Mind, Language and Emotions: From Austrian Philosophy to Contemporary Realist Ontology
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Transcript of Mind, Language and Emotions: From Austrian Philosophy to Contemporary Realist Ontology
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Mind, Language and Emotions:From Austrian Philosophy to Contemporary
Realist Ontology
Barry SmithRijeka, May 8, 2014
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Autobiographical Preamble
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Who am I?
1970-73 Studied mathematics and philosophy in Oxford
1976 PhD on Frege and Husserl*: The Ontology of Reference
* and Dummett3
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1976- work on Austrian philosophers (Husserl, Ingarden, Wittgenstein …)
1982 Parts and Moments. Studies in Logic and Formal Ontology
1984 with Kevin Mulligan, Peter M. Simons, “Truth-Makers”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research
1988 Foundations of Gestalt Theory
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1994
http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/book/austrian_philosophy
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Austrian Philosophy
Brentano: Vera philosophiae methodus nulla alia nisi scientiae naturalis est.
The true method of philosophy is none other than that of the natural sciences.
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German Philosophy
Philosophy Science
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Austrian Philosophy
Philosophy Science
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Austrian Philosophy
Mach Brentano
Vienna Circle Husserl
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Contemporary analytical Reinach philosophy
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The Unified Science Movement
Vienna Circle:scientific theories are sets of propositionsthe problem of the unity of science is a
problem of logic
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1995 “Formal Ontology, Common Sense, and Cognitive Science”, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
1997 “The Cognitive Geometry of War”, http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/bosnia.html
1998 Roberto Casati, Barry Smith and Achille Varzi, “Ontological Tools for Geographic Representation”, in Nicola Guarino (ed.), Formal Ontology in Information Systems (Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications)
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Ontology of Biomedicine
2003 Barry Smith and Berit Brogaard, “Sixteen Days”, Journal of Medicine and Philosophy
Ontology (science): how can we categorize reality in such a way as to provide a framework for consistent representation of scientific research data ?
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2003-
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The Realist Ontology Movement
scientific theories are computational artifacts: sets of propositions accompanied by gigantic bodies of data
the problem of the unity of science is a problem of consistent categorization of data
-- an empirical problem belonging to a new science, the science of ontology
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We are witnessing today the birth of the new science of
ontology
Just as previous generations witnessed the birth of the sciences of physics, economics, psychology, computer science
In each case these sciences were in some ways outgrowths from philosophy
(philosophy is the mother of the sciences)
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Mind, Language and Emotions:From Meinong and the Graz School to
Contemporary Realist Ontology
Barry SmithRijeka, May 8, 2014
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Example: The Birth of Psychology
1879: Wundt, a professor of philosophy, establishes the world’s first laboratory of experimental psychology at the University of Leipzig
1883: Wundt establishes a journal entitled Philosophische Studien, to publish the results of his laboratory experiments
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Wundt first laboratory of
experimental psychology, Leipzig, 1879
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but there was also an Austrian contribution to the birth of psychology
Wundt first laboratory of
experimental psychology, Leipzig, 1879
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but there was also an Austrian contribution to the birth of psychology
Brentanopublished Psychology
from an Empirical Standpoint, 1874
Meinongfounded first laboratory
of experimental psychology in Austria-
Hungary in 1897
Ehrenfels initiated Gestalt
psychologymovement
Husserl Twardowski founded first
laboratory of experimental psychology in Poland in 1907
Wundt first laboratory of
experimental psychology, 1879
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Brentano and his students
Brentanob. Marienberg am Rhein, 1838Professor in Vienna, retired to
Florence
Meinongb. Lviv (Lwov/
Lavov/Lemberg)1853, Professor in
Graz
Ehrenfelsb. Rodaun
1859, Professor in
Prague
Husserl b. Proβnitz
1859, Professor in Göttingen, Freiburg
Twardowskib. Vienna
1866, Professor in
Lemberg
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The Graz School (South)Brentano
Meinong
Vittorio Benussi(b. Trieste, 1878)
Franz Veber(b. Gornja Radgona, 1890; habil., Zagreb,
1918)
Trieste-Padua School of Empirical (Gestalt)
Psychology
Mihajlo Rostohar (b. Krško, Carniola, 1878)
Anton Trstenjak (b. Rodmošci, 1906),
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Formal ontology
Brentano
MeinongOn the Theory
of Objects, 1904
EhrenfelsHusserl
first formal mereology, 1902
______
first use of ‘formal ontology’
~1905;
Twardowski
Leśniewskilogical
formalization of mereology,
1916
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Brentanists revolutionize our understanding of the relations between psychology and
ontology
In 1874 Brentano (re-)introduces into philosophy the idea of intentional
directedness (aboutness)
Meinong Ehrenfels Husserl Twardowski
how can we think about what does not exist?
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the arrow of intentionality
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the arrow of intentionality
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“apple”
ordinary perception: the evolutionarily most basic case
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content match
“apple”
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content match
“food”
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content mismatch
“horse”
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content gap
“poison?”
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content mismatch
poison“food”
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content mismatch
“apple”
is content here just a matter of language?
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the primacy of language (Sellars …)mental experiences are about objects because words have
meaning
word / meaning
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content
A cat can see a king
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the primacy of the intentional (Brentano, Husserl, …): linguistic expressions have meanings because there are (‘animating’) mental
experiences which have aboutness
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language comes later than mental aboutness
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dimension of content / belief prior to dimension of language
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again: the evolutionarily most basic case
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linguistically mediated directedness is not the evolutionarily most basic case
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Wittgenstein: language allows intentional directedness to go on holiday
“apple”
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to create a general theory of aboutness not marked by the prejudice in favor of veridical intentionality
non-veridical intentionality
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Investigations on the Theory of Objects and Psychology
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Meinong’s jungle
in which objects which do not exist enjoy equal civil rights with objects which do exist
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Objects
Objects that have being Objects that do not have being
Real objects
Ideal objects Objects that have non-being
Objects not determined w.r.t. being
↓ ↓ Noncontradictory Objects
Contradictory Objects ↓
Complete objects
Incomplete objects
whose non-being is
explicitly presupposed
Complete or
incomplete objects
Incomplete objects not
contradictorily determined
Doughnuts, tables,
stars, etc.
My doughnut being on the table
Doughnut on table
but made of
chocolate
Mountain made of
doughnuts
The round square
The doughnut as such
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Bertrand Russell
It is argued, e.g., by Meinong, that we can speak about "the golden mountain," "the round square," and so on .... In such theories, it seems to me, there is a failure of that feeling for reality which ought to be preserved even in the most abstract studies. Logic, I should maintain, must no more admit a unicorn than zoology can”
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Part 2: The Background of Ontology in the Contemporary
Life Sciences
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Old biology data
51/
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New biology data
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next generation genomics
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How to do biology across the genome?MKVSDRRKFEKANFDEFESALNNKNDLVHCPSITLFESIPTEVRSFYEDEKSGLIKVVKFRTGAMDRKRSFEKVVISVMVGKNVKKFLTFVEDEPDFQGGPISKYLIPKKINLMVYTLFQVHTLKFNRKDYDTLSLFYLNRGYYNELSFRVLERCHEIASARPNDSSTMRTFTDFVSGAPIVRSLQKSTIRKYGYNLAPYMFLLLHVDELSIFSAYQASLPGEKKVDTERLKRDLCPRKPIEIKYFSQICNDMMNKKDRLGDILHIILRACALNFGAGPRGGAGDEEDRSITNEEPIIPSVDEHGLKVCKLRSPNTPRRLRKTLDAVKALLVSSCACTARDLDIFDDNNGVAMWKWIKILYHEVAQETTLKDSYRITLVPSSDGISLLAFAGPQRNVYVDDTTRRIQLYTDYNKNGSSEPRLKTLDGLTSDYVFYFVTVLRQMQICALGNSYDAFNHDPWMDVVGFEDPNQVTNRDISRIVLYSYMFLNTAKGCLVEYATFRQYMRELPKNAPQKLNFREMRQGLIALGRHCVGSRFETDLYESATSELMANHSVQTGRNIYGVDFSLTSVSGTTATLLQERASERWIQWLGLESDYHCSFSSTRNAEDVMKVSDRRKFEKANFDEFESALNNKNDLVHCPSITLFESIPTEVRSFYEDEKSGLIKVVKFRTGAMDRKRSFEKVVISVMVGKNVKKFLTFVEDEPDFQGGPISKYLIPKKINLMVYTLFQVHTLKFNRKDYDTLSLFYLNRGYYNELSFRVLERCHEIASARPNDSSTMRTFTDFVSGAPIVRSLQKSTIRKYGYNLAPYMFLLLHVDELSIFSAYQASLPGEKKVDTERLKRDLCPRKPIEIKYFSQICNDMMNKKDRLGDILHIILRACALNFGAGPRGGAGDEEDRSITNEEPIIPSVDEHGLKVCKLRSPNTPRRLRKTLDAVKALLVSSCACTARDLDIFDDNNGVAMWKWIKILYHEVAQETTLKDSYRITLVPSSDGISLLAFAGPQRNVYVDDTTRRIQLYTDYNKNGSSEPRLKTLDGLTSDYVFYFVTVLRQMQICALGNSYDAFNHDPWMDVVGFEDPNQVTNRDISRIVLYSYMFLNTAKGCLVEYATFRQYMRELPKNAPQKLNFREMRQGLIALGRHCVGSRFETDLYESATSELMANHSVQTGRNIYGVDFSLTSVSGTTATLLQERASERWIQWLGLESDYHCSFSSTRNAEDVMKVSDRRKFEKANFDEFESALNNKNDLVHCPSITLFESIPTEVRSFYEDEKSGLIKVVKFRTGAMDRKRSFEKVVISVMVGKNVKKFLTFVEDEPDFQGGPISKYLIPKKINLMVYTLFQVHTLKFNRKDYDTLSLFYLNRGYYNELSFRVLERCHEIASARPNDSSTMRTFTDFVSGAPIVRSLQKSTIRKYGYNLAPYMFLLLHVDELSIFSAYQASLPGEKKVDTERLKRDLCPRKPIEIKYFSQICNDMMNKKDRLGDILHIILRACALNFGAGPRGGAGDEEDRSITNEEPIIPSVDEHGLKVCKLRSPNTPRRLRKTLDAVKALLVSSCACTARDLDIFDDNNGVAMWKWIKILYHEVAQETTLKDSYRITLVPSSDGISLLAFAGPQRNVYVDDTTRRIQLYTDYNKNGSSEPRLKTLDGLTSDYVFYFVTVLRQMQICALGNSYDAFNHDPWMDVVGFEDPNQVTNRDISRIVLYSYMFLNTAKGCLVEYATFRQYMRELPKNAPQKLNFREMRQGLIALGRHCVGSRFETDLYESATSELMANHSVQTGRNIYGVDFSLTSVSGTTATLLQERASERWIQWLGLESDYHCSFSSTRNAEDVMKVSDRRKFEKANFDEFESALNNKNDLVHCPSITLFESIPTEVRSFYEDEKSGLIKVVKFRTGAMDRKRSFEKVVISVMVGKNVKKFLTFVEDEPDFQGGPISKYLIPKKINLMVYTLFQVHTLKFNRKDYDTLSLFYLNRGYYNELSFRVLERCHEIASARPNDSSTMRTFTDFVSGAPIVRSLQKSTIRKYGYNLAPYMFLLLHVDELSIFSAYQASLPGEKKVDTERLKRDLCPRKPIEIKYFSQICNDMMNKKDRLGDILHIILRACALNFGAGPRGGAGDEEDRSITNEEPIIPSVDEHGLKVCKLRSPNTPRRLRKTLDAVKALLVSSCACTARDLDIFDDNNGVAMWKWIKILYHEVAQETTLKDSYRITLVPSSDGISLLAFAGPQRNVYVDDTTRRIQLYTDYNKNGSSEPRLKTLDGLTSDYVFYFVTVLRQMQICALGNSYDAFNHDPWMDVVGFEDPNQVTNRDISRIVLYSYMFLNTAKGCLVEYATFRQYMRELPKNAPQKLNFREMRQGLIALGRHCVGSRFETDLYESATSELMANHSVQTGRNIYGVDFSLTSVSGTTATLLQERASERWIQWLGLESDYHCSFSSTRNAEDV
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how to link the kinds of phenomena represented here
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or here
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MKVSDRRKFEKANFDEFESALNNKNDLVHCPSITLFESIPTEVRSFYEDEKSGLIKVVKFRTGAMDRKRSFEKVVISVMVGKNVKKFLTFVEDEPDFQGGPIPSKYLIPKKINLMVYTLFQVHTLKFNRKDYDTLSLFYLNRGYYNELSFRVLERCHEIASARPNDSSTMRTFTDFVSGAPIVRSLQKSTIRKYGYNLAPYMFLLLHVDELSIFSAYQASLPGEKKVDTERLKRDLCPRKPIEIKYFSQICNDMMNKKDRLGDILHIILRACALNFGAGPRGGAGDEEDRSITNEEPIIPSVDEHGLKVCKLRSPNTPRRLRKTLDAVKALLVSSCACTARDLDIFDDNNGVAMWKWIKILYHEVAQETTLKDSYRITLVPSSDGISLLAFAGPQRNVYVDDTTRRIQLYTDYNKNGSSEPRLKTLDGLTSDYVFYFVTVLRQMQICALGNSYDAFNHDPWMDVVGFEDPNQVTNRDISRIVLYSYMFLNTAKGCLVEYATFRQYMRELPKNAPQKLNFREMRQGLIALGRHCVGSRFETDLYESATSELMANHSVQTGRNIYGVDSFSLTSVSGTTATLLQERASERWIQWLGLESDYHCSFSSTRNAEDVVAGEAASSNHHQKISRVTRKRPREPKSTNDILVAGQKLFGSSFEFRDLHQLRLCYEIYMADTPSVAVQAPPGYGKTELFHLPLIALASKGDVEYVSFLFVPYTVLLANCMIRLGRRGCLNVAPVRNFIEEGYDGVTDLYVGIYDDLASTNFTDRIAAWENIVECTFRTNNVKLGYLIVDEFHNFETEVYRQSQFGGITNLDFDAFEKAIFLSGTAPEAVADAALQRIGLTGLAKKSMDINELKRSEDLSRGLSSYPTRMFNLIKEKSEVPLGHVHKIRKKVESQPEEALKLLLALFESEPESKAIVVASTTNEVEELACSWRKYFRVVWIHGKLGAAEKVSRTKEFVTDGSMQVLIGTKLVTEGIDIKQLMMVIMLDNRLNIIELIQGVGRLRDGGLCYLLSRKNSWAARNRKGELPPKEGCITEQVREFYGLESKKGKKGQHVGCCGSRTDLSADTVELIERMDRLAEKQATASMSIVALPSSFQESNSSDRYRKYCSSDEDSNTCIHGSANASTNASTNAITTASTNVRTNATTNASTNATTNASTNASTNATTNASTNATTNSSTNATTTASTNVRTSATTTASINVRTSATTTESTNSSTNATTTESTNSSTNATTTESTNSNTSATTTASINVRTSATTTESTNSSTSATTTASINVRTSATTTKSINSSTNATTTESTNSNTNATTTESTNSSTNATTTESTNSSTNATTTESTNSNTSAATTESTNSNTSATTTESTNASAKEDANKDGNAEDNRFHPVTDINKESYKRKGSQMVLLERKKLKAQFPNTSENMNVLQFLGFRSDEIKHLFLYGIDIYFCPEGVFTQYGLCKGCQKMFELCVCWAGQKVSYRRIAWEALAVERMLRNDEEYKEYLEDIEPYHGDPVGYLKYFSVKRREIYSQIQRNYAWYLAITRRRETISVLDSTRGKQGSQVFRMSGRQIKELYFKVWSNLRESKTEVLQYFLNWDEKKCQEEWEAKDDTVVVEALEKGGVFQRLRSMTSAGLQGPQYVKLQFSRHHRQLRSRYELSLGMHLRDQIALGVTPSKVPHWTAFLSMLIGLFYNKTFRQKLEYLLEQISEVWLLPHWLDLANVEVLAADDTRVPLYMLMVAVHKELDSDDVPDGRFDILLCRDSSREVGELIGLFYNKTFRQKLEYLLEQISEVWLLPHWLDLANVEVLAADDTRVPLYMLMVAVHKELDSDDVPDGRFDILLCRDSSREVGELIGLFYNKTFRQKLEYLLEQISEVWLLPHWLDLANVEVLAADDTRVPLYMLMVAVHKELDSDDVPDGRFDILLCRDSSREVGE
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to this?
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or this?
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Answer
Create an ontology: a controlled logically structured consensus classification of the types of entities in a domain
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MouseEcotope GlyProt
DiabetInGene
GluChem
sphingolipid transporter
activity
annotation using common ontologies allows navigation between databases
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this allows integration of databases
MouseEcotope GlyProt
DiabetInGene
GluChem
Holliday junction helicase complex
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How classify this?
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or this?
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http://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/49078
The Emotion Ontology
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need link to a physiology ontology65
‘physiological response to emotion’
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‘emotion process’