INTRODUCTION TO MIND

UPLOADINGPrepared by:

Aatir KirmaniAzmi Abdul WadoodRaashid AltafTushar

What is Mind Uploading?

• Mind Uploading or Whole Brain Emulation is the hypothetical process of scanning mental state of a particular brain substrate and copying it to a computational device, such as a digital, analog, quantum-based or software-based artificial neural network.

• Mind uploading, Whole Brain Emulation or Substrate-Independent Minds is a use of a computer or another substrate as an emulated human brain, and the view of thoughts and memories as software information states

HOW?

• Understand completely how the human brain works and hence create its theoretical model.

• Extract the data from the brain.• Copy/Transfer the data from biological mind

onto suitable hardware.

The Human Brain• The human brain contains about 86 billion nerve

cells called neurons, each individually linked to other neurons by way of connectors called axons and dendrites.

• Signals at the junctures (synapses) of these connections are transmitted by the release and detection of chemicals known as neurotransmitters.

• The established neuroscientific consensus is that the human mind is largely an emergent property of the information processing of this neural network.

Model of The Brain• As it stands, it would take around two years to

completely map a fly’s brain and all of it’s interaction with itself!

• Rather than having to understand the high-level psychological processes and large-scale structures of the brain, and model them using classical artificial intelligence methods and cognitive psychology models, the low-level structure of the underlying neural network is captured, mapped and emulated with a computer system.

Extracting “Brain Data”

A brain map or connectivity database showing the connections between the neurons must be extracted from an anatomic model of the brain:

• SERIAL SECTIONING: o in which the brain tissue and other parts of the nervous system are frozen and

then scanned and analyzed layer by layer, which for frozen samples at nano-scale requires a cryo-ultramicrotome, thus capturing the structure of the neurons and their interconnections.

• BRAIN IMAGINGo Functional MRI (for mapping change in blood flow)o Magnetoencephalography (MEG) (for mapping of electrical currents)

FACT

In 2013, announcing a federal initiative to produce a complete model of the human brain, Francis Collins, head of the National Institutes of Health, said that the human brain could generate “yottabytes” of data—a million million million megabytes!

Required Computational Capacity

(by level of simulation model)Level CPU

demand (FLOPS)

Memory demand(TB)

$1 million super-computer (Earliest year of making)

Analog network population model

1015 102 2008

Spiking neural network 1018 104 2019Electrophysiology 1022 104 2033Metablome 1025 106 2044Proteome 1026 107 2048States of protein complexes

1027 108 2052

Distribution of complexes

1030 109 2063

Stochastic behaviour of single molecules

1043 1014 2111

Estimates from Sandberg, Boston, 2008

Benefits of Mind Uploading

• 1) Massive economic growth: This could lead to growth rates in human capital of 1,000% per year or far more. The first country that widely adopts the technology might be able to solve global poverty by donating only 0.1% of its annual GDP.

• 2) Intelligence enhancement: By observing information flows in uploaded human brains, many of the details of human cognition would be elucidated. Faster does not necessarily mean smarter.

• 3) Environmental recovery: By spending most of our time as programs running on a worldwide network, we will consume far less space and use less energy and natural resources than we would as a conventional human body. As a result our dependence on environment will decrease.

• 4) Closer connections with other human beings: Our interactions with other people today is limited by the very low bandwidth of human speech and facial expressions. By offering partial readouts of our cognitive state to others, we could engage in a deeper exchange of ideas and emotions.

• 5) Increased Lifespans: By reducing the pressure on our brains and the surrounding environment, we may be able to live happily in a clean environment which would ultimately result in the increased lifespan of humans.

Mind uploading in fiction

LITERATURE• Isaac Asimov - The Last Question (1956).• Bertil Mårtensson - Detta är verkligheten (This is

reality) (1968).• Arthur C. Clarke - 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968).CINEMA• Tron (1982).• Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014).• Transcendence (2014).• CHAPPiE (2015).

Applications• Brain Pacemakers.

• "Immortality"

• Backup.

• Uploaded astronaut.

ImplicationsETHICAL AND LEGAL IMPLICATIONS• Animal welfare.• Artificial Consciousness.• Legal Rights of Emulations.POLITICAL AND ECONOMICAL IMPLICATIONS• If emulations run much faster than humans, there

might not be enough time for human leaders to make wise decisions or negotiate.

• It's possible that humans would react violently against growing power of emulations.

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