Mind map

Hand-drawn and computer-drawnvariations of a mind map.

Mind mapFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A mind map is a diagram used to visually outlineinformation. A mind map is often created around asingle word or text, placed in the center, to whichassociated ideas, words and concepts are added.Major categories radiate from a central node, andlesser categories are sub-branches of largerbranches.[1] Categories can represent words,ideas, tasks, or other items related to a central keyword or idea.

Mind maps can be drawn by hand, either as"rough notes" during a lecture or meeting, forexample, or as higher quality pictures when moretime is available. An example of a rough mind mapis illustrated.

Mind maps are considered to be a type of spiderdiagram.[2] A similar concept in the 1970s was"idea sun bursting".[3]

Contents1 Origins2 Popularisation of the term "mind map"3 Mind map guidelines4 Uses5 Differences from other visualizations6 Research7 Tools

7.1 Generation from natural language8 Trademark9 See also10 References11 Further reading12 External links

OriginsAlthough the term "mind map" was first popularized by British popular psychology authorand television personality Tony Buzan, the use of diagrams that visually "map" informationusing branching and radial maps traces back centuries. These pictorial methods recordknowledge and model systems, and have a long history in learning, brainstorming,memory, visual thinking, and problem solving by educators, engineers, psychologists, and

Mind map - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_map

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others. Some of the earliest examples of such graphical records were developed byPorphyry of Tyros, a noted thinker of the 3rd century, as he graphically visualized theconcept categories of Aristotle. Philosopher Ramon Llull (12351315) also used suchtechniques.

The semantic network was developed in the late 1950s as a theory to understand humanlearning and developed further by Allan M. Collins and M. Ross Quillian during the early1960s. Mind maps are similar in radial structure to concept maps, developed by learningexperts in the 1970s, but differ in that the former are simplified by focusing around a singlecentral key concept.

Popularisation of the term "mind map"Buzan's specific approach, and the introduction of the term "mind map" arose during a1974 BBC TV series he hosted, called Use Your Head.[4][5] In this show, and companionbook series, Buzan promoted his conception of radial tree, diagramming key words in acolorful, radiant, tree-like structure.[6]

Buzan says the idea was inspired by Alfred Korzybski's general semantics as popularizedin science fiction novels, such as those of Robert A. Heinlein and A.E. van Vogt. He arguesthat while "traditional" outlines force readers to scan left to right and top to bottom, readersactually tend to scan the entire page in a non-linear fashion. Buzan's treatment also usesthen-popular assumptions about the functions of cerebral hemispheres in order to explainthe claimed increased effectiveness of mind mapping over other forms of note making.

Mind map guidelinesBuzan suggests the following guidelines for creating mind maps:

Start in the center with an image of the topic, using at least 3 colors.1.Use images, symbols, codes, and dimensions throughout your mind map.2.Select key words and print using upper or lower case letters.3.Each word/image is best alone and sitting on its own line.4.The lines should be connected, starting from the central image. The central lines arethicker, organic and thinner as they radiate out from the center.

5.

Make the lines the same length as the word/image they support.6.Use multiple colors throughout the mind map, for visual stimulation and also toencode or group.

7.

Develop your own personal style of mind mapping.8.Use emphasis and show associations in your mind map.9.Keep the mind map clear by using radial hierarchy, numerical order or outlines toembrace your branches.

10.

This list is itself more concise than a prose version of the same information and the mindmap of these guidelines is itself intended to be more memorable and quicker to scan thaneither the prose or the list.

Uses



Rough mindmap notes takenduring a course session

As with other diagramming tools, mind maps can beused to generate, visualize, structure, and classifyideas, and as an aid to studying[7] and organizinginformation, solving problems, making decisions, andwriting.

Mind maps have many applications in personal, family,educational, and business situations, includingnotetaking, brainstorming (wherein ideas are insertedinto the map radially around the center node, withoutthe implicit prioritization that comes from hierarchy orsequential arrangements, and wherein grouping andorganizing is reserved for later stages), summarizing,as a mnemonic technique, or to sort out a complicatedidea. Mind maps are also promoted as a way tocollaborate in color pen creativity sessions.

Mind maps can be used for:

problem-solvingoutline/framework designstructure/relationship representationsanonymous collaborationmarriage of words and visualsindividual expression of creativitycondensing material into a concise and memorable formatteam-building or synergy creating activityenhancing work morale

In addition to these direct use cases, data retrieved from mind maps can be used toenhance several other applications; for instance expert search systems, search enginesand search and tag query recommender.[8] To do so, mind maps can be analysed withclassic methods of information retrieval to classify a mind map's author or documents thatare linked from within the mind map.[8]

Differences from other visualizations

Concept maps - Mind maps differ from concept maps in that mind maps focus ononly one word or idea, whereas concept maps connect multiple words or ideas. Also,concept maps typically have text labels on their connecting lines/arms. Mind mapsare based on radial hierarchies and tree structures denoting relationships with acentral governing concept, whereas concept maps are based on connectionsbetween concepts in more diverse patterns. However, either can be part of a largerpersonal knowledge base system.

Modelling graphs - There is no rigorous right or wrong with mind maps, relying onthe arbitrariness of mnemonic systems. A UML diagram or a semantic network hasstructured elements modelling relationships, with lines connecting objects to indicaterelationship. This is generally done in black and white with a clear and agreediconography. Mind maps serve a different purpose: they help with memory and



organization. Mind maps are collections of words structured by the mental context ofthe author with visual mnemonics, and, through the use of colour, icons and visuallinks, are informal and necessary to the proper functioning of the mind map.

Research

Effectiveness - Cunningham (2005) conducted a user study in which 80% of the studentsthought "mindmapping helped them understand concepts and ideas in science".[9] Otherstudies also report positive effects through the use of mind maps.[10][11] Farrand, Hussain,and Hennessy (2002) found that spider diagrams (similar to concept maps) had limited,but significant, impact on memory recall in undergraduate students (a 10% increase overbaseline for a 600-word text only) as compared to preferred study methods (a 6% increaseover baseline).[12] This improvement was only robust after a week for those in the diagramgroup and there was a significant decrease in motivation compared to the subjects'preferred methods of note taking. A meta study about concept mapping concluded thatconcept mapping is more effective than "reading text passages, attending lectures, andparticipating in class discussions".[13] The same study also concluded that conceptmapping is slightly more effective "than other constructive activities such as writingsummaries and outlines". In addition, they concluded that low-ability students may benefitmore from mind mapping than high-ability students.

Features of Mind Maps - Beel & Langer (2011) conducted a comprehensive analysis ofthe content of mind maps.[14] They analysed 19,379 mind maps from 11,179 users of themind mapping applications SciPlore MindMapping (aka Docear) and MindMeister. Resultsinclude that average users create only a few mind maps (mean=2.7), average mind mapsare rather small (31 nodes) with each node containing about 3 words (median). However,there were exceptions. One user created more than 200 mind maps, the largest mind mapconsisted of more than 50,000 nodes and the largest node contained ~7500 words. Thestudy also showed that between different mind mapping applications (Docear vsMindMeister) significant differences exist related to how users create mind maps.

Automatic Creating of Mind Maps - There have been some attempts to create mindmaps automatically. Brucks & Schommer created mind maps automatically from full-textstreams.[15] Rothenberger et al. extracted the main story of a text and presented it as mindmap.[16] And there is a patent about automatically creating sub-topics in mind maps.[17]

Pen and Paper vs Computer - There are two studies that analyze whether electronic mindmapping or pen based mind mapping is more effective.[18][19]

ToolsMind-mapping software can be used to organize large amounts of information, combiningspatial organization, dynamic hierarchical structuring and node folding. Software packagescan extend the concept of mind-mapping by allowing individuals to map more thanthoughts and ideas with information on their computers and the Internet, likespreadsheets, documents, Internet sites and images.[20] It has been suggested thatmind-mapping can improve learning/study efficiency up to 15% over conventionalnote-taking.[21]



Generation from natural language

In 2009, Mohamed Elhoseiny et al.[22] presented the first prototype that can generate mindmaps out of small text to fit in a single screen. In 2012,[23] it was extended into a morescalable system that can work from larger texts.

TrademarkThe phrase "mind map" is trademarked by Buzan's company for the specific use ofself-improvement educational courses in Great Britain [24] and the United States.[25] Thetrademark does not appear in the records of the Canadian Intellectual Property Office.[26]

See alsoPersonal wikiBrainstormingGraph (mathematics)IdeaList of concept mapping and mind mapping software

Related diagrams

Argument mapCognitive mapConcept mapRadial treeRhizome (philosophy)Semantic networkSocial mapTree structure

References^ Mind Maps as Classroom Exercises John W. Budd The Journal of Economic Education , Vol.35, No. 1 (Winter, 2004), pp. 35-46 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Article Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/30042572

1.

^ "Mind Map noun - definition in the British English Dictionary & Thesaurus - CambridgeDictionaries Online" (http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/mind-map?q=mind+map).Dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 2013-07-10.

2.

^ "Who invented mind mapping" (http://www.mind-mapping.org/mindmapping-learning-study-memory/who-invented-mind-mapping.html). Mind-mapping.org. Retrieved 2013-07-10.

3.

^ "Roots of visual mapping - The mind-mapping.org Blog" (http://www.mind-mapping.org/blog/mapping-history/roots-of-visual-mapping/). Mind-mapping.org. 2004-05-23. Retrieved2013-07-10.

4.

^ Buzan, Tony 1974. Use your head. London: BBC Books.5.^ Buzan claims mind mapping his invention in interview. (http://www.knowledgeboard.com/item/2980) KnowledgeBoard retrieved Jan. 2010.

6.

^ 'Mind maps as active learning tools', by Willis, CL. Journal of computing sciences in colleges.ISSN: 1937-4771. 2006. Volume: 21 Issue: 4

7.

^ a b Beel, Jran; Gipp, Bela; Stiller, Jan-Olaf (2009). "Information Retrieval On Mind Maps -8.



What Could It Be Good For?" (http://www.sciplore.org/publications_en.php). Proceedings of the5th International Conference on Collaborative Computing: Networking, Applications andWorksharing (CollaborateCom'09). Washington: IEEE. -->^ {G}lennis {E}dge {C}unningham (2005). Mindmapping: Its Effects on Student Achievement inHigh School Biology (Ph.D.). The University of Texas at Austin.

9.

^ {B}rian {H}olland, {L}ynda {H}olland, {J}enny {D}avies (2004). An investigation into the conceptof mind mapping and the use of mind mapping software to support and improve studentacademic performance.

10.

^ D'Antoni, A.V., Zipp, G.P. (2006). Applications of the Mind Map Learning Technique inChiropractic Education: A Pilot Study and Literature.

11.

^ Farrand, P.; Hussain, F.; Hennessy, E. (2002). "The efficacy of the mind map study technique"(http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118952400/abstract). Medical Education 36 (5):426431. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2923.2002.01205.x (http://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2923.2002.01205.x). PMID 12028392 (//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12028392). Retrieved 2009-02-16.

12.

^ {N}esbit, {J}.{C}., {A}desope, {O}.{O}. (2006). "Learning with concept and knowledge maps: Ameta-analysis". Review of Educational Research (Sage Publications) 76 (3): 413.

13.

^ {J}oeran {B}eel, {S}tefan {L}anger (2011). "An Exploratory Analysis of Mind Maps"(http://docear.org/papers/An%20Exploratory%20Analysis%20of%20Mind%20Maps%20--%20preprint.pdf). Proceedingsof the 11th ACM Symposium on Document Engineering (DocEng'11). ACM. Retrieved 1November 2013.

14.

^ {C}laudine {B}rucks, {C}hristoph {S}chommer (2008). "Assembling Actor-based Mind-Mapsfrom Text Stream". CoRR. abs/0810.4616.

15.

^ Rothenberger, T, Oez, S, Tahirovic, E, Schommer, Christoph (2008). "Figuring out Actors inText Streams: Using Collocations to establish Incremental Mind-maps". arXiv preprintarXiv:0803.2856.

16.

^ {R}obert {P}lotkin (1009). "Software tool for creating outlines and mind maps that generatessubtopics automatically". USPTO Application: 20090119584.

17.

^ {M}ahler, {T}., {W}eber, {M}. (2009). "Dimian-Direct Manipulation and Interaction in Pen BasedMind Mapping". Proceedings of the 17th World Congress on Ergonomics, IEA 2009.

18.

^ {S}hih, {P}.{C}., {N}guyen, {D}.{H}., {H}irano, {S}.{H}. and {R}edmiles, {D}.{F}., {H}ayes,{G}.{R}. (2009). Groupmind: supporting idea generation through a collaborative mind-mappingtool. pp. 139148.

19.

^ Santos, Devin (15 February 2013). "Top 10 Totally Free Mind Mapping Software Tools"(http://www.imdevin.com/top-10-totally-free-mind-mapping-software-tools/). IMDevin. Retrieved10 July 2013.

20.

^ Farrand, Paul; Hussain, Fearzana and Hennessy, Enid (May 2002). "The efficacy of the 'mindmap' study technique". Medical Education 36 (5): 426431.doi:10.1046/j.1365-2923.2002.01205.x (http://dx.doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2923.2002.01205.x). PMID 12028392 (//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12028392).

21.

^ Asmaa Hamdy, Mohamed H. ElHoseiny, Radwa Elsahn, Eslam Kamal, Mind Map Automation(MMA) System. SWWS, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA , 2009.

22.

^ Mohamed H.ElHoseiny, Ahmed Elgammal, English2MindMap: Automated system for MindMap generation from Text, International Symposium of Multimedia, 2012

23.

^ Trade Mark 1424476 (http://www.ipo.gov.uk/t-find-number?detailsrequested=C&trademark=1424476), UK Intellectual Property Office, filed Nov. 1990

24.

^ US Trademark (http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=73823774&action=Request+Status), USPTO Trademark Application and Registration Retrieval system

25.

^ Canadian Intellectual Property Office (http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/sc_mrksv/cipo/welcome/welcom-e.html)

26.



Further readingNovak, J.D. (1993), "How do we learn our lesson?: Taking students through theprocess". The Science Teacher, 60(3), 50-55 (ISSN 0036-8555)

External links Media related to Mind maps at Wikimedia Commons

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