Generally,

increased crop production i s a r e s u l t of improvement in

d i f ferent d i r e c t i o n s . Including (a) evolution and Introduction

of improved hlgh-yleldlng v a r i e t i e s ; (b) optimum use of

f e r t i l i z e r s ; (c) control of weeds, pests and d iseases ;

(d) improved cu l tu ra l methods; and (e) conservation and

control led use of i r r i g a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s .

The use of NPK, the t r a d i t i o n a l mineral nu t r i en t s In the

form of chemical f e r t i l i z e r s , has increased considerably In

recent years . One of the main reasons la the grea ter

requirements of the newly evolved hlgh-yleldlng v a r i e t i e s of

ag r i cu l ru r a l , h o r t i c u l t u r a l and Indus t r i a l crop p l an t s . Among

these Is ' ' T r l t l c a l e " , a "man made" cereal whose name has been

coined from the prefix of Trltlcum and the suffix of Secale,

the parenta l genera (? l ley and Chapman, 1^57).

-2-

Thls artificially crossed Intergenerlc hybrid results

from crossing either tetraplold wheat (T. durum) with diploid

rye* giving a heraplold Trltlcale or a hexaplold wheat

(T. aestlvum) with diploid rye, giving an octoplold Trltlcale

followed by the doubling of the chromosomes of the Fterlle

F T hybrid. Most first generation Trltlcale seedllnes are

Infertile as they have only a single set of wheat chromosomes

and a single set of rye chromosomes. The trfo setn of

chromosome c»n not pair for the puipose of sexual reproduction

and no offspring can result. When colchiclna is -.pplled to

the Trltlcale seedlings, howevo"! 'che 'JQX, of chromosomes Is

often doubled, making It possible for wheat chromosomes to

pair with wheat ohromosqfes anl cyo, with rye, such a plant

being fertile. According to OMura ((1953), Wilson, in 1876,

was the first to obtain and describe a sterile P|. Trltlcale

hybrid, although the first fertile rr11l.cale was rot reported

until 1888 by a German worker, Ilupau.

Trltlcale has greater genetic potentialities than Its

parents, wheat and rye, and It is not surprising that, once

the barrier of Infertility was broken, innumerable cultlvars

with diverse characteristics were evol/ed In different parts

of the world. Presently, Tr" t'.c-ile is being grov;n on itore

than 40CpOO hectares In 52 countries, under a wide range of

environmental conditions, from the praliies of Canada to

-3-

the foot hills of the Hlnalayas (Hulse and Spurgeon, 1974).

The enthusiasm of agricultural scientists all over the world

m developing this promising crop Is growing at such a pace

that the prophecy that Trlticale is the "grain of the future"

(Smith 1967), may soon be vindicated.

The work of Improvement of crop plants Is, however, very

painstaking. Tt requires concerted efforts In several

disciplines. Including genetics and plant breeding as well

asdgronomy. Coniiendable work has been done in Thdla In the

evolution of new varieties of a number of Important crop

plants. Besearch leading to Improvement of cultural practices

has also not lagged behind and It Is gratifying to note that

the field of mineral nutrition of crop plants is attractinp

the attention of an increasing number of farm scientists and

plant physiologists. In various parts of the country. Among

the centres engaged in such work Is Aligarh where the principal

crops subjected to Intensive field trials have included wheat,

maize, barley, mustard and vegetable? (Safaya, 1971;

Samlullah 1971; Afrldl and Samlullah, 1973 a,b; Ahmed, 1975;

Khallque, 1976; Qaseem, 1975; Samlullah and Afrldl, 1975;

Afrldl et al» 1976 a,b,c,d,e; Afrldl and Wasluddln, 1976;

Waqvl, 1976).

However, It must be admitted that not much work on the

nutritional physiology of Trlticale has been done anywhere.

Including India. Tt Is therefore, proposed to apply the

-4-

knowledge gained at Allgarh to this acclaimed 'Vonder crop**.

Tt Is also proposed to evolve measures for ensuring fertilizer

economy In view of the ever-Increasing price and dwindling

supply of chemical fertilizers.

REV TEW OF LIT BEAT URB

Brief historical account

Nomenclature

Fertilizer requirement

leaf application

Date of sowing

Seed rate

Yield characteristics

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Brief historical aecount

Fomans are supposed to be the earliest agricultural

writers and among them Cato (?>34-149 3C) envoys the pride of

place (Bould, 1963). The historical account by Russell (1950)

traces the gradual en»rgence of rational ideas of plant

nutrition until, in the Nineteenth Century, they could be

based on adequate knowledge of chemistry. The basis of

modern experimental methods in plant nutrHion is largely

due to de Saussure (1804). Since then much work has been

published by Innumerable workers in this field throughout

the world covering different crops.

The present review deals with Triticale, a newly

developed synthetic amphl loid cereal. Nutritional work on

this crop being still in the preliminary stages, the

published literature on this aspect is meagre*

Noittenclature

Tschermak and Bleier (192fi) suggested the use of the

name "Aef ilocale* for an Aegilops x Seoale hybrid, and the

name "Aegilotriticale'* for a hybrid combining the three

genera Aegilops, Tritlcum and Secale. Leighty and Sando (l9o7)

^*®^ "Aegilotricale" to Indicate more clearly the presence of

Tritlcum in a similar trlgeneric hybrid. Apparently the name

-6-

Trttteale for Tritlcum x Secale araphllolds, based on these

two suggestions, was coined by Tschermak (Llndschau and

Oetiler, 1936).

Baum (1970) proposed that the name Trltlcale should be

conse^ved^ because of Its familiarity for more than three

decades. On the other hand, Terrell (1970) stated that

Trltlcosecale is the correct name of hybrids between

Tritlcum and Secale. He also suggested that Trltlcale may be

used as the common name.

Mc Vaugh (1973) reported that the Committee for

Spermatophyta responsible for the International Code of

Botanical Nomenclature declined to accept the proposal for

conservation of the "generic" name Trltlcale In preference

* Trltlcosecale In consonance with the International Code of

Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants.

Fertilizer requirement

Kiss (1968) recomiiended that Trltlcale should be grown

primarily on poor soils and sand? as rye does not give

convincing yield on fertile soils, being susceptible to

lodging. The optimum fertilizer dressing^ls 140 kg N, P and

K/ cad. hold (0.57 ha) given In two equal doses in the

autumn and spring .

Kiss and Feher (1968) further recommended, on the basis

of trial results, the sowing of Trltlcale strain No 30 on

poor sandy soils and of Nos.52 and 64 on better soils. They

- 7 -

concluded tha t T r l t l c a l e could be grown for " -S years on the

same land and tha t NPK f e r t i l i z e r increased yield on ooor so i l s ,

Tt was reported In f ield trial?* at O ANO, Mexico In 1^70-7L

that T r l t l c a l e lodged vhen the crop received nitrogen at the

r a t e of 100 kg/ha but wheat d"d not show any lodg'n?

(Anonymous, 1^711?.

Hov/sv^er, In the year, Proha'szVra et a l . (L97LJ found an

increase ^n the yield and 1,000 grain wai^ht of Tr " t ' cale

by the appl icat ion of inc^eas'ng doses of ni t rogen. They

did not observe any notable effect of ni trogen aopl icat ion

on ash or f ibre content.

Lafever and Schmidt (1972) performed an extensive

experiment on four cu l t lva r s of T r l t l c a l e applying nitrogen

at the r a t e of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 lb / ac re and

obtained optimum yield (2,524 lb /ac re ) by the dressing of

100 lb /acre ni t rogen.

Tennenhouse and Lacroix (1972) studied the In terac t ion

effect of nitrogen and (2-Chloroethyl) trlmpthyla"i'nonium

chloride (CCC) appl icat ion on agronomic characters of

T r l t l c a l e and oa t . ^n the case of Tri t i c a l e , they noted an

Increase In yield when p lants were applied CCC at the r a t e

of C> kg/ha without nitrogen appl ica t ion .

Andiascik and latusov (1973) studied 'he effect of

f f i r t l l l ze r on the yield of T r l t l c a l e and some v a r i e t i e s of

wheat in a potato growing area and gave s|kllt appl icat ion

of 70 or 100 kg N, 105 or 150 kg P and 125 oi 180 kg K/ha.

They noted that highest grain yields were given by WPK at

-s-

430 kg/ha In the ratio 1:1.6:1.8. The average was highest

for Mlronovska a wheat cultlvar at 3.87 t/ha, 800 kg higher

than the other 3 wLnter wheat cuitlvars and 1.4 t/ha higher

than the Trltlcale. They, however, concluded that. In view

of leaching, the nitrogen rates should be kept at least at

100 kg l?/ha for optimum effect.

Zllllnsky and Lopez (1373) noted that ^0 to 100 kg 1T/ha

was Tequ'red for the best performance of Trltlcale depending

UDOn the fertility level of the soil, higher doses of

nitrogen inducing lodging and consequent y^eld loss.

Fpcently, ass et al. (1976) studied the effect of nitrogen

application on barley, oats and Trltlcale grown as forage.

They concluded that dry matter (DM) yields of barley only

were significantly Increased by nitrogen application over thp

zero nitrogen rate every year. 3pllt application of nitrogen

at seeding and stem elongation did not generally result In

higher D.M. yields than the corresponding single application

of nitrogen at seeding.

Leaf application

Considerable progress has been achieved "n spraying

fertilizer materials on crops in recent years, although the

practice of foliar nutrition is not new. Several nutrient

elements. Including nitrogen and phosphorus, a/e raadily

absorbed by leaves and are required In small amounts only

-9-

(B03mtoa, 1954, and Wittwer and Teubner, 195^). n 'r well

known .hat a large quantity of fert*l'zers applied to the

soil Is wasted due zo leaching or 'fixation', and mnny crops

require additional doses by top dressing or other crumbersone

methods. About 70-30 per cent of soil-applied phosphatic

fertilizers remained unavailable to the plant (Russel*, 1953).

Similarly about 50 per cent of nitrogen remained unused by

the crops due to leaching or consumption by soil micro­

organisms (Anonymous, 1971 • Providing the required nutrient

by foliar application (generally with pesticides) Is a

convenient and cheap method to ensure Its sujbply at the proper

stage of growth.

As Trltlcale Is a newly Introduced crop, It has not

received much attention In this respect. The few references

on foliar application of chemicals available In the

literature are, however considered below.

The application of (2-chloroethyl) trlmethylammonlum

chloride (GGC) at the rate of 3.0 and ^.0 kg/ha at the

3 leaf stage In greenhouse experiments did not decrease the

height of mature oats, but the higher rate reduced that of

yritlcale (Tennenhouse and Lacrolx, 1972). However, at

5-leaf stage boi;h rates reduced the height of both species.

Tn field experliaents both applications of GGC at the 5-leaf

stage reduced height of the GWO crops, a significantly

grestsr reduction being obtained with ^.0 kg/ha.

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Reductlon In plant height by the treatment • vGGC was

also confirmed by Szlgat and Miiller (1973). They observed

that the treatment reduced plant height by> 20 per cent in

Trltieale compared with il per cent in winter wheat and

2 per cent In winter rye.

Nelson (1973) studied the effect of application of

different concentrations of 2-chloroethane-phosphoric acid

at the mid heading stage in four Triticale varieties. No

significant differences in the nunber of grains set were

observed between varieties.

Date of sowing

Kiss (1968) advocated early sowing of Triticale for

Hungary. Kiss and Peb^r (1968) further recora-nended that the

best time for sowing was from 15th September to 10th

October with a sowing depth of 3-4 cm.

Larter e^ al. (1971) working in Canada, concluded that

the date of sowing had a much greater effect on yield than

did sowing rate, especially with Triticale. If sowing were

delayed from 19-21 April to 3-8 May (tsual sowing aate in

the area) reduced Triticale yields by 16 per cent.

Martin and Maurer (1974) were of the opinion that sowing

date varied with lines. However, they recommended early

November as the best sowing period for Mexico.

depend upon the climate as \>fell as variety.

Seed rate

Edwards eib al. (1971) recomnended a seed rate of more

than 80 lb/acre for marimum forage production whereas,

Lafever and Schmidt (1972) obtained the highest yield with

160 lb/acre.

Barnett ejt al. (1972) compared the components of yield

in Trlticale and wheat grown at a seeding rate of 90 lb/acre

and found that Triticale averaged 31 per cent fewer head/plot

than wheat, suggesting higher seeding rate for Triticale.

Yield Characteristics

Among yield characteristics of grain crops, final weight

of grain and straw, are of the greatest oractical iiiportance.

It Tiust, however, be realised that these depend, in one way

or the other, on the growth characteristics including

nutrient content on the one hand on ear characteristics, on

the other. Tt is, therefore, highly desirable to note, at

different stages of plant growth, the effect of various

regimes of nutrients on ear characteristics contrloutlng

to final yields. Thus, ear number, length and weight,

splkelet and grain number and test weight, would be the

major contributing factors (Yoshida 1972).

Barnett et al. (1972) compared Triticale wit:h wheat and

rye and observed that Triticale had a higher 1,000 grain

-12-

welght and number of gra in/ear but i t had a lower number of

ea r s /p lo t and arerage grain and straw y ie ld . The seeds of

T r l t l c a l e were large but wrinkled and shr ive l led and did not

pack c losely together*

The In ter - re la t lonshlD of these quan t i t a t ive t r a i t s

with grain y ie ld In 31 s t r a i n s of T r l t l c a l e was studied by

Sethi and Singh (1972). The s t r a i n s differed s ign i f i can t ly

for a l l the characters s tudied. According to them, the

number of sp ikes /p lant was the only ef fec t ive y le ld-

contr lbut lng charac ter , whereas, regress ion analysis Indicated

tha t sp lke /p lan t , 1,000 gra in weight, spike length , days

to 70 per cent heading, days to maturity and plant height

were a lso very l-nportant charac te r s , contr ibut ing about

78 per cent of the t o t a l v a r i a b i l i t y for grain y ie ld , If the

se lec t ion was based only on these cha rac te r s .

Barnett e^ a l . (1973) compared T r l t l c a l e with wheat,

oat and bar ley and concluded tha t I t had a low t i l l e r i n g

capaci ty . They» however, suggested tha t greater Ifli^rovement

In yield could be obtained by increasing the grain number/

ear than by increasing e i the r the t i l l e r i n g capacity or

grain weight.

Kaltslkes (1974) was of the opinion that flag leaf width

and 1,000 gra in weight were the most iTioortant predlcc,tors

of y ie ld .

-13-

A high grain yield of any crop can be achieved only when

a proper combination of varletyi environment and agronomic

practlcesi Including fertilizer application, Is obtained.

Research on Trltleale Is still In the ••laboratory stage" and

the fltwlligs generally not yet released for the farmers.

Although results have been extremely encouraging In our

country, Trltleale would be further tested before It Is

released as a field crop*

Shebeskl (1961) found In field trials that Trltleale

gave higher yields than several varieties of bread wheat.

Smith (1967) ,that Trltleale can produce as much as

50 per cent more grain In each head than wheat, and each

grain v\ AS usually twice the size of a plump wheat kernel.

Larter et al. (1969) observed that the best Trltleale

strain equalled wheat In yield response, plant height,

maturity, straw weight and resistance to stem rust.

Tn Kumayun hills at 7,600 ft, altitude on acidic soils,

Chauhan and Bajpal (1972) observed that 11 Introduced

Trltleale cultlvars produced 0.53 t/ha grain while wheat

cultlvars Kalyan Sona produced 0.47 t/ha. They also noted

that the highest yield was given by the Trltleale strain

Armadillo PPV-13. They further noted that Trltleale was more

resistant to cold and acidic soil conditions than Kalyan Sona.

The quality of resistance to addle soil conditions was

also confirmed by Rlootmaker (1974) who observed a high

-14-

degree of tolerance by the d i f ferent T r l t l c a l e v a r i e t i e s as

a r e s u l t of the Incorporation of the rye genome*

Among o the r s , Kiss (1965); Kolev (1969); Plsarev (1972);

Gregory (1973); Martin and Maurer (1974) and also

Takubtslner (1974) observed tha t T r l t l c a l e gave more yield

in comparison with wheat and rye .

On the other hand, Belch e t a l . (1972) co-apared

T r l t l c a l e with other grains and found that T r l t l c a l e was

out-yielded by wheat cu l t lva r Arthur and barley cu l t lva r

Barsoy In terms of g ra ins , and by wheat, ba r l ey , oats

cu l t l va r s Bloun and rye cu l t lva r T 40fi3 In terms of forage,

tngold (1968); Z l l l lnsky (1970); Gustafson e t a l . (1972);

Harnett e^, &i' (l^'^'S); Lafever e t a l . (1972); Szlgat and

Muller (1973) and Andrasclk and Matusov (1973) also found

lower gra in yield of some cu l t lva rs of T r l t l c a l e In

comparison with that of wheat. Understandably, Barnett et a l .

(1973) concluded tha t T r l t l c a l e cannot yet compete

successfully with wheat.

Hatrlk (1972) a lso found var iable r e s u l t s regcirdlng the

yield performance on sandy s o i l s , t t was noted t aa t one

va r i e ty of T r l t l c a l e surpassed a l l rjre v a r i e t i e s tested for

grain yield but i t proved Infer ior on rye growing lands at

a l t i t udes abov« 700 m. He a lso observed t h a t , in the beet

and maize growing regions of Slovakia, a l l wheat v a r i e t i e s

out-yielded T r l t l c a l e but , in conditions l ess favourable

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to wheat a t Betlanovlce, the grain yield of T r t t l e a l e reached

7.73 t / h a , surpassing almost a l l wheat v a r i e t i e s .

S imi lar ly , Larter (1973) conparlng T r l t l o a l e with wheat,

observed fluatuafclons in yield during the period IS'^l-e? In

the Canadian T r l t l o a l e breeding programne. However, between

1967 and 1969 yield rose and level led out between 1969 and

197?. This Increase In yield during the l a t e r period was

supposed to be on account of the improved adap tab i l i ty

through hybridizat ion and r e se l ec t lon .

Reviewing the work on yield performance of T r i t i c a l e In

conparison with tha t of wheat by the above mentioned workers,

I t seems there is no agreement regarding y i e ld s . The repor t

of CTMMTP (1975) however, showed a gradual trend of

Improvement In T r i t i c a l e production. According to t h i s ,

before the in t roduct ion of Armadillo f e r t i l i t y in 1968, the

best yields for T r i t i c a l e a t CTMMYT were about 2,500 kg/ha,

less than half the highest wheat y ie ld . However, t h i s

increased f e r t i l i t y doubled T r i t i c a l e yields in some

s i tua t ions by 1970, and In the 1970-71 In ternat ional T r t t l e a l e

Yield Nursery t r i a l s , the besb T r i t i c a l e yielded about 85

per cent as well as the best wheat con t ro l . 3y 1972, the

yields for Mexican wheats had increased to 8,000-9,000 kg/ha

while the y ie lds of the best T r i t i c a l e had reached 7,000 kg/ha.

The Cinnamon s t r a i n s , with t he i r addi t ional dvaifing genes,

made the i r debut in rep l ica ted t r i a l s In the 1972-73 CIMMST

-16-

yleld t r i a l s In Sonora. While the yield of the best wheat

control held stready a t 8,000-9,000 kg/ha, the bes t T r l t l c a l e

s t r a i n s had Increased the i r product ivi ty by about 16 per cent

to 8,362 kg/ha. Thus the yield gap between the best wheat

^^^ T r l t l c a l e in Mexico had been closed for the f i r s t time

(Anonyaous, 1976).

Tn the end» i t may be pointed out that bread wheats are

the end r e s u l t s of centur ies of se lec t ion and lmprov«iient

by man and at l e a s t 70 years of Intensive i-lant breeding

on a massive sc^le throughout the world.

On the other hand, the avai lable TrLtlc&le v a r i e t i e s ,

have been evolved from a very l imited project of breeding

dating back to about a decade and a half. Tn adfiltlon the

now species used as parents In t h i s programme had themselves

not been In use for long and t h e i r own value Is question. At

the present stage of development, i t does not seem proper,

therefore to compare one with the o ther .

J^TEF TAL AND METHODS

Tt Is proposed to conduct field trials on three varieties

of Trlttcale obtained from G.B. Pant University of Agriculture

and Technology, Pantnagar, (U.P.) to study the effect of

different doses of WK as basal dressing on various growth

and yield characteristics. Another experiment based on

different dates of sowing will be performed In order to

establish the date for best yield response. Finally, the

effect of foliar application of various doses of nitrogen

and of phosphorus at different stages of growth will be

Investigated.

The main aim of these experiments will be to establish

the optimum doses of basal and spray fertilizer, the best

stage for spray and the most suitable date of sowing for the

selected varieties of Trltlcale under local conditions.

The trials will be performed In the form of three

field experiments laid out statistically in small plots

measuring 4 x 2.5 metres at the Fort, a Farm-cura-8otanlcal

Garden of the Allgarh Muslim University, Allgarh, (U.P.). The

soil will be analysed before the start of each experiment

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to determine its physico-chemical characteristics, Including

the NPK status. Meteorological data will be noted during

the experimental period. The preparation and lay out of

plots, sowing of seeds, irrigation, weeding and harvesting

will be done according to standard agricultural principles.

The following three varieties of Triticale have been

SEtLected for the experiments:

1. Armadillo, PPV-13

2. T, 16

3 . Badger, PM 119

Bxperiment T.

The aim of this experiment will be to observe the

effect of fertilizers on growth and yield characteristics

of each variety to establish the optimum dose of fertilizer.

The amount of fertilizer to be applied as basal dressing

to the plots at the time of sowing in this factorial

randojilsed experiment will be in the following ratloi

Treatment

NO POKO N,P,K,

\hh h''2h

0 90

90

90

0 30

30

60

0 30

60

30

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V2^ Vl l ^2^i^2

^2^2^^!

^2^2^2

90

120

120

120

120

60

30

30

60

60

60

30

60

30

60

nitrogen will be applied In the form of urea, phosuhorus,

as monooalclum superphosphate and potassium as muriate of potash.

The seed rate will be 80 kg/ha. Sampling will be done for growth

characters at the tillering, heading and milky grain stages and

for yield characteristics at the time of harvest.

Experiment 2

This experiment will be conducted to determine the most

suitable date for sowing Trltleale from the point of view of

yield response under local conditions. It will be based on five

dates of sowing (5th October, 20th October, 5th November,

20th November and 5th December).

The optimum dose of fertilizer obtained In the first

experiment will form the basis of fertilizer application In

this experiment.

Bxperlment 3

Having selected the optimum basal dose of fertilizers,

an experiment will be conducted to study varietal response to

- 2 0 -

nltrogen and phosphorus spray and to establish the proper stag©^

of growth and number of sprays required for optimum yield in

each of the three var ie t i e s .

This w i l l include the spray of solutions of urea and or

sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate either once (at heading or at

milky grain stage) or twice (at both stages conseQutlvely). The

concentration of the solutions w i l l be 2.0 per cent N @ 20 kg/ha

and 0.2 per cent ^o^S^ ^ ^ kg/ha. Controls w i l l be sprayed

with delonlsed water. This experiment w i l l a lso be based on

a factorial randomised design. Thus there w i l l be three

var ie t ies and twelve treatments according to the scheme given

belowt-

Treatments Basal §P£SZ Rate Pemark ^

hhh

^2hh Te

Delonlsed wa^er

If

P

W+P

Delonlsed water

Control Only basal dressing.

20 kg NAia 2% solution of nitrogen.

2 kg PgOg/ha 0 .2^ solni of ohosphorus.

20 kg If A Miyed soln. of 2 kg P„o^/ha If & P in 2 5C

'^ ° and 0.25r.

Control Only basal dressing.

20 kg N/ha 2% solution of nitrogen.

. 2 1 -

Trgatments Basal

8

10

U

12

VQ^I^I

hhh

Spray Tate Remarks

P

N+P

Delonlsed water

2 kg PgOg/ha 0.2 % poln of P.

20 kg N A 2 g Psfe/^*

P

N+P

Control

20 kg N/ha

Mixed s o l u t i o n of N & P In 25C and 0.2J{.

Only basal dressing

2% s o l n . of N.

2 kg PgOg/ha 0.2Jt so ln . of P.

20 kg N 4 2 kg PgOg/ha

Mixed s o l n . of N & P In 2JC and 0.2JK.

Sampling technique

In consonance with the general practice In other cereals

for the study of growth and development, samples will be

collected at tillering, heading and milky.stages and for yield

characters at harvest.

Band(»i sampling of five plants from each replicate will

be carried out and the following characteristics studied to

assess the effect of nutrient application on the growth:

1. T i l l e r number

2 . Leaf number

3. Shoot length

4. Fresh weight

5. Dry weight

-22-

For yield assessment« tbe following obaraoterlstlcs

w i l l be studied:

1. Bar number/plant

2. Bar weight/plant

3 . Length/ear

4 . Splkelet nuuber/ear

5. Grain number/ear

6. Weight of 1,000 grain

7. Grain yield/hectare

8. Straw yield/hectare

Finally, leaf analysis will be performed at three

stages of growth for assessing the nutritional status of

the plants regarding:

1. Nitrogen

2. Phosphorus

3. Potassium

Statistical analysis

All data will be analysed statistically according to

the design of the experiments«

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- • 1 1 1 -

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« « « « « # # 41